Pac M Diasporapolitik in Subsahara-Afrika

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Pac M Diasporapolitik in Subsahara-Afrika Diasporapolitik in Subsahara-Afrika: Eine Politikfeldanalyse auf Basis der Fallbeispiele Kamerun und Ghana Von der Fakultät für Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Duisburg-Essen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. genehmigte Dissertation von Magdalene Pac aus Ortelsburg (Polen) 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Tobias Debiel 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Walter Eberlei Tag der Disputation: 9. Oktober 2019 1 Danksagung Die nun fertige Dissertation erscheint zwar ausschließlich unter meinem Namen, es gibt jedoch eine Reihe von Personen, denen mein herzlichster Dank gilt. Ohne diese, wäre diese Dissertation nicht zu- stande gekommen. Ich möchte im Folgenden allen danken, die mich von Beginn an unterstützt und an mich geglaubt haben. Insbesondere danke ich meinen beiden Betreuern. Prof. Dr. Walter Eberlei unterstützte von Beginn an meine Ideen und Pläne. Sein Überzeugung, dass diese zu realisieren sind, und sein Engagement haben nicht zuletzt den Grundstein dieses Dissertationsprojektes gelegt und mich auf meinem ge- samten Weg begleitet. Prof. Dr. Walter Eberlei und Prof. Dr. Tobias Debiel haben in zahlreichen Ge- sprächen stets wertvolle konstruktive Kritik und das notwendige Feedback gegeben. Sie haben nie die Geduld auf dem recht langen Weg zum Abschluss verloren und mich mit ihrer wertvollen positi- ven Einstellung immer wieder aufgebaut. Das sehe ich nicht als selbstverständlich an. Mein Dank gilt auch dem Team des „Promotionskolleg Internationale Beziehungen/Friedens- und Entwicklungsforschung“ am Institut für Entwicklung und Frieden der Universität Duisburg-Essen für die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit meinem Promotionsthema, den Anregungen und Denkanstö- ßen sowie zielführenden Diskussionen. Nicht zuletzt danke ich der Hochschule Düsseldorf und dem Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst für die Unterstützung des Projektes. Allen meinen kamerunischen und ghanaischen Wegbegleiterinnen und Wegbegleitern gilt mein per- sönlicher Dank dafür, dass sie mir den Zugang zur Thematik eröffnet haben und mich bei meinen For- schungsaufenthalten unterstützt haben. Sie haben dazu beigetragen, dass meine Forschung auch eine persönliche Bereicherung wurde. Meinen Interviewpartnerinnen und Interviewpartnern danke ich für die zahlreichen Gespräche, die ich auf intellektueller und persönlicher Ebene als bereichernd erlebt habe und für die Begegnungen, die mir in Erinnerung bleiben werden. Dankbar bin ich auch denjenigen, die sich immer wieder zur Durchsicht meiner Arbeit bereit erklärt haben und differenzierte Anmerkungen sowie Korrekturen vorgenommen haben. Auch danke ich al- len promovierenden Leidensgenossinnen und Leidensgenossen, die durch zahllose Gespräche und praktische Tipps meine Arbeit unterstützt haben. Eine herausragende Stellung nehmen meine Familie und Freunde ein. Sie haben nicht nur jederzeit ein offenes Ohr – insbesondere in den schwierigen und herausfordernden Phasen – gehabt, sondern haben häufig meine Abwesenheit in vielen Situation ohne Murren hingenommen und mich immer wieder versucht zu motivieren. Meine Familie hat mir insbesondere zum Schluss den Rücken freige- halten und damit überhaupt ermöglicht, das Dissertationsprojekt zu Ende zu stellen. Ohne ihre Un- terstützung wäre dieses kaum möglich gewesen. Das werde ich nie vergessen. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................... 6 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Der Diaspora-Begriff ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Diasporapolitik ............................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1 Transnationalisierung und die Folgen von Migration auf Entwicklung ............................. 11 1.2.2 Migration und Entwicklung ................................................................................................. 13 1.2.3 Diasporapolitik in Subsahara-Afrika ................................................................................... 16 1.3 Ziel der Arbeit ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.4 Politikfeldanalyse ....................................................................................................................... 20 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit ....................................................................................................................... 22 2. Forschungsstand zum Politikfeld der Diasporapolitik ..................................................................... 24 2.1 Die Policy-Ebene der Diasporapolitik ......................................................................................... 25 2.2 Die Polity-Ebene der Diasporapolitik ......................................................................................... 31 2.3 Politics: Politische Prozesse im Politikfeld Diasporapolitik ....................................................... 34 2.3.1 Akteure im Politikfeld Diasporapolitik................................................................................ 35 2.3.1.1 Die politische Ebene der Regierungen der Herkunftsstaaten ..................................... 35 2.3.1.2 Administratives System ................................................................................................ 39 2.3.1.3 Politische Parteien und nicht-staatliche Akteure (außer der Diaspora) ..................... 40 2.3.1.4 Regierungen der Aufnahmestaaten und internationale Organisationen ................... 41 2.3.1.5 Diaspora ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.3.2 Doppelte Staatsangehörigkeit ............................................................................................. 47 2.3.3 Auslandswahlrecht .............................................................................................................. 55 2.4 Zusammenfassende Auswertung des Forschungsstands .......................................................... 60 3. Forschungsdesign .............................................................................................................................. 63 3.1 Ziel und Fragestellung ................................................................................................................. 63 3.2 Fallstudiendesign ........................................................................................................................ 64 3.3 Fallauswahl ................................................................................................................................. 65 3.3.1 Einführung Fallbeispiel Kamerun ........................................................................................ 67 3.3.2 Einführung Fallbeispiel Ghana ............................................................................................ 71 3.4 Quellen und Datenerhebung ...................................................................................................... 76 3.5 Auswertung ................................................................................................................................. 80 3 4. Das Fallbeispiel Kamerun ................................................................................................................. 82 4.1 Kameruns symbolische Diasporapolitik ..................................................................................... 82 4.1.1 Mobilisierung der Diaspora durch die kamerunische Regierung ....................................... 84 4.1.2 Integration der kamerunischen Diaspora ........................................................................... 86 4.1.2.1 Strategische Planung der Diasporaförderung in Kamerun ......................................... 86 4.1.2.2 Diasporakonferenzen im Rahmen kamerunischer Diasporapolitik ............................ 89 4.1.2.3 Treffen zwischen Regierungsvertreter_innen und Diasporamitgliedern ................... 92 4.1.2.4 Doppelte Staatsangehörigkeit und Auslandswahlrecht in Kamerun .......................... 93 4.1.3 Rückkehrförderung in Kamerun .......................................................................................... 95 4.2 Polity-Dimension: Blockierte Demokratie und Diasporapolitik ................................................ 96 4.3 Die Politics-Ebene der Diasporapolitik in Kamerun ................................................................. 100 4.3.1 Rolle der Akteure im Politikfeld Diasporapolitik in Kamerun .......................................... 100 4.3.1.1 Dominanz des politischen Machtzentrums der Regierung Kameruns ...................... 100 4.3.1.2 Das administrative System jenseits des Machtzentrums .......................................... 103 4.3.1.3 Politische Parteien, Parlament und Zivilgesellschaft ................................................ 107 4.3.1.4 Indirekter Einfluss externer Akteure auf die Diasporapolitik Kameruns ................. 109 4.3.1.5 Die "politische" und die „positive“ kamerunische Diaspora .................................... 110 4.3.1.6 Bedeutungszuwachs der Diasporapolitik
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