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An Error Analysis on the Use of Gerund Among the Fourth Semester Students of English Department of Unnes in the Academic Year of 2006/2007

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An Error Analysis on the Use of Gerund Among the Fourth Semester Students of English Department of Unnes in the Academic Year of 2006/2007 AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND AMONG THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF UNNES IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2006/2007 A Final Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English by ARTIN FERIANA ARJATI 2201403521 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY 2007 APPROVAL The final project was approved by the Board of Examiners of the English Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts of Semarang State University on September , 2007. Board of Examiners 1. Chairperson, Drs. J. Mujiyanto, M.Hum. NIP 131281221 2. Secretary, Dr. Dwi Anggani L.B., M.Pd. NIP 131813665 3. First Examiner, Drs. Warsono, M.A. NIP 130350484 4. Second Advisor as Second Examiner, Drs. L. Elyas Nugraha, M.A. NIP 130812912 5. First Advisor as Third Examiner, Drs. Suprapto, M.Hum. NIP 131125925 Approved by Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts, Prof. Dr. Rustono, M.Hum. NIP 131281222 PERNYATAAAN Dengan ini saya: Nama: Artin Feriana Arjati Nim : 2201403521 Prodi / Jurusan: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris / Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris FBS UNNES menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa final project yang berjudul: AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GERUND AMONG THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF UNNES IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2006/2007 Yang saya tulis dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar sarjana ini benar – benar merupakan karya saya sendiri yang saya hasilkan setelah melalui penelitian, pembimbingan, diskusi, dan pemaparan / ujian. Semua kutipan, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung telah disertai keterangan mengenai identitas sumbernya dengan cara sebagaimana yang lazim dalam penulisan karya ilmiah. Dengan demikian walaupun tim penguji dan pembimbing penulisan final project ini membubuhkan tanda tangan sebagaimana keabsahannya, seluruh karya ilmiah ini tetap menjadi tanggung jawab saya sendiri. Jika dikemudian hari ditemukan ketidakberesan, saya bersedia menerima akibatnya. Demikian, harap pernyataan ini dapat digunakan seperlunya. Semarang, Agustus 2007 Yang membuat pernyataan The writer Yesterday is a history, tomorrow is a mystery, today is a gift that is why we call it the present. To My beloved family; my father and my mother. My brother and his wife. My lovely ‘Maz’. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, the writer would like to express her greatest gratitude to Allah the Almighty for the blessing and inspiration leading to the completion of her study. In this opportunity, the writer would like to express her gratitude to the people who helped her in finishing her final project. Here her greatest gratitude goes to: 1. Drs. Suprapto, M.Hum., her first advisor, for his patience in providing continuous and careful guidance as well as encouragement, indispensable suggestion and advice. 2. Drs. L. Elyas Nugraha, M.A., her second advisor, for his patience in giving guidance and supports for the finalization of the study. 3. H. Eko Yulianto, S.S., M.Hum., who has permitted her for conducting a try- out test in his class. 4. Drs. Warsono, M.A., who has permitted her for conducting the research in his class. 5. Her beloved family and her best friends in campus who always give their love, pray, and support her to finish her final project. i Finally, the writer realizes that the study is still far from perfect. She has great expectation that this final project would be useful for further study. Semarang, August, 2007 The writer ii ABSTRACT This final project mainly aims at determining the main error and finding out the causes or sources of the errors in using gerunds made by the students of the fourth semester of the English Department of UNNES in the academic year of 2006/2007. This study was conducted under the consideration that gerund has a number of types in the theory so that it is possible that the learners find it difficult to learn the grammatical structures. A test method was used to gather data. The test used consisted of two kinds, i.e. completion test and translation test and had been tried out before it was used to collect the data. The main purpose of conducting the try out was to measure the validity and reliability of the instrument. The reliability of the test was 0.376 based on the Spearman- Brown formula. The test result was then analyzed by using percentage to determine the main error and find out the causes or sources of errors. The errors were classified on the basis of six types of gerunds. After computing the percentages of errors of each heading of gerund, it was found that the dominant error most often made by the students of the fourth semester of the English Department of UNNES is the use of gerunds in the negative adjective ‘No’ which occurred 129 times (69.39%) caused by false concept hypothesized. This means that the mastery of using gerund in the negative adjective ‘No’ is still low because the errors were still high. In conclusion, errors on the use of gerunds were still made by most students of the fourth semester of the English Department of UNNES in the academic year of 2006/2007. In relation to this, it is suggested that the English learners should be more careful in using grammar. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................... i ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... iv LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................... 1 1.2 Reason for Choosing the Topic......................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Question............................................................................................. 8 1.4 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 9 1.6 Outline of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 10 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The Importance of Learning Grammar ........................................................... 11 2.2 The Analysis of Gerund ……………………………………………………. 14 2.2.1 The Definition of Gerund ……………………………………………….... 14 2.2.2 Gerunds as Subject …………………………………………………….…..15 2.2.3 Gerunds as Direct Objects …………………………………………………16 2.2.4 Gerunds as Subjective Complements …………………………………….. 19 2.2.5 Gerunds as Objects of Preposition ……………………………………...…19 2.2.6 Gerunds Used in the Negative Adjective ‘No’ …………………………... 21 iv 2.2.7 Gerunds Used after Possessive ………………….…...................................21 2.3 The Comparison between Gerund and Infinitive …………………………... 23 2.4 The Comparison between Gerund and Present Participle ...............................27 2.5 Errors and Mistakes ………………………………………………………….29 2.6 Error Analysis ................................................................................................ 30 2.7 The Sources of Errors ..................................................................................... 32 2.7.1 Interlingual Error ………………………………………………………..... 32 2.7.2 Intralingual Error …………………………………………………………. 33 2.7.2.1 Overgeneralization ………………………………………………………33 2.7.2.2 Ignorance of Rule Restriction …………………………………………...34 2.7.2.3 Incomplete Application of Rule ………………………………………... 35 2.7.2.4 False Concepts Hypothesized ……………………………………..…….35 III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 3.1 Object of the Study ......................................................................................... 36 3.2 Population and Sample 3.2.1 Population ………………………………………….. …………………….36 3.2.2 Sample ……………………………………………..................................... 37 3.3 Instrument for Collecting Data ....................................................................... 39 3.4 Type of Data ………………........................................................................... 40 3.5 Construction of the Test Instrument................................................................ 40 3.6 Preparation of Test 3.6.1 Test Items..................................................................................................... 41 3.6.2 Arrangement of the Test Items..................................................................... 41 v 3.6.3 Administration of the Try Out ..................................................................... 42 3.7 Item Analysis 3.7.1 Validity ………………………………………………………………….... 43 3.7.2 Reliability of the Test …………………………………………………….. 44 3.7.3 The Index Difficulty of the Test ………………………………………….. 46 3.7.4 The Discriminating Power ……………………….......................................46 3.8 The Administration of Real Test ……………………………………………47 3.8.1 Revision of Arrangement of Test Items ………….......................................47 3.8.2 Real Test …………………………………………………………………...49 3.9 Method of Collecting Data …………………………………………………..49 3.10 Method of Analyzing Data ………………………………………………... 49 IV DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Statistical analysis........................................................................................... 51 4.2 Nonstatistical Analysis...................................................................................
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