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The Natural Control Ability of Parasitic Chalcids on Poplar Scales Quadraspidiotus Gigas (Thiem Et Gerneck) and Effect of Artificial Migration

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The Natural Control Ability of Parasitic Chalcids on Poplar Scales Quadraspidiotus Gigas (Thiem Et Gerneck) and Effect of Artificial Migration http://www.paper.edu.cn THE NATURAL CONTROL ABILITY OF PARASITIC CHALCIDS ON POPLAR SCALES QUADRASPIDIOTUS GIGAS (THIEM ET GERNECK) AND EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL MIGRATION Hu Yinyue Chi Defu Shao Jingwen Zhang Fengbin Li Chengde Northeast Forestry University Heilongjiang Province 150040 China E-mail [email protected] Abstract: This paper reported the investigation of the population complex of parasitic natural enemies on the main stem pests, Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem et Gerneck), Lepidosephes saliciana (Borchs.) and Pulvinaria salicicola (Borchs.), in protective poplar forests of Northeast China, a total of 12 species of parasitic chatcids being discovered. The species of parasitic chalcids, discovered on poplar scales were evaluated and screened using indexes of outstanding natural enemies: ecological compatibility, temporal synchronization, density responsiveness, reproductive potential, searching capacity, dispersal capacity, Spatial distribution pattern, resistance to unfavorable conditions and food requirements. Investigations discovered that Pteroptrix longiclava (Giraut) and Encarsia gigas (Tshumakova) highly synchronized with the host Q. gigas in ecological compatibility, period of growth and spatial distribution pattern, possessing high reproductive, searching and dispersal capacities, in positive density-dependent relationship in population dynamics with that of the host. The food requirement of adults of the two species was easy to satisfy. Adults were easy to preserve, with definite resistance to rain and wind. In 1992 and 1993, parasitic chalcids were artificially migrated and released in experimental forests hundreds hm2. Surveys in 1993, 1994 and 1995 showed that chalcid safely colonized these forests, average parasitic rates reaching 20.8%, 30.7% and 28.5% respectively. After two years of releasing, chalcid dispersed away for more than 30m. In the paper, the dispersal model of chalcids was also formulated. Keywords: Quadraspidiotus gigas, Pleroptrix longiclava, natural control ability, artificial migration - 1 - http://www.paper.edu.cn INTRODUCTION In poplar protective forests of Northeast China, Pests, seriously damaging stems of poplar, are Quadraspidiotus gigas (Theim and Gerneck), Lepidosaphes salicina (Borchs.) and pulvinaria salicicola (Borchs.) Q. gigas is a typical pest caused by human activity. The distribution of this insect was already recorded, but no serious damage caused by this pest was recorded. In recent tens of years, since plantation of pure poplar forests in large areas in north China, with the addition of application of large amounts of organic phosphate, organic chloride, amino format and pseudopyrethrin insecticides in pest controlling of trees and crops, causing the serious destruction of original ecological environment, the control system of the poplar scale lost its stability, resulting in serious outbreaks in North China. On the basis of this analysis, we adopted artificial migration and enhance measures in order to effectively control populations of the poplar scales. On the introduction of natural enemies, though discussions about the superiority of single species or multiple species introduction, effectiveness of introduction of monophagous or polyphagous natural enemies, are still underway, most biocontrollers all agree that the beneficial insects, introduced to control target pests must possess following characters: cecological compatibility, dtemporal synchronization, edensity responsiveness, freproductive potential, gsearching capacity, hdispersal capacity, ispatial distribution pattern, jresistance to unfavorable conditions, kfood requirements and habits. Three indexes are used for the final evaluation of the efficiency of utilization of natural enemies: ccolonization of the natural enemy in new habitats, only when the insect was discovered in the successive years after releasing, and maintained a definite population level, this insect may be said to safely colonized. dThe natural enemy rapidly disperse in the region of introduction. eThe population of the pest decreased obviously after the introduction of the natural enemy, and a population equilibrium inadequate to cause any damage may be reached in a rather short period. The main natural enemies used for the biological control of poplar scales in our country and other countries are parasitic chalcids, lady beetles and mites, and a number of successful evidences were gained in the past. The research group evaluated and screened species of parasitic chalcids discovered on the poplar scales, using the above mentioned nine indexes of outstanding natural enemies. Recognized to be the outstanding parasitic chalcids, Pleroptrix longiclava and Encarsia gigas were selected for artificial migration experiments. After migration, colonization, dispersal and population dynamics of the natural enemies and the host were evaluated. METHODS - 2 - http://www.paper.edu.cn Evaluation of the control ability of parasitic chalcids on the poplar scales Study on the ecological compatibility and reproduction of the parasitic chalcid. For five years, members of the research group investigated on large areas of the main plantation region of poplar in liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. From three species of poplar scales: Q. gigas, L. salicina and P. salisicola, 12 species of parasitic scales were collected. denitrified to be: (1)E. gigas (Tshumakova), host Q. gigas (2)P. longiclava, (Girault), host Q. gigas, (3)Marietta cranesi (howard), host Q.gigas, (4)Comperiella bifasciata (Howard), host L. salicina (5)Aphytis quadraspidioti Li, host Q. gigas, (6)A. proclia (Walker), host L. salicina, (7)A. vandenboschi Debach et Rosen, host L. salicina, (8)Coccophagus psendopulvinariae Li, host Salisicola, (9)C. scutellaris (Dolman), host P. salicicola, (10)Metaphycus pulvinariae (Howard), host P. salicicola, (11)Metaphycus sp., host Q. gigas, (12)Eucyritus sasakii Ishii, host P. salicicola. The generation, period of adult prosperity, reproductive capacity and longevity of adults and distribution were listed in table 1. Table 1. The comparsion of generation, peak of adult emerge time, reproductive ability and longevity of different chalcids Chalcid spp. generation overwinter female kinds of adult mean eggs distribution per year period adult reproductive female laid/per emerge logevity female time P. longiclava 1 generation larva last ten bisexaul 44-52h 200-310 Jilin,Liaoning, days of June M. carnexi 1 generation larva middle bisexaul 48-96h 50 Jilin,Liaoning, or of 2 generation June Q. gigas 2 generation larva first ten bisexaul 14-56h 18-50 Jilin,Liaoning, days of June A.quadraspidio- 1 generation larva egg first bisexaul and 4-5d 26-56 Harbin Haliun, ti or ten day parthenogenes 2 generation of June C. bifasciata 1 generation egg first ten mainly 48h 160 Suihua,Hailun, or day of parthenogene- Zhaodong 2 generation June sis Data on their distribution in table 1 showed that P. longiclava, E. gigas and M. carnesi all distribute over the main area of outbreak of Q. gigas: Jilin. Liaoning, Harbin, Suihua, Hailun, Zhaoyuan, Zhaodong, much wider than that of other chalcids. There are reasons to believe that the ecological compatibility between these three species and poplar scale host is better than other two species. Considering the reproductive potential, P. longiclava has one generation per year, with a mean egg - 3 - http://www.paper.edu.cn amount of 260, 310 eggs for highest, much higher than the mean egg amount of 30-50 for Q. gigas. E. gigas has two generations per year, the mean egg amount being 38, 50 for the highest, also much higher than these of Q. gigas. Investigation of the parasitic rate in the wild indicated that E. gigas was the dominant parasitic species on Q. gigas in the protective forest of Xinhua County, Suihua City. Heilongjiang, during 80s, the parasitic rate reaching as high as 43.8-80.9%. Due to the constant application of chemical insecticides in poplar pest control, investigation in 1992-1993 discovered that the population of this species was almost eliminated. P. longiclava was the dominant species of chalcids in Hailun County, Heilongjiang. Investigation in the protective forest of Lunhe town of this county revealed that the parasitic rate of chaicids on Q. gigas reached 45.6%, Q. gigas occupying 64% of the total parasitic rate, M. carnesi, 34.0%, Surveys in Sanjing Town, Suihua City during 1992-1994 discovered that parasitic rates of Q. gigas were 75.2%, 29.4% and 52.2% respectively, due to the disuse of insecticide for a long time. The above analyses of ecological compatibility, reproductive potential and natural parasitism showed that Q. longiclava and E. gigas are natural enemies of better quantity. Temporal synchronization of chalcids and their hosts In Heilongjiang, poplar scales live one generation in a year, females emerge in the middle of May, reaching the peak in the last ten days of May, the last ten days of June is the period of abundance of fixed nymph of the first instar, therefore, the optimal insect form for parasitism of most of chalcids appear at the end of June and the beginning of July. Table 1 showed that the peak periods of egg laying in the two generations of Q. gigas temporally synchronized with the peak period of the optimal insect form for parasitism. The emergence of adults of the over-wintering generation occurred at the beginning of the last ten days of May, exactly for them to meet new adults of Q. longiclava. Parasitism was sure to be successful, if only one chalcid larva lived in the host. Q.
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