6. Existing Environment

______

6.1 Introduction

This chapter contained the information on the existing environmental of the study area. The study covers an area of 5 km radius from the proposed Project site boundary. The existing environmental data presented in the following subsection are derived from both primary and secondary sources via specific field surveyed and supplemented by the secondary data from the relevant published sources. The component of the existing environmental sector study and respective study method is summarised in Table 6-1 below.

The findings of the existing environmental in this Chapter will be used to form the basis for evaluation of the extent of project impact during development and implementation. These data will also be used to measure the change of environmental quality due to the project activities.

Table 6-1 Existing Environmental Component Assessed

Category Subject Method Coverage Physical Landform and Topography Field survey Project site Environment Secondary Source Study area

Soil, Geology and Field survey Project site Hydrogeology Secondary Source Study area

Hydrology & Drainage Secondary Data and field Study area System verification Meteorology & Climate Secondary Source Study area Physical Marine Water Level, Current, Field verification and Study Area Environment Bathymetry, offshore wind secondary source and Waves Physiochemical Surface Water Quality Field Sampling Environment Coastal Water Quality Study area Ambient Air & Odour Environmental Noise Groundwater Quality Project site Biological Terrestrial and Marine Field verification and Study area Ecology secondary source Human Landuse Field verification and Study area Environment secondary source Socio-economic Activities Field survey and secondary Study area source Existing Public Health Field survey and secondary Study area source Traffic Field survey and secondary Study area source Infrastructure & Utilities Secondary source Study area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-1

______

6.2 Landform and Topography

Generally the topography of the Project site is mostly flat and low-lying. The existing terrain within the Project site is recorded in range of -0.36 mean sea level (MSL) to around 0.29 MSL in average. The slope analysis show that the entire Project site falls within the slope gradient of 0º to 15º. The overview of topography of the study area is presented in Figure 6-1.

6.3 Soil and Geology

6.3.1 General Geology

6.3.1.1 Quaternary Geology

The regional geology of the Seberang Jaya, Nibong Tebal and Bertam area are underlain by alluvium of Quaternary age which predominantly consists of unconsolidated marine clay, sand and gravel deposits of the coastal plain and fluviatile deposits along the valleys. The stratigraphy of the area is divided into Simpang Formation, Gula Formation and Beruas Formation.

The lithology of the Simpang Formation is made up of gravel, sand, clay and locally silt and peat. It is accumulated or deposited in terrestrial environment by fluvial processes during the Pleistocene. The Gula Formation is subdivided into five members viz. the Bagan Datoh, Teluk Intan, Port Weld, Parit Buntar and Matang Gelugor. Generally, the lithology consists of silt, clay, sand, sometimes gravel and peat and often contain shells. The environment of deposition is interpreted as shallow marine, estuarine and littoral and Holocene in age. The Beruas Formation constitutes sand, gravel, clay, silt and occasionally peat accumulated or deposited in terrestrial environment by fluvial processes during the Holocane.

The Simpang Formation is exposed mainly on the western side adjacent to the main range granite in Seberang Prai, in the north-east and western part of Penang Island, and as old river terrace northeast of Butterworth. In Seberang Perai, it occupies an undulating topography generally 5 m above the present MSL. Where it is not exposed the formation is overlain by sediments of the Gula and Beruas Formations and its contact with the younger sediments is often marked by a paleosoil horizon or slight change in lithology. The lithology is made up of gravel, sand, clay and lesser amounts of silt and peat and often shows a fining upward sequence. The sediments of the Simpang Formation are interpreted to have been deposited by fluvial processes in a terrestrial environment during the Pleistocene when the sea-level stand was well below the present.

The Gula Formation is well exposed, occupying the lowlands and coastal areas from Seberang Perai to Kuala Kurau and in Penang Island. Generally, the lithology is made up of silt, sand, clay, gravel and some peat. The fossil content and lithology of the Gula Formation show that the sediment has been deposited in the littoral zone and estuarine to shallow marine environment during the Holocene. The Bagan Datoh Member and the Teluk Intan Member represent shallow marine and estuarine deposits respectively. Generally, they constitute the deeper sediment underlying the Port Weld Member and are distinguished in the Butterworth area, Kuala Kurau and Balik Pulau on Penang Island. The marine sediments in these areas are generally more than 10 m thick. The Port Weld Member represents the mangrove sediments, often with plant remains, and are well exposed around Butterworth, Kuala Kurau, Balik Pulau and south of George Town. The Parit Buntar Member is interpreted as the back mangrove sediment and forms the topmost strata in Parit Buntar and further south, southwest of Bukit Mertajam, and north of Butterworth. The Matang Gelugor Member represents the beach ridges (permatang) exposed as three tier sequence, the earliest near Kepala Batas and the youngest at

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-2

______

Butterworth. The member is also exposed at George Town and Balik Pulau and is currently being formed north and south of the Penang Bridge in the South Channel.

The Beruas Formation underlies the area north-east of Butterworth, south of Bukit Mertajam and as granite wash deposit along the foothills south-east of Bukit Mertajam, Balik Pulau and Bayan Lepas. The formation is predominantly made up of clay with lesser amounts of sand, gravel, silt and peat deposited by fluvial processes during the Holocene (Kamaludin, 1989, 1990; Suntharalingam & Teoh, 1985). The general geology of the area is shown in Figure 6-2.

6.3.1.2 Pre-Quaternary Geology

Underlying the Quaternary alluvium in the area, it is basically the granite intrusives and sedimentary rocks of the Sungai Patani and Mahang Formations (Courtier, 1974). Outcrops of Mahang Formation, presumably of Lower Silurian constituting black shale and dark flaggy siliceous shale are found in the north-east of Pulau Aman and east of Bukit Guar, Ipoh. Rocks of the Sungai Patani Formation are exposed east of Butterworth at Bt. Gua Gempas, Bt. Toh Alang, Bt. Merah, Bt. Jelutong and surrounding small hills, in Pulau Aman and Pulau Kendi. They consist predominantly of argillaceous rock including red shale, siliceous shale, laminated shale, sandstone and chert. It was inferred to be of Carboniferous age by Courtier (1974). However, fossil evidence found by C.K Burton (Jones et al., 1966) indicated Lower Silurian age.

Bukit Mertajam and other numerous isolated outlying hills to the west are generally made up of medium to coarse-grained porphyritic granite called the Kulim Granite by Courtier (1974). However, the granite of Penang island has been classified basically into 3 types (Kwan, 1984). Medium to coarse-grained, megacrystic muscovite-biotite granite make up the southern half of the island, coarse- grained megacrystic biotite referred to as the Bunga type in the north-eastern and south-eastern portion, and medium to coarse-grained sparsely megacrystic biotite granite with traces of muscovite, referred to as the Ferringghi type is restricted in the northwestern part. Ong (in manuscript) has classified the granites in Penang Island to represent the first and late stage activities of the same magmatic event. Kwan (1984) analysed biotite samples from Penang Island and the results show two very closely related intrusive events occurring between the late Triassic and early Jurassic. The simplified geological map of the area is shown in Figure 6-3. There are no geological fault lines within the area.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-3

______

Figure 6-1 Topography of the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-4

______

Project Site

Figure 6-2 Quaternary Geology of the Seberang Prai Source: Kamaluddin, 1990 and North Perak

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-5

______

Project Site

Figure 6-3 Simplified Geological Map of the Area Source: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia, 2007

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-6

______

6.3.2 Site Geology

Topographically, the Project site is relatively flat and part of swamp and coastal mudflat. A drilling programme was conducted within the Project site with a total of 16 boreholes to understand the subsurface geology of the site. It is overlain by very soft to soft clay as indicated by the reading of the reading of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) carried out during the drilling programme at the site and the clay layer is up to 25 m thick. All the drilling ended at 45.45 m and the results shows that subsurface geology of the site can be divided into 3 layers. The bedrock was not encountered in any of the boreholes.

Layer 1: Very soft to soft silty CLAY at depth up to 25 m. Some intercalations of sand exist.

Layer 2: Medium dense clayey or silty SAND with at depth 21 to 30.5 m or 36 to 42 m. Gravels present within this sand layer. The sand, however, is known to be continuous throughout the area.

Layer 3: Medium stiff to stiff silty CLAY from depth of 30 m up to 45.45 m (borehole depth).

The location of boreholes carried out for the site investigation at the Project area is shown in Figure 6-4. The geological logs of the representative boreholes are shown in Figure 6-5 and it is seen that sand layers (Layer 2) only exist as intercalation or lenses within the clay layer up to 8.5 m thick at certain locations, however, it is known that it occurs quite extensively throughout the wider area and established as the important sand layer spanning the area. The soil investigation report is attached as Appendix 6.1.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-7

______

Figure 6-4 The Location of 16 boreholes within the Project Site

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-8

______

Figure 6-5 The Geological Logs of the Representative Boreholes

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-9

______

6.4 Hydrology and Drainage System

6.4.1 River and Drainage System

Generally the study area is drained by two main river systems i.e. Sg Tengah on the northern and Sg Kerian at the southern boundary. The regional river system of the study area is presented in Figure 6-8.

Sg Tengah is a sub-catchment of Sg Jawi. Sg Tengah drains a total area of approximately 22.2 km2 with total length of approximately 41.4 km. Sg Tengah generally branches out from Sg Jawi near Sg Bakap area and flows south-westerly and discharge to the Strait of Malacca. Sg Tengah is generally draining a flat coastal plain. Sg Daun is a tributary of Sg Tengah, originate from Ladang Byram area and flow northerly to discharge into Sg Tengah. Oil palm plantation forms the major land cover within Sg Tengah catchment area. The Project site is located towards the downstream of Sg Tengah near the river mouth area with Sg Daun plies within 1-2 km along the eastern boundary of the Project site.

While Sg Kerian is an interstate river between Pulau Pinang State and the states of Perak and Kedah. Sg Kerian is a larger river system originated from the Bintang range with it upstream located in the State of Kedah while the middle and lower reaches of this river form the boundary of the three states. Sg Kerian drains a catchment area of approximately 1,420 km2 with a total river length of approximately 90 km. The river flows westerly before discharge into the Strait of Malacca. The headwaters consist of primary forest in steep mountainous terrain. The middle reaches are mainly covered with plantation while the lower reaches plies across a flat coastal plain mainly cultivated with paddy and oil palm plantation. The Project site is located on the northern bank of lower reaches of Sg Kerian, near the river mouth area.

Generally the Project area was previously a vast oil palm plantation. Besides the two main river systems, substantial irrigation and borrow pit canal has been built along the coastal embankment with tidal control gates has been developed to control the flow for the palm irrigation activities. The irrigation drainage system within the Sg Tengah and Sg Daun catchment is presented in Figure 6-7. This irrigation drains discharges to both Sg Tengah and Sg Kerian to the northern and southern of the study area respectively.

River and drainage system within the study area are very much affected by the tidal activities. Series of tidal gates has been installed within the study area particularly for drainage connected to Sg Tengah. These tidal gates are maintained by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS). A tidal gate is located on the northern of Project site, and was reported maintained for flow control in the borrow pit which received runoff from the existing Phase 1 and Phase 2 landfill. The location of the tidal gate is presented in Figure 6-7.

Both Sg Tengah and Sg Kerian are important water resources for irrigation activities. Sg Tengah mainly supports the irrigation of the oil palm plantation both in Batu Kawan area and Byram area. However irrigation demand has significant reduced with the recent rapid development in Batu Kawan area. While irrigation activities for Sg Kerian in the study area are mainly for paddy plantation in the northern region of Perak. Water in Sg Kerian is also extracted for pond aquaculture activities near the river mouth area at Kg Sg Udang Besar. Nevertheless no water intake point for potable water supply is recorded in the both rivers at the downstream of the Project site.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-10

______

Project Site

Figure 6-6 River System at the Study Area Source: Review of National Water Resource Study (2000-2050)- Volume 9 Pulau Pinang

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-11

______

Sg Tengah

Sg Daun Project Site

Sg Kerian

Figure 6-7 Sg Tengah and Sg Daun Sub-Catchment and the Irrigation System Source: EIA for Proposed Penang Second Bridge Crossing, UKM Pakarunding Sdn Bhd

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-12

______

6.4.2 Flood

Review on the flood prone area as reported in the Review of National Water Resources Study for Pulau Pinang indicated that the proposed Phase 3 Project site is not located within the flood prone area. Some area on the eastern which is anticipated along the Sg Daun area and the southern boundary has been identified as the flood prone area. Flood prone area identified in the Penang State is presented in Figure 6-8.

Based on the literature review findings from the EIA for Penang Second Bridge Crossing, reportedly flow in Sg Tengah is minimal due to severe sedimentation and sometimes the water stagnant even though during low tide. River bund has been built along the band of the river to prevent overflow of river water into the low lying area. The height of the river bund along Sg Tengah-Sg Daun is in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 m from ground level. Ladang Byram area towards the Sg Daun catchment has been reported being the flood prone area by JPS. Flow within this area is control by tidal gate to control the river flow as well as to prevent seawater from overflowing during high tide. A localised flood prone area map for the study area is presented in Figure 6-9.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-13

______

Project Site

Figure 6-8 Flood Prone Area in the State of Source: Review of National Water Resource Pulau Pinang Study (2000-2050)- Volume 9 Pulau Pinang.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-14

______

Sg Tengah

Sg Daun Project Site

Sg Keian

Figure 6-9 Flood Prone Area within the Source: EIA for Proposed Penang Second Bridge Project Boundary Crossing. UKM Pakarunding Sdn Bhd.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-15

______

6.5 Hydrogeology

In terms of hydrogeology, Seberang Perai is basically divided into 2 components that the majority of the area are underlain by unconsolidated deposit consisting of clay, silt and sand in which groundwater flows within sand layers and certain parts of the area is underlain by the granitic rock in which groundwater flows depends on the availability of fractures. The Pulau Pinang and Seberang Perai hydrogeological map is shown in Figure 6-10. Groundwater is not being utilised extensively in the area even though a number of wells have been drilled and constructed but most of them are abandoned. The hydrogeological map has been useful in contributing significantly towards the understanding of the general features and characteristics of the groundwater occurrence in the area. The groundwater potential is low to medium.

There was no large scale hydrogeological investigation been carried out the southern area of Seberang Perai where the Project site is located. Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains (JMG) has never taken any extensive study on the hydrogeological properties in Seberang Perai. However, some sporadic drilling in the hardrock areas indicating capacity of wells <20 m3/hour. Figure 6-11 shown two locations where groundwater investigations were carried out, one at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kampus Trans Krian and another one at Sekolah Menengah Agama Nibong Tebal. At the Sekolah Menengah Agama Nibong Tebal, the well was drilled to 45 m and producing 51 m3/hour with good quality water whereas at USM it was drilled to 36 m and unfortunately the water quality is not as good.

Some previous studies by Kamaludin (1990) indicated potential groundwater aquifers could be found around Kepala Batas and further west at Kg. Sungai Lokan, Kg Terus and Kg Seberang Tasek as indicated by previous investigation. Data from the boreholes show that these locations contain significant gravel and sand layers between 12 m – 27 m in thickness. The quality of groundwater in these areas is yet to be determined. Ladang Bertam in Kepala Batas has been utilising groundwater to irrigate their oil palm and rubber plantation during the dry season.

For the purpose of monitoring the water level and quality of groundwater, from the 16 boreholes drilled at the site, four (4) locations have been selected for construction of 4 monitoring wells in boreholes with differing depth depending on the soil investigation results. The shallow observation wells were installed at an estimated of 6 to 12 m deep and the deep observation well installed at an estimated depth of 29 m. The diameters of the boreholes is 75 mm in diameter with well screen length of 1 m and casing and a dip tube, and were completed to targeted depth of between 6 m to 29 m. The location of the monitoring wells is shown in Figure 6-12 and the design depth of the monitoring wells is shown in Figure 6-13.

This site has a natural marine clay liner which is excellent in protecting the potential migration of pollutant into the groundwater systems, however, due to the closeness of the proposed Phase 3 Landfill to the sea, no potential contaminants should be allowed to travel into the sea nearby.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-16

______

Legend

Study area (Project area)

Figure 6-10 Hydrogeology Map of the Project Site Source: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-17

______

Project Site

Figure 6-11 Location of wells in Seberang Perai Area Source: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia, 2007

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-18

______

Figure 6-12 Location of Monitoring Wells

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-19

______

Figure 6-13 Design Depth of the Monitoring Wells

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-20

______

6.6 Climate and Meteorology

Malaysia is located within tropic region which experiences warm and humid weather all year round. It is under the influence of the Asian monsoonal system, with two distinct monsoon regimes i.e. the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon and two inter-monsoon periods in between.

The nearest meteorological station is station Bayan Lepas at Sultan Azlan Shah Airport which is located approximately 53 km from the Project site. The station is located at Latitude 5o18’ N and Longitude 100o16’ E at a height of 3.0 m above MSL.

6.6.1 Rainfall

The rainfall records for year 2010 to 2015 indicated a mean annual rainfall of 2,326 mm for the study area. The highest annual rainfall was recorded at 3,067.5 mm in 2015 while the lowest rainfall over the period is recorded in 2014 with annual rainfall of 1,876.9 mm. The monthly rainfall is presented in Table 6-2 while the number of rain day is presented in Table 6-3 below.

In terms of mean monthly rainfall, September is recorded to be the wettest month with a mean monthly rainfall of 313 mm while January is recorded to be driest with mean monthly rainfall of 66 mm. Figure 6-14 shows the records for the annual rainfall over a period from 2010 to 2015 while Figure 6-15 shows the mean monthly rainfall for the same period.

Table 6-2 Mean Monthly Rainfall for the Study area (2010 – 2015)

Year Month ANNUAL JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2010 26.0 39.4 122.2 201.4 81.8 365.8 197.8 188.6 127.8 188.6 359.2 193.4 2092.0 2011 76.6 33.2 402.6 232.0 161.6 54.2 135.0 172.2 215.6 381.0 294.0 139.8 2297.8 2012 21.4 250.4 308.8 166.6 241.0 44.6 140.8 203.2 376.6 193.8 252.4 95.0 2294.6 2013 152.0 154.4 55.6 148.6 96.4 150.6 200.4 208.8 371.8 495.2 230.8 63.6 2328.2 2014 54.8 13.6 81.8 209.0 203.2 159.2 71.6 167.0 300.6 264.5 156.2 195.4 1876.9 2015 62.9 10.8 139.4 363.8 225.4 258.2 290.8 366.0 487.2 247.0 507.4 108.6 3067.5

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD), 2016

Table 6-3 Number of Rain Day in the month for the Study area (2010 – 2015)

Month Year ANNUAL JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2010 9 4 12 15 12 15 18 14 17 16 25 20 177 2011 9 7 23 14 18 6 11 15 14 22 23 15 177 2012 10 15 18 22 20 6 11 10 16 22 24 17 191 2013 11 18 8 19 11 12 13 20 17 26 20 11 186 2014 5 2 8 20 19 9 10 19 19 19 21 18 169 2015 8 2 9 21 21 14 17 17 21 19 28 16 193

Source: MMD, 2016

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-21

______

Figure 6-14 Annual Rainfall for Year 2010 to 2015

Source: MMD, 2016

Figure 6-15 Trend of Monthly Mean Rainfall of the record period from 2010 to 2015

Source: MMD, 2016

6.6.2 Temperature and Humidity

Table 6-4 shows the monthly and annual 24-hr mean temperature at Bayan Lepas Station from 2010 to 2015. The annual mean temperature is recorded in range of 27.7oC to 28.3oC and the temperatures trend over the month in a year is presented in Figure 6-16. Overall 24-hr mean temperatures recorded shown uniform temperature trend throughout the year with fluctuation less than 2.0°C.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-22

______

Table 6-4 Monthly and Annual Mean Temperature, 2010 – 2015

Month Year ANNUAL JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2010 28.2 29.3 29.1 29.1 29.3 28.2 27.8 28.2 27.7 28.1 27.1 26.4 28.2 2011 27.0 28.0 27.1 28.1 28.3 28.4 28.2 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.1 27.5 27.7 2012 27.8 27.9 27.6 28.0 28.1 28.6 27.8 28.1 27.4 27.4 27.5 27.5 27.8 2013 28.1 27.7 29.3 28.8 29.2 28.7 28.2 28.0 27.7 27.3 27.7 28.0 28.2 2014 27.8 28.5 29.3 28.6 28.6 29.4 28.9 27.7 27.9 27.8 27.8 27.2 28.3 2015 27.8 28.6 28.8 28.3 28.6 28.5 28.3 27.7 27.0 26.7 26.2 27.0 27.8

Source: MMD, 2016

Figure 6-16 Monthly Mean Temperature Trend, 2010 – 2015

Source: MMD, 2016

6.6.3 Relative Humidity

The annual 24-hr mean relative humidity ranged between 79 to 81%, whilst annual mean maximum humidity ranged between 82 to 85.5% and annual mean minimum ranged between 67 to 76%. Based on the data recorded, lowest humidity were commonly recorded in the drier month of January and February whilst higher humidity were recorded in the monsoon month in October and November or occasionally in April and May. The annual 24-hr mean, maximum and minimum humidity at the study area is presented in Figure 6-17.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-23

______

Figure 6-17 Annual 24-hr Mean, Maximum Mean and Minimum Humidity, 2010 – 2015

Source: MMD, 2016

6.6.4 Wind

Surface wind data recorded at Bayan Lepas Meteorological Station over the period between 2010 to 2015 was referred. Based on the data obtained, a total of 13% of calm period (<0.3 m/s) was recorded over the period. Prevailing wind is from northern with around 24% of the time. The mean wind speed over the record period is 1.9m/s while the highest wind speed recorded is in ranged of 5.5 to 7.9 m/s from northeast, southwest and southern direction. Table 6-5 shows the mean monthly and annual wind speed distribution for 2010 – 2015 while Figure 6-18 shows the wind rose for the same period.

Table 6-5 Mean Monthly and Annually Surface Wind Speed, 2010 – 2015

Month, m/s Year Annual JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2010 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2011 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.3 1.8 2012 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.8 2013 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.7 1.9 2014 3.2 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2015 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.0

Source: MMD, 2016

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-24

______

Figure 6-18 Annual Wind Rose at the Project Area, 2010 - 2015

Source: MMD, 2016

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-25

______

6.7 Physical Marine Environment

6.7.1 Water Level and Current Data

The measurement for current speed, current direction and water level were carried at two (2) locations (Figure 6-19) using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The ADCP1 and ADCP2 were deployed at water depth of 11.6 m and 17.7 m MSL respectively. The two ADCPs recorded current and water level data for fourteen (14) days over the spring and neap tidal cycle. The ADCP1 and ADCP2 data are provided in 02nd to 16th July 2016.

Details of the ADCP1 and ADCP2 are shown in Table 6-6.

Table 6-6 Details of ADCP1 and ADCP2

ADCP 1 2

Longitude 100.26800 100.19074

Latitude 5.13694 5.19182

Duration 2nd July 2016 – 16th July 2016 2nd July 2016 – 16th July 2016

Water Depths 11.6 m MSL 17.7 m MSL

Distance from site 18 km 25 km

Figure 6-19 Locations of ADCP1 and ADCP2

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-26

______

The tidal regime at the Project site consists of diurnal tide which has one high and one low tides per day with differing high and low levels daily. The various tidal elevations from Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) Tide Table charts are as follows, where the HAT level at standard port Pulau Pinang is +3.09m CD.

Tidal current is caused by the tidal gradients along the east coast of Malacca Straits and local tidal range. Tidal ranges of area surrounding Pulau Burung are listed in Table 6-7.

Table 6-7 Tidal variation at Pulau Pinang

Description Tidal Level (m CD) Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) 0.00 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) +0.72 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) +1.45 Mean Sea Level (MSL) +1.71 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +1.96 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +2.69 Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +3.09

Based on Table 6-8, the tidal gradient along the adjacent coast of Pulau Burung is big with gradient value of +1.97 m at Pulau Pinang located 30 km north and a gradient of +1.9 m at Butterworth some 32 km north of Pulau Burung.

Table 6-8 Tidal range surrounding Pulau Burung

Tidal Range (m) Location HAT-LAT MHHW-MLLW Penang 3.09 1.97 Butterworth 3.06 1.90

Tidal level was recorded during the survey campaign starting from 1st July to 17th July 2016 at 2 ADCP deployment stations (refer to Figure 6-19 and Table 6-6). At ADCP1, the tidal range varied from - 1.00 m (MSL) to 0.93 m (MSL) (Figure 6-20) while at ADCP 2, the tidal range varied from -1.02 m (MSL) to 0.89 m (MSL) (Figure 6-21).

Figure 6-20 Water Level Pattern at ADCP1

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-27

______

Figure 6-21 Water Level Pattern at ADCP2

6.7.2 Bathymetry

A dedicated bathymetric survey campaign was carried out on 29th August until 6th of September 2016 within the vicinity of the Project site. The survey report is provided as Appendix 6.2.

Figure 6-22 shows the coverage of the proposed bathymetry survey, which covers coastal area of 12km2 with 100m spacing and two rivers with 200m spacing (Sg Tengah and Sg Kerian).

Figure 6-22 Coverage of Bathymetry Survey Area (denoted in Yellow Dots)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-28

______

The data of the bathymetric survey results are shown in Figure 6-23, Figure 6-24 and Figure 6-25. Additional bathymetry data had been supplemented into the existing bathymetry data surveyed within the Project site. The secondary bathymetry data supplemented includes:

• Bathymetry data from Malaysia navigational sea charts (MAL 751 and MAL 7317) • GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) • G&P Water and Maritime’s in-house bathymetry data

6.7.3 Offshore Wind and Waves Data

The weather pattern over Malaysia is governed by pressure system developed over the large landmass of the Asian and Australian Continents. A high-pressure system develops over the continents in the winter hemisphere while a low pressure system develops over the continent is the summer hemisphere. Combined with the equatorial pressure though, this drives the monsoon offshore winds that prevail over the region throughout long periods of the year. The North-East (NE) monsoon season is from November through March and the South-West (SW) monsoon is from June through early October, while April to May and October to Early November are transitional periods.

The monsoon winds are generally not very strong compared to 'storm' systems, but during the height of the monsoon and in particular over areas of open sea, the winds are quite consistent during long periods of time. This is reflected in the wave climate, the surface currents and variation in the mean sea level due to very large-scale wind set up.

Offshore wind data has been obtained from a global wind data hindcast model with an extraction point at Longitude 98.75°E, latitude 6°N as shown in Figure 6-26. Figure 6-27 shows a wind rose for the total duration of the available BMT wind data.

In the Straits of Malacca the meteorological conditions are also governed by the NE and SW monsoon seasons; however the wind conditions are slightly different than in other areas due to land effects that tend to re-direct the wind in this area. In order to investigate the wind conditions in the study area, offshore wind conditions within the Straits of Malacca have been sourced from BMT.

Wind data at 3-hour intervals at location 98.75°E, latitude 6°N have been obtained for the period January 1992 - June 2013. As can be observed the wind conditions along the northern areas, reaching the Andaman Sea, NE monsoon conditions produce NE to E winds whereas SW monsoon produces NW winds. Wind speeds exceed 9 m/s at the NE to E and W to NW directions.

The SW monsoon prevails from June to September and basically arises from the reversal of the Northeast Monsoon process. The warming of the Asiatic interior during spring causes a decrease in atmosphere pressure. With the advent of summer, low pressure areas replace the winter anticyclone and reverse the atmospheric circulation over the Asiatic landmass. Air now flows towards the continent rather than away from it and as a consequence the Southeast Trade Winds over the southern Indian Ocean cross the equator and turn towards the northeast to blow over India, Southeast Asia and the South China Sea as the SW monsoon.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-29

______

Geodetic Notes: Name: UTM Zone 47 N Projection Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Units of Coordinates: Meters Latitude of Origin: 00° 00’ 00.000” N Longitude of Origin: 99° 00’ 00.000” E False Easting at Origin: 500000 m False Easting at Origin: 0.000 m Scale Factor at Origin: 0.9996

Date: September 2016

Chart No: 1 of 3

Figure 6-23 Position Surveyed based on UTM N47 Projection (Chart 1 of 3)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-30

______

Date: September 2016

Chart No: 2 of 3

Figure 6-24 Position Surveyed based on UTM N47 Projection (Chart 2of 3)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-31

______

Date: September 2016

Chart No: 3 of 3

Figure 6-25 Position Surveyed based on UTM N47 Projection (Chart 3 of 3)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-32

______

Figure 6-26 Location of the BMT Wind Data

Figure 6-27 Offshore Wind Rose derived from BMT Wind Data (Jan 1992 – June 2013)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-33

______

Figure 6-28 Location of the BMT Wave data

Figure 6-29 Wave Rose for Resultant Waves derived from BMT Wave Data

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-34

______

6.7.4 Nearshore Wind Data

The nearest available nearshore wind data to Pulau Burung is sourced from Weather Underground. The wind station located at Penang Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, Bayan Lepas provides 10 years recorded wind data which starts from 2006 to 2016.

Figure 6-30 illustrates the average wind speed and directions through a wind rose diagram and Table 6-9 summarizes the percentage frequency of various directions and wind recorded from the wind station. The dominant prevailing wind direction is from North (N). Wind speed blew from the North at 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s for 26.6% of the time. The wind blew with speed range of 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s most of the time which is 79.7% of the time and sometimes in calm condition with wind speed less than 0.5 m/s over 14.9% of the time. About 5.3% of the time the wind blew with moderate speed range of 1.5 m/s to 3 m/s. It can be concluded that the wind forcing is insignificant in this area and will not contribute to generation of impacts to the existing condition due to development of the proposed Phase 3 sanitary landfill.

Figure 6-30 Nearshore Wind Rose Diagram for a period of 2006 to 2016

Source: Hydaulic and Water Quality Study Report, G&P Water and Maritime Sdn Bhd, 2016.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-35

______

Table 6-9 Average Surface Wind Speed recorded from 2006 to 2016

Directions / 0.5 - 1.5 - 3.0 - 4.5 - 6.0 - >= 7.5 Total Wind Classes (m/s) 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 N 26.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.2 NE 7.7 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 E 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 SE 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 S 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 SW 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 W 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 NW 19.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.5 Sub-Total 79.7 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.1 Calms 14.9

Missing/Incomplete 0

Total 100

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-36

______

6.8 River Water Quality

This Section describes the status of the existing water quality within and around the Project site as a prelude to assess the potential impacts on water quality resulting from the Project activities. The information forms the baseline for subsequent comparisons with the post-EIA monitoring results. The impacts are discussed in Sections 7.3.2 and 7.4.1 in Chapter 7.

6.8.1 Water Quality Sampling Points and Methodology

River water samples were collected from ten (10) locations in August 2016 to assess the existing water quality status of Sg Tengah and Sg Kerian at northern and southern boundary, respectively to the Project site for comparative purposes during Project construction and implementation.

For each sampling point, grab water sample was taken during low tide. For the W3, W4, W5 and W6 sampling location, the water sample were also taken during the high tide. The temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in-situ with a Crison Oxi 300 Oximeter and a microprocessor- based pH meter Basic 2.0, respectively.

The water sampling locations are described in Table 6-10 and Figure 6-31. A global positioning system, GPS 12XL, was used to determine the coordinates of the sampling locations. The samples were collected in bottles containing preservatives (Table 6-11) and analysed by an accredited laboratory.

Table 6-10 River Water Sampling Points Near to the Project Site

Sampling Point Description Latitude Longitude At the existing perimeter drain (JPS) at W1 southern tip of the proposed Phase 3 Project 5°10’47.93”N 100°25’56.64”E boundary In the existing perimeter drain (JPS) at the W2 western tip of the proposed Phase 3 Project 5°11’21.49”N 100°25’37.55”E boundary, near the aquaculture farm In the existing JPS drain (proposed borrow W3* bit) near the north-western tip of the 5°11’35.61”N 100°25’23.33”E proposed Phase 3 In the existing JPS drain (proposed borrow W4* bit) at northern boundary near the existing 5°11’54.49”N 100°25’38.48”E LTP of Phase 1 & 2 Pulau Burung Landfill In the existing JPS drain (proposed borrow W5* bit) at the northern boundary after the 5°12’11.98”N 100°25’44.61”E overflow point from the existing wetland In the existing JPS drain, slightly upstream W6* 5°12’30.20”N 100°26’4.71”E after the tidal control gate to Sg Tengah In the stream connected to Sg Tengah after W7 5°12’25.26”N 100°25’55.16”E tidal control gate In the upstream area of Sg Tengah, before W8 discharge from the Project. Located 5°12’40.54”N 100°26’9.64”E approximately 1 km from the river mouth In the upstream area of Sg Kerian, before any potential runoff of drainage system W9 5°10’23.70”N 100°26’23.25”E from the Project area. Located approximately 2.6 km from the river mouth ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-37

______

Sampling Point Description Latitude Longitude In the downstream area of Sg Kerian, upon any potential runoff of the drainage/ stream W10 5°10’9.98”N 100°26’1.45”E system from the Project area. Located approximately 1.5 km from the river mouth

Note: * W3, W4, W5 and W6 refer during barrage gate open and close conditions

Table 6-11 Preservation of Water Samples for Analysis

Parameters Preservatives Biochemical Oxygen Demand Water samples were kept below 4oC. (BOD5) Sterilised glass bottles were used and water samples were Oil & Grease (O&G) preserved with hydrochloric acid (2.5 mL 6NHCl). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sterilised plastic bottles were used and water samples were Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) preserved with sulphuric acid (1.0 mL 9NH2SO4).

6.8.2 River Water Quality Results

The water quality results (Table 6-12) were compared against the Class III parameter limits of the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for river water. The full NWQS reference limits is attached as Appendix 6.3 and the laboratory certificates for water quality analysis are appended in Appendix 6.4. a) pH

The pH is an important water quality parameter relating to acidity and alkalinity and it influences many biological and chemical processes within a water body. The pH readings obtained from on-site measurement for both the sampling points were 6.3 to 8.6, within the normal range for Class III waters. b) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

DO measures the amount of oxygen in the water. The results showed DO levels ranging from 4.5 – 5.7 mg/L except W4 during low tide (6.5 mg/L), which are generally at the higher range of Class III of the NWQS, indicating the water quality of the rivers were capable of supporting common economic value aquatic species. c) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS is particles from suspended silt including a complex mixture of solid organic and mineral substances, and is an indication of erosion and soil loss. The TSS levels were within the Class III water quality status with values ranging from 14 to 71 mg/L. d) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD5 measures the amount of biodegradable or organic pollutants in the water. High organic pollutants would deplete the level of DO within the water body and that would affect aquatic organisms, which are dependent on the DO in the water. Generally, a lower level for BOD implies better water quality.

The water samples taken during low tide and high tide only at four stations (W3, W4, W5 and W6) and the levels of BOD5 at W3 and W4 were exceeded the limit of 6 mg/L, Class III water of NWQS during

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-38

______

low tide and high tide. Meanwhile, the BOD5 level at W5 and W6 had complied with Class III water of NWQS during low tide but exceeded the limit during high tide. e) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD measures the amount of biodegradable, non-biodegradable or inorganic pollutants in the water. Pesticides, industrial chemicals and hydrocarbons with chlorine compounds usually contribute to COD levels in water bodies. Some inorganic pollutants might be toxic to aquatic lifeforms in the river.

From the obtained results, the COD levels of the water samples ranged between 48 to 394 mg/L. Only COD levels at W2 had complied with Class III water of NWQS during low tide. The COD levels at all stations exceed W2 had exceeded the limit of 50 mg/L, Class III water of NWQS during low tide and high tide.

f) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)

Level of NH3-N, a measure of nutrient pollutants present in sewage or partly treated sewage effluent, were ranged from 1.2 to 21.11 mg/L for all the samples tested during low tide and high tide except W10 was not detected. The results showed the level of NH3-N at all stations were exceeded the limit of Class III water quality status except W10. g) Heavy Metals

The water sampling points showed that the levels of all heavy metals except Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe) were within the Class III limits of the NWQS Standards. The Mn levels at all stations except at W8, W9 and W10 had exceeded the limit of 0.1 mg/L. Most of the compounds of heavy metals usually show similar concentrations during the low tide and high tide or at the upstream and downstream sampling points except at W6. The concentration of Fe at W6 had complied with Class III water of NWQS during high tide but exceeded the limit during low tide.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-39

______

Table 6-12 Baseline River Water Quality Results

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 APHA NWQS Parameter Unit Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Method Class III (Low Tide) (Low Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (Low Tide) (Low Tide) (Low Tide) Dissolved Oxygen 4500-O, G mg/L 5.2 4.5 4.9 5.5 6.5 5.7 5.0 5.8 4.9 5.7 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.2 3 – 5 Temperature (on- 2550 B oC 29.0 28.7 28.7 29.2 30.1 29.0 29.4 28.7 29.7 29.2 29.7 30.0 28.9 29.4 - site) pH (on-site) 4500-H+B - 6.4 6.3 6.8 7.0 8.2 7.0 7.9 6.9 7.8 7.2 7.7 8.6 7.2 7.3 5 – 9 Chemical Oxygen 5220-C mg/L 57 48 394 69 86 95 99 56 90 62 73 86 66 83 50 Demand, COD Biochemical Oxygen 5210-B mg/L 2 19 25 9 19 14 ND< 2 15 6 7 5 2 13 6 6 Demand, BOD Total Suspended 2540-D mg/L 34 31 27 14 38 20 32 36 35 16 29 27 45 71 150 Solids, TSS ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< Mercury, Hg 3112-B mg/L 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< Cadmium, Cd 3111-B mg/L 0.01 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Chromium 3500-Cr B mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 1.4 Hexavalent Arsenic, As 3114-C mg/L ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 0.4

Cyanide, CN 4500-CN C, F mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 0.06 Lead, Pb 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 ND< 0.03 0.02 In House Chromium Trivalent mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 2.5 3500-Cr B Copper, Cu 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 - Manganese, Mn 3111-B mg/L 0.30 0.89 0.55 0.15 0.36 0.49 0.69 0.75 0.87 0.52 0.63 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.1 Nickel, Ni 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 0.9 Tin, Sn 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 ND< 0.10 0.004 Zinc, Zn 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 0.4 Boron, B 4500-B,C mg/L 0.79 0.88 1.25 1.11 1.71 1.12 1.12 0.67 0.75 1.10 1.14 0.18 0.84 1.35 3.4 Iron, Fe 3111-B mg/L 1.26 1.25 0.64 0.26 0.36 0.25 0.53 0.90 1.18 0.86 0.66 0.20 0.18 0.25 1 ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< Phenol 5530-B,C mg/L - 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Sulphide, S2- 4500-S2- F mg/L ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 ND< 0.2 - Oil and Grease 5520-B mg/L ND< 2.0 4.0 8.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 ND< 2.0 N Silver, Ag 3111-B mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 0.0002 Selenium, Se 3114-C mg/L ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 ND< 0.01 0.25 ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< ND< **Barium, Ba 3120B mg/L - 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Fluoride, F 4500F-D mg/L 0.47 0.87 0.93 0.93 1.52 1.27 0.98 0.91 0.78 0.97 0.84 0.23 0.48 0.62 10 Formaldehyde OSRMA p458 mg/L ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 ND< 0.02 - Ammoniacal 4500 NH -B, 3 mg/L 1.30 1.62 6.61 3.47 18.20 21.11 17.81 14.84 18.70 9.35 14.9 9.02 1.68 ND< 0.07 0.9 Nitrogen, NH3N C Color, (at Original 2120F - 55 52 65 47 128 124 169 155 156 106 172 38 22 19 - pH) Color (at pH 7) 2120F - 55 52 65 47 128 124 169 155 156 106 172 38 22 19 - Note: The values in bold indicate that the levels have exceeded the NWQS. ND - Non-Detected. F - Free from visible film sheen, discolouration and deposits.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-40

______

6.8.3 Water Quality Indices

Water Quality Indices (WQI) was calculated to indicate the water quality status of the sampling sites. The WQI is a method of combining the water quality parameters into one concise and objective value to represent the state of the water quality. The parameters which have been chosen are DO, COD, BOD, SS, AN and pH, where:

WQI = 0.22 * SIDO + 0.19 * SIBOD + 0.16 * SICOD + 0.15 * SIAN + 0.16 * SISS + 0.12 * SIpH where * indicates multiplication and SI, sub-index for the respective parameters

The DOE water classification by WQI (Table 6-13 and Table 6-14) was used to determine the overall water quality at the 10 sampling points.

Table 6-13 DOE Water Quality Classification based on WQI

Water Quality Index Range Index Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted WQI 81 – 100 60 – 80 0 – 59

Source: Malaysia Environmental Quality Report (EQR) 2014, DOE, 2015.

Table 6-14 DOE WQI Classification

Classes Parameters Unit I II III IV V Ammoniacal Nitrogen, mg/L < 0.1 0.1 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.9 0.9 – 2.7 > 2.7 AN Biochemical Oxygen mg/L < 1 1 – 3 3 – 6 6 – 12 > 12 Demand, BOD Chemical Oxygen mg/L < 10 10 – 25 25 – 50 50 – 100 > 100 Demand, COD Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L > 7 5 – 7 3 – 5 1 – 3 < 1 DO pH mg/L > 7.0 6.0 – 7.0 5.0 – 6.0 < 5.0 > 5.0 Total Suspended mg/L < 25 25 – 50 50 – 150 150 – 300 > 300 Solids, TSS WQI - > 92.7 76.5 – 92.7 51.9 – 76.5 31.0 – 51.9 < 31.0

Source: Malaysia EQR 2014, DOE, 2015.

6.8.4 Summary

Table 6-15 shows the WQI and the status at all the ten water sampling points where water collected in August 2016. The baseline water quality at W2, W4, W7 and W9 was classified as “polluted” and the water quality at W3 and W6 was polluted during low tide but became slightly polluted during high tide. Meanwhile, W4 was polluted during both low tide and high tide. The rest of the samples (W1, W8 and W10) were in the “slightly polluted” category of Class III.

The sources of water pollution at W2, W4 and W7 could be from the existing operational activities of the Phase 1 & 2 Pulau Burung landfill (leachate) and aquaculture farm (effluents). However, the

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-41

______

domestic wastes, sullage and sewage from Kg Kebun Baharu and the effluents from the aquaculture farm near Kg Sg Udang Besar were contributed to the water polluted at W9.

Table 6-15 WQI and Status of Water Sampling Points

Water Water Quality Index (WQI) Sampling WQI Class WQI Status Points Low Tide High Tide W1 70.68 - Slightly Polluted III W2 57.48 - Polluted 42.54 IV Polluted *W3 62.17 Slightly Polluted *W4 54.25 56.30 Polluted

60.08 III Slightly Polluted *W5 58.11 Polluted 57.46 Polluted *W6 63.94 Slightly Polluted W7 59.82 - Polluted W8 60.08 - Slightly Polluted III W9 59.75 - Polluted W10 71.17 - Slightly Polluted

Note: * refer to water samples collected during low tide and high tide

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-42

______

Legend

A Air Station M5 AN Air and Noise Station W River Water Station M Marine Water Station GW Groundwater Station

Sg Kerian

Figure 6-31 Existing Environmental Quality Baseline Monitoring Location

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-43

______

6.9 Marine Water Quality

This Section describes the status of the existing marine water quality adjacent to the Project site to assess the potential impact on water quality resulting from the Project activities. Coastal water quality monitoring was carried out in August 2016 at five (5) locations. Locations of the coastal water quality sampling points are shown in Table 6-16 and Figure 6-31.

Table 6-16 Coastal Water Quality Sampling Stations

Sample Description Coordinate M1 At the coastal water near the river mouth of 5°10’15.23”N 100°25’20.16”E Sg Kerian M2 At the coastal water near fronting the existing 5°10’45.79”N 100°24’57.39”E Hutan Simpan Sg Byram, approximately 1 km western from the Project boundary M3 At the coastal water near fronting the existing 5°11’42.11”N 100°24’57.74”E Hutan Simpan Sg Byram, approximately 500 m on the north-western from the Project boundary M4 At the existing cage aquaculture site, 5°12’57.44”N 100°23’51.93”E approximately 3 km from the Sg Tengah river mouth M5 At the river mouth area of Sg Tengah 5°12’34.40”N 100°25’34.97”E

6.9.1 Methodology

Temperature and pH levels were measured in-situ with a microprocessor-based portable pH Meter. The dissolved oxygen was measured using DO Meter. The samples were collected into bottles containing preservatives as shown in Table 6-17 and sent for analysis by an accredited laboratory.

Table 6-17 Preservation of Water Samples for Analysis

Parameters Preservatives Oil & Grease (O&G) Sterilized glass bottles were used and water samples were preserved with hydrochloric acid (2.5 ml 6N HCl).

6.9.2 Results and Discussion

During earthwork and construction, the surface runoff from the exposed areas will be channelled into a silt trap via temporary drainage system. The discharge from the silt trap will eventually be discharged into Strait of Malacca. Coastal water quality data from the sampling points will form the baseline data for the existing coastal water quality at the Project site and also its adjacent areas.

The coastal water quality of the samples will be compared with the DOE Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards (MWCQS) presented in Table 6-18. The certificate of water quality analysis is appended in Appendix 6.5.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-44

______

Table 6-18 Baseline Marine Water Quality at the Project Site

M1 M5 M2 M3 M4 APHA Class E, Class 2, Parameter Unit Method Ebb Flood Ebb Flood MWCQS Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood MWCQS (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) (Low Tide) (High Tide) pH (on-site) 4500-H+B - 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.4 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.6 Temperature ≤ 2°C ≤ 2°C (on-site) Increase Increase over 2550 B °C 29.2 28.6 28.7 25.9 29.4 29.2 29.7 28.9 28.4 29.4 over Maximum Maximum ambient ambient DO (on-site) 4500-O,G mg/L 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 4 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.3 5 COD 5220-C mg/L 31 20 63 17 - 17 36 24 53 122 63 - BOD 5210-B mg/L ND < 2 ND < 2 2 ND < 2 - ND < 2 ND < 2 ND < 2 ND < 2 ND < 2 ND < 2 - Total Suspended 2540-D mg/L 24 25 54 49 100 72 75 32 59 29 20 50 Solids Oil & Grease 5520-B mg/L ND ND ND ND 0.14 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.14 Mercury 3112-C mg/L ND ND ND ND 0.0005 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.00016 **Cadmium 3120 B mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 Chromium 3500-Cr B mg/L ND ND ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.01 Hexavalent **Copper 3120 B mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.0029 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.0029 Arsenic 3114-C mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 **Lead 3120 B mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.0085 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.0085 **Zinc 3120-B mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 4500-CN-C, Cyanide mg/L ND ND ND ND 0.007 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.007 F 4500- NH3 (Unionize) mg/L <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 0.07 <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 <0.07 0.07 NH3B, C

Nitrite 4500-NO2B mg/L 0.2 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.55 0.16 0.2 0.1 0.13 0.07 0.1 0.55 419D Nitrate mg/L 1.06 1.68 1.51 1.33 0.06 0.97 2.13 1.15 2.04 1.51 1.20 0.06 (14th) 4500 P-B, Phosphate mg/L ND ND ND ND 0.075 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.075 C Phenol 5530-B,C mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 **Tributyl Tin USEPA µg/L - - - - 0.01 ------0.01 8270 C Fecal Coliform 9221 E MPN/100mL 3.6 24 17 3.6 100 20 79 49 38 63 84 100 **Polyaromatic USEPA Hydrocarbons 3510 C/ µg/L - - - - 1000 ------200 USEPA 8270 C **Nickel 3120 B mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - Note: The values in bold indicate that the levels have exceeded the MWQCS. ND - Non-Detected. ** - Subcontracted

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-45

______

The analysis of the water sample indicates the following features: a) pH

The pH readings obtained from on-site measurement for all sample points were ranged from 7.3 to 7.9. b) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

DO measure the amount of oxygen in the water. The results showed DO levels ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 mg/L. This value is higher than Class E (with limit of 4 mg/L) and Class 2 (with limit of 5 mg/L), MWQCS and conducive for survival of most aquatic organism. c) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The levels of BOD5 for all the sampling points were less than 2 mg/L except at the M5 during low tide is 2 mg/L. d) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

The COD measures the chemical pollution in the water. It measures the oxygen demand of biogradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants. It normally indicates the presence of chemicals that may reduce the DO levels. The COD for the samples are ranged 17 mg/L to 122 mg/L. M4 had the higher value of COD level (122 mg/L) during the low tide and the COD levels reduced to 63 mg/L during high tide. e) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS is an indicator of sediment delivery in the waterway. The higher the TSS the higher the rate of sediment delivery and is therefore an indication of sedimentation. TSS levels at M1 and M5 had complied with the Class E, MWQCS recommended limit of 100 mg/L. Meanwhile, the results for M2, M3 and M4 showed that the TSS levels at the sampling points ranged from 20 to 72 mg/L. The results at M4 had complied with the Class 2, MWQCS and the M2 are exceeded the limit of 50 mg/L during low tide and high tide. And, M3 had complied with Class 2 water of MWQCS during low tide but exceeded the limit during high tide. f) Oil and Grease (O&G)

O&G was not detected in the samples tested. The value is less than 2.0 mg/L. g) Ammonia as NH3 (Unionize)

Ammonia is the major nitrogenous waste product of fish and also results from the decomposition of organic matter. Ammonia in water is present in two forms – un-ionized ammonia (NH ) and the 3 + ionized form (NH ) – and the relative proportion of each type depends on pH and temperature. As pH 4 increases, there is an increasing proportion of un-ionized ammonia, which is very toxic to fish. The level of NH3 (Unionize) from all the samples was not detected and less than 0.07 mg/L. h) Phosphate (PO4) Almost all of the phosphorus (P) in water is in the form of phosphate (PO ). Much of the phosphorus in 4 surface water is bound to living or dead particulate matter. The level of PO was not detected. 4

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-46

______

i) Fecal Coliform

Fecal Coliform was low in the samples tested. The value is in between 3.6 – 84 MPN/100mL, well within Class E and Class 2, MWQCS of 100 MPN/100mL. j) Heavy Metals

The coastal water samples showed the levels of all heavy metals were within the Class 2 limits of the MWQCS. Most of the heavy metals were not detected in the samples.

6.10 Groundwater Quality

6.10.1 Introduction

Groundwater samplings were conducted to establish the baseline groundwater quality within the Project site. The baseline quality will be used as reference criteria for future long term monitoring to assess potential impact of the Project to the groundwater of the area. Groundwater sampling was carried out in all the four (4) monitoring wells established on site. The location of the monitoring wells are described in Table 6-19 and shown in Figure 6-31.

Table 6-19 Groundwater Sampling Station

Sample Description Coordinate At the northern boundary of the GW1 BH2 (12 m well) Project site 5°11’42.98”N 100°25’34.23”E At the eastern boundary of the GW2 BH12 (29 m well) Project site 5°11’22.72”N 100°26’3.26”E At the western boundary of the GW3 BH10 (6 m well) Project site 5°11’11.64”N 100°25’47.39”E Towards the southern boundary GW4 BH14 (6 m well) of the Project site 5°11’1.95”N 100°26’7.62”E

6.10.2 Methodology

A set of groundwater baseline data was established. Groundwater was monitored for total dissolved 2- - solids (TDS), Sulphate (SO4 ), Nitrate (NO3), total coliform, Mn, Cr, As, Se, Cl , phenol, Fe, Cu, Pb,

Cd, Hg, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and CaCO3. Sampling was carried out in all the 4 monitoring wells established from the SI drill holes on the 14 November 2016. The analysis method for some of the key parameters analysed are shown as below:

Parameter Methods

2- Sulphate (SO4 ) APHA 4500 SO4 –E

Hardness (CaCO3) APHA 2340 B

Nitrate (NO3) APHA 419 D Total Coliform APHA 9222 B Manganese (Mn) APHA 3111 B Chromium (Cr) APHA 3111 B Zinc (Zn) APHA 3111 B Arsenic (As) APHA 3114-C

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-47

______

Parameter Methods Selenium (Se) APHA 3114-C Chloride (Cl) APHA 4500 Cl-C Phenol APHA 5530 B, C Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) APHA 2540 C Iron (Fe) APHA 3111 B Copper (Cu) APHA 3111 B Lead (Pb) APHA 3111 B Cadmium (Cd) APHA 3111 B Mercury (Hg) APHA 3112-C

NOTE : APHA means Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater (American Public Health Association), 21st Edition, 2005 OSRMA means Official, Standardised & Recommended Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, 1973.

6.10.3 Results and Discussion

Groundwater quality will be compared against the DOE Benchmark Standards according to Malaysian Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality as shown in Table 6-20. One baseline sampling was collected from the 4 monitoring wells specifically constructed for long-term monitoring at the Project site. The detail of the results shown in Table 6-21 and the Certificates of Analysis for groundwater quality are attached in Appendix 6.6.

Table 6-20 Groundwater DOE Benchmark Limits

Parameter Benchmark Limits Baseline Level

Sulphate (SO4) 250 mg/L 15.7 – 543 mg/L

Hardness (CaCO3) 500 mg/L 155 – 1,300 mg/L

Nirate (NO3) 10 mg/L 0.8 – 11.16 mg/L Must not be detected in any 100 Coliform <1.8 – 31 MPN/ 100ml ml sample Manganese (Mn) 0.1 mg/L 0.29 – 0.93 mg/L Chromium (Cr) 0.05 mg/L ND <0.01 Zinc (Zn) 3 mg/L ND<0.02 Arsenic (As) 0.01 mg/L ND<0.01 Selenium (Se) 0.01 mg/L ND<0.01 Chloride (Cl) 250 mg/L 817 – 3,515 mg/L Phenolic 0.002 mg/l <0.001 – 0.018 mg/L Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1000 mg/L 574 – 6,600 mg/L Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/L 0.44 – 16.29 mg/L Copper (Cu) 1.0 mg/L ND<0.01 Lead (Pb) 0.01 mg/L ND<0.03 – 0.14 Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 mg/L ND<0.003 Mercury (Hg) 0.001 mg/L 0.012 – 0.040 Source: National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality (Revised December 2000), DOE

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-48

______

Table 6-21 Baseline Groundwater Quality at the Project Site

Groundwater Quality at the Project area Parameter, mg/L BH2 (GW1) BH10 (GW3) BH12 (GW2) BH14 (GW4) Calcium (Ca) 31.86 52.33 44.63 165.17 Magnesium (Mg) 18.30 147.00 56.75 216.00 Sodium (Na) 8.85 124.93 27.95 171.93 Potassium (K) 7.75 154.84 21.24 179.84

Carbonate (CO3) ND<0.5 ND<0.5 ND<0.5 ND<0.5

Bicarbonate (HCO3) 51.00 442.20 140.50 416.20

Sulphate (SO4) 15.70 18.80 104.50 543.00

Hardness (CaCO3) 155 734 344 1,300

Nitrate (NO3) 0.80 8.68 7.09 11.16 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) <1.8 8.3 17 31 Manganese (Mn) 0.29 0.93 0.70 0.62 Chromium (Cr) ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 Zinc (Zn) ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 Arsenic (As) ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 Selenium (Se) ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 Chloride (Cl) 291.09 3,162 817 3,515 Phenol 0.016 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 0.018 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 574 4,186 1,622 6,660 Iron (Fe) 0.44 10.65 15.92 16.29 Copper (Cu) ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 Lead (Pb) 0.14 ND<0.03 0.04 0.09 Cadmium (Cd) ND<0.003 ND<0.003 ND<0.003 ND<0.003 Mercury (Hg) 0.023 0.012 0.040 0.030 Note: The values in bold indicate that the levels have exceeded the DOE Benchmark Limits.

a) Sulphate (SO4)

Sulphate were detected in the level from 15.7 mg/L to 543 mg/L. Lower Sulphate were detected only in the BH2. The concentration in BH10, BH12 and BH14 was significantly increased in the sampling of groundwater carried out. However, only BH14 is higher than then benchmark value.

b) Nitrate (NO3)

Nitrate was detected in range of 0.80 mg/L – 11.16 mg/L in sampling and within the benchmark level however the quality of BH14 has exceeded the benchmark reference level. c) Coliform Even though the count of total coliform exceeded the DOE Guidelines, the total however is not very high. They were detected in BH10, BH12 and BH14 during the sampling with a count of 8.3 – 31 MPN/100ml with the highest in BH14 which is away from the current operation of the nearby landfill.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-49

______

The concentration has significantly reduced to below the detection limits of less than 1.8 MPN/100ml at the station BH2. d) Manganese (Mn)

The baseline manganese concentration was detected in range of 0.29 mg/L to 0.93 mg/L, above the benchmark reference level of 0.1mg/l for all sampling locations. e) Chloride (Cl)

Chloride was detected above the benchmark reference levels of 250 mg/L at all the sampling stations. Chloride was detected in range of 291.09 mg/L to 3,515 mg/L in sampling and the concentration is significantly high at 3,162 mg/L and 3,515 mg/L at BH10 and BH14. High chloride is most likely the influence of sea water in the shallow groundwater. f) Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

TDS were detected above the benchmark reference level of 1,000 mg/l in all the sampling stations except for BH2. TDS was in the range of 574 mg/L – 6,600 mg/L. The highest TDS recorded at BH14. g) Heavy Metals

Most of the heavy metals parameters including Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Zinc, Arsenic, Selenium and Mercury were not detected i.e. below the respective detection limits. However Lead was detected in range of 0.04 mg/L – 0.14 mg/L with BH2, BH12 and BH14 detected slightly above the benchmark reference limits of 0.01 mg/L. While Iron was detected above the benchmark level in the range of 0.44 mg/L – 16.29 mg/L at all the sampling stations. Mercury is in the range of 0.012 mg/L – 0.040 mg/L at all the sampling stations that are above the benchmark reference level.

h) Hardness (as CaCO3)

Hardness was high in the BH10 and BH14 at 734 and 1300 mg/L respectively due to high concentration of calcium and magnesium.

6.10.4 Summary of Groundwater Baseline Quality

From the analysis carried out on the groundwater samples, they are shown to be not polluted by heavy metals as most of the parameters are within the benchmark standards except for iron, lead and mercury. The high TDS and sodium indicated that the groundwater is brackish and influenced by the sea water. This is also indicated by the high chloride concentration. Peat water might have influenced the high iron level. It is quite normal for coastal groundwater to be associated with saline water causing the elevated values of TDS and chloride.

It is most likely that the groundwater is contaminated by anthropogenic sources which have greatly increased the nitrate and sulphate concentration. The largest anthropogenic sources are the operating landfill nearby.

Iron is naturally occurring in the soils and is usually released to the groundwater. Elevated values of iron in deeper groundwater was resulted from the released of soluble iron to the opening in the monitoring well causing it to be oxidised. Shallow groundwater at the site could be influenced by the peaty water from the layer above. Another phenomenon that tide may play an important role in fluctuating quality of shallow groundwater along the coastline

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-50

______

6.11 Ambient Air Quality

6.11.1 Introduction

Air quality measurements were conducted to establish the baseline air quality levels and to identify significant sources of air pollution at the Project site.

6.11.2 Methodology

The parameters monitored were PM10, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Methane (CH4),

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound (NMVOC) and Ammonia (NH3). The monitoring methodologies are shown in below:

No. Parameter Monitored Methodology

1 Particulate Matter < 10 Micron (PM10) AS2724.6

2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ISC 408

3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ISC 704A

4 Hydrocarbon (Methane), CH4 APHA 42101-07-74T 2- 5 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) APHA 4500 S F 6 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound NIOSH 2549 (NMVOC)

7 Ammonia (NH3) APHA 4500-NH3B, C

6.11.3 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Nine (9) air quality measurement points were established to investigate the existing ambient air quality at critical locations inside and outside the Project site, nearest to sensitive receptors. The locations of the air monitoring points are shown in Table 6-22 and Figure 6-31.

Table 6-22 Air Quality Measurement Points around the Project Site

Location Description Longitude Latitude At the north-western boundary of the proposed A1 Phase 3 site boundary, next to the existing 5°11’39.98”N 100°25’24.51”E phase 1 & 2 landfill At the existing Kg Sg Byram, approximately 200 A2 m from the eastern boundary of the proposed 5°11’29.38”N 100°26’6.24”E Phase 3 site At the western boundary near the existing A3 5°11’19.09”N 100°25’38.87”E aquaculture farm of the Phase 3 site At the Kg Changkat, approximately 3.5 km A4 eastern of the proposed Phase 3 near Sek Keb 5°11’52.19”N 100°28’9.99”E Keledang Jaya (Transportation route) At Taman Cowin (Taman Cowin Indah), at area A5 approximately 4 km south-eastern of the 5°10’35.11”N 100°27’56.68”E proposed Phase 3 At the existing industrial development area A6 5°12’43.52”N 100°26’0.30”E approximately 2 km northern, across Sg Tengah At Kg Kebun Baharu, approximately 1.5 km A7 5°10’23.49”N 100°26’39.71”E south-eastern of the Project site

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-51

______

Location Description Longitude Latitude At Kg Sg Udang Besar, approximately 2 km A8 south-western, across Sg Kerian (near SRJK C 5°9’48.41”N 100°25’35.28”E Yok Eng) A9 At Bandar Cassia near Stadium Penang 5°15’7.47”N 100°26’13.60”E

6.11.4 Results and Discussion

The results of the air quality analysis are shown in Table 6-23. The findings were compared with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards by DOE (2013) as presented in Table 6-24. The certificates of results are included in Appendix 6.7.

a) PM10

3 3 The 24-hour PM10 levels for A1 to A6 were ranged from 39 µg/m to 61 µg/m . The results showed that the levels did not exceed the maximum limit specified by the existing Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG) of 150 µg/m3 and Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard of 100 µg/m3. b) Sulphur Dioxide

3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) levels were negligible (< 2.619 µg/m ) at all the monitoring locations. The level specified by the existing Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard at an averaging time of 24-hour duration is 80 µg/m3. c) Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels were negligible at all the monitoring locations. The recorded levels were less than 1.882 µg/m3. The level specified by the existing Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard at an averaging time of 1-hour is 280 µg/m3. d) Methane

The Methane level recorded for all the sampling locations was less than 1 mg/m3.

Overall, the results show that the existing ambient air quality was within the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-52

______

Table 6-23 Air Quality Monitoring Results

*Existing Average Malaysian Standard Parameter Unit A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 Time Ambient (2020) Standard Particulate Matter < 10 µg/m3 61 50 55 44 41 49 42 43 39 24 hours 150 100 Micron (PM10) Nitrogen ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 280 Dioxide µg/m3 1 hour 320 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 <1.882 (µg/m3) (NO2)

Sulphur ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND µg/m3 24 hours 105 80 (µg/m3) Dioxide (SO2) <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 <2.619 Hydrocarbon (Methane), mg/m3 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 ND <1 24 hours N/A N/A CH4 Hydrogen ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sulphide mg/m3 24 hours N/A N/A <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (H2S) Non-Methane Volatile ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Organic mg/m3 24 hours N/A N/A <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Compound (NMVOC)

Ammonia ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND mg/m3 24 hours N/A N/A (NH3) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Source: Site investigations, Green Eco Consultancy & Services, 2016 *Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, Ambient Standards at 25°C and 101.13 kPa (Environmental Quality Report, 2015). Note: (i) Bold values refer to levels beyond the permissible limit. (ii) Person-in charge of measurement: Mr. Syahrizan Bin Ismail (Field Technician), Mr. Rolan Bin Rosli (Field Technician) and Mr. Ahmad Marzuki Bin Samsuddin (Field Technician) (iii) N/A - Not Available, ND - Not Detected

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-53

______

Table 6-24 Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2013

Existing Malaysian Standard Averaging Guidelines Pollutant & Method (2020) Time ppm (μg/m3) (μg/m3)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 24 hrs - - 35 1 year - - 15

Particulate Matter (PM10) 24 hrs - 150 100 1 year - 50 40

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 1 hr 0.13 350 250 24 hrs 0.04 105 80 Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3 1 hr 30.0 35 30 8 hrs 9.0 10 10

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 hr 0.17 320 280 24 hr 0.04 75 70

Ozone (O3) 1 hr 0.10 200 180 8 hr 0.06 120 100

6.12 Odour

6.12.1 Introduction

Odour assessment were conducted to establish the baseline odour levels and to identify significant sources of odour at the Project site.

6.12.2 Methodology

Odour assessment was performed in-situ, using a combination of Scentroid SM100 In-field olfactometer, odour intensity and descriptor. Wind conditions were measured using an anemometer (Kestel, USA) with 10 seconds data recording intervals. The method of assessment was based on Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Control Rules, Missouri, USA.

6.12.3 Locations of Odour Monitoring Stations

Nine (9) odour monitoring stations, same locations as air quality measurement were established to investigate the existing odour quality at critical locations inside and outside the Project site, nearest to sensitive receptors. The locations of the odour monitoring points are shown in Table 6-25 and Figure 6-31.

Table 6-25 Odour Quality Measurement Points around the Project Site

______

Location Description Longitude Latitude At the Kg Changkat, approximately 3.5 km A4 eastern of the proposed Phase 3 near Sek Keb 5°11’52.19”N 100°28’9.99”E Keledang Jaya (Transportation route) At Taman Cowin (Taman Cowin Indah), at area A5 approximately 4 km south-eastern of the 5°10’35.11”N 100°27’56.68”E proposed Phase 3 At the existing industrial development area A6 5°12’43.52”N 100°26’0.30”E approximately 2 km northern, across Sg Tengah At Kg Kebun Baharu, approximately 1.5 km A7 5°10’23.49”N 100°26’39.71”E south-eastern of the Project site At Kg Sg Udang Besar, approximately 2 km A8 south-western, across Sg Kerian (near SRJK C 5°9’48.41”N 100°25’35.28”E Yok Eng) A9 At Bandar Cassia near Stadium Penang 5°15’7.47”N 100°26’13.60”E

6.12.4 Results and Discussion

The results of the odour analysis are shown in Table 6-26. Odour assessment test report is attached as Appendix 6.8.

Table 6-26 Odour Monitoring Results

Monitoring Parameter Station Odour concentration (OU/m3) Odour character (Odour source)  Leachate (Landfill/ garbage truck) A1 38 – 114  Sewer (Drain)  Fecal/ Manure (Cow) A2 7 – 44  Leachate (MPSP garbage truck)  Sewer (Drain) <3.5 – 10  Fishy (Aquaculture pond) A3  Fish food (Aquaculture pond)  Exhaust (Vehicle) A4 <3.5 – 6  Smokey (Burning rubbish)  Exhaust (Vehicle) A5 5  Smokey (Nearby light industry) A6 <3.5  - A7 <3.5 – 4  Smokey (Burning rubbish)  Exhaust (Vehicle)  Sewer (Drain) A8 6 – 44  Fishy (Fish Jetty)  Cooking (Houses/ Restaurant) A9 <3.5 – 25  Putrid, decay (Roadkill)

The odour concentrations at all location were less than 10 OU/m3 except for A1, A2 and A8 were 38 – 114 OU/m3, 7 – 44 OU/m3 and 6 – 44 OU/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, the measurement result for A9 are ranged from <3.5 to 25 OU/m3.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-55

______

6.13 Noise Level

6.13.1 Introduction

Noise level measurements were undertaken to establish the baseline noise levels in the vicinity of the Project site and to identify significant sources of noise at the Project site.

6.13.2 Methodology

The background noise levels were measured in August 2016 using a ACE 6270+ Sound Level Meter that had been previously calibrated. Noise was measured for 15 hours during day time and 9 hours during night time.

6.13.3 Noise Level Measurements

Four (4) noise level measurement points were established to investigate the existing noise environment at critical locations inside and outside the Project site, nearest to sensitive receptors. The locations of the noise monitoring points are given in Table 6-27 and in Figure 6-31.

Table 6-27 Noise Level Measurement Points around the Project Site

Coordinates Sampling Locations Descriptions Latitude Longitude At the north-western boundary of the proposed Phase 3 site N1 5°11’39.98”N 100°25’24.51”E boundary, next to the existing phase 1 & 2 landfill At the existing Kg Sg Byram, approximately 200 m from the N2 5°11’29.38”N 100°26’6.24”E eastern boundary of proposed Phase 3 site At the western boundary near the N3 5°11’19.09”N 100°25’38.87”E existing farm of the Phase 3 site At Kg Changkat, approximately 3.5 km eastern of the proposed N4 5°11’52.19”N 100°28’9.99”E Phase 3 near Sek Keb Keledang Jaya (Transportation route)

6.13.4 Results and Discussion

The results of the noise level measurement are shown in Table 6-28 and compared against DOE Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control recommended limits (Table 6-29) where the maximum permissible sound level (LAeq) for industrial zones are 70 dB(A) during daytime and 60 dB(A) during night time and suburban residential area are 55 dB(A) during daytime and 45 dB(A) during night time. The laboratory certificate of results is appended in Appendix 6.7.

Based on the results, the noise levels (LAeq) recorded at N1 and N3 were 66.8 dB(A) and 62.4 dB(A) respectively during the daytime and night time were 55.6 dB(A) and 54.8 dB(A). The results were within the DOE recommended limit for industrial zone. The main noise sources were found to be noise generated by the passing-by vehicles and site activities.

For N2 and N4, the noise levels (LAeq) measured were 53.1 dB(A) and 54.8 dB(A) respectively during the daytime and night time were 40.5 dB(A) and 41.8 dB(A). The results were well within the DOE ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-56

______

permissible sound level for residential area. Moving vehicles and residential activities contributed to the noise levels at these areas.

Table 6-28 Results of Noise Measurement

DOE Limit Sampling L50 L90 Session L dB(A) L dB(A) for Leq Location eq 10 dB(A) dB(A) dB (A) Day 66.8 69.5 65.7 63.1 ≤ 70 N1 Night 55.6 57.8 54.9 53.0 ≤ 60 Day 53.1 55.8 50.9 48.1 ≤ 55 N2 Night 40.5 42.8 39.3 36.9 ≤ 45 Day 62.4 65.1 58.6 56.7 ≤ 70 N3 Night 54.8 56.4 53.4 51.2 ≤ 60 Day 54.8 57.0 54.3 52.0 ≤ 55 N4 Night 41.8 43.4 41.9 38.6 ≤ 45 Source: Site investigations, Green Eco Consultancy & Services, 2016 Note: (i) Bold values refer to levels beyond the permissible limit. (ii) Person-in charge of measurement: Mr. Syahrizan Bin Ismail (Field Technician)

Table 6-29 Maximum Permissible Sound Level (LAeq) by Receiving Landuse for Planning and New Development

Maximum Permissible Sound Level (LAeq) [dB(A)] Receiving Landuse Category Day Time Night Time 7.00 am – 10.00 pm 10.00 pm – 7.00 am Noise Sensitive Areas, Low Density Residential, 50 40 Institutional (School, Hospital), Worship Areas Suburban Residential (Medium Density) Areas, 55 45 Public Spaces, Parks, Recreational Areas Urban Residential (High Density) Areas, Designated Mixed Development Areas (Residential – 60 50 Commercial) Commercial Business Zones 65 55 Designated Industrial Zones 70 60 Source: The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control (Schedule 1), DOE, 2007.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-57

______

6.14 Biological Environment

6.14.1 Terrestrial Ecology

A total of 141 bird species from 52 families have been reported to inhabit Pulau Burung, Penang and its adjacent area (5 km radius) from the Pulau Burung landfill. Previous listings were obtained from professional and experienced birdwatchers who frequent the area. The existing Pulau Burung landfill area and the adjacent Byram Forest Reserve is a popular birdwatching and bird photography site where interesting coastal and terrestrial bird species have been recorded in multiple personal blogs and bird tour websites.

A detailed list of bird species, their distribution and legal (local and international) status is presented in (Appendix 6.9). In a five-day survey (31 August – 4 September 2016), 84 (approx. 60%) of the listed bird species were observed. The bird diversity is considered relatively high for a 5km2 survey area. Furthermore, the survey was conducted at the very early onset of the bird migration season, which normally occurs between September – April every year. Birds typically move in from the cold northern hemisphere (i.e. China, Siberia, Japan) heading towards the warm southern hemisphere (i.e. Malaysia, Indonesia). During the peak of this season, flocks of birds of large numbers of individuals and species can be seen at mudflats and coastal mangroves along the Malaysian shores. If the survey was conducted during this season, the numbers of bird species observed would have been significantly higher.

Most of the birds listed in Pulau Burung (87.2%) are protected by the Malaysian Wildlife Act 2010; either partial (controlled trade/consumption is allowed, 19 species) or totally protected (104 species). Three bird species are listed under the IUCN Red List; Lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) is vulnerable to extinction while the Mangrove pitta (Pitta megarhyncha) and the Black tailed gotwit (Limosa limosa) are both near threatened to extinction species.

At least 61 species are known to be migrant species and most others have a wide distribution occurring Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. An interesting encounter at Kg Bagan Buaya (Location #15.3, GPS: 100.4769, 5.2147) was three individuals of the Asian openbill stork (Anastomus oscitans) perched on top of a tree next to a Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) (Plate 6.1). While Brahminy kites are a common species in mangrove and oil palm plantation areas, the Asian openbill stork has only been recently recorded in Peninsular Malaysia in the last few years. Originally from southern Thailand, the bird is slowly starting to be seen making Malaysia its new home. Not much information is known of its numbers, distribution or ecology in Peninsular Malaysia as it is not a native species.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-58

______

Plate 6.1: Black tailed gotwit (Limosa limosa) ia a near threatened to extinction species.

Plate 6.2: Three Asian openbill stork (Anastomus oscitans) perched on top of a tree at Kg Bagan Buaya, Penang

Most migrant bird species such as the egrets, storks and adjutant were mainly seen along the coastal vegetation near the mudflats and river banks. This is because they rely on these areas for their food sources such as crustaceans and small fish. The Brahminy kite was a common sight particularly near the oil palm plantations as they prey on small animals such as rats and lizards. Other notable sightings include at least 40 Lesser whistling ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) (Plate 6.3) settled in a pond maintained by Project Proponent (PP), PLB Terang Sdn Bhd at the existing landfill area. ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-59

______

Communication with locals indicated that larger numbers have been seen (estimated at 200 or more). This species is more nocturnal and thus spends its day in and around ponds, lakes and other water bodies particularly ex tin mines. They are known to be shy of humans, but it didn’t seem so at Pulau Burung where they could be approached up to 50m providing ample opportunities for good photographs.

Plate 6.3: A flock of Lesser whistling ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) seen at the Pulau Burung landfill pond.

Despite its often negative image being foul smelling and an eye sore, the existing landfill area were found to be used by three rare bird species; Lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) (Plate 6.4), which is also a species vulnerable to extinction, Cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) (Plate 6.5), a mangrove specialist and dependent as well as the Little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), a migrant species which difficult to sight. All three individuals were seen hovering over the rubbish pile at the landfill.

Plate 6.4: Lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos Plate 6.5: Cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) javanicus) hovering over a pile sighted at the Pulau Burung of rubbish at the Pulau Burung landfill landfill.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-60

______

Other than the Asian openbill stork sighted at Kg Bagan Buaya (about 3 km to the south of the landfill) sightings of all other bird species particularly the Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis, Plate 6.6) were expected of such an existing habitat.

Plate 6.6: Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), a common sight along mangrove areas and around aquaculture ponds

Of particular interest during the survey was the man made pond managed by PP (PLB Terang Sdn Bhd also is the landfill operators for the existing Phase 1 & Phase 2 landfill) (Plate 6.7). Existed since the early 1990s, it received an facelift several ago; a 1.8 km concrete pathway was built around the pond, a bird observation hideout at a corner of the pond, fencing to control to keep out animals, landscaping and regular maintenance.

The pond has been an attraction to many birdwatchers and bird photographers as this site attracts scores of bird species and some in large numbers, particularly during the migration season. The easy access and distance to the pond and the adjacent mangrove forest (Plate 6.8, Plate 6.9) adds on to its attractiveness.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-61

______

Plate 6.7: The man made pond managed by the Pulau Burung landfill operator

With a few improvements to the pond, it could potentially be an eco-tourist attraction and consequently expel the negative impressions the general public have with regards to landfill. Among the suggestions include:

(i) The hideout design could be improved and relocated closer to the front portion of the pond (closer to the landfill entrance) where most of the birds are attracted to

(ii) A man-made island in the middle of the pond or few big drift wood placed in the middle pond would provide more landing areas for birds

(iii) Planting of fruit trees favoured by birds such as the ficus tree would attract more birds (besides shorebirds) to the area. Ficus trees fruit gregariously and is not seasonal, hence would provide sustainable food resources to all frugivorous, not just birds.

(iv) Reduce frequency of landscape maintenance particularly grass-cutting. Birds require shelter and a hiding place. The clearance of grass/lalang growth around the pond increases their vulnerability and attractiveness to the pond.

(v) Promotion and awareness amongst the public and bird tour agencies/individuals of the facilities and opportunities to bird watch.

The mangrove habitat around the proposed development site is also home to other animals such as crocodile (Plate 6.10), smooth otters (Plate 6.11), wild pigs, long tailed macaques, dusky leaf monkeys, and monitor lizards (Plate 6.12).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-62

______

Plate 6.8: The Byram Forest Reserve mangrove belt runs from the north down along the west of the Pulau Burung landfill.

Plate 6.9: Marshland and mangroves in the background surrounding the Pulau Burung landfill.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-63

______

Plate 6.10: A signboard warning of crocodiles near the Pulau Burung landfill, although no crocodiles were seen during the survey.

Plate 6.11: A family of 6 smooth otters were seen crossing a canal between the Pulau Burung landfill and the oil palm plantation nearby.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-64

______

Plate 6.12: Monitor lizards were seen around the waterways between the Pulau Burung landfill and oil palm plantation nearby.

6.14.2 Marine Ecology

6.14.2.1 Introduction

This Section describes the existing status of the marine coastal biological resources, coastal vegetation, coastal vegetation, fisheries and aquaculture as well as recreational fisheries activities within and around the Project site within 5-km radius. The baseline data and information given in this Section will be used for the impact assessment in Section 7.3.11.2 and 7.4.11.

6.14.2.2 Scope of Work

The Scope of Work will encompass the following:

(a) Assessments of the marine resources at and adjacent to the proposed Project site including:

 Plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) diversity and density.

 Benthic fauna diversity and distribution.

 Fish fauna diversity excluding quantitative assessments of stock size and productivity

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-65

______

(b) Assessments of the coastal vegetation, particularly mangroves at or adjacent to the Proposed project site.

(c) Assessments of the capture fisheries and aquaculture activities at and adjacent to the proposed Project site including:

 Fish landings and value

 Recreational fisheries effort

 Aquaculture production and value

(d) Identification of significant and major environmental impacts of the proposed development on the marine environment and fisheries at or adjacent to the proposed site.

(e) Proposed mitigation measures that can overcome, eliminate or minimize deleterious impacts of the Project development to the above resources.

(f) Residual impacts that follows the implementation of these measures.

6.14.2.3 Methodology

The study involved the collection of both primary as well as secondary data based on the following methodology.

(a) Primary data Collection

The field investigation involved the collection of sediment samples for macrobenthic density and diversity assays and water samples for phytoplankton and zooplankton density and diversity assays. Sampling was undertaken during spring and neap tides.

The water, sediment and fish fauna sampling was undertaken on 16th August 2016, while mangroves was carried out from 17th – 18th March 2016. The field investigation involved ten (10) sampling points i.e.:

(i) At the river systems (2 sampling points) including:

 Sg Tengah

 Sg Kerian and off brackishwater pond culture

(i) Along the coastal areas (8 sampling points) i.e. five (5) points located 250 m from the coastline and another three (3) points located 3 km from the coastline) covering the following sensitive receptors:

 Cockle beds located north of Sg Tengah

 Sg Tengah rivermouth

 Off the Byram Mangrove Forest Reserves

 Off the brackishwater pond culture off Sg Kerian rivermouth

 Floating fish cage culture off Sg Kerian

 Cockle beds off Sg Kerian

Details of the sampling and analytical regimes are provided in the following sections while the locations of the sampling ponts are given in Table 6-30 and shown graphically in Figure 6-32.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-66

______

Table 6-30 Description of Sampling Station (R1 - R2, S1 – S8)

Coordinate Description Station Depth Sediment Latitude Longitude Location Date Time Weather Tide (m) Type River 1130 Sunny 2.0 Muddy Flood R1 05° 12.716’ 100° 26.454’ Sg Tengah 160816 1830 Sunny 0.5 Muddy Ebb

Sg Kerian (off brackishwater 0835 Sunny 3.0 Muddy Flood R2 05° 10.280’ 100° 26.552’ 160816 pond culture) 1810 Sunny 1.5 Muddy Ebb Coastal S1 05° 14.187’ 100° 24.736’ Cockle beds (Sg Tengah north) 160816 1005 Sunny 3.5 Muddy Flood S2 05° 12.720’ 100° 25.262’ Sg Tengah rivermouth 160816 0945 Sunny 2.0 Muddy Flood Off Byram Mangrove Forest S3 05° 11.523’ 100° 24.944’ 160816 0935 Sunny 1.5 Muddy Flood Reserve S4 05° 10.397’ 100° 24.652’ Sg Kerian rivermouth 160816 0925 Sunny 2.0 Muddy Flood Off mangrove area - Sg Kerian S5 05° 09.286’ 100° 24.003’ 160816 0920 Sunny 1.0 Muddy Flood south

Floating fish cage culture (Sg 1010 Sunny 5.0 Muddy Flood S6 05° 13.481’ 100° 23.110’ 160816 Udang north) 1740 Sunny 3.5 Muddy Ebb

Floating fish cage culture (Sg 1050 Sunny 3.00 Muddy Flood S7 05° 12.208’ 100° 23.760’ 160816 Udang south) 1730 Sunny 1.5 Muddy Ebb

Floating fish cage culture (3km 1100 Sunny 3.00 Muddy Flood S8 05° 10.410’ 100° 23.020’ 160816 off Sg Kerian rivermouth) 1720 Sunny 1.5 Muddy Ebb

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-67

______

Project Site

Figure 6-32 Location of Water, Sediment and Fish Fauna Sampling Stations

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-68

______

Phytoplankton Assessment

The phytoplankton assessment was based on the methodology described by APHA (2005). Sampling involved the collection of surface water samples at ten (10) sampling stations from both spring and neap tides.

At each sampling station:

 Water samples were collected using Niskin Water Sampler (Plate 6.13A).

 Water samples transferred into a 1.5L polyethyelene terephthalate (PET) bottles (Plate 6.13B).

 Phytoplankton samples were preserved immediately using 1.5mL Lugol’s iodine solution (Plate 6.13C).

 The phytoplankton samples were labelled prior to laboratory analysis.

At the laboratory:

 Phytoplankton composition and diversity were determined by first concentrating, then sub-sampling and counting using an inverted microscope.

 Plankton samples were identified at family and genus/species levels using a high magnification compound microscope. The presence of harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) causing dinoflagellates will also be taken into account

 Phytoplankton was enumerated in terms of number of cells per millilitre (cells/mL).

 Phytoplankton community structure will be assessed based on the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’), species Richness Index (Margaleff’s) and Eveness Index (Pielou).

Zooplankton Assessment

For the zooplankton assessments, sampling stations also coincide with the macrobenthic sampling stations and involved the collection water samples both during spring and neap tides. The zooplankton assessment was based on the methodology described by APHA (2005).

At each sampling station:

 20 litres of surface water was collected using Niskin Water Sampler and filtered through plankton net (Plate 6.14A).

 Zooplankton samples retained on the plankton net were washed into a 600mL labelled bottle (Plate 6.14B).

 10% seawater buffered formalin solution was added as preservatives (Plate 6.14C).

At the laboratory:

 Zooplankton composition and diversity were determined by first concentrating, then sub- sampling and counting using an inverted microscope.

 Samples were identified at the family and genus/species levels using a high power compound microscope.

 Zooplankton was enumerated in terms of individuals per litre (ind./L).

 Zooplankton diversity was assessed based on the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’), species Richness Index (Margaleff’s) and Eveness Index (Pielou). ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-69

______

Plate 6.13: Phytoplankton Assessment. A: Sample Collected using a Niskin Water Sampler, B: Water Samples Transferred into a 1.5L PET Bottles, and C: Samples Preserved with 15 mL Lugol’s Iodin Solution

A B

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-70

______

Plate 6.14: Zooplankton Assessment. A: Water Filtered through a 140 m Plankton Net, B: Retained Plankton Samples Washed into a PET Bottle, and C: Samples Preserved with 10% Seawater Buffered Formalin Solution

A B

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-71

______

Macrobenthos Assessment

For the macrobenthic studies, sampling stations also coincide with the phytoplankton sampling stations. Sampling involved of collection of bottom sediment. The macrobenthos assessment was based on the methodology described by APHA (2005).

At each sampling station:

 Benthic organisms were sampled using a Van Veen Grab (0.48m x 0.23m x 0.24m) (Plate 6.15A).

 The samples were collected in double-layered plastic bags and labelled.

 On shore, the sediment was slowly washed through a sieve with a mesh size of 500µm (Plate 6.15B).

 Specimens and coarse sediment that were retained in the sieve were collected in a plastic bag, preserved in 10% seawater buffered formalin solution (Plate 6.15C) and moved to the laboratory.

At the laboratory, the sieved specimens were:

 Sorted and identified at the family and genus/species levels using a stereomicroscope and a high power compound microscope.

 Density was calculated in terms of number of individuals per square meter (ind./m2).

 Macrobenthos diversity was assessed based on the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’), species Richness Index (Margaleff’s) and Eveness Index (Pielou).

Fish Fauna Assessment

For the fisheries assessment, sampling was undertaken at five (5) sampling stations i.e. two (2) within the river systems (R1 and R2) and three (3) along the coastlines (S1, S3 and S5).

At each sampling station:

 Gill nets with mesh size of 7.6 cm were used (Plate 6.16).

 The nets were employed as barrier nets, with both ends affixed to anchors.

 The length and width of the nets was 50 m and 1.5 m respectively.

 The nets were affixed for a standard time of two (2) hours.

 Fish caught were collected, separated and identified up to genus or species level based on keys in De Bruin et al. (1995), Mohsin et al. (1993), Kong (1998) and Fishbase website.

 Fish samples were measured in length (cm) and weight (g) (Plate 6.17). The total length (TL) of the fish was measured from the snout until the outer tip of the tail using measuring tape. A portable weighing scale was used for weight measurement. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of fish was calculated.

 Photographs of the representative fish specimens were taken. Representative fish specimens were also preserved in 10% formalin for documentation and record purposes.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-72

______

Plate 6.15: Macrobenthos Assessment: A: Samples Collected using a Van Veen Grab, B: Sediment Slowly Washed through a 500µm Sieve, and C: Samples Preserved with 10% Seawater Buffered Formalin

A B

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-73

______

Plate 6.16: Fish Caught Using Gill Nets

Plate 6.17: Length (cm) and Weight (g) Measurement of Fish Specimen

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-74

______

Mangrove Assessment

The health and status of the mangroves found at and within the Project site was undertaken using line-transect sampling. A total of five transects (T1-T5) were involved. The location and description of the sampling stations are provided in Table 6-31 and Figure 6-33.

At each transect line:

 A pole starting at the edge of a mangrove forest marked the first point. It is important to ensure that transect line is long enough to cover the habitat particularly the succession line.

 The transect tape was laid until it reaches the other end of the mangrove forest in a straight line, and the end point was also marked by a pole.

 Quadrates (10m x 10 m) was marked off against the transect line.

 Major characteristics within the line such as sediment type, number of trees, mangrove speciation, girth sizes and height were recorded.

 Identification of trees (up to genus or species level) was undertaken mainly using form and root type, bark mottling patterns, leaf characteristics and bole and bough shape. The mangroves were identified based on the several books, such as by Primavera et al (2004) and Rusila.

Table 6-31 Transect Lines for Mangrove Assessment

Coordinate Length No. of Transect Start End (m) Quadrate Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude

T1 05° 12.558’ 100° 25.938’ 05° 12.607’ 100° 25.917’ 100 10 T2 05° 12.940’ 100° 25.470’ 05° 12.939’ 100° 25.526’ 100 10 T3 05° 12.292’ 100° 25.316’ 05° 12.251’ 100° 25.353’ 100 10 T4 05° 11.711’ 100° 25.156’ 05° 11.707’ 100° 25.213’ 100 10 T5 05° 11.005’ 100° 25.145’ 05° 11.007’ 100° 25.195’ 100 10

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-75

______

Project Site

Figure 6-33 Mangrove Survey at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-76

______

Plate 6.18: Mangrove Assessment. A: A 100 m Line Transect and the Quadrate, B & C: Girth Size Measurement of Mangrove Trees

B C C

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-77

______

Marine Capture Fisheries Assessment

The assessment covered major fish landing points within the impact zone at the study area. The assessment was undertaken on 18th – 20th August 2016 through discussions and interviews with sample fishing populations at major fishing villages, aquaculture sites and fish pond (Table 6-32).

A questionnaire was also prepared for this purpose (Appendix 10). In addition, capture fisheries data were also requested from the Department of Fisheries, Penang and Persatuan Nelayan Kawasan Seberang Prai Selatan.

Table 6-32 Location of the Fishing Landing Points within the Impact Zone

Coordinate Fish Landing Point Date Time Latitude Longitude Sg Jejawi (Kg Changkat) 05° 12.732’ 100° 26.680’ 190816 1150 Sg Udang 05° 09.951’ 100° 25.658’ 180816 1530 Sg Hj. Ibrahim 05° 09.748’ 100° 25.120’ 190816 1030 Sg Acheh 05° 09.745’ 100° 25.121’ 190816 0945 Sg Chenaam 05° 08.452’ 100° 24.288’ 200816 1000

Plate 6.19: Interview with Fishermen at the Study Area

Aquaculture Assessment

The assessment covered major aquaculture within the impact zone at the study area. The assessment was undertaken on 17th – 18th August 2016 through discussions and interviews with sample aquaculture operative (Table 6-33).

A questionnaire was also prepared for this purpose (Appendix 10). In addition, aquaculture data were also requested from the Department of Fisheries, Penang and Persatuan Nelayan Kawasan Seberang Prai Selatan.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-78

______

Table 6-33 Location of the Aquaculture Sites within the Impact Zone

Coordinate Location Date Time Latitude Longitude Cage Culture Off Sg Tengah 05° 13.000’ 100° 23.490’ 170816 0900 Off Sg Kerian 05° 10.415’ 100° 23.277’ 170816 0800 Shrimp/ fish Pond Sg Chenaam 05° 08.384’ 100° 24.266’ 170816 1600 Sg Udang 05° 08.452’ 100° 24.288’ 170816 1700 Pulau Burung 05° 10.822’ 100° 25.486’ 170816 1800

(b) Secondary data Collection

Secondary data was collected from various sources, includes the following:

(i) Literature review of all existing data, reports (published and unpublished), records and other secondary sources with respect to the study area, which included, but was not limited to the following areas:

 Marine coastal biological resources i.e. plankton, macrobenthos and fish fauna.

 Coastal vegetation.

 Capture fisheries and aquaculture activities as well as recreational fisheries activities.

 Other environmental and ecological studies, including existing hydrological and oceanographic data.

(ii) Discussions and meetings with officers from the following public agencies:

 Penang State Department of Fisheries

 Seberang Prai Fisheries District Office

 Persatuan Nelayan Kawasan Seberang Perai Selatan

(iii) Discussions with fishermen, anglers and aquaculture operatives.

(iv) Discussions with other members of the study team, particularly the Water Quality Specialist and Hydraulic Modelling Specialist

6.14.2.4 Study Findings

(a) Description of Study Area

The proposed Phase 3 Sanitary Landfill is located on Pulau Burung, an island created by a canal linking Sg Kerian and Sg Tengah. The nearest town is Nibong Tebal, which is about 6 km away. The proposed area is also located adjacent to Byram Forest Reserve, which is a significant tract of mangrove forest lining the coastline of Pulau Burung. There is also a mudflat fronting the mangrove stretch that extends up to 500 m during spring tide. There is also marshland on the east site of the proposed area that was created with the clearing of the mangroves. All of these areas have become habitats for the local fauna.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-79

______

In addition, there is a fishing community located in Sg Tengah, namely Sg Udang, which is the largest fishing base in mainland Penang. Significant levels of recreational fishing are also undertaken in both Sg Tengah and Sg Kerian. Aquaculture activities, that include fish cage culture and brackishwater pond farming, are actively undertaken at and off the rivermouth of both rivers.

Plate 6.20: Site Condition. A: Byram Forest Reserve, B: Marshland within the Landfill, C: Brackishwater Ponds adjacent to Project Site and D: Cage Culture off Sg Tengah

A B

C D

(b) Water Quality

(i) Marine Water Quality

A review of the marine water quality data indicated that most parameters were well within acceptable levels for aquatic organisms. However nitrate and nitrite were at deleterious levels at all sampling stations. The results of marine water quality assessments are tabulated in Table 6-18. Parameters of major importance to marine biological resources are discussed in detail below.

Parameters Description pH  pH is a measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration and represents an index of the acidity and alkalinity (Boyd and Tucker, 1998; Boyd, 1982). Several factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton production have been known to correlate with changes in seawater pH levels (Celia and Durbin, 1994). In addition, an extremely low or high pH value can affect aquatic animals, including behavioral changes, stress, mortality and their chemosensory system (Boyd and Tucker, 1998; Lorenz and Taylor, 1992; Morris et al., 1989; Knutzen, 1981).  pH levels recorded during flood tide were from 7.30 – 7.80, while during the ebb tide were between 7.40 – 7.90. All pH levels were well within the recommended limits for marine fisheries purposes i.e. 7.0 – 9.0, (Boyd, 1998) as well as plankton growth i.e. 6.0 - 8.5 (Sandgren, 1991).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-80

______

Parameters Description

Temperature  Seawater temperature an environmental parameters that is commonly analyzed since differences in temperatures typically affect physical, chemical and biological processes in seawater (Tamrin, 2008; Effendi, 2003). Seawater temperature is also influenced by monsoon, air circulation, water flow and water depth (Tamrin, 2008).  Water temperature levels during flood tide ranged from 25.90 – 29.40°C, while the levels recorded during the ebb were between 28.40 – 29.70°C. Where the aquatic environment concerned, Boyd (1998) reported that levels of between 28 - 32°C to be suitable for fisheries purposes. Most stations in the study were found to be well within these levels, except at M5 during flood tide. These stations were situated at the river mouth of Sg Tengah. Low temperatures at this station were basically localized in the vicinity of the river mouth and due to high tidal exchange and longshore current in this area. However, all levels were within limits.

Dissolved  DO concentration is a good indicator of aquatic ecosystem health since oxygen is Oxygen (DO) essential for the respiration of aquatic organisms (Jack et al., 2009; Chui and Choon, 2008). The amount of oxygen available in the water column depends on several factors including water temperature, salinity, water depths, tides, primary productivity and organic loading (Ainon et al., 2011; Jack et al., 2009; Chua et al., 1998). Low DO condition affects metabolic and behavioral processes in aquatic organisms such as restricted feeding, swimming and migration (Chui and Choon, 2008, Karna, 2003).  DO levels during the flood (5.10 – 5.30 mg/L) were recorded slightly higher than the ebb (5.00 – 5.90 mg/L). All levels were found to be well within the recommended limit of the MQWCS for Malaysia under Class 2 (>5.00 mg/L), ASEAN Marine Water Quality Standard for Aquatic Life (>4.00 mg/L) and marine fisheries purposes (>4.00 mg/L) (Liong and Subramaniam, 1990).

Biological  BOD can be defined as a chemical procedure for determining the rate of uptake of Oxygen dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water. High BOD levels can Demand affect on fish respiration, digestion and assimilation of food, maintenance of (BOD) osmotic balance and movement activities (James, 2008; Beveridge, 1987).  However, at the study area, BOD levels were not detected (<2 mg/L) at all sampling stations during both flood and ebb tides.

Chemical  The COD level in the water represents the amount of oxygen required to convert Oxygen all oxidizable matter to carbon dioxide and water (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). COD Demand levels recorded ranged from 17 – 63 mg/L during flood, while 17 – 122 mg/L (COD) during ebb.  COD is an indicator of organic pollution, which is caused by the inflow of domestic, livestock and industrial waste that contain elevated levels of organic pollutants (Ayati, 2003). Normally, COD levels increase with pollution loads (Varunprasath and Daniel, 2010).

Total  TSS is the measurement of the amount of material suspended in the water Suspended column. High TSS concentrations can affect fish respiration rate and feeding Solids (TSS) behaviour (Bash et al., 2001; Gregory et al., 1993; Newcombe and MacDonald, 1991). High levels may clog the filter - feeding apparatus and digestive organs of planktonic organisms as well as smother benthic organisms (Mohamad Norazman, 2011; Barnes al., 1991).  With respect to the study area, TSS levels were recorded during flood ranging from 20 – 75 mg/L, while during ebb ranging from 24 – 72 mg/L. The level at M2 and M3 during flood tide as well as M2 during ebb tide was recorded above Class 2 levels (50 mg/L) of the MQWCS for Malaysia. However, all levels were well within recommended limit for marine fisheries and aquaculture purposes (<80 mg/L) (Liong, 1984).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-81

______

Parameters Description

Nitrite (NO2)  NO2 is intermediate in the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. In seawater, nitrite typically varies in concentration from very low levels to about 0.2 mg/L (Millero, 1996). High nitrite levels can damage the nervous system, liver, spleen and kidneys of fish and other aquatic animals (Lawson, 1995).  Nitrite during flood tide ranged from 0.10 – 0.23 mg/L, meanwhile during ebb, levels ranged from 0.20 – 0.70 mg/L. Most levels during flood and ebb exceeded the Class I limit of 0.01 mg/L as recommended by the MQWCS for Malaysia and 0.055 mg/L by the ASEAN Marine Water Quality Standard for Aquatic Life.

Nitrate (NO3)  Nitrate is an oxidized form of nitrogen. The concentration of nitrate in aquatic ecosystems usually higher than ammonium and nitrite as ammonium tends to be oxidized to nitrate even in low levels of DO (as low as 1 mg/L) (Rabalais, 2002; Wetzel, 2001; Zweig et al., 1999). Nitrate is present naturally in the water column as a result of atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation and biological degradation of organic matter. However, nitrate also enters the aquatic ecosystem via anthropogenic sources such as agricultural runoff, industrial wastes and sewage effluents (Rabalais, 2002; Wetzel, 2001; Gleick, 1993). Studies on fish and crustaceans have revealed that nitrate can induce of physiological disturbances, many of which contribute to toxicity (Jensen, 2003; Jensen, 1995; Lawson, 1995).  Nitrate levels during flood ranged from 1.20 – 2.13 mg/L, while during ebb it was at 0.97 – 1.51 mg/L. MQWCS for Malaysia (Class 2) and the ASEAN Marine Water Quality Standard for Aquatic Life recommended a limit of <0.06 mg/L for the nitrate level in seawater. With respect to the study area, all levels exceeded the recommended limit of <0.06 mg/L for aquatic life. However, all levels found to be well within permissible standard limit of 3.00 mg/L for fisheries and aquaculture purpose (Meade, 1989).  Nutrient input to the sea may occur anthropogenically or naturally through physical, chemical and biological processes. Anthropogenic sources include river input, sewage discharge and industrial runoff (Badran & Forster 1998; Lewis 1985; D’Elia et al., 1981; Marsh, 1977 in Manasrah et al., 2006), while the natural sources include nitrogen fixation by nitrogen fixing organisms and organic matter decomposition which occurs in the sediment (Wild et al., 2004a,b; Rasheed et al., 2004; Ciceri et al., 1999; Charpy-Roubaud et al., 1996; Wilkinson et al., 1984 in Manasrah et al., 2006).

Ammonia  Ammonia is the initial product of the decomposition of nitrogenous organic wastes

(NH3) and respiration and may indicate the presence of decomposing urea, feces and organics (Zweig et al., 1999). Ammonia exists in many forms, including ammonia- nitrogen, ammonia-nitrate and others (McCormick et al., 1984). The toxicity of ammonia increases as dissolved oxygen in water decreases (Wajsbrot et al., 2003).  With respect to the study area, ammonia was not detected (<0.07 mg/L) during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling stations. According to Zweig et al. (1999), toxic effects of unionized ammonia are usually between 0.6 – 2.0 mg/L. High concentrations of ammonia can cause gill damage, reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, increase the oxygen demand of tissues, damage red blood cells and the tissues that produce them as well as affect osmoregulation (Lawson, 1995).

Phosphate  Phosphate is one of the key elements necessary for growth of plants and animals.

(PO4) Excessive levels of phosphate in water trigger phytoplankton blooms. Algal blooms diminish available oxygen in the water, hence result in fish deaths and degradation of habitats (Carpenter et al., 1998). At the study area, phosphate levels were not detected during flood and ebb tides respectively.

Faecal  Faecal coliform in water is associated with animal and human sewerage discharge. Coliform It is a common risk to human health and is associated with other pathogenic

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-82

______

Parameters Description water organisms. The presence of Faecal coliform in a water body is an indication of water pollution by sewage, domestic wastewater as well as land runoffs. In the study area, the Faecal coliform counts recorded ranged from 3.6 – 84.0 MPN/100 mL and 3.6 – 63.0 CFU/100 mL during flood and ebb tides respectively.  Faecal coliform is not pathogenic to fish, and there is no information in the scientific literature show that Faecal coliform affects the growth, reproduction, health or survival of the fish (DWAF, 1996). However, Faecal coliform have been found in the intestinal tract of fish (Ampofo and Clerk, 2010; Newman et al., 1972), gills, muscles and skin (Ogbondeminu, 1993). According to Salle (1964), the most heavily contaminated parts are the intestines and the skin. Their presence in fish intended for human consumption could constitute a potential danger not only in causing disease, but, also possible transfer of antibiotic resistance from aquatic bacteria to human infecting bacteria from nonaquatic sources (Ampofo and Clerk, 2010; Fapohunda et al., 1994; Olayemi et al., 1991). Allen and Hepher (1969) have reported that most of the epidemics attributed to wastewater sources are from raw sewage gaining access to food eaten directly by man, or from contamination of water supply systems by untreated sewage (Ampofo and Clerk, 2010).

Oil and  Oil and grease was not detected during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling Grease (O&G) stations.

Phenol  Phenol was not detected (<0.001 mg/L) during both flood and ebb tides at all

(C6H6O) sampling stations. Tributyl Tin  Tributyl Tin was not detected during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling (TBT) stations.

Polyaromatic  Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon was not detected during both floodand ebb tides Hydrocarbon at all sampling stations. (PAH)

Heavy Metals  All of nine (9) heavy metals analysed i.e. Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Hexa-Chromium(Cr(VI)), Copper (Cu) and Arsenic (As), Cyanide (CN) and Nickel (Ni) were not detected.

(ii) River Water Quality

A review of the river water quality data indicated that, while many parameters were well within the acceptable levels for aquatic organisms, BOD, COD, NH3N, fluoride (F) and manganese (Mn) were at deleterious levels at certain sampling stations. The river water quality result is tabulated in Table 6-12. Parameters of major importance to freshwater biological resources are discussed in detail below

Parameters Description

Temperature  Temperature levels recorded during flood and ebb tides ranged from 28.70 – 29.20°C and 28.70 – 30.10°C respectively. The standard limits for aquatic organisms range from 25 - 30°C (Petit, 1990; Romaire, 1985). Therefore, this indicates most levels to be well within these limits, except for W4 during ebb tide (30.10°C).  High temperatures can affect the physiological functions of the planktonic community and benthic populations by creating stress and thereby affecting the population density (Evans et al., 1986; Kinne, 1963; Markowski, 1960). In addition, Zweig et al. (1999) indicated that high temperature levels can affect behaviour, feeding, metabolism, growth rates of fish and their immunity to diseases.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-83

______

Parameters Description pH  pH can be defined as the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water column (Sawyer et al., 1994). Normally, the acidity and alkalinity of river water is influenced by the presence of mineral salts such as chloride, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate (Kemmer, 1987; Train, 1979).  Levels of pH during current study ranged from 6.90 – 7.20 during flood tide and 6.30 – 8.20 during ebb tide. According to ANZECC (2000), suitable pH levels for freshwater aquatic organisms are from 5.5 - 9.0. The levels recorded were well within these limits.

Dissolved  DO concentration is a good indicator of aquatic ecosystem health since oxygen is Oxygen (DO) essential for the respiration of aquatic organisms (Jack et al., 2009; Chui and Choon, 2008). The amount of oxygen available in the water column depends on several factors that affect its solubility in the water column, including water temperature, water depths, primary productivity and organic loading (Ainon et al., 2011; Jack et al., 2009; Chua et al., 1998). Low DO conditions impact on many metabolic and behavioral processes in aquatic organisms such as restricted feeding, swimming and migration activities of fish (Chui and Choon, 2008; Karna, 2003). As a result, fish growth can be reduced and their distribution affected, subsequently making the fish more susceptible to disease and predation (Davis, 1975).  At the study area, DO levels during flood tide ranged from 5.5 – 5.8 mg/L, while during ebb tide ranged from 4.5 – 6.5 mg/L. All stations were found to be well within the recommended limits of 4 mg/L for aquatic organisms (Liong, 1984).

Biological  BOD is a chemical procedure for determining the rate of uptake of dissolved Oxygen oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water. BOD levels during flood tide Demand ranged from 7 – 15 mg/L, while during ebb tide ranged from 2 – 25 mg/L. (BOD)  Most levels found to be exceeded the suitable level of <3 mg/L for aquatic organisms (Liong, 1984), except for W1 (2 mg/L), W5 (<2 mg/L) and W8 (2 mg/L) during ebb tide. High BOD levels are usually caused by organic matter such as leaves, wood or wastewater in the water body, all of which require oxygen for their decomposition (Amadi et al., 2010). High BOD levels can affect fish respiration, digestion and assimilation of food, maintenance of osmotic balance and movement (Carr and Neary, 2008; Beveridge, 1987).

Chemical  The COD level in the water represents the amount of oxygen required to convert Oxygen all oxidisable matter to carbon dioxide and water. At study area, COD levels Demand during flood and ebb tides ranged from 69 – 95 mg/L and 48 – 394 mg/L (COD) respectively. According to APHA (1992), the COD concentration in unpolluted waters should be less than 25 mg/L. In this respect, all stations could be categorized as polluted.  COD is an indicator of organic pollution, which is caused by the inflow of domestic, livestock and industrial waste that contain elevated levels of organic pollutants (Ayati, 2003). Normally, COD levels increase with pollution loads (Varunprasath and Daniel, 2010). With respect to the study area, high COD levels could be possibly due to chemical fertilizer used in oil palm plantation and over feeding from aquaculture activities. It could also come from leachate discharge or leakage from the existing Phase 1 and Phase 2 landfill.

Total  Excess sediment in water bodies can retard primary productivity through reducing Suspended light penetration, thereby suppressing photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton, Solids (TSS) algae and macrophytes. This would lead to fewer photosynthetic organisms available to serve as food sources for many invertebrates. As a result, overall invertebrate numbers can decline, leading to a decrease in fish populations (Redding and Midlen, 1991).  During current study, TSS levels at the study area ranged from 14 – 36 mg/L during flood tide and 27 – 71 mg/L during ebb tide. According to Liong (1984), ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-84

______

Parameters Description safe level of TSS for aquatic organisms was <80 mg/L, therefore, indicated all levels during current study well within the limit.

Oil and  During current study, oil and grease was only detected at several sampling Grease (O&G) stations i.e. W2 (4 mg/L) and W3 (8 mg/L) during ebb tide. The presence of oil and grease at these stations would have likely come from the sanitary landfill. Oils from a spill, even a small one can cause drowning of water-fowl, lethal effects on fish, asphyxiation of benthic life forms and adverse aesthetic effects of fouled shorelines and beaches.

Ammoniacal  Levels of NH3N at the study area during flood and ebb tides ranged from 3.47 – Nitrogen 21.11 mg/L and <0.07 – 18.70 mg/L respectively. According to Liong (1984), the

(NH3N) recommended safe levels of NH3N for aquatic organisms ranged from 0.2 - 0.5 mg/L (Liong, 1984). Most levels recorded exceeded these limits, except at W10 (<0.07 mg/L) during ebb tide.

 The high level of NH3N was most probably from the spillage of nitrate fertilizer usage from the oil palm plantation as well as the seepage and discharge of

leachate from the existing landfill. Excessive NH3N known to affect fish in terms of growth rate, hatching and changes in tissues of gills, liver and kidneys (Eddy, 2005; Boyd, 2000).

Phenol  Phenol may occur naturally in water and soil as the decomposition product of

(C6H6O) plants and animal waste (Dobbins et al., 1987). Phenol is nonpersistent in water and will completely biodegrade within 70 hours (Ananyeva et al., 1992). During current study, phenol levels were not detected (<0.001 mg/L) during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling stations.

Formaldehyde  At the study area, formaldehyde levels also were not detected (<0.02 mg/L)

(CH2O) during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling stations. Sulphide (S2-)  Sulphide is the oxidation state of sulphur and can exist in solution as un-ionised 2- hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S) or as soluble sulphide (S ). At the study area, sulphide were not detected (<0.2 mg/L) during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling stations.

Cyanide (CN-)  Cyanide in water is typically in the form of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or in the ionic form (CN-). Excess cyanide in the water column can affect aquatic communities. According to Basaling and Praveen (2011), cyanide can affect fish reproduction, physiology and metabolism activity. The lethal level of CN- for most aquatic organisms ranged is 0.04 – 0.09 mg/L (EA, 1998). Cyanide levels were not detected (<0.02 mg/L) during both flood and ebb tides at all sampling stations..

Fluoride (F)  Fluoride levels during flood tide ranged from 0.91 – 1.27 mg/L and during ebb tide ranged from 0.23 – 1.52 mg/L. A study undertaken by Camargo (2003) found that a fluoride concentration as low as 0.5 mg/L can adversely affect invertebrates and fishes, thus safe levels below this limits are recommended in order to protect freshwater aquatic organisms. In this respect, most levels found to be have exceeded these level (0.5 mg/L), except at W1 (0.47 mg/L), W8 (0.23 mg/L) and W9 (0.48 mg/L) during ebb tide.

Heavy Metals  Out of the 16 heavy metals analysed i.e. Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Hexa- Chromium (Cr6t), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Tri-Chromium (Cr3+), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Tin (Sn), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag), Selenium (Se) and Barium (Ba), only Cr3+, Mn, B and Fe were detected during current study. The detailed discussions on the detectable parameters are as follow.

Tri-Chromium (Cr3+)  Chromium known as the common pollutant in the environment, that present in

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-85

______

Parameters Description divalent [Cr (II)], trivalent [Cr (III)] and hexavalent [Cr(IV)] oxidation state. The most stable form are Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Chromium can be introduced into the environment from wide range of natural and anthropogenic sources, such as discharge from manufacturing processes and cooling towers. The effects of Cr exposure on fish are dependent on both biotic (e.g. type of species, age and developmental stage) and abiotic (e.g. temperature, oxidation state of Cr, pH, alkalinity, salinity and hardness of water) factors (Velma et al., 2009).  At the study area, chromium was only detected at W3 (0.02 mg/L) during ebb tide. Several previous studies reported occurrence of chronic effects on fish when exposed to concentration of 0.10 mg/L (Oreochromis mossambicus), 1.01 mg/L (Cyprinus carpio), 2.60 mg/L (Channa punctatus) and 11 – 36 mg/L (Clarias gariepinus) (Nguyen and Janssen, 2002; Arunkumar et al., 2000; Sastry and Sunita, 1983; O’Neill, 1981). In this respect, current levels were significantly lower than the levels reported in previous studies.

Manganese (Mn)  Manganese levels ranged from 0.15 – 0.75 mg/L during flood tide and 0.01 – 0.89 mg/L during ebb tide. In terms of aquatic biological resources, the safe level of manganese is 0.20 mg/L (Barceloux, 1999). Most stations exceeded this limit, except at W3 (0.15 mg/L) during flood as well as W8 (0.03 mg/L), W9 (0.05 mg/L) and W10 (0.01 mg/L) during ebb tide. High levels of manganese were probably related to the discharge of excessive fertilizer for palm oil and leachate or seepage from the existing Phase 1 and Phase 2 landfill. Excess concentrations of manganese can reduce leukocytes and impair growth of fish (Al-Akel et al., 1998; Stubblefield et al., 1997).

Boron (B)  Levels of boron at the study area ranged from 0.67 – 1.12 mg/L (flood tide) and 0.18 – 1.71 mg/L (ebb tide). According to Moss and Nagpal (2003), the safe level of boron for aquatic organisms is 1.2 mg/L. Most levels recorded well within this limit, except W3 (1.25 mg/L), W4 (1.71 mg/L) and W10 (1.35 mg/L).  Study by Eisler (1990) reported that the primary environmental source of domestic boron to be agricultural fertilizer. Therefore, the slightly high levels of boron at some stations could be associated with the fertilizer use in the oil palm plantations. Effects of high boron levels on aquatic life include nutrient deficiency in phytoplankton, reduction of fish reproduction potential and impaired survival of fish (Eisler, 1990).

Iron (Fe)  Excess concentration of iron in the water column can have an impact on the survival, reproduction, respiration and behavior (i.e. feeding) of aquatic organisms (Gerhardt, 1992). During current study, iron levels during flood tide ranged from 0.25 – 0.90 mg/L, while during ebb tide ranged from 0.18 – 1.26 mg/L. In terms of aquatic biological resources, the safe level of iron is 1.70 mg/L (Randall et al., 1999). Thus, all current levels found to be well within the limit.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-86

______

Phytoplankton are microscopic organisms that mostly range between 2 and 200 microns in size, the biggest less than 1/5th of a millimetre (Litchman et al., 2008). Although it appears to be insignificant, phytoplankton are at the base of aquatic biological productivity, which can be defined as the ability of water to sustain marine life (Wroblewski, 1988). The process of photosynthesis is the factor which highlights the importance of this tiny organisms due to its ability to convert light energy and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen from the process of photosynthesis. Due to its importance, it is naturally positioned at the bottom of the food web, which every marine organism is dependent on (Chong et al., 1990).

Phytoplankton also play an important role as bioindicators for pollution, mainly because they affect zooplankton distribution, standing crop and chlorophyll concentrations (Barnes, 1980; Wetzel, 1975). In addition, phytoplankton distribution, abundance, species diversity and species compositions are used to assess the biological integrity of a water body (Townsend et al., 2000).

Coastal Stations

Three (3) phytoplankton phyla were identified i.e. Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata and Cyanophyta (Table 6-34). These phyla consisted of 28 taxa with a mean density of 13.38 cells/mL. Bacillariophyta was the most dominant phylum, accounting for 98.2% of the total phytoplankton density, while Dinoflagellata and Cyanophyta constituted 1.7% and 0.1% respectively (Figure 6-34). In terms of sampling stations, the highest density was recorded at S1, while the lowest at S4 (Figure 6-35).

Bacillariophyta was the most abundant phylum and represented by 22 taxa. The mean density was recorded at 209.40 cells/mL. A previous study by Ke at al. (2016) in Penang coastal waters also reported the domination of Bacillariophytes. Some of common genera recorded by Ke at al. (2016) such as Ditylum, Navicula, Pleurosigma, Rhizosolenia and Skeletonema were also found during current study.

Bacillariophyta, also known as diatoms, are one of the most species-richest phytoplankton taxonomic groups. They have a worldwide distribution and can be found in both freshwater and marine environments (Quijano-Scheggia et al., 2008; Fatimah et al., 2002). In marine environments, it is estimated around 1,365 – 1,783 different planktonic diatoms species have been identified (Sournia et al., 1991). Bacillariophyta also the most important phylum and require minimal resources to thrive in contrast with other phytoplankton group.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-87

______

Table 6-34 Marine Phytoplankton Density (cells/mL) at the Study Area

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Bacillariophyta Amphora ------1.10 - - Asteriolampra - - - - - 1.92 36.17 - 29.59 5.45 3.45 Asterionella - - - - - 0.96 - - - - - Bacillaria 430.08 15.95 10.25 2.40 2.76 190.08 71.24 50.37 31.78 57.77 26.45 Biddulphia ------1.10 - - - - Chaetoceros 5.12 - - - - 2.88 3.29 - - 2.18 1.15 Coscinodiscus 5.12 ------2.19 2.19 - - Diploneis 15.36 7.25 2.46 - - 10.56 25.21 16.79 15.34 28.34 6.90

Ditylum - - 0.41 - - - 4.38 - 2.19 3.27 - Hemiaulus 7.68 - - - - - 1.10 - - 2.18 - Lauderia 2.56 - - - 0.92 - - 0.73 - - 1.15 Leptocylindrus 23.04 15.95 5.74 1.92 9.2 37.44 28.50 12.41 19.73 32.70 17.25 Melosira ------1.10 - 1.10 - - Navicula 2.56 - - - - 1.92 1.10 2.19 2.19 - 6.90 Nitzschia 33.28 1.45 0.82 0.96 - 27.84 6.58 9.49 13.15 9.81 23.00 Pleurosigma 25.60 4.35 5.33 0.48 17.48 - - 2.19 3.29 7.63 5.75 Rhizosolenia - - - - - 2.88 - - - 2.18 5.75 Surirella 117.76 39.15 20.09 7.68 70.84 17.28 127.14 4.38 105.22 45.78 104.65 Thalassionema - 1.45 1.64 - - 2.88 4.38 0.73 1.10 - - Thalassiosira 2.51 1.45 - 0.48 - 3.84 2.19 - 2.19 2.18 3.45 ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-88

______

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Triceratium ------1.10 - - - - Unidentified diatoms 1.45 1.64 - 7.36 7.68 2.19 3.65 - 3.27 4.60

Subtotal (cells/mL) 670.67 88.45 48.38 13.92 108.56 308.16 316.77 105.12 230.16 202.74 210.45

Phylum: Dinoflagellata Ceratium ------2.19 1.46 1.1 - - Peridinium 2.56 - - - - - 8.77 1.46 2.19 1.09 2.30 Protoperidinium ------9.86 0.73 5.48 - - Subtotal (cells/mL) 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.82 3.65 8.77 1.09 2.30

Phylum: Cyanophyta

Trichodesmium ------2.19 - - Subtotal (cells/mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 0.00

Density (cells/mL) 673.23 88.45 48.38 13.92 108.56 308.16 337.59 108.77 241.12 203.83 212.75 Diversity Index (H') 1.28 1.60 1.68 1.32 1.10 1.41 1.96 1.80 1.92 1.98 1.79 Richness Index (M) 1.69 1.79 2.06 1.90 1.07 2.09 3.09 2.77 3.10 2.45 2.45 Evenness Index (J) 0.50 0.73 0.77 0.74 0.61 0.55 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.75 0.68

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-89

______

Figure 6-34 Marine Phytoplankton Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-35 Marine Phytoplankton Density (cells/mL) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-90

______

Domination of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) generally indicates a good marine water quality. Based on the study by Casea et al. (2008) and Matias et al. (2001), diatoms normally form more than 80% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the marine tropical waters. This is due to their critical role as primary producers as well as the key players in carbon and silicon cycles (Ganjian, 2007; Carter et al., 2005; Ganjian et al., 2004; Zubaidah et al., 2001; Mann, 1999). The study by Mann (1999) estimated that diatoms provided 20 – 25% of globally fixed carbon and atmospheric oxygen, thus influencing the biogeochemical cycles worldwide.

The dominant diatoms genera found in the water column was Bacillaria, Surirella and Leptocylindrus with mean density of 81.73 cells/mL, 60.00 cells/mL and 18.53 cells/mL respectively. Other genera were recorded at low mean densities (<17.00 cells/mL). Past studies have also recorded the Bacillaria, Surirella and Leptocylindrus as common phytoplankton in coastal Malaysians waters and are usually found in high abundance (Hang et al., 2014).

The second most abundant group was Phylum Dinoflagellata, comprising three (3) taxa i.e. Ceratium, Peridinium and Protoperidinium. The mean density recorded at 3.56 cells/mL. Highest density contributed by Peridinium and Protoperidinium with mean densities of 1.67 cells/mL and 1.46 cells/mL respectively.

The least abundant group at coastal stations was Phylum Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) was only represented by single taxa i.e. Trichodesmium, which was found at a low mean density of 0.20 cells/mL. Trichodesmium is important in nitrate or ammonium-depleted waters because of their nitrogen (N2) fixation habit (Tyrrell et al., 2003).

A monitoring study by ASMA (2016) at northern of current study reported that Bacillariophyta dominated phytoplankton community at 97.4% while the rest was represented by Dinoflagellata and Cyanophyta each by 1.3%. In term of density, the monitoring study indicated a mean of 34.14 cells/mL where it is much higher compared to this study i.e. 13.38 cells/mL.

According to Ogbeibu and Edutie (2002), species diversity is an important aspect of biological monitoring and a reliable parameter to determine the health of an environment. With respect to the study area, the mean Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) recorded at range of 1.10 – 1.96 and showed a moderate diversity pattern. In terms of sampling station, the highest and lowest diversity index was recorded at S6 during low tide and S5 respectively (Figure 6-36). On the other hand, Margalef’s species richness index (M) were within 1.07 – 2.77, except at S6 (3.09) and S7 (3.10) during ebb tide which recorded high species richness. According to Choudry and Pal (2014), species evenness help to determine the contribution of each taxon to the total population. At coastal stations, Pielou’s species evenness index (J) range was 0.50 – 0.77 which is relatively low. For such, it is an indicator that the habitat is more conducive for the blooming only of selected taxa (Choudry and Pal, 2014).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-91

______

Figure 6-36 Marine Phytoplankton Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

River Stations

There were four (4) phyla i.e. Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta recorded at the river stations (Table 6-35). Bacillariophyta dominated the study area with 98.10% of the total phytoplankton density, followed by Dinoflagellata (1.31%), Euglenophyta (0.43%) and Cyanophyta (0.15%) (Figure 6-37).

Within the Phylum Bacillariophyta, a total of 12 taxa were recorded, where Bacillaria found to be the most dominant with mean density of 96.62 cells/mL followed by Leptocylindrus (21.05 cells/mL), Surirella (51.71 cells/mL) and Thalassiosira (61.59 cells/mL). Previous studies also reported the presence of these species within brackish and estuarine waters (Ekhator et al., 2015; Gilles et al., 2013; Kraberg et al., 2013; Almeida at al., 2001). As a successful group, diatoms (Bacillariophyta) do inhabit various water bodies, including brackish, estuarine and river systems (Hassan et al., 2006; Rajest et al., 2000). Lesser taxa were present at river stations compared to the coastal stations, since only several groups of Bacillariophyta can inhabit estuarine and brackishwater environments. Parameters such as salinity, pH, oxygen level and nutrient content largely affect the existence of the phytoplankton community there (Smol and Stoermer, 2010).

As for other phyla, only a scarce number of taxa were recorded which solidified the dominance of the diatom community alone. Dinoflagellata was represented by Peridinum at mean density of 3.46 cells/mL. Meanwhile, Cyanophyta also recorded at river stations with the presence of Trichodesmium (average density 0.41 cells/mL). As a nitrogen fixing bacteria, Trichodesmium exclusively convert nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) during day and their metabolism reduced significantly during night (Klipp et al., 2004; Tyrell et al., 2003).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-92

______

Table 6-35 River Phytoplankton Density (cells/mL) at the Study Area

Station Taxa R1 R2 Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Bacillariophyta Bacillaria 157.89 - 228.60 - Chaetoceros 2.77 3.28 - - Cocconeis - 3.28 - 4.60 Guinardia 2.77 - - - Lauderia 2.77 1.64 - 13.80 Leptocylindrus 66.48 13.12 - 4.60 Nitzschia 5.54 - - - Pleurosigma 22.16 - - - Surirella 196.67 - 10.16 - Thalassionema 2.77 - - - Thalassiosira 16.62 - 228.60 1.15 Unidentified diatoms 8.31 3.28 5.08 32.20 Subtotal (cells/mL) 484.75 24.60 472.44 56.35

Phylum: Dinoflagellata Peridinium 13.85 - - -

Subtotal (cells/mL) 13.85 0.00 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Cyanophyta Trichodesmium - 1.64 - - Subtotal (cells/mL) 0.00 1.64 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Euglenophyta Euglena - - - 2.30 Trachelomonas - - - 2.30 Subtotal (cells/mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.60

Density (cells/mL) 498.6 26.24 472.44 60.95 Diversity Index (H') 1.59 1.47 0.83 1.39 Richness Index (M) 1.77 1.53 0.49 1.46 Evenness Index (J) 0.64 0.82 0.60 0.72

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-93

______

Figure 6-37 River Phytoplankton Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-38 River Phytoplankton Density (cells/mL) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-94

______

Phylum Euglenophyta was recorded to be present at the study area. This phylum comprised of Euglena and Trachelomonas, with mean density of 1.15 cells/mL. Euglenoid population can be found mostly at freshwater ecosystems extending to fluctuating brackishwater habitats (Archibold, 2012; Sumbali and Mehtrota, 2009). Naturally, euglenoids will photosynthesise as chlorophyll pigments of a and b are contained within their cell. However if the light availability is greatly reduced, the microbes will turn to heterotrophic activity (Archibold, 2012). When euglenoids become heterotroph, thay are unable to synthesize their own food, however, they consume organic nutrients from surrounding environment. Brackishwater provides tremendous amount of detrital matter, hence, indicated the presence of euglenoids at the study area.

In term of diversity, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranged from 0.83 – 1.59, with the most diverse station being R1 during flood tide (Figure 6-39). The diversity of taxa, however, was largely contributed by Bacillariophyta along a lesser number of taxa belonging to Dinoflagellata, Euglenophyta and Cyanophyta. The Pielou’s species evenness index (J) ranged from 0.60 - 0.82, indicating lack of evenness in species distribution within study area. The Margalef’s species richness index (M) ranged from 0.49 – 1.77, indicated moderate species richness. The highest value being recorded at R1 during flood tide, while the lowest was at R2 during flood tide.

Figure 6-39 River Phytoplankton Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

(d) Zooplankton

Zooplankton is an ecological community that serves as an important trophic linkage between the primary producers (phytoplankton) and upper trophic level organisms in an aquatic food web (Ayodele and Adeniyi, 2005; Santhanam and Srivinasan, 1994). Zooplankton, like phytoplankton, make excellent indicators of environmental conditions because they are sensitive to the changes in water quality.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-95

______

Their distribution in the marine environments is governed by several abiotic and biotic factors such as salinity, temperature and food availability (Uriarte and Villate, 2005; Hoff and Snell, 1987). Moreover, they also respond to a wide variety of disturbances including nutrient loading (Dodson, 1992; Pace, 1986), acidification (Keller and Yan, 1991; Brett, 1989), contaminants (Yan et al., 1996), fish densities (Carpenter and Kitchell, 1993) and sediment inputs (Cuker, 1997).

Coastal Stations

Zooplankton distribution at the study area during flood and ebb is shown in Table 6-36. There were a total 21 taxa under nine (9) phyla recorded at the study area i.e. Arthropoda (Crustacea), Ciliophora, Mollusca, Phoronida, Rotifera, Annelida, Chaetognatha, Chordata and Cnidaria. The most dominant Phylum was Arthropoda, which constituted 91.5% of the total zooplankton density, followed by Ciliophora (2.9%), Mollusca (2.3%) and Phoronida (2.0%). Other phyla covered less than 1.0% (Figure 6-40). The mean density recorded at 25.28 ind./L. The highest density was found in S8 (121.50 ind./L) during ebb, while the lowest recorded in S4 (1.50 ind./L) during flood (Figure 6-41).

Arthropoda, as the most dominant phylum at the study area, comprised 12 taxa with a mean density of 23.14 ind./L. The bulk of the Arthropoda consisted of copepods, which accounted for 98.8% of the total Arthropods, while decapods were the minor group with 1.2%. The major copepods recorded were Eucalanus sp. and Nauplii, where mean density recorded at 10.16 ind./L and 8.49 ind./L respectively. Decapods were only represented by decapod larvae with a mean density of 0.28 ind/L.

Previous studies reported copepods commonly accounted for 55 – 60% of the zooplankton populations in the Straits of Malacca (Rezai et al. 2011; Rezai 2002). It also been reported to be distributed widely in seawater worldwide (Zannatul and Muktadir, 2009; Lee, 1999). According to Barnes et al. (1988), copepods dominate most aquatic ecosystems because of their resilience and adaptability to changing environmental conditions and ability to withstand varying environmental stresses. Copepods can hold up against harsher environmental conditions since they have the toughest physical structures and most versatile feeding habits (carnivorous and omnivorous) of all zooplankton (Ferdous and Muktadir, 2009). Moreover, copepods have been known importance as prey for many juvenile fish due to their dominance, wide range of relatively small-sized organisms and ready availability (Turner, 1984).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-96

______

Table 6-36 Marine Zooplankton Density (ind./L) at the Study Area

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustacea) Copepoda

Nauplii 0.60 3.65 2.00 0.45 3.35 2.30 2.10 15.30 29.60 9.40 24.60 Copepodids 0.20 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.50 0.70 1.80 0.50 8.70 Calanoida

Acartia 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.05 0.15 0.20 0.25 - 0.80 - - Eucalanus 10.15 1.20 3.45 0.40 0.70 2.20 5.55 0.55 13.60 2.90 71.10 Labidocera - - - - - 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.40 - - Paracalanus - - - - 0.05 0.45 0.25 0.65 1.20 0.60 3.90 Cyclopoids

Oithona 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.10 0.25 0.80 - 0.55 0.80 0.40 3.00 Harpacticoid

Euterpina 0.05 0.05 - - - 0.05 - 0.15 0.40 - 1.50 Microsetella 2.50 - - - - 0.85 0.05 3.60 1.60 0.60 2.40 Poecilostomatoid

Corycaeus 0.10 0.05 - - - 0.35 0.70 0.20 0.40 0.20 - Oncaea - 0.15 0.15 0.05 - 0.10 0.10 0.15 - - - Decapoda

Decapod larvae 0.85 0.05 - - - 0.25 0.15 0.05 1.60 0.10 - Subtotal (ind./L) 15.00 6.00 6.25 1.15 4.65 7.75 9.70 21.95 52.20 14.70 115.20

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-97

______

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Ciliophora Protozoans

Favella 2.35 2.55 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.05 - 0.70 - 1.10 0.30

Subtotal (ind./L) 2.35 2.55 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.10 0.30

Phylum: Mollusca Bivalve larvae 0.10 0.05 - - - 0.50 0.30 0.15 - 0.10 - Gastropod larvae 0.15 0.10 - - - - 0.15 0.35 0.60 0.20 3.60 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.25 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.30 3.60

Phylum: Phoronida Actinotroch ------0.30 0.10 2.00 2.40 0.90 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.10 2.00 2.40 0.90

Phylum: Rotifera Brachionus - - 0.05 - 0.05 ------Subtotal (ind./L) 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Annelida Polychaete larvae 0.05 - 0.15 0.10 0.05 - - 0.10 0.20 0.10 1.50 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.05 0.00 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.10 1.50

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-98

______

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Chaetognatha Sagitta 0.30 - - - - 0.10 - 0.05 0.20 - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.20 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Chordata Oikopluera 0.10 - - - - - 0.05 - - 0.30 - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00

Phylum: Cnidaria Unidentified jelly fish - - 0.05 - - - 0.05 - - - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Density (ind./L) 18.05 8.70 7.00 1.50 4.90 8.40 10.55 23.40 55.20 18.90 121.50 Diversity Index (H') 1.52 1.57 1.44 1.78 1.15 2.08 1.63 1.34 1.52 1.71 1.37 Richness Index (M) 4.84 5.09 4.63 17.26 5.03 6.58 5.94 5.08 3.49 4.42 2.08 Evenness Index (J) 0.56 0.63 0.62 0.86 0.52 0.77 0.60 0.47 0.56 0.65 0.57

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-99

______

Figure 6-40 Marine Zooplankton Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-41 Marine Zooplankton Density (ind./L) at the Study Area

The second most dominant phylum was Ciliophora, which only represented by Favella sp., the mean density of which was 0.72 ind./L. Favella is a marine ciliate that consume about 60% of global marine primary production in the world's oceans (Schmoker et al., 2013). They are classified as neritic plankton, and are be found only in nearshore and coastal waters (Dolan and Pierce, 2012). Their abundance is related to their complex behavior and their ability to capture prey efficiently and avoiding predators (Broglio et al., 2001; Buskey and Stoecker, 1989; Taniguchi and Takeda, 1988). ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-100

______

Mollusca was the third most dominant phylum recorded with a mean density of 0.58 ind./L. Molluscs only consisted of gastropod larvae and bivalve larvae, where gastropod larvae (81.1% of the total Mollusc density) found to be more abundant as compared to bivalve larvae (18.9%). According to Robert (2003), molluscs are among the mega-sized group in the marine ecosystem. They commonly undergo at least two (2) stages in a planktonic form before their final metamorphosis to a benthic life. Normally, gastropod larvae have a single and spiral shell, while bivalve larvae have two clam-shaped shells.

The fourth dominant group was Phylum Phoronida. This phylum only represented by Actinotroch with mean density of 0.52 ind./L. The actinotroch is a phoronid larvae that lasts for several weeks before settling to the ocean bottom (Mustoe, 1982). They undergo catastrophic metamorphosis, and some parts of the larval body consumed by the juvenile (Temereva and Tsitrin, 2013).

Other phyla such as Annelida, Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Chordata and Cnidaria were the minor groups found at the study area with low mean densities i.e. less than 0.25 ind./L.

A study undertaken at same stretch of coastline located further north of the study site, i.e. Prai Power Station (ASMA, 2016), showed that the zooplankton population was similarly represented by Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, Chaetognatha and Cnidaria while Ciliophora, Echinodermata and Rotifera were not present. The dominant phyla at vicinity of Prai Power Plant were Annelida (91.3%), Mollusca (4.1%) while the remaining phyla had composition of <2.0%. The mean density there was recorded at 8.96 ind./L (ASMA, 2016), which is lower than that recorded in the present study.

Species diversity is an important aspect of biological monitoring and a reliable parameter to determine how healthy an environment is (Ogbeibu and Edutie, 2002). The value of species diversity index (H’) ranged from 1.15 – 2.08, indicated moderate diversity pattern (Figure 6-42). As comparison, the current values found to be lower than the Prai Power Station (1.41 – 2.77). The Margalef’s species richness index (M) recorded during present study were found to be high, ranged from 2.08 – 17.26. As for Pielou’s species evenness index (J), value ranged from 0.47 – 0.86, which indicates low evenness of abudance among the species present.

Figure 6-42 Marine Zooplankton Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-101

______

River Stations

A total of 15 taxa from eight (8) phyla were recorded at the study area i.e. Arthropoda (Crustacea), Rotifera, Mollusca, Ciliophora, Annelida, Phoronida, Chaetognatha and Chordata (Table 6-37). Arthropoda was the most abundant group, representing 74.1% of the total population of zooplankton, followed by Rotifera (16.5%), Mollusca (4.5%) and Ciliophora (1.9%). Other phyla constituted less than 1.5% (Figure 6-43). Mean density recorded at the study area was 3.86 ind./L. The highest density was found at R1 (7.65 ind./L) during ebb, while the lowest was at R2 (2.30 ind./L) during both flood and ebb (Figure 6-44).

Zooplankton was dominated by Arthropoda, with mean density of 2.86 ind./L. The density of Arthropoda largely contributed by copepods that covered 84.3% of total Arthropods, while decapods was the minor group with 15.7%. As for copepods, nauplii and Eucalanus found to be the most abundant, with a mean density of 1.00 ind./L and 0.89 ind./L respectively. Decapods were only represented by decapod larvae, where mean density recorded at 0.11 ind/L. Nauplii were at the metamorphic stage that all crustaceans must pass through, hence a major reason for their abundance (Hopcroft and Roff, 1998). Previous studies have showed that Eucalanus was a common genus reported in Malaysian waters and is usually found in abundance (Johan et al., 2013; Nakajima et al., 2008).

The second most abundant phylum was Rotifera, which was represented by Brachionus. The mean density was recorded at 0.64 ind./L. Brachionus have been reported widely distributed in both marine and freshwaters worldwide (Gómez and Snell, 1996; Hagiwara et al., 1995). This herbivorous rotifer is also highly tolerable with polluted water (Badsi et al., 2010).

Table 6-37 River Zooplankton Density (ind./L) at the Study Area

Station

Taxa R1 R2 Flood Ebb Flood Ebb

Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustacea)

Copepoda

Nauplii 1.55 1.70 0.15 0.60 Copepodids 0.10 1.55 0.25 0.40

Calanoida

Acartia 0.10 - - - Eucalanus 0.55 1.05 1.70 0.25

Cyclopoids

Oithona 0.10 0.60 - 0.15

Harpacticoid

Microsetella 0.15 0.05 - -

Decapoda

Decapod larvae 0.05 0.35 0.05 - Subtotal (ind./L) 2.60 5.30 2.15 1.40

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-102

______

Station

Taxa R1 R2 Flood Ebb Flood Ebb Phylum: Rotifera Brachionus 0.05 1.60 0.15 0.75 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.05 1.60 0.15 0.75

Phylum: Mollusca Bivalve larvae 0.10 0.15 - - Gastropod larvae - 0.35 - 0.10 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.10 0.50 0.00 0.10

Phylum: Ciliophora

Protozoans

Favella 0.20 0.10 - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Annelida Polychaete larvae 0.05 0.10 - 0.05 Subtotal (ind./L) 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.05

Phylum: Phoronida

Actinotroch 0.15 - - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Chaetognatha Sagitta 0.05 - - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00

Phylum: Chordata Oikopluera - 0.05 - - Subtotal (ind./L) 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00

Density (ind./L) 3.20 7.65 2.30 2.30 Diversity Index (H') 1.81 2.00 0.90 1.66

Richness Index (M) 10.32 5.41 4.80 7.20

Evenness Index (J) 0.71 0.80 0.56 0.85

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-103

______

Figure 6-43 River Zooplankton Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-44 River Zooplankton Density (ind./L) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-104

______

Mollusca, as the third most abundant phylum was represented by gastropods and bivalves larvae. The mean density recorded at 0.18 ind./L. As for Ciliophora, Annelida, Phoronida, Chaetognatha and Chordata, they were present at low mean densities. The mean density of Ciliophora was 0.08 ind./L, followed by Annelida (0.05 ind./L), Phoronida (0.04 ind./L), Chaetognatha (0.01 ind./L) and Chordata (0.01 ind./L).

On the whole, mean density of zooplankton at river stations was 3.86 ind./L. In terms of diversity, value of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.90 – 2.00, showing a moderate diversity pattern. The highest value recorded was at R1 during ebb tide, while the lowest was at R2 during flood tide (Figure 6-45). The value of Margalef's richness index were high, ranging from 4.80 – 10.32, while value of Pielou’s evenness index were recorded low at 0.56 – 0.85, which indicates lack of evenness between the species.

Figure 6-45 River Zooplankton Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

(e) Macrobenthos

The constitution of benthic communities represents a major component of aquatic ecosystem. Benthic organisms can be described as those living in or on bottom sediment or water bed. Macrobenthic fauna thrive through the ecosystem as they feed on detritus matter that suspend or settle within water column (George et al., 2009). As they live, macrobenthic organisms break down complex organic matter into simpler form such as phosphates and nitrates. In return, aquatic plants that act as producers in food chain will utilize the nutrients available (George et al., 2009; Covich et al., 1999). Apart from that, macrobenthos invertebrates also function as a medium to concentrate heavy metals and pollutants, providing a better water quality for other ecosystem stakeholders (Thilagavathi et al., 2013). Many researches have focused on using certain macrobenthos fauna such as Microstenum similar and Amphipsyche meridian as bioindicators to study emerging ecotoxicological issues (Yap et al., 2003).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-105

______

In terms of diversity and distribution, many factors can influence the existence of macrobenthos. The most discussed factors are several environmental parameters including types of substrates, oxygen and salinity. However, other factors such as presence of predators and chemical content could also affect their distribution (Koperski, 2011).

Coastal Stations

The macrobenthic community in the study area showed there were five (5) phyla i.e. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida, Echinodermata and Chordata (Table 6-38). The most dominant phylum recorded was Mollusca, that constituted 56.94% of the total density, followed by Annelida (34.03%), Arthropoda (5.56%), Echinodermata (2.78%) and Chordata (0.69%) (Figure 6-46). Macrobenthos at the study area comprised of more than 20 taxa, with mean density of 180 ind./m2. The highest density of 390 ind/m2 was found at S3, while the lowest density of 90 ind/m2 found at S5 (Figure 6-47).

Mollusca was the most abundant phylum and was represented by Donax sp., Modiolus sp. and unidentified bivalve spats, with mean density of 3 ind./m2, 15 ind./m2 and 85 ind./m2, respectively. In terms of sampling station, S3 (350 ind./m2), S7 (280 ind./m2) and S4 (120 ind./m2) recorded significant high densities of molluscs as compared to other stations (<70 ind./m2). The abundance of bivalve spats at the mudflat area is predicted as the area is a cockle farm, though the cockle farming has not been successful due to the recruitment failure (pers. comm.).

Apart from that, as opposed to the open ocean, the coastal or estuary area experiences the fluctuation of salinity caused by river influx, evaporation and rainfall. Many bivalves can respond to changes of abiotic factors be it salinity or pH by closing the shells and isolating themselves from the external environment (Gosling, 2003; Dame, 2002).

Table 6-38 Marine Macrobenthos Density (ind./m2) at the Study Area

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Phylum: Annelida Class: Polychaeta Fam. Ampharetidae Auchenoplax crinita - - - 10 - - - - Fam. Capitellidae

Notomastus aberans - 20 ------Notomastus latericeus ------10 Fam. Eunicidae

Eunice indica 30 - - - 20 - - - Fam. Hesionidae

Leocrates indicus - 20 ------Fam. Lumbrineridae

Lumbrineris latreilli 80 30 - - 30 - - - Lumbrineris albidentata 10 Fam. Nephtyidae

Aglaophamus dibranchus 20 20 - - - 30 - 20 Micronephtys sphaerocirrata - 10 ------

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-106

______

Station Taxa S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Fam. Nereididae

Gymnonereis sp. - 10 - - 20 - - - Ceratocephale fauveli - - - - 10 - - - Fam. Orbiniidae

Scoloplos (Leodamas) rubra - - - 10 - - - - Fam. Paraonidae

Aricidea (Aricidea) fragilis - - - 10 - 10 - - Fam. Spionidae

Prionospio malayensis - - - 20 - 20 - 10 Prionospio cornuta - 10 ------Subtotal (ind./m2) 130 130 0 50 80 60 0 40

Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustacea) Class: Malacostraca Or. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridea - - - 20 10 20 - - Or. Decapoda Inf. Or. Anomura Fam. Porcellanidae - - 30 - - - - - Subtotal (ind./m2) 0 0 30 20 10 20 0 0

Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Donax sp. - - - - - 10 10 - Modiolus sp. - - - 120 - - - - Unidentified Bivalves spats - - 350 - - - 270 60 Subtotal (ind./m2) 0 0 350 120 0 10 280 60

Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Ophiuroidea Ophionereis reticulata - - - - - 40 - - Subtotal (ind./m2) 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0

Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinoptergyii Unidentified Sciaenidae larvae - - 10 - - - - - Subtotal (ind./m2) 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0

Total Density (ind./m2) 130 130 390 190 90 130 280 100 Diversity Index (H') 0.93 1.99 0.39 1.23 1.52 1.67 0.15 1.09 Evenness Index (J) 0.84 0.96 0.36 0.69 0.95 0.93 0.22 0.79 Richness Index (M) 0.41 1.44 0.34 0.95 0.89 1.03 0.18 0.66

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-107

______

Figure 6-46 Marine Macrobenthos Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-47 Marine Macrobenthos Density (ind./m2) at the Study Area

The second most abundant phylum was Annelida, which comprised of 10 families and more than 15 taxa. Family Lumbrineridae known as the most dominant group recorded a mean density of 19

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-108

______

ind./m2. Lumbrineridae consisted of Lumbrineris latreilli and Lumbrineris albidentata. According to Rouse and Pleijel (2011), Lumbrineridae largely exist at temperate and tropical waters where they will burrow into the thick substrate for habitat. This would coincide with study area, where this group found at cockle bed and vicinity areas of river mouth.

Phylum Arthropoda as the third most abundant phylum and was recorded at mean density of 10 ind./m2. Arthropoda was represented by two (2) families i.e. Gammaridae and Porcellanidae. Family Gammaridae commonly inhabits shallow water, where they will burrow in hollow beds and cavities (Recknagel, 2013). Family Porcellanidae was only found at S3 (30 ind./m2), where their presence contributed to the existence of epifaunal communities along with many bivalve spats off Byram Mangrove Forest Reserve.

Other phyla such as Echinodermata and Chordata was only recorded at low mean density. Echinodermata represented by Ophionereis reticulate had a mean density of 5 ind./m2, while Chordata comprised of unidentified sciaenidae larvae at a density of 1 ind./m2.

This study showed a distinct difference in the macrobenthos composition when compared to the previous study in Prai. ASMA (2016) in Prai Power Plant reported Annelida as the most dominant group (48.5% of total density), followed by Arthropoda (38.1%) and Mollusca (2.1%). The current composition of macrobenthos contrasts with the previous study where in that Mollusca was not categorized as a major major phylum. Current mean density (180 ind./m2) found to be higher than the study off the Prai Power Plant (121 ind./m2).

In term of species diversity, the Shannon Weiner Diversity Index (H’) ranged from 0.15 – 2.03 and indicated moderate diversity pattern (Figure 6-48). S2 (Sg Tengah rivermouth) showed highest variety of macrobenthic epifauna in the lower part of river, particularly as the area catering for river influx would receive the most detritus and nutrients. Detrital organic matter is the main energy source for macro invertebrates inhabiting the river mouth (Graca et al., 2004). The high epifaunal biomass at this area is supported by the presence of mangrove and seagrass habitats. They integrate their ecological roles in the marine habitat including organic carbon production and trophic transfer (Susan et al., 2014). These habitats can sustain the productivity of fauna, especially the macrobenthos community.

The least diverse macrobenthic fauna was recorded at S7 (cage culture off Sg Tengah). The Pielou’s species evenness index was reported to be low, ranging from 0.22 – 0.96. On the other hand, Margalef’s species richness index recorded at 0.18 – 1.44, indicating moderate species richness within the study area.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-109

______

Figure 6-48 Marine Macrobenthos Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

River Stations

Two (2) phyla were recorded in the study area, i.e. Annelida and Arthropoda (Table 6-39). Out of these two phyla, Annelida was found to be the most abundant group in term of species, where it represented the river macrobenthos communities by 59.09% and followed by Arthropoda (40.91%) (Figure 6-49)

Annelida was represented by 7 families and more than 10 taxa. The mean density was recorded at 65 ind/m2. Annelids can be found in many habitats. They inhabit coastal areas that are subject to environmental fluctuations as well as stagnant water or lotic water bodies such as rivers and small streams (Thorp and Rogers, 2014). The abundance of polychaetes within the Annelida phyla at river areas showed the successfulness of this group to form a major part of the aquatic epifauna community there.

Table 6-39 River Macrobenthos Density (ind./m2) at the Study Area

Station Taxa R1 R2 Phylum: Annelida Class: Polychaeta Fam. Eunicidae

Eunice indica 10 - Fam. Lumbrineridae

Lumbrineris latreilli 30 - Lumbrineris albidentata Fam. Nephtyidae

Aglaophamus dibranchus 10 20

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-110

______

Station Taxa R1 R2 Micronephtys sphaerocirrata - - Fam. Nereididae

Gymnonereis sp. 20 - Ceratocephale fauveli - - Fam. Orbiniidae

Scoloplos (Leodamas) rubra 10 - Fam. Paraonidae

Aricidea (Aricidea) fragilis 10 - Fam. Spionidae

Prionospio malayensis 10 10 Prionospio cornuta - - Subtotal (ind./m2) 100 30

Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustacea) Class: Malacostraca Or. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridea - 80 Or. Decapoda Inf. Or. Anomura Fam. Porcellanidae 10 - Subtotal (ind./m2) 10 80

Density (ind./m2) 110 110 Diversity Index (H') 1.97 0.76 Species Eveness Index (J) 0.95 0.69 Species Richness Index (D) 1.49 0.43

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-111

______

Figure 6-49 River Macrobenthos Composition at the Study Area

Figure 6-50 River Macrobenthos Density (ind./m2) at the Study Area

Phylum Arthropoda as the least abundant phylum represented by two (2) families i.e. Gammaridae and Porcellanidae. Gammaridae only found at R2 with density of 80 ind/m2, while Porcellanidae recorded at R1 with density of 10 ind/m2.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-112

______

The Shannon Weiner diversity index recorded at R1 and R2 were 1.97 and 0.76 respectively. As for Margalef’s species richness index, R1 recorded value of 1.49, which indicated as moderate while R2 recorded a lower value of 0.43. The Pielou’s species evenness index was 0.95 at R1 and 0.69 at R2, which were found to be low (Figure 6-51).

Figure 6-51 River Macrobenthos Diversity Index (H’) at the Study Area

(f) Fish Fauna

Coastal Stations

A total of 29 individuals of fish and 17 individuals of crustaceans (crabs, shrimp and horseshoe crab) were caught at the study area. The fish caught belonged to 3 Families and comprised of 6 species, while the crustaceans belonged to 3 families and 4 species. Details of the fish caught are as in Table 6-40.

The most dominant species caught were from Sciaenidae family with a total of 15 individuals. The number contributed approximately 51.72% of the total number of fish caught. This portion of Sciaenidae was dominated by the presence of Johnius balengerii with 13 individuals and only 2 individuals of Dendrophysa ruselli. The Scianidae family is well distributed throughout Indo-West Pacific, west to the Persian Gulf, east to southern China and southeast Asia, where they inhabit the shallow coastal waters up to 40m (Monikh et al., 2014; Safahieh, 2011; Berra, 2001). J. balengerii often used as biological indicator for heavy metals and pollutant as these substances often found deposited within the fish’s adipose tissue (Monikh et al., 2014; Safahieh, 2011).

The second most dominant fish group was from the Family Ariidae that made 44.83% of the total number of fish caught. Ariidae was represented by three (3) species i.e Arius platystomus, Arius caelatus and Arius sagor and of these three species, A. caelatus has the highest count with 7

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-113

______

individuals caught, followed by A. platystomus with 4 individuals and A. sagor with 2 individuals. Total lengths ranged from 21.5 – 34.3 cm with a composite weight of 2,401 g.

Most of the Ariidae family are coastal marine fish that has vast distribution at tropical, subtropical and temperate water bodies. Many species can enter the freshwater system and cross into brackish waters for short distances (Bera, 2001; Arancibia and Domiguez, 1988). Ariidae favour shallow waters as compared to the deep water levels thus explaining the presence of this family in the study area (Arancibia and Domiguez, 1988). Apart from their piscivorous characteristics, most marine catfish have been recorded feeding on annelids and molluscs (Denadai et al., 2012; Blaber, 2008). This coincides with the occurrence of zooplankton and macrobenthic communities where both consist annelids and molluscs as dominant members.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-114

______

Table 6-40 Marine Fish Biomass (CPUE: g/m2/hour) at the Study Area

Station Family Local Name Scientific Name No. Total Length (cm) Weight (g) CPUE(g/m2/hour) F1 Ariidae Duri Goh Arius platystomus 1 29.4 239 1.991 Portunidae Ketam Renjong Portunus pelagicus 1 11.6 115 3.583 1 11.4 101 1 12.8 149 1 10.4 65 Limulidae Belangkas Tachypleus gigas 1 29.8 274 13.483 1 32.7 283 1 30.4 216 1 31.7 260 1 28.3 254 1 29.9 223

1 23.0 108 F3 Ariidae Mayong Arius caelatus 1 22.1 18 13.450 1 31.1 247 1 34.3 313 1 21.5 249 1 32.3 290 1 31.2 266 1 32.5 231

Bedukang Arius sagor 1 27.5 229 3.941 1 28.9 244

Sciaenidae Gelama Johnius belangerii 1 12.0 18 1.466 1 12.5 21 ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-115

______

Station Family Local Name Scientific Name No. Total Length (cm) Weight (g) CPUE(g/m2/hour) 1 12.6 24 1 10.8 19 1 14.9 36 1 13.9 33 1 9.8 12

1 10.0 13 F5 Ariidae Duri Goh Arius platystomus 1 26.7 172 4.033 1 24.7 143 1 23.6 169 Sciaenidae Gelama Johnius belangerii 1 14.1 33 1.250 1 14.2 34 1 12.4 20 1 12.0 35

1 13.6 28 Gelama Dendrophysa russelli 1 14.6 41 0.450 1 10.1 13 Engraulidae Kasai Thryssa hamiltonii 1 4.3 10 0.083 Suilidae Udang Lipan Harpiosquilla 1 14.0 37 0.308 Portunidae Ketam Renjong Portunus pelagicus 1 8.7 42 1.658 1 9.8 76

1 9.7 81 Ketam Charybdis sp. 1 4.3 10 0.083 Limulidae Belangkas Tachypleus gigas 1 21.8 80 0.666 Note: 1. The nets were affixed for a standard time of 2 hours, 2. Mesh size net were 60 m2 (50 m x 1.2 m)

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-116

______

Family Engraulidae was recorded as the least dominant group. Engraulidae was only represented by one (1) individual of Thryssa hamiltonii. This species had a total length of 4.3 cm and weight of 10g.

As for crustaceans, crabs were represented by Portunidae family. Under the family Portunidae, the commercial species that was caught include Portunus pelagicus and Charybdis sp.. This family were recorded with the large individuals, with size and weight ranging from 4.3 – 12.8 cm and 10 - 149 g respectively. Most of the crab caught were adults, as the mature size for P. pelagicus is 8 cm (Sukumaran and Neelakantan, 1996), while Charybdis sp. is considered mature after reaching 7 cm (Perry, 2008).

P. pelagicus is another species that occur abundantly at tropic and temperate regions of where their habitat is located within shallow coastal zone and estuarine waters (Wardianto et al., 2015; Sienes et al., 2014; Chande and Mgaya, 2003). P. pelagicus was present at study area with seven (7) individuals for as opposed to Charybdis sp. with only one (1) individual. P. pelagicus has been a subject of small scale fisheries in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Phillipines due to its abundance in Southeast Asia (Wardianto et al., 2015; Sienes et al., 2014).

Shrimp at coastal stations were represented by Family Suilidae, while the horseshoe crab was represented by Family Limulidae. For this study, only one (1) species of shrimp were recorded i.e. Harpiosquilla sp , caught at F5. The length and weight of the shrimp was at 13.0 cm and 37 g, respectively. The horseshoe crab was identified as Tachypleus gigas, and was recorded with eight (8) individuals. The length of the individuals caught ranged from 21.8 – 32.7 cm, while the weight ranged from 80 – 283 g.

Overall, small numbers of individuals were recorded at coastal stations (F1, F3 and F5). The number of individuals caught at F1 was 12 individuals, while 17 individuals were recorded at each of these stations i.e. F3 and F5.

In terms of fish biomass, several species were recorded with CPUE value of >4 g/m2/hour i.e. Tachypleus gigas (14.15 g/m2/hour), Arius celatus (13.45 g/m2/hour), Portunus pelagicus (5.24 g/m2/hour) and Arius platystomus (6.024 g/m2/hour).

Figure 6-52 Marine Fish Biomass (CPUE: g/m2/hour) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-117

______

Plate 6.21: Fish Caught at the Coastal Stations. A: Arius caelatus, B: Arius platystomus, C: Arius sagor, D: Dendrophysa ruselli, E: Johnius belangerii, F: Thryssa hamiltonii

A B

C D

E F

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-118

______

Plate 6.22: Crabs, Mantis Shrimp and Horseshoe Crab Caught at the Coastal Stations. A: Charybdis sp., B: Portunus pelagicus, C: Harpiosquilla sp., D: Tachypleus gigas

A B

C D

River Stations

A total of 6 individuals of fish and 2 individuals of crustaceans (prawn) were caught at the study area. The fish caught belonged to 4 Families i.e Mugilidae, Carangidae, Haemulidae and Ariidae and comprised of 4 species, while the crustaceans belonged to 1 family only i.e. Palaemonidae and consisted of single species. The listing of fish fauna caught is shown on Table 6-41.

The family of Haemulidae (grunt) has 3 individuals all belong to Pomadasys kaakan with total length and body weight range 10.7 – 11.5 cm and 20 – 26 g respectively. P. kaakan is commonly found at tropical and temperate waters of depth limited to 75m particularly around rocky areas, coral reefs, muddy substrates and ascending to brackish waters (Valinassab et al., 2011). As for the remaining fish caught at river stations, one family (Mugilidae) was represented by a single species (Liza melinoptera), Carangidae by Carangiodes sp., while Arius jella belonged to the Ariidae family. Each of the species comprised of 1 individual each.

On the other hand, crustacean were represented by Macrobrachium rosenbergii, which belongs to Palaemonidae family. Two (2) individuals were caught at R2 with their total length and body weight having a range of 15.0-15.5cm and 36 - 40g respectively. It is the largest fresh water prawn in the world, with the male growing up 32cm and weighing over 200g (Banu and Christianus, 2016). M. rosenbergii has been extensively cultured throughout many regions although it is naturally found at tropical freshwater and brackish system. Many years ago, farmers used to depend on natural spawners from the wild to obtain seed for aquaculture. However in recent years, development in modernised seed production has managed to tackle the traditional stock availability (Wilder et al., 1999). ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-119

______

The catch at river stations (R1 and R2) were even lower compared to the fish fauna recorded at coastal stations The number of individuals caught at R1 was five (5) individuals, while three (3) individuals were recorded at R2.

Table 6-41 River Fish Biomass (CPUE: g/m2/hour) at the Study Area

Total Local Scientific Weight CPUE(CPUE: Station Family No. Length Name Name (g) g/m2/hour) (cm) Liza R1 Mugilidae Belanak 1 17.9 66 melinoptera 0.550 Nyok- Carangiodes Carangidae 1 10.5 22 nyok sp. 0.183 Gerot- Pomadasys Haemulidae 1 10.7 20 gerot kaakan 0.583 1 11.5 24 1 11.4 26 R2 Ariidae Duri putih Arius jella 1 23.9 129 1.075 Udang Macrobrachium Palaemonidae 1 15.0 36 galah rosenbergii 0.633 1 15.5 40

Note: 1. The nets were affixed for a standard time of 2 hours, 2. Mesh size net were 60 m2 (50 m x 1.2 m)

In term of CPUE, all species showed minimal reading (< 4 g/m2/hour). However two species indicated relatively distinct value i.e. A. jella (1.075 g/m2/hour) and M. rosenbergii (0.633 g/m2/hour) (Figure 6-53).

Fish species distribution is generally related to several factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, food availability and currents (Sangil et al., 2013; Marshall and Elliott, 1998). In addition, Aziz et al. (2001) also reported that sampling location, magnitude, time of sampling and the type of sampling gear employed could contribute to the varying number of fish species caught.

Figure 6-53 River Fish Biomass (CPUE: g/m2/hour) at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-120

______

Plate 6.23: Fish and Prawn Caught at the River Stations. A: Arius jella, B: Carangoides sp., C: Liza melinoptera, D: Pomadasys kaakan, E: Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A B

C C D

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-121

______

(g) Mangrove

Mangroves are woody plants that grow in tropical and subtropical regions along the coasts, bays, estuaries, lagoons and in the rivers, reaching upstream up to the point where the water still has saline intrusion (Qasim, 1998). Mangroves play important roles in marine ecosystems. Mangroves provide vital habitats for aquatic plants and organisms, act as nursery and feeding grounds for fishes, crustaceans and molluscs, reduce shoreline erosion, buffer the impact of waves on inland areas and trap nutrients or sediments in runoff from upland areas (Xiaojun, 2009; Liu et al., 2007). Blasco et al. (1996) reported mangroves can be used as an indicator of coastal changes and sea level rise. Mangroves also provide timber for construction, firewood, charcoal and poles (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984).

The distributions of mangroves are influenced by several factors such as dryness, salinity, tide and wave energy (Ball 1988; Tomlinson 1986). According to Golley et al. (1975), mangroves are generally more extensive along coasts that have high rainfall. Salinity affects the mangrove distribution since they do not develop in pure freshwater environments (Ball 1988; Tomlinson 1986). Tidal influence plays important indirect roles to the mangrove distribution such as sediments transport, nutrient flow and water quality (Mckee, 1996). According to Tomlinson (1986), mangroves can grow well in a depositional environment with low wave energy. High waves prevent propagule establishment, expose shallow root systems and prevent fine sediments from accumulating.

In Malaysia, most mangroves along the coastal shoreline suffered heavily from human impacts such as coastal development (e.g. construction of ports, industries, resorts and residential areas), conversion of mangrove lands to aquaculture activities (e.g. fish and prawn farming) and inefficient reforestation techniques (Choudhury, 1997). According to Gong and Ong (1990), mangrove forest in Malaysia declined about 30% since 1990 and the declining expected to occur at a rate of 1% per year.

In 2010, Peninsular Malaysia recorded 103,427 ha of mangrove forests, where 86.7% were gazetted as Permanent Reserve Forests (PRFs) and 13.3% were Stateland mangroves. In the same year, the total area of mangrove forest in Penang was about 1,695.60 ha (Figure 6-54). The largest mangrove forest was found in Seberang Perai Selatan (891.37 ha), followed by Barat Daya Pulau Pinang (446.22 ha), Seberang Perai Tengah (314.61 ha) and Seberang Perai Utara (43.39 ha). There are also mangrove reserves located at the Seberang Perai Selatan, namely Byram Forest Reserve, with total area of 240 ha. The mangrove in Penang mainly consisted of genera such as Avicennia, Rhizophora and Sonneratia (Hamdan et al., 2012).

During current study, a total of five (5) line transects of mangrove were established, with one (1) transect located each at Sg Tengah (T1) and Batu Kawan (T2), while three (3) transects were located within Byram Forest Reserve (T3, T4 and T5). Details are attached in Appendix 10. A total of nine (9) species of mangroves were recorded. Four (4) species each belonged to Families Acanthaceae and Rhizophoraceae and single species belonged to Family Sonneratiaceae (Figure 6-55, Table 6-42). Previous study by Kaleem et al. (2015) categorized mangroves with <1 m height as seedlings, 1 – 4 m height as saplings and >4 m height as trees. However, only mangrove saplings and trees were taken into account during current study. The Diameter Breast Height (DBH) and heights of mangrove saplings ranged from 5 – 36 cm and 1.3 – 4.0 m respectively. As for mangrove trees, the DBH ranged from 19 – 108 cm with heights from 4.5 – 13.5 m.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-122

______

Source: Hamdan et al., 2012

Figure 6-54 Location of Mangrove Forest in Penang

At Sg Tengah (T1), mangroves largely consisted of Avicennia sp., Bruguiera cylindrica and Bruguiera parviflora. Similar finding also have been recorded in the previous studies, where Avicennia - Bruguiera dominated within mangrove forest located by riverbanks (Sidik et al., 2016, Zhila et al., 2014; Sulong et al., 2002). Avicennia strands were easily distinguished from other mangrove trees by their pencil-like pneumatophores, while knee roots characterized Bruguiera (Primavera et al., 2004; Ellison, 1998). Previous studies reported Avicennia could survive under the extremely high sedimentation levels. The above ground length of pneumatophores of Avicennia would increase as a response to hypoxic conditions arising from high sedimentation (Purnobasuki, 2013; Pi et al., 2009). Additionally, Bruguiera also very adaptable in extreme mangrove environments (Tomlinson, 1986). There were also saplings of Avicennia and Bruguiera recorded throughout the transect line, indicating the capability of natural regeneration. Other mangrove species found including Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. The main features of Rhizophora and Sonneratia were distinctive stilt roots and thick cone-shaped pneumatophores respectively (Primavera et al., 2004).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-123

______

Avicennia sp., B. gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, R. apiculata

Avicennia sp., A. officinalis, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora

Avicennia sp., A. alba, B. parviflora, R. apiculata

A. alba, A. officinalis, B. parviflora

Project Site

A. alba, A. lanata, B. cylindrica, R. apiculata

Mangrove (T1-T5)

Figure 6-55 Major Mangroves Found at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-124

______

Table 6-42 List of Mangrove Species Found at the Study Area

Family Scientific Name Local Name Life Form Abundance True Mangrove Acanthaceae Avicennia alba Api-api Putih T C Avicennia lanata Api-api Bulu T C Avicennia marina Api-api Jambu T R Avicennia officinalis Api-api Ludat T C Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica Bakau Berus T R Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Tumu Merah T R Bruguiera parviflora Lenggadai T C Rhizophora apiculata Bakau Minyak T C Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba Perepat T R Mangrove Associate

Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius Jeruju Putih S R Arecaceae Nypa fruticans Nipah T R

Note: T = Tree, S = Shrub, C = Common, R = Rare

Mangroves at Batu Kawan (T2) were dominated by Rhizophora apiculata that could be found from the shoreline towards the landward area. Rhizophora apiculata has been known as a salt-resistant species that commonly preferred deep soft mud, but, capable of growing in sandy soil and coral ramparts. This species also easily propagated by propagules (Qifeng et al., 2009; Selvam, 2007). Together with Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera cylindrica and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza were also recorded. Again, the presence of saplings of Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera parviflora and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza within this mangrove forest indicates natural regeneration.

As for mangroves in Byram Forest Reserve (T3, T4 and T5), the major mangroves found were Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata. This species were recorded at both landward and seaward zone. Avicennia alba known as faster growing species and their pneumatophores are highly efficient in trapping sediment and play an important role in protecting the coastline through dissipation of incoming wave energy (Balke et al., 2013; Jan de Vos, 2004; Othman, 1991). Rhizophora apiculata are widely distributed since they could tolerate on high salinity as well as assist in stabilizing soils with their network of sturdy overlapping prop roots (Duke, 2006). In addition, facing the land, other species such as Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia lanata and Bruguiera parviflora were recorded. During current study, saplings of Avicennia, Bruguiera and Rhizophora also observed to grow in sandy mud areas, hence, indicated continuous growth outwards.

Previous studies undertaken in the Byram Forest Reserve also recorded similar species (Asyraf et al., 2015; Wan Nur Fasihah Zarifah and Asyraf, 2012). Asyraf et al. (2015) reported a total of 10 species of mangrove in the Byram Forest Reserve, while eight (8) species were recorded by Wan Nur Fasihah Zarifah and Asyraf (2012). However, both studies reported Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera parviflora as the most dominant species (Table 6-43).

Mangrove forests also comprised of mangrove associated species (or ‘nonexclusive’ species) that mainly distributed in a terrestrial or aquatic habitat, but also occur in the mangrove ecosystem (Liangmu et al., 2010). According to Youssef (2007), mangrove associates behave differently from true mangroves (or ‘exclusive’ species). They do not show higher salt tolerance and mostly grow best in freshwater environment. During current study, the mangrove associates that occupied the forest ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-125

______

floor were Nipah (Nypa fruticans) and Jeruju Putih (Acanthus ilicifolius). Asyraf et al. (2015) in the Byram Forest Reserve also reported the presence of similar species.

Table 6-43 List of True Mangrove Species Found at the Byram Forest Reserve

Current Family Scientific Name 20151 20122 Study Acanthaceae Avicennia alba + + + Avicennia lanata + + + Avicennia marina - + + Avicennia officinalis + + + Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha - + - Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica + + - Bruguiera gymnorrhiza + + - Bruguiera parviflora + + + Bruguiera sexangula - - + Rhizophora apiculata + + + Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba - + - Sonneratia ovata - - +

Note: 1 = Asyraf et al. (2015), 2 = Wan Nur Fasihah Zarifah and Asyraf (2012)

Plate 6.24: True Mangroves Found at the Study Area. A: Api – Api Putih (Avicennia alba), B: Api-api Ludat (Avicennia officinalis), C: Lenggadai (Bruguiera parviflora), D: Tumu Merah (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), E: Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata), F: Perepat (Sonneratia alba)

A B

C D

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-126

______

E F

Plate 6.25: Sapling of True Mangroves Found at the Study Area. A Api – Api Putih (Avicennia alba), B: Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata)

A B

Plate 6.26: Mangrove Associates Found at the Study Area. A: Nipah (Nypa fruticans), B: Jeruju Putih (Acanthus ilicifolius)

A B

In addition, the density of mangroves was also taken into account during current study. According to Kasawani et al. (2007), density could be defined as the number of plants or specific plant parts per unit area of ground surface. As for mangrove saplings, T3 had the highest sapling density value (4,390 saplings/ha), followed by T1 (3,830 saplings/ha), T4 (1,880 saplings/ha), T5 (1,550 saplings/ha) and T2 (1,430 saplings/ha). Out of three (3) taxa recorded, Avicennia found to be the ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-127

______

most abundant taxa (6,330 saplings/ha), while Rhizophora and Bruguiera recorded 4,100 saplings/ha and 2,650 saplings/ha respectively (Table 6-44).

As for mangrove trees, the highest tree density value was recorded at T2, with a total value of 570 trees/ha, followed by T5 (530 trees/ha), T1 (520 trees/ha), T3 (380 trees/ha) and T4 (240 trees/ha). In terms of taxa, Avicennia found to be the most abundant taxa, where the highest density was 470 trees/ha, recorded at T5. This was followed by T2 (290 trees/ha), T4 (220 trees/ha), T3 (170 trees/ha) and T1 (140 trees/ha) (Table 6-44).

The mean value of Shannon-Wiener Index for mangrove saplings and trees were 0.42±0.30 (0.03 – 0.69) and 0.78±0.39 (0.29 – 1.12) respectively, indicating mangrove trees to be diverse than mangrove saplings at the study area. The mean value of Margalef's Richness Index for saplings were 0.21±0.08 (0.12 – 0.28), while for trees were 0.36±0.13 (0.18 – 0.51). The mean evenness value recorded at 0.45±0.36 (0.05 – 0.94) for mangrove saplings and 0.66±0.24 (0.39 – 0.88) for mangrove trees (Table 6-45).

Table 6-44 Mean Density of Mangroves at the Study Area

Mean Density (saplings or trees / ha) Taxa T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Mangrove Saplings Avicennia 1,370 130 1,460 1,870 1,500 Bruguiera 2,460 100 50 10 30 Rhizophora - 1,200 2,880 - 20 Total 3,830 1,430 4,390 1,880 1,550

Mangrove Trees Avicennia 140 290 170 220 470 Bruguiera 280 70 20 20 40 Rhizophora 20 210 150 - 20 Sonneratia 80 - 40 - - Total 520 570 380 240 530

Table 6-45 Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Margalef's Richness Index and Pielou's Evenness Index of Mangroves at the Study Area

Index Value Index T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Mangrove Saplings Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index 0.65 0.55 0.69 0.03 0.16 Margalef's Richness Index 0.12 0.28 0.24 0.13 0.27 Pielou's Evenness Index 0.94 0.50 0.63 0.05 0.15

Mangrove Trees Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index 1.10 0.97 1.12 0.29 0.43 Margalef's Richness Index 0.48 0.32 0.51 0.18 0.32 Pielou's Evenness Index 0.79 0.88 0.81 0.41 0.39

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-128

______

(h) Marine Capture Fisheries

(i) Overview of Marine Capture Fisheries in Penang

The marine capture fisheries industry in the state of Penang is small compared to other states of the country. With a production of 49,783 tonnes in 2015, it contributed 4.4% of the total landings of the Peninsular Malaysia for that year (Department of Fisheries, 2016), a consequence of limited waters that the state can claim to be its own. The state’s waters are bound by Kedah in the north, Perak in the south and Indonesia in the west.

In 2015, Penang had 5.9% of the total fishermen, 8.4% of the total fishing boats and 8.3% of the total fishing gear in Peninsular Malaysia. Based on licensed fishing gear statistics, Penang’s fisheries are still predominantly artisanal. Trawl and purse seine fisheries are not well developed in Penang as compared to other states such as Selangor and Perak. Among the artisanal gears, drift/gill nets are the most significant, accounting for about 93.2% of the total licensed fishing gear count (Department of Fisheries, 2016).

(ii) Overview of Marine Capture Fisheries at the Study Area

The coastal waters of study area support diverse fish populations that include finfish, shrimps, crabs and seashells. Undoubtedly, fishing is one of the major economic activities undertaken by the coastal communities in the study area. Though the fisheries industry is small, it is locally important because it provides food, income and employment for local and regional populations.

Fish Landing Points

Fish landing points adjacent to the proposed project site falls under the Fisheries District of Seberang Prai Selatan. There are a total of 10 fish landing points in the district, namely Sg Udang, Bukit Tambun, Changkat, Kuala Hj. Ibrahim, Sg Chenaam, Pulau Aman, Tg. Berembang, Kg Sanglang, Sg Acheh and Batu Kawan (Table 6-46, Figure 6-56).

Table 6-46 Fish Landing Points at the Study Area

Coordinate Fish Landing Points Latitude Longitude Sg Udang N 5°09.951' E 100°25.658' Bukit Tambun N 5°16.267' E 100°26.575' Changkat N 5°12.732' E 100°26.680' Kuala Hj. Ibrahim N 5°09.755' E 100°25.119' Sg Chenaam N 5°08.452' E 100°24.288' Pulau Aman N 5°16.131' E 100°23.441' Tg. Berembang N 5°09.070' E 100°27.769' Kg Sanglang N 5°09.876' E 100°28.822' Sg Acheh N 5°09.008' E 100°24.817' Batu Kawan N 5°15.942' E 100°24.339' Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-129

______

Plate 6.27: Fish Landing Points at the Study Area. A: Kg Changkat, B: Sg Udang, C: Sg Hj. Ibrahim, D: Sg Acheh, E: Sg Chenaam, F: Bukit Tambun, G: Pulau Aman

A B

C D

E F

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-130

______

Project Site

Figure 6-56 Location of Fish Landing Points at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-131

______

Fishing Population

In 2015, a total of 1,342 fulltime licensed fishermen operating at the study area, of which 51.6% was boat owners (or known as ‘tekong’), while 48.4% was boat crews (‘awak-awak’). The boat owner community was largely consisted of Chinese (60.0% of total number of boat owner), followed by Malays (36.7%) and Indians (3.3%). In terms of landing point, the highest number of boat owner was recorded at Sg Udang (48.3% of total number of boat owner), followed by Bukit Tambun (19.8%) and Sg Chenaam (11.7%) (Table 6-47) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

Table 6-47 No. of Fishermen Operated at the Study Area

No. of Fishermen Fish Landing Point Total Malay Chinese Indian Boat Owner Sg Udang 18 317 - 335 Bukit Tambun 34 92 11 137 Changkat 27 5 2 34 Kuala Hj. Ibrahim 26 - - 26 Sg Chenaam 81 - - 81 Pulau Aman 42 - - 42 Tg. Berembang 18 - - 18 Kg Sanglang - 1 4 5 Sg Acheh 1 - - 1 Batu Kawan 7 1 6 14 Subtotal 254 416 23 693

Boat Crew All fish landing point 649 Total 1,342 Note: Number of boat crew according to the fish landing point was not available Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

Fishing Vessel

In 2015, a total of 401 outboard powered boats and 281 inboard powered boats operated at the study area. As for outboard, Sg Udang recorded highest number of boats (115 units), followed by Sg Chenaam (81 units) and Bukit Tambun (78 units). Other landing points recorded less than 45 units of outboard powered boats. The inboard powered boats only operated from several landing points such as Sg Udang (220 units), Bukit Tambun (59 units), Changkat (1 unit) and Sg Acheh (1 unit) (Table 6-48) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-132

______

Table 6-48 No. of Fishing Vessel Operated at the Study Area

No. of Fishing Vessel Fish Landing Point Total Outboard Inboard Sg Udang 115 220 335 Bukit Tambun 78 59 137 Changkat 33 1 34 Kuala Hj. Ibrahim 26 - 26 Sg Chenaam 81 - 81 Pulau Aman 40 - 40 Tg. Berembang 18 - 18 Kg Sanglang n.a n.a n.a Sg Acheh - 1 1 Batu Kawan 10 - 10 Total 401 281 682 Note: Number of fishing vessel in Kg Sanglang was not available Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

Fishing Gear

In 2015, a total of 693 licensed fishing gears were recorded at the study area. However, only artisanal gears was employed. The major artisanal gear registered was drift/gill nets, which contributed 92.6% of the total gear count, while the rest 7.4% was constituted by other artisanal gears. Sg. Udang recorded highest number of fishing gear (335 units), followed by Bukit Tambun (137 units), Sg. Chenaam (81 units) and Pulau Aman (42 units) (Table 6-49) (Plate 6.28) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

Table 6-49 No. of Fishing Gear Operated at the Study Area

No. of Fishing Gear Fish Landing Point Total Drift/ Gill Net Others Sg. Udang 330 5 335 Bukit Tambun 136 1 137 Changkat 23 11 34 Kuala Hj. Ibrahim 18 8 26 Sg. Chenaam 70 11 81 Pulau Aman 35 7 42 Tg. Berembang 16 2 18 Kg. Sanglang 1 0 1 Sg. Acheh 10 4 14 Batu Kawan 3 2 5 Total 642 51 693 Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-133

______

Plate 6.28: Driff/ Gill Nets Operated at the Study Area

Fishing Ground

The fishing grounds vary according to their location and the size of the boat. To avoid user conflict, boats are licensed to operate within specific zones. Zone A is allocated to those operating artisanal fishing gears and extends up to 8 nm from the shoreline.

The commercial gears, by law, must operate only 8 nm and beyond, with zone B boats allocated waters from 8 nm to 15 nm, while Zone C boat from 15 nm to EEZ and C3 boats in Indian Ocean (Figure 6-57). While commercial gears are not supposed to operate in Zone A, coastal fishermen consistently complain of encroachment by these boats in the zone.

The fishermen from Seberang Perai Selatan generally carried out fishing activity at mangrove areas and off river mouths as well as 1 – 3 nm from the shoreline covering areas up to Tanjung Piandang, Batu Kawan, Pulau Aman, Pulau Kendi, Pulau Rimau, Pulau Jerejak, Batu Maung, near the Penang Bridge and Penang 2nd link.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-134

______

Figure 6-57 Fishing Zones

Fish Landing

In 2015, fish landings at the study area amounted to 11,888.26 tonnes. The highest landing was recorded in Sg. Udang, constituted 75.8% of the overall catch, followed by Changkat (16.0%), Kuala Hj. Ibrahim (4.1%), Sg. Acheh/Sg. Chenaam (2.2%) and Bukit Tambun/Batu Kawan (1.9%) (Table 6-50) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

The wholesale value of fish landed in 2015 was RM74.28 million. The highest contribution came from Sg. Udang (75.8% of the total wholesale value), followed by Changkat (16.0%), Kuala Hj. Ibrahim (4.1%), Sg. Acheh/Sg. Chenaam (2.2%) and Bukit Tambun/Batu Kawan (1.9%) (Table 6-50) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

In terms of catch profile, more than 45 species were landed from fish landing points at the study area, consisting of 32 species of fish, 10 species of shrimp, 2 species of crab and single species of squid (Table 6-51). Among the pelagic fish caught were Bawal Putih (Pampus argentius), Cincaru (Megalaspis cordyla), Kebasi (Anodontostoma chacunda), Kerapu (Epinephelus spp.) and Senangin (Polynemus spp.), while demersal fish caught includes Kedera (Liza spp.), Jenahak (Lutjanus johnii), Kerisi (Nemipterus spp.), Puput (Pellona spp.) and Siakap (Lates calcarifer). As for shrimp, crab and squid, the common species caught were Udang Putih (Penaeus merguensis/P. indicus), Udang Baring (Acetes spp.), Ketam Renjong (Portunus pelagicus) and Sotong Katak (Sepia spp.).

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-135

______

Table 6-50 Landings (tonnes) and Wholesale Value (RM million) of Fish Landed at the Study Area

Fish Landing Point Landing (tonnes) Wholesale Value (RM) Sg. Udang 9,011.69 56,309,724.79 Sg. Acheh/Sg. Chenaam 258.67 1,616,304.66 Kuala Hj. Ibrahim 493.10 3,081,145.19 Kg. Sanglang - - Changkat 1,901.29 11,880,248.51 Bukit Tambun/Batu Kawan 223.51 1,396,606.70 Pulau Aman - - Total 11,585.59 68.12 Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

Table 6-51 List of Fish Species Caught at the Study Area

Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Alu-Alu/Kacang-Kacang Barracuda Sphyraena spp. Bawal Putih Silver Pomfret Pampus argentius Bawal Tambak Chinese Silver Pomfret Pampus chinensis Belanak/Kedera Mullets Liza spp. Cincaru Hardtail Scad Megalaspis cordyla Daun Baharu Spotted Batfish Drepane punctata Duri/Pulutan/Utik Marine Catfish Arius spp. Johnius spp./ Pennahia spp./ Gelama/Tengkerong/Selampai Croaker Otolithes spp. Gerut-Gerut Grunter Pomadasys spp. Barat-Barat Unicorn Leatherjacket Filefish Aluterus monoceros Jahan/Goh Giant Seacatfish Arius thalassinus Jenahak John’s Snapper Lutjanus johnii Aya/Tongkol/Aya Hitam Longtail Tuna Thunnus tonggol Kebasi/Selangat Chacunda Shad Anodontostoma chacunda Kembong Indian Mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta Kerapu Grouper Epinephelus spp. Kerisi Threadfin Bream Nemipterus spp. Himantura spp./ Gymnura spp./ Pari Rays Myliobatis spp./ Aetobabus spp./ Dasyatis spp. Lidah Tonguefish Cynoglossus spp. Merah Red Snapper Lutjanus malabaricus Pedukang/Belukang Veined Catfish Arius venosus Pelaling/Temenong Mackerel Rastrelliger spp. Pelata Yellowtail Scad Atule mate

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-136

______

Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Puput Shad Pellona spp. Puntung Damar/ Bulus Sillago-whitings Sillago spp. Sebelah Flatfish Psedorhombus spp. Semilang Eel Catfish Plotosus spp. Senangin Threadfin Polynemus spp. Senangin Buis Threadfin Polydactylus sextarius Siakap Seabass Lates calcarifer Talang Queen Fish Scomberoides spp. Tenggiri Spanish Mackerel Scomberomorus spp. Udang Putih Kecil Bird Shrimp Metapenaeus lysianassa Udang Baring Acetes Shrimp Acetes spp. Udang Cendana Rotan Sharp Rostrum Prawn Parapenaeopsis hungerfordi Udang Kaki Merah/Sua Lor Red Prawn Solenecera subnuda Udang Kulit Keras Rainbow Prawn Parapenaeopsis sculptilis Udang Kuning Yellow Prawn Metapenaeus brevocornis Udang Lipan Mantis Shrimp Squilla spp. Udang Merah Ros Gingja Shrimp Metapenaeus affinis

Metapeneopsis stridulans/ M. Udang Pasir Sand Prawn berbeensis/ Trachypenaeus fulvus

Penaeus merguiensis/ P. indicus/ Udang Putih Banana Prawn Metapenaeus lysianassa Ketam Batu Indo-pacific Swamp Crab Scylla serrata Ketam Renjong Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus Sotong Katak Cuttlefish Sepia spp. Source: Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished

(i) Aquaculture

(i) Overview of Aquaculture Industry in Penang

In addition to commercial fishing, there was also substantial aquaculture activity undertaken in the state. The aquaculture systems practices in Penang consisted both freshwater (i.e. pond culture and cement tanks culture) and brackishwater culture (pond culture, cage culture, cockle culture and oyster culture). In 2015, aquaculture production amounted to 58,736.40 tonnes (or about 27.4% of the total aquaculture production in Peninsular Malaysia), of which 91.8% was contributed by brackishwater culture (53,908.37 tonnes) and the remaining 8.2% was from freshwater aquaculture (4,828.03 tonnes) (Department of Fisheries, 2016).

Brackishwater culture production was largely by cage culture, amounting to 53.7% (28,964.95 tonnes) of total brackishwater culture production, followed by pond culture (43.2% or 23,300.84 tonnes), cockle culture (3.0% or 1,632.32 tonnes) and oyster culture (0.02% or 10.26 tonnes). As for freshwater, the highest production contributed by pond culture with 98.9% (4,773.67 tonnes) of the

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-137

______

total freshwater culture production, while cement tanks only constituted 1.1% (54.36 tonnes) (Department of Fisheries, 2016).

In terms of wholesale value, production from aquaculture activities in 2015 was valued at RM 1.09 billion (or about 41.1% of the total value of aquaculture production in Peninsular Malaysia), where 98.1% (RM 1.07 billion) from brackishwater culture and 1.9% (RM 0.02 billion) from freshwater culture (Department of Fisheries, 2016).

As for brackishwater, the highest value was recorded by cage culture, covering 56.2% (RM 0.60 billion) of total value of brackishwater culture, followed by pond culture (43.5% or RM 0.46 billion), cockle culture (0.3% or RM 3.18 million) and oyster culture (0.01% or RM 0.06 million). The highest freshwater culture production contributed by pond culture 98.9% (RM 0.02 billion) of total value of freshwater culture and followed by cement tanks (1.1% or RM 0.24 million) (Department of Fisheries, 2016).

With respect to the proposed project site, there were three (3) major aquaculture activities undertaken i.e. brackishwater cage culture, brackishwater pond culture and cockle culture. The detail description for each culture activities elaborated as follows.

(ii) Overview of Aquaculture Industry at the Study Area

Brackishwater Pond Culture

There were four (4) major areas of brackishwater pond culture located adjacent to the proposed project site, namely Sg. Chenaam, Sg. Udang, Pulau Burung and Bukit Tambun (Plate 6.29, Figure 6-58). In 2015, a total of 101 culturists operated 394 ponds with a productive surface area of 324.96 ha at the study area (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

These ponds produced 12,591.50 tonnes of shrimp and fish, valued at RM 187.78 million. The main species cultured were the Siakap (Lates calcarifer), Udang Putih (Penaeus vannamei) and Udang Harimau (Penaeus monodon) (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished).

Plate 6.29: Brackishwater Pond Culture at the Study Area. A – B: Sg Chenaam, C – D: Sg Udang, E – F: Pulau Burung

A B

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-138

______

C D

E F

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-139

______

Project Site

Figure 6-58 Location of Aquaculture Activities at the Study Area

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-140

______

Brackishwater Cage Culture

The brackishwater cage culture near to the proposed project site located off Sg Kerian, Sg Tengah and Sg Jejawi (Plate 6.30, Figure 6-58). In 2015, there were 211 culturists operated 26,269 cages (productive surface area of 514,358.07 m2) at the study area. The total production amounted to 22,932.49 tonnes and valued at RM 448.55 million (Penang State Department of Fisheries, 2017 - unpublished). Major type of species cultured including Siakap (Lates calcarifer), Kerapu (Epinephelus sp.), Jenahak (Lutjanus sp.) and Merah (Lutjanus sp.). Culture period ranged from 8 months to over 2 years depending on the size of fish required. However, the common weight of fish preferred in the market ranged from 0.5 – 2.0 kg/individual.

Plate 6.30: Brackishwater Cage Culture off Sg Tengah. A – B: Off Sg Tengah, C – D: Off Sg Jejawi

A B

C D

Cockle Culture

Cockle culture is practised on a narrow strip of coastal mudflats off Kuala Juru in the north and extends southern along the coastline up to Kg Sg Chenaam just north of the northern boundary of Perak. The width of the cockle bed is usually fairly narrow, starting from the low water mark on the landward side and extending to about just under one nautical mile seawards. In 2015, a total of 35 farmers operated 938.10 ha of cockle farms within the Seberang Prai Selatan Fisheries District. The cockle production in the same year amounted to 1,632.32 tonnes with a wholesale value of RM 3.18 million. ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-141

______

Hatchery

There were several hatcheries operated near the proposed project site i.e. at Bukit Tambun (GST Aquaculture Sdn. Bhd.), Sg Udang (Confa Marine Products Sdn. Bhd.) and Sg Chenaam (Komuniti Pengurusan Sumber Perikanan Tg. Berembang) (Plate 6.31). Type of species produced including Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), Udang Putih (Penaeus vannamei), Siakap (Lates calcarifer), Siakap Merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), Kerapu Harimau (Ephinephelus sp.) and Jenahak (Lutjanus sp.) (Penang State Department of Fisheries – unpublished, 2017).

Plate 6.31: Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Hatchery Operated by KPSP Tg. Berembang in Sg Chenaam

Source: http://ww1.utusan.com.my/pix/2010/1127/Utusan_Malaysia/Utara/wu_01.1.jpg

(j) Recreational Fisheries

Recreational fishing is the sport of catching fish. Also known as angling, it includes the catching of freshwater and saltwater fish, typically with rod, line, and hook. Recreational fishing, often called sport fishing to distinguish it from commercial fishing, is a popular participant sport. There is little data on angling in Malaysia.

Malaysia has a long-standing tradition of fishing, either commercially or for recreation. In the past, hobby fishing was undertaken from nearby ponds, rivers, disused mining pools, swamps and rice fields in inland areas or from tidal lagoons or estuaries along the shoreline. Angling has thus strong traditional linkages and is part of the cultural landscape of most Malaysians.

The rapid urbanization and development of the country has meant that more people now live in built- up areas with little time or access to nature based recreational facilities on a day-to-day basis. This has created a demand for outdoor leisure-based activities, of which angling is among the most popular.

Another major factor that supports the continued growth of the angling and the recreational fisheries industry is its egalitarian appeal and easy entry requirements. Entry is open ended and the activity can be undertaken in any water body that lends itself to the purpose. The equipment requirements are also flexible ranging from a basic rod and line that costs very little to sophisticated deep sea trolling ensembles that can cost RM 20,000 or more.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-142

______

Penang supports a significant level of recreational fishing. In study area, recreational fishing activities carried out at Sg Chenaam, Kg Changkat, Sg Kerian and Sg Tengah. These areas were dominated by two (2) main activities i.e. shore-based angling and boat-based angling. Data fishing effort was calculated by a multivariate, stratified model that took into account type of fishing (boat based versus shore based), the number of fishing hours based on time bars.

The survey indicated that recreational fishing undertaken both during the day and night. Fishing activity also carried out during weekdays, weekends, public and school holidays. Total fishing effort amounted to 22,098 person-days per year, of which 50.2% came from boat-based angling, while remaining 49.8% from boat-based angling (Table 6-52). From the investigation, the direct economic value for recreational fisheries at study area amounted to RM1,659,100.

The detailed elaboration on each type of angling activities is discussed below.

Table 6-52 Recreational Fishing Effort and Total Economic Value for Recreational Fishing Activity at Study Area

Recreational Fishing Effort Total Economic Value Angling Activity (Total Person Days) (RM) Shore-based angling 1. Sg Kerian 6,508 325,400 2. Sg Tengah 4,506 225,300 Boat-based angling 1. Sg Chenaam 284 28,400 2. Kg Changkat 10,800 1,080,000 Total 22,098 1,659,100

(i) Recreational Fishing Effort

Shore-based Angling

Shore-based angling was undertaken at Sg Kerian and Sg Tengah. The investigation estimated fishing effort of shore-based angling at 11,014 person-days per year (Table 6-53). The detailed information for each site was as follows. a) Sg Kerian

Shore-based angling activity at Sg Kerian was undertaken both during weekdays and weekends. During weekdays, around 3 – 5 anglers and 7 – 9 anglers were recorded in the morning and evening respectively. However, during weekends, number of angler increased, around 20 – 30 anglers in the morning, 30 – 40 anglers in the evening and 10 – 15 anglers during the night.

The types of bait used including ‘umpun – umpun’ (polychaete worms), which cost at RM5/pack as well as live prawn with cost of RM0.30 – 0.60 per individual. Normally, each angler used around 1 – 4 units of rod-and-line. The main catches were Sembilang (Plotosus spp.), Duri (Arius spp.), Bedukang (Arius sagor) and Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The total weight of species caught for each angler ranged from 2 – 3 kg. Overall, the study estimated fishing effort for shore-based angling at Sg Kerian at 6,508 person-days per year.

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-143

______

b) Sg Tengah

The angling activity also undertaken at Sg Tengah, where around 3 – 5 anglers recorded in the morning and 8 – 10 anglers in the evening, on weekdays. During weekend, number of angler involved ranged from 8 – 10 anglers in the morning, 10 – 15 anglers in the evening and 18 – 20 anglers during the night. Live prawn and ‘umpun-umpun’ (polychaete worms) commonly used as bait.

Major species caught including Sembilang (Plotosus spp.), Bedukang (Arius sagor) and Duri (Arius spp.). Overall, the study estimated fishing effort for shore-based angling at Sg Tengah at 4,506 person-days per year (Table 6-53).

Table 6-53 Recreational Fishing Effort for Shore-based Angling at the Study Area

Total Total Time Person Person Weekday Weekend Person Person Segment hours/yr hours/yr Hours Days Sg Kerian 7am - 12pm 4 persons 5,220 25 persons 13,000 18,220 2,278 (5 hours) 2pm – 7pm 8 persons 10,440 35 persons 18,200 28,640 3,580 (5 hours) 8pm – 12am - - 12.5 persons 5,200 5,200 650 (4 hours) Subtotal 6,508 Sg Tengah 7am - 12pm 4 persons 5,220 9 persons 4,680 9,900 1,238 (5 hours) 2pm – 7pm 9 persons 11,745 12.5 persons 6,500 18,245 2,281 (5 hours) 8pm – 12am - - 19 persons 7,904 7,904 988 (4 hours) Subtotal 4,506 Total 11,014

Boat-based Angling

Boat-based angling was undertaken at Sg Chenaam and Kg Changkat. The investigation estimated fishing effort of shore-based angling at 11,084 person-days per year (Table 6-54). The detailed information for each site was as follows. a) Sg Chenaam

There were 3 – 5 outboard powered boats available for boat rental by fisherman. Rental rates ranged from RM200 – 250, depending on the fishing area, either near to the coastal shoreline or cage culture off Sg Tengah. Each boat could accommodate around 4 - 5 anglers per trip. Anglers were from Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Perak and Kuala Lumpur. Trips only undertaken during weekend and daytime (7 am – 7 pm). The anglers usually carried their own bait such as live prawn and Temenung (Rastrelliger spp.).

The most common fish caught were Jenahak (Lutjanus johnii), Siakap (Lates calcarifer), Kerapu (Epinephelus spp.) and Duri (Arius spp.). As for fish caught, each boat normally caught around 10 – 15 fish per trip, with weight ranged from 1.5 – 3.0 kg per fish. Fishing effort was estimated at 284 person days a year. ______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-144

______

b) Kg Changkat

Boat-based angling was actively undertaken in Kg Changkat. Most fishermen involved in the recreational fisheries due to the decreased of fish landing cause by pollution, as reported by the fishermen. There were 30 – 40 outboard powered boats available for boat rental by fisherman. The rates for boat rental were RM250 per boat (4 anglers), RM300 per boat (5 anglers) and RM350 per boat (6 anglers). Most of the anglers were from Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Perak and Kuala Lumpur. The trips were mostly undertaken during weekend, from 8 am – 5 pm. The angling locations were around cage culture off Sg Tengah.

The common bait used including live prawn and Temenung (Rastrelliger spp.). Main species caught were Jenahak (Lutjanus johnii), Siakap (Lates calcarifer), Kerapu (Epinephelus spp.) and Duri (Arius spp.), where each fish recorded weight of 1.5 – 3.0 kg. From the investigation, the total recreational fishing effort was estimated at 10,800 person days a year.

Table 6-54 Recreational Fishing Effort for Boat-based Angling at the Study Area

Time Segment No. of Angler Person hours/yr Total Person Days Sg Chenaam 7am - 7pm (12 hours) 4.5 persons 2,268 284 Subtotal 284

Kg Changkat 8am - 5pm (9 hours) 5 persons 86,400 10,800 Subtotal 10,800

Total 11,084

(ii) Economic Value

The economic value of recreational fisheries is difficult to estimate. Some of the fishers are from outside the immediate area while others are local residents. MIER (2000) adopted a value of RM50 per person-day. However, that assumption is clearly out-dated. If we assume:

 A figure of RM 50 for shore-based anglers.  A figure of RM100 per person day for boat-based anglers.

From the data below (Table 6-55), it is estimate a total economic value from the recreational fisheries amounted to RM 1,659,100 per year.

Table 6-55 Estimation of the Total Economic Value at the Study Area

Fishing Type Total Person Days Unit Economic Value Total Economic Value

Shore-Based Angling 11,014 RM 50 RM550,700

Boat-Based Angling 11,084 RM 100 RM1,108,400

Total 22,098 - RM1,659,100

______DEIA for the Proposed Phase 3 Development of Sanitary Landfill at Pulau Burung, Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang 6-145