"The essential difference between emotion and reason is that emotion leads to action while reason leads to conclusions.” EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE -Donald Calne AND THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTIONS WHAT ARE EMOTIONS? Heidi Reyst, PhD, CBIST

ENHANCING EMOTION COMPONENTS ROADMAP & GOALS EQ MODELS EQ

THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTIONS

THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL

• Heart palpitations • Appraisal of what’s • How I react • Stomach distress happening • What I do • Sweating • Expectations of the • Body language • Hot or cold flashes situation • Facial expression • Shortness of breath • The subjective aspect WHAT ARE • Fatigue • Feelings EMOTIONS? • Muscle tension • Increased energy

2 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS WHAT EMOTIONS ARE NOT…

Some definitions… ƒ Moods, feelings and emotions are often thought of as the same thing ƒ An instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge ƒ They are related, but distinct… ƒ A feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred, which can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with Emotions occur rapidly in response to a specific external stimulus, ƒ The expression of feeling They are temporary, can be intense, and are involuntary Feelings are the thoughts and interpretations of those emotions Moods tend to be more mild and last longer, They may have no identifiable beginning EMOTIONS ARE They tell us about our inner state IMPULSES TO ACT … emotions are helpful for making decisions, moods are not

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FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS

NEGATIVE POSITIVE "Emotions are not problems to be solved. They are signals to be interpreted.“ NEGATIVE POSITIVE -Vironika Tugaleva ƒ Negative emotions are thought ƒ Positive emotions aarere to play a significant role in related to health andand survival well-being ƒ Their major function is to alert us to threats and danger THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS

8 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - FEAR POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EMOTION FUNCTIONS

Physiological Response OUR EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE ƒ Is experienced when we ƒ Rapidly increased cardiac activity perceive there is a potential ƒ Increased breathing rate; then danger AND we are relatively shallow and irregular powerless over this danger PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL ƒ Inspires the fight or flight response –leading to avoidance or escape from danger Related Emotions “NEGATIVE” NARROWS OUR FOCUSES OUR NARROWS OUR ƒ Psychopathology, anxiety, EMOTION ATTENTION THOUGHTS BEHAVIOR Anxiety; Apprehension; phobia and panic Nervousness; Concern; “POSITIVE” INCREASES OUR EXPANDS OUR WIDENS OUR Consternation; Misgiving EMOTION ATTENTION THOUGHTS BEHAVIOR

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FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - ANGER SO, HOW MANY EMOTIONS ARE THERE? Physiological Response ƒ There are likely innumerable emotions available to us, likely ƒ Tries to change the situation – ƒ Excessive increase in activation more than we have the words for it’s not a passive emotion and preparation for action ƒ There have been many attempts to quantify how many ƒ Increase in cardiac activity ƒ Is extremely situational in terms emotions exist in the human repertoire of how useful it is ƒ Muscle tone & breathing increase ƒ Paul Eckman identified what he called Universal Emotions ƒ Pathological end, hatred and ƒ Increase in adrenaline ƒ This was based on facial expression research violence ƒ He viewed them as universal because the facial expressions that certain emotions elicited were found across distinctly unique Related Emotions cultures Fury; Outrage; Resentment; Wrath; Exasperation; Indignation; Annoyance; Irritability; Hostility

12 SURPRISE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - SADNESS

Physiological Response ƒ Surprise is a reaction provoked Physiological Response ƒ The purpose of sadness is to act in situations where the subject ƒ A significant reduction in by something unexpected, new, ƒ Activate attentional processes or strange finds themselves powerless or cognitive and behavioral activity ƒ This happens in the form of endorphins ƒ The purpose of surprise is to can’t take any direct action ƒ Plays a self-protective role and flooding the brain empty our working memory in ƒ Fulfills very important roles focuses attention to oneself, and order to face the unexpected ƒ Decreased heart rate pushes us to find supports stimulus ƒ Pathological end is severe ƒ Increased muscle tone depression ƒ There are good surprises and bad surprises Related Emotions Related Emotions Shock; Astonishment; Grief; Sorrow; Cheerlessness; Amazement; Wonder Gloom; Melancholy; Self-pity; Loneliness; Dejection; Despair

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DISGUST FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - HAPPINESS

ƒ Disgust serves the Physiological Response ƒ It moves us to action evolutionary purpose of ƒ GI problems/nausea ƒ Is centered around pleasure and Physiological Response keeping us safe from reward - when rewarded we harm ƒ Increase in heart rate and ƒ Increase in heart rate and breathing rate seek to continue a behavior ƒ The adaptive function of ƒ Good breathing rate disgust is to reject any ƒ Skin conductance ƒ At the far edge, mania ƒ Release of endorphins and stimulus that could be ƒ Muscle tension toxic dopamine ƒ This also results in Related Emotions rejection of toxic social Related Emotions stimuli too Contempt; Disdain; Scorn; Excitement; Joy; Relief; Contentment; Abhorrence; Aversion; Distaste; Revulsion Bliss; Delight; Amusement; Pride

16 14 THE MOOD METER The Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence LEVEL OF "The emotions of man are ENERGY stirred more quickly than man's intelligence" -Oscar Wilde THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTION

PLEASANTNESS 17

EMOTION AND COGNITION EMOTIONS AND BRAIN EVOLUTION

Emotions have to be explained in the context of evolution EMOTION COGNITION ƒ Take the emotion of ‘disgust’ – for animals disgust evolved so that they could avoid poisons or toxins – it was about survival –animals learned about contaminants by seeing what happened to other Why is it important? animals Underlying theory of ƒ In humans disgust evolved beyond that – not only Emotional Intelligence is did we learn by seeing what happened to others, we that it impacts cognitive also learned because others told us to avoid them; processes

20 EMOTIONAL BRAIN – CORE STRUCTURES SUPPORT FOR THE UNDERLYING THEORY OF EQ

Orbitofrontal area Nucleus accumbens HOT COGNITIVE TASK COLD COGNITIVE TASK ƒ EQ impacted cognition (Emotional stimuli or (Emotionally neutral stimuli (decision-making) only consequences) or consequences) when emotional stimuli was Made more present advantageous vs ƒ Information was processed HIGH EQ disadvantageous selections * Anterior cingulate cortex Ventromedial differently, which implicates * p < .05 prefrontal cortex different neural networks at No difference in the work advantageous vs LOW EQ disadvantageous Hypothalamus Amygdala selections

Hoffmannn, Cases, Hoffman, Chen (2010). BMC Neurology 2010, 10:103 23 Checa, P and Fernendex-Berrocal (2019). Cognitive Control and Emotional Intelligence: Effect of the Emotional 21 Content of the Task.

NEURAL NETWORKS EMOTIONAL BRAIN – ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES DIRECT COGNITION DIRECT EMOTION ƒ Cerebral Cortex Deep Brain Structures ƒ Executive Control Network (left ƒ Behavioral Empathy Network ƒ Hippocampus ƒ Prefrontal cortex and right) ƒ Expression of compassion or ƒ Basal forebrain ƒ Anterior temporal lobe ƒ Salience Network affective empathy ƒ Septum pellucidum ƒ Anterior Insula ƒ Anterior insula ƒ Posterior cingulate cortex ƒ Language Network ƒ Theory of Mind Network ƒ Brainstem ƒ Explicit Memory Network Inferring and reasoning about ƒ Periacqueductal gray matter ƒ Face-object Recognition the beliefs, thoughts and ƒ Ventral tegmental area ƒ Working Memory - Executive emotions of others Function Network ƒ Perspective-taking ƒ Anterior Temporoparietal Junction

24 Kanske P, Bokler A, Trautwein F & Singer T (2015). Dissecting the social brain: Introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct 22 neural networks and brain–behavior relations for empathy and Theory of Mind EQ - EMOTION REGULATION BRAIN STRUCTURES TIED TO EQ

PERCEIVING EMOTIONS MANAGING EMOTIONS ƒ The set of operations involved in modulating ongoing emotional Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe responses in accordance with Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe individual or social goals Temporal-Occipital Lobes Parietal Lobe ƒ vmPFC Parietal Lobe ƒ vlPFC

ƒ Amygdala White Matter Left superior longitudinal fasciculus Left uncinate fasciculus

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EQ SOCIAL AWARENESS (EMOTION RECOGNITION) EQ SELF-AWARENESS

STRUCTURESSTRUC FUNCTION ƒ Amygdala ƒ Somatosensory cortex ƒ Emotional facial recognition, via Anterior insula (AI) ƒ AI integrates incoming signals processing emotionally salient about the state of one’s own exteroceptive stimuli ƒ Insula & ACC body which are sent to the ACC ƒ Also assists in the prioritization of ƒ Play a critical role in emotion ƒ The ACC initiates selection and the processing salient stimuli recognition of pleasant and Anterior cingulate unpleasant emotion categories cortex (ACC) planning of motor and non- ƒ vmPFC ƒ These are the same areas that motor movement responses to ƒ Works in conjunction with the process first-person emotional emotional events Amygdala to detect and represent experiences motivationally salient stimulus Ventromedial prefrontal ƒ Together they play a critical role ƒ events The “simulation hypothesis” cortex (vmPFC) in generation of subjective emotional experience

28 Hogeveen, Salvi & Grafman (2016). Emotional Intelligence: Lessons from Lesions. Trends Neurosci. 2016 October ; 39(10): 694–705 26 EQ SOCIAL AWARENESS (EMPATHY)

STIMULUS PROCESSING AFFECTIVE EMPATHY EMOTIONAL MEMORY

ƒ Influences social behavior ƒ Memory of emotional events is ƒ Refers to the ability to share the superior to memory of other emotional state of another types of events person ƒ They are less likely to fade over ƒ vlPFC time ƒ Insula ƒ Medial temporal lobe ƒ Relies on the ability to prioritize ƒ Amygdala ƒ Hippocampus processing of self & other ƒ Perirhinal cortex ƒ Temporoparietal junction

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BRAIN EVOLUTION KEY POINTS – BRAIN STRUCTURES & EMOTIONS

1. THE PRIMITIVE BRAIN ƒ The neural networks for processing emotional stimuli are widely distributed MEDULLA ƒ The limbic system and the frontal lobe are key regions in the processing of PONS emotional information ƒ Emotional processing works in close MIDBRAIN conjunction with cognitive processing

32 30 STIMULUS PROCESSING - GENERAL CEREBRAL CORTEX – SENSORY PROCESSING BRAIN EVOLUTION HOW CRITICAL IS THE AMYGDALA TO THALAMUS 2. THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN EMOTIONAL Hippocampus THALAMUS PROCESSING? HYPOTHALAMUS Amygdala FRONTAL LOBE – RESPONSE INITIATION Thalamus HIPPOCAMPUS

AMYGDALA Hypothalamus AMYGDALA

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STIMULUS PROCESSING BRAIN EVOLUTION

SCENARIO 1 3. THE NEOCORTEX

FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE Danger? TEMPORAL LOBE

36 34 EMOTIONAL BRAIN & THINKING BRAIN STIMULUS PROCESSING

AMYGDALA Emotional SCENARIO 2 Memories

ƒ In the past, when our amygdala detected some sort of danger, the associated memory was much stronger than other memories Three Scenarios are Possible ƒ In the present, the amygdala is assessing new stimuli for threats ƒ The way it determines danger is to compare the stimulus against emotional memories to see if Danger? there is a “match” EMOTIONAL RATIONAL FALSE BRAIN BRAIN POSITIVE

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EMOTIONAL HIJACKING SO WHERE DOES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Emotional Hijacking occurs FIT IN? PREFRONTAL CORTEX when the amygdala FALSELY 1. The role of the amygdala is to ƒ For successful social interaction = detects dangers, triggers the assess incoming stimuli for we need to: EMOTIONAL HIJACK fight or flight process and shuts emotional content 1. Be able recognize emotions as they “OFF” SWITCH occur down the rational brain 2. When the amygdala detects danger it shuts down the 2. Once we experience an emotion, cerebral cortex, and takes over we need to have control over them AMYGDALA TURNS the role of initiating a in order to regulate our responses EMOTIONAL HIJACK response SWITCH 3. Our behavioral response will “ON” be determined outside of So what happens if the rational/thinking brain amygdala is wrong?

40 38 EMOTIONAL HIJACKING ƒ Amygdala: initiates flight or flightht ƒ Hypothalamus: send out hormones PROBLEM? ƒ The amygdala can’t generate the response- the frontal lobe has to ƒ Amygdala: sends a signal to the prefrontal cortex EQ MODELS ƒ This is the opportunity for our prefrontal cortex to say “hey wait a minute” ƒ Last line of defense for an emotional hijacking 43 4141

DEFINING EQ & EQ MODELS COUNTERACTING EMOTIONAL HIJACKINGS

ƒ What stops a hijacking is our ƒ The key is that some people ƒ Emotional intelligence(EQ) refers to an individual’s ability to process and understanding that the emotion understand their emotions respond to emotions, including recognizing the expression of emotions in or intensity isn’t appropriate or and have learned how to others, using emotions to enhance thought and decision making, and proportionate given the context respond adaptively regulating emotions to drive effective behaviors of the situation ƒ The flip side of that? Some ƒ In particular a key aspect that people don’t fully understand informs the context of the their emotions and some situation is our understanding of have not learned how to our emotions in conjunction with respond adaptively our previously learned responses to those emotions The difference is emotional intelligence

42 THE ELEMENTS OF EQ – GOLEMAN’S MODEL SELF-AWARENESS RECOGNITION REGULATION “When awareness is brought to an emotion, power is Self - Emotional brought to your life” PERSONAL COMPETENCE Awareness Regulation – Tara Meyer Robson

SOCIAL Social Relationship COMPETENCE Awareness Management

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SELF ƒ There are 3 competencies related to Self- Awareness: AWARENESS ƒ Emotional Awareness: Recognizing one’s emotions and their effects Concerns knowing one’s ƒ Accurate Self-Assessment: Knowing one’s internal states, preferences, resources, strengths and limits and intuitions ƒ Self-Confidence: A strong sense of one’s self-worth and capabilities ENHANCING EQ

46 INCREASING SELF-AWARENESS SELF-AWARENESS YES NO

YES NO ƒ Involves paying attention to your ƒ So the key is recognizing an ƒ Do you sometimes avoid your feelings and hope they emotions emotion as it comes over you, simply go away? ƒ Simply trying to be more aware and understanding how that ƒ Do you find that some people elicit very negative of our emotions can help to emotion affects you emotions? understand them better ƒ Do you find that when you are in a bad mood, it clouds everything you do?

ƒ Do you find that you react differently when you are feeling stressed? Click on the line to go to video

http://clg.webflow.io/video/locating-yourself-a-key-to-conscious-leadership 51

INCREASING SELF AWARENESS EMOTIONAL REGULATION ƒ Mindfulness is the practice of “He who angers you purposeful attention without judgment conquers you.” ƒ It is the practice of being aware of present-moment experience – Elizabeth Kenny without trying to push it away or over-engage

52 50 EMOTIONAL There are 6 competencies related to Self- IMPROVING EMOTIONAL REGULATION Regulation: REGULATION ƒ Emotional Self-Control: Keeping disruptive ƒ We can’t regulate our emotions Refers to emotions and impulses in check if we aren’t aware of them managing ones’ ƒ Transparency: Maintaining integrity, acting internal states, ƒ Asking “am I above or below the congruently with one’s values Open impulses, and ƒ Adaptability: Flexibility in handling change line” brings the conscious Curious resources awareness that allows us to then Committed to Learning ƒ Achievement: Striving to improve or regulate them meeting a standard of excellence ƒ Let’s go back to the black line… ƒ Initiative: Readiness to act on opportunities. ƒ Optimism: Persistence in pursuing goals despite obstacles and setbacks If self-awareness is a not a current strength, regulating them won't be either. 55

EMOTIONAL REGULATION YES NO LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION YES NO ƒ The black line is a simple tool to help us bring attention to, ƒ Do you find that you struggle to respond in a thoughtful way, and gain awareness of our emotions as they occur versus an emotional way? ƒ When someone challenges your emotions, do you see them Imagine Steve has an interaction with co-worker Jane after an as a villain or an ally? important project deadline was missed Jane implicates Steve as the reason for the delay ƒ Do you find that you don't notice the effects of your actions until it's too late? Imagine there are two routes for Steve to address the situation ƒ Do you visualize yourself succeeding or do you see failure in He can respond without being mindful many situations? He can respond in a mindful way 56 RESPOND WITHOUT BEING MINDFUL

SOCIAL AWARENESS Physically, his heart rate increased, his muscles tensed

“Empathy is seeing with the His immediate thought is “Jane is always out to eyes of another, listening get me!” with the ears of another and feeling with the heart of Steve responds defensively and blames a different department for causing the project delay another” – Alfred Adler

CONFLICT

59 Closed, Defensive, Committed to Being Right 57

SOCIAL ƒ There are 3 competencies related to Social RESPOND IN A MINDFUL WAY AWARENESS Awareness: ƒ Empathy: Sensing others’ feelings and perspectives, Physically, his heart rate increased, his muscles tensed ƒ Refers to how and taking an active interest in their concerns people handle ƒ Organizational Awareness: Reading a group’s emotional currents and power relationships His immediate thought is “Jane is always out to relationships and ƒ Service Orientation: Anticipating, recognizing, and get me!” awareness of others’ meeting customers’ needs feelings, needs, and Steve says to Jane “I agree the deadline was missed, and part concerns of that may be from our end. Can we problem solve how to fix it, and prevent the issue moving forward?” COMMUNICATION

Responsive / Curious / Growth & Learning 58 INCREASING EMPATHY – ACTIVE LISTENING SOCIAL AWARENESS YES NO

YES NO ƒ Pay attention! ƒ Practice Active Listening. ƒ Make eye contact ƒ Listen with your ears – what is being ƒ Do you feel you are always present when speaking with ƒ Ignore outside factors said, and what tone is being used? others? ƒ Put own thoughts on hold ƒ Listen with your eyes – what is the ƒ Put the phone down… person doing with his or her body ƒ When you see an acquaintance having a difficult time, do while speaking? ƒ Stop planning what response you ask what is wrong? ƒ Listen with your instincts – do you ƒ Provide feedback sense that the person is not ƒ Do you try and see through others' world lens to ƒ Ask questions, check in communicating something ƒ Nod, smile, respond important? understand their point of view? ƒ Listen with your heart – what do you ƒ Don’t interrupt think the other person feels? ƒ Are you able to walk into a room and quickly sense the ƒ Be mindful of your body language mood?

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ƒIn order to be truly empathic, there RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT are four pre-requisites that must be present “Only by knowing ourselves can 9You must leave judgment behind we responsibly and efficiently 9Try to experience the world through manage our senses, thoughts, EMPATHY the other person's lens words and actions, and behave in 9Aspire to understand others' feelings a benevolent manner toward 9Communicate your understanding of other beings and the world” those feelings – Joseph Rain

64 RELATIONSHIP There are competencies related to Relationship RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Management: MANAGEMENT ƒ Developing Others: Sensing others’ development needs and bolstering their abilities ƒ Be open and be curious This is the ability to use ƒ Inspirational Leadership: Inspiring and guiding ƒ Enhance your communication style awareness of your individuals and groups ƒ Avoid giving mixed signals emotions and the ƒ Change Catalyst: Initiating or managing change. emotions of others to ƒ Influence: Wielding effective tactics for persuasion ƒ Be open to receiving feedback manage interactions ƒ Conflict Management: Negotiating and resolving ƒ Focus on trust-building successfully disagreements ƒ Have an open door policy ƒ Teamwork & Collaboration: Working with others toward shared goals; Creating group synergy in ƒ Don’t put off what needs to be addressed pursuing collective goals ƒ Use feedback effectively

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RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT YES NO

YES NO ƒ People take in more from what they see than what you say. Do you have a poker face? THANK YOU! ƒ Are you good at receiving feedback from others? ƒ Are you accessible to your co-workers and people who report to you?

ƒ Do you avoid difficult conversations or have trouble initiating difficult conversations?

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