"The essential difference between emotion and reason is that emotion leads to action while reason leads to conclusions.” EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE -Donald Calne AND THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTIONS WHAT ARE EMOTIONS? Heidi Reyst, PhD, CBIST ENHANCING EMOTION COMPONENTS ROADMAP & GOALS EQ MODELS EQ THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTIONS THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL • Heart palpitations • Appraisal of what’s • How I react • Stomach distress happening • What I do • Sweating • Expectations of the • Body language • Hot or cold flashes situation • Facial expression • Shortness of breath • The subjective aspect WHAT ARE • Fatigue • Feelings EMOTIONS? • Muscle tension • Increased energy 2 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS WHAT EMOTIONS ARE NOT… Some definitions… Moods, feelings and emotions are often thought of as the same thing An instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge They are related, but distinct… A feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred, which can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with Emotions occur rapidly in response to a specific external stimulus, The expression of feeling They are temporary, can be intense, and are involuntary Feelings are the thoughts and interpretations of those emotions Moods tend to be more mild and last longer, They may have no identifiable beginning EMOTIONS ARE They tell us about our inner state IMPULSES TO ACT … emotions are helpful for making decisions, moods are not 5 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS NEGATIVE POSITIVE "Emotions are not problems to be solved. They are signals to be interpreted.“ NEGATIVE POSITIVE -Vironika Tugaleva Negative emotions are thought Positive emotions aarere to play a significant role in related to health andand survival well-being Their major function is to alert us to threats and danger THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS 8 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - FEAR POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EMOTION FUNCTIONS Physiological Response OUR EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE Is experienced when we Rapidly increased cardiac activity perceive there is a potential Increased breathing rate; then danger AND we are relatively shallow and irregular powerless over this danger PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Inspires the fight or flight response –leading to avoidance or escape from danger Related Emotions “NEGATIVE” NARROWS OUR FOCUSES OUR NARROWS OUR Psychopathology, anxiety, EMOTION ATTENTION THOUGHTS BEHAVIOR Anxiety; Apprehension; phobia and panic Nervousness; Concern; “POSITIVE” INCREASES OUR EXPANDS OUR WIDENS OUR Consternation; Misgiving EMOTION ATTENTION THOUGHTS BEHAVIOR 11 9 FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - ANGER SO, HOW MANY EMOTIONS ARE THERE? Physiological Response There are likely innumerable emotions available to us, likely Tries to change the situation – Excessive increase in activation more than we have the words for it’s not a passive emotion and preparation for action There have been many attempts to quantify how many Increase in cardiac activity Is extremely situational in terms emotions exist in the human repertoire of how useful it is Muscle tone & breathing increase Paul Eckman identified what he called Universal Emotions Pathological end, hatred and Increase in adrenaline This was based on facial expression research violence He viewed them as universal because the facial expressions that certain emotions elicited were found across distinctly unique Related Emotions cultures Fury; Outrage; Resentment; Wrath; Exasperation; Indignation; Annoyance; Irritability; Hostility 12 SURPRISE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - SADNESS Physiological Response Surprise is a reaction provoked Physiological Response The purpose of sadness is to act in situations where the subject A significant reduction in by something unexpected, new, Activate attentional processes or strange finds themselves powerless or cognitive and behavioral activity This happens in the form of endorphins The purpose of surprise is to can’t take any direct action Plays a self-protective role and flooding the brain empty our working memory in Fulfills very important roles focuses attention to oneself, and order to face the unexpected Decreased heart rate pushes us to find supports stimulus Pathological end is severe Increased muscle tone depression There are good surprises and bad surprises Related Emotions Related Emotions Shock; Astonishment; Grief; Sorrow; Cheerlessness; Amazement; Wonder Gloom; Melancholy; Self-pity; Loneliness; Dejection; Despair 15 13 DISGUST FUNCTION OF EMOTIONS - HAPPINESS Disgust serves the Physiological Response It moves us to action evolutionary purpose of GI problems/nausea Is centered around pleasure and Physiological Response keeping us safe from reward - when rewarded we harm Increase in heart rate and Increase in heart rate and breathing rate seek to continue a behavior The adaptive function of Good breathing rate disgust is to reject any Skin conductance At the far edge, mania Release of endorphins and stimulus that could be Muscle tension toxic dopamine This also results in Related Emotions rejection of toxic social Related Emotions stimuli too Contempt; Disdain; Scorn; Excitement; Joy; Relief; Contentment; Abhorrence; Aversion; Distaste; Revulsion Bliss; Delight; Amusement; Pride 16 14 THE MOOD METER The Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence LEVEL OF "The emotions of man are ENERGY stirred more quickly than man's intelligence" -Oscar Wilde THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTION PLEASANTNESS 17 EMOTION AND COGNITION EMOTIONS AND BRAIN EVOLUTION Emotions have to be explained in the context of evolution EMOTION COGNITION Take the emotion of ‘disgust’ – for animals disgust evolved so that they could avoid poisons or toxins – it was about survival –animals learned about contaminants by seeing what happened to other Why is it important? animals Underlying theory of In humans disgust evolved beyond that – not only Emotional Intelligence is did we learn by seeing what happened to others, we that it impacts cognitive also learned because others told us to avoid them; processes 20 EMOTIONAL BRAIN – CORE STRUCTURES SUPPORT FOR THE UNDERLYING THEORY OF EQ Orbitofrontal area Nucleus accumbens HOT COGNITIVE TASK COLD COGNITIVE TASK EQ impacted cognition (Emotional stimuli or (Emotionally neutral stimuli (decision-making) only consequences) or consequences) when emotional stimuli was Made more present advantageous vs Information was processed HIGH EQ disadvantageous selections * Anterior cingulate cortex Ventromedial differently, which implicates * p < .05 prefrontal cortex different neural networks at No difference in the work advantageous vs LOW EQ disadvantageous Hypothalamus Amygdala selections Hoffmannn, Cases, Hoffman, Chen (2010). BMC Neurology 2010, 10:103 23 Checa, P and Fernendex-Berrocal (2019). Cognitive Control and Emotional Intelligence: Effect of the Emotional 21 Content of the Task. NEURAL NETWORKS EMOTIONAL BRAIN – ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES DIRECT COGNITION DIRECT EMOTION Cerebral Cortex Deep Brain Structures Executive Control Network (left Behavioral Empathy Network Hippocampus Prefrontal cortex and right) Expression of compassion or Basal forebrain Anterior temporal lobe Salience Network affective empathy Septum pellucidum Anterior Insula Anterior insula Posterior cingulate cortex Language Network Theory of Mind Network Brainstem Explicit Memory Network Inferring and reasoning about Periacqueductal gray matter Face-object Recognition the beliefs, thoughts and Ventral tegmental area Working Memory - Executive emotions of others Function Network Perspective-taking Anterior Temporoparietal Junction 24 Kanske P, Bokler A, Trautwein F & Singer T (2015). Dissecting the social brain: Introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct 22 neural networks and brain–behavior relations for empathy and Theory of Mind EQ - EMOTION REGULATION BRAIN STRUCTURES TIED TO EQ PERCEIVING EMOTIONS MANAGING EMOTIONS The set of operations involved in modulating ongoing emotional Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe responses in accordance with Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe individual or social goals Temporal-Occipital Lobes Parietal Lobe vmPFC Parietal Lobe vlPFC Amygdala White Matter Left superior longitudinal fasciculus Left uncinate fasciculus 27 25 EQ SOCIAL AWARENESS (EMOTION RECOGNITION) EQ SELF-AWARENESS STRUCTURESSTRUC FUNCTION Amygdala Somatosensory cortex Emotional facial recognition, via Anterior insula (AI) AI integrates incoming signals processing emotionally salient about the state of one’s own exteroceptive stimuli Insula & ACC body which are sent to the ACC Also assists in the prioritization of Play a critical role in emotion The ACC initiates selection and the processing salient stimuli recognition of pleasant and Anterior cingulate unpleasant emotion categories cortex (ACC) planning of motor and non- vmPFC These are the same areas that motor movement responses to Works in conjunction with the process first-person emotional emotional events Amygdala to detect and represent experiences motivationally salient stimulus Ventromedial prefrontal Together they play a critical role events The “simulation hypothesis” cortex (vmPFC) in generation of subjective emotional experience 28 Hogeveen, Salvi & Grafman (2016). Emotional Intelligence: Lessons from Lesions. Trends Neurosci. 2016 October ; 39(10): 694–705 26 EQ SOCIAL AWARENESS (EMPATHY) STIMULUS PROCESSING AFFECTIVE EMPATHY EMOTIONAL MEMORY Influences social behavior Memory of emotional events is Refers to the ability to share the superior to memory