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Linguishtik Review LinguiSHTIK Review Sentences: The player who rolls the dice must declare the type of sentence to be used that game. 1. Simple Sentence: A single independent clause. Examples: Sam likes pizza. The dog ran away from home. 2. Compound Sentence: Has two or more simple sentences joined together with a conjunction like FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET (FANBOYS) Examples: John ate the pizza, but Eliza ate the hotdog. Ms. Shipley sang a song, and the dog ran away from her. 3. Complex Sentence: Has one main simple sentence and at least one subordinate clause (cannot stand alone). A subordinate clause often starts with since, although, until, however, therefore, or because. Examples: The boy wanted the football because it was his birthday. Since it is not a school night, you may stay up later. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence: Has two simple sentences with one subordinate clause. Examples: Because my homework was difficult, I had to get help, and I stayed up late. Remember: Sentences must begin with a capital letter, end with the correct punctuation. The word in the challenge MUST be underlines and spelled correctly. Demands: There are three types of demands: 1. Type: Part of Speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, interjection, conjunction, preposition. 2. Function: Usage of the part of speech Examples: noun must be the predicate nominative, noun must be an object of the preposition, abstract noun. 3. General: This demand can be almost anything: must be a palindrome, must be an animal, etc. Part of Speech: Nouns Noun: a word that names a person, place or thing. Examples: pizza, cats, desk, flower, love Once a noun demand has been called there many other demands you can make for the function of the noun. o Nouns can be SINGULAR or PLURAL. Singular nouns name one thing, while plural nouns name more than one thing: House, houses; ox, oxen; kiss, kisses; goose, geese. *A good strategy is to call a plural noun, and then say it can’t have an s. Some plural nouns without an s are oxen, deer, mice, feet, geese, dice, hair, teeth o Nouns can be COLLECTIVE. Collective nouns name more than one person, place, or thing, even when even when they are singular Examples: army, class, herd, tribe, school, pride, army, flock, band, bevy, brood, cast, pack, yoke, hive o Nouns are often the SUBJECT (noun performing the action of a sentence; who or what the sentence is about) of the sentence: The balloon blew away. o Nouns can be the DIRECT OBJECT (noun receiving the action of a sentence): I dropped my money. o A PREDICATE NOUN comes after the verb and renames the subject: Benjamin Franklin was an inventor. o A noun can be the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (the noun the preposition refers to): The ball is behind the bush. I talked over my brother. o A NOUN ADJUNCT is a noun that acts as an adjective: shoe store, paper route o A noun can be an APPOSITIVE (it renames or further describes another noun). It is always right next to the noun it is renaming. It is set off from the rest of the sentence by commas: Ms. Shipley, a teacher, made me study these words. o A noun can be CONCRETE (nouns you can know with your five senses): candy, thunder, desk, pizza o A noun can be ABSTRACT (nouns associated with emotions or ideas): love, pride, hope, anger o A noun can be POSSESSIVE (nouns that show ownership): The dog’s toy squeaked. Part of Speech: Pronouns Pronoun-Takes the place of one or more nouns: he, she, it, they, they, them, us, we, me When pronoun is called, any of the noun function demands can be called except noun adjunct. Pronouns can be PERSONAL (refer to specific people, places, things, or ideas): they, them Pronouns can be INDEFINITE (refer to unspecified people, places, things and ideas): another, anybody, anyone, both, each, either, many, most, none, some Prounouns can be POSSESSIVE (show ownership): The pizza is theirs. Parts of Speech: Verbs Verb-a word that expresses action: kick, jump, think, dive, stop or state of being: is, was, am, are, were, be or a linking verb (relates the subject to the predicate): seems, feels, tastes, appears Verbs can be SINGULAR: The bird flies. or PLURAL: The birds sing. Verbs can be REGULAR (uses “ed” to form a past tense): He passed me the chocolate. Verbs can be IRREGULAR (makes the past tense without using “ed”): We began the race.*Note: A good strategy when a verb and past tense have been called is to call “must not contain a D”. Here’s a list of past tense verbs that do not contain D:bore, beat, began, lost, blew, broke, brought, burst, caught, chose, came, crept, fell, flung, drove, said, lent, rang, rose, shook, shone, flew, froze, gave, grew, went, knew, sang, spoke, laid, stole, stung, swore, wore, threw, rode Verbs can be PAST TENSE: He threw the ball. Verbs can be PRESENT TENSE: He throws the ball. Verbs can be FUTURE TENSE: He will throw the ball. Verbs can be INFINITIVE (a verb preceded by the word “to): to wait, to jump, to walk. *Note-the first demand should be verb, and then you demand the word must be part of an infinitive. You can demand that a verb be part of an INFINITIVE PHRASE (anything after the word “to” in the sentence: I planned to walk to school in Thursday. Parts of Speech: Adjectives Adjective-a word that describes, or modifies a noun or pronoun. Examples: silly, rich, happy, green, three *Note-colors and numbers are adjectives! Demands you can call after an adjective demand: must modify a noun, must modify a pronoun, must be a predicate adjective, must be an adjacent adjective (right next to the noun) Adjectives can be POSITIVE (normal form you would find in the dictionary): pretty, kind, bald, funny Adjectives can be COMPARATIVE (compares two objects by adding “er”): prettier, kinder, balder, funnier Adjectives can be SUPERALATIVE by adding “est: prettiest, kindest, baldest, funniest Parts of Speech: Adverbs Adverb- an adverb describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. A lot of adverbs are made by taking an adjective and adding “ly”: quickly, swiftly, excitedly, slowly, very, soon, next, fast After an adverb has been called, you can say it has to be a VERB MODIFIER (describes verb): She fell quickly. You can say it has to be an ADJECTIVE MODIFIER (describes adjective): The very old man died. or ADVERB MODIFIER (describes adverb): The man speaks very well. Parts of Speech: Prepositions Preposition-words that usually show something’s position in space. These can’t stand alone and must be part of a prepositional phrase. Examples: about, above, across, under, over, down, into, past, upon, from, below. The ball was above the net. The entire prepositional phrase here is “above the net”. You can call a PREPOSITION, the word must be part of a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, or the word must be an OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (the thing in the position the preposition refers to): The man is behind the tree. “behind the tree” is the prepositional phrase, “behind” is the preposition, and “tree” is the object of the preposition. Parts of Speech: Conjunctions Conjunction-conjunctions join words or groups of words: I bought a present after I saved enough money. The girl was upset because her toy broke. I was hungry, but I forgot my lunch. Conjunctions can be COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (they join two independent clauses in compound and compound-complex sentences) There are only seven of them and they all have fewer than four letters: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) Conjunctions can be SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (they begin a dependent clause and are used to form complex and compound-complex sentences): after, although, because, though, unless, before, provided, since, until, while, however. Parts of Speech: Interjections Interjection- an exclamation at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma: Help, the bear is chasing me! Ouch, that hurt! Alas, he was a good friend! Other interjections: Cheers, dear, gosh, hail, hoot, oops, phew, poof, whee, zooks Other Useful Function and General Demands Gerund-a verbal noun formed by adding ing to a verb. Must be used as the subject, thus becoming a noun: Eating is fun. Singing makes me happy. *Note-first demand could be a noun, then a gerund, OR first demand could be a verb then a gerund. Palindromes- words spelled the same backwards and forwards: toot, noon, peep, level, sees, radar. *Note-some of these are great for multiple demands. Peep could be a verb or a noun, a palindrome, and onomatopoeia. Backwards/Forwards Words- a different word spelled backwards and forwards: step-pets, star-rats, stop-pots, stab-bats, deer-reed *Note-you only have to use one part in your sentence. Portmanteau- words combined to form two words: spork, skort, smog, brunch, twirl Onomatopoeia- words that sound like the actual sound: peep, boom, fizz, hiss, buzz, click Tautonym- words with repeating syllables: tutu, murmur, mama, gaga, papa *Note-you can’t use words with hyphens. 1st Degree Isogram-words with no repeating letters: cold, barn, walk, desk 2nd Degree Isogram-each letter appears twice: deed, noon, peep 3rd Degree Isogram- each letter appears 3 times: deeded Acronym-a word in which each letter stands for another word. You can’t use words with periods: scuba, laser, sonar, radar, snafu, news Heteronym- words with two pronunciations, separate meanings: dove, bass, wind, does, sewer, lead, wound Anagram- words with same letters, different order: dale-deal, star-rats-arts, teas-seat, teal-late Alliteration- at least 3 words in a row that begin with the same consonant or vowel sound: The big boy bowled.
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