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Antenna Array Microwave Antenna Microwave Antenna Chapter 5 1 Microwave Antenna Types of Microwave Antenna 1. Horn antenna – Sectoral E – Sectoral H 2. Parabolic antenna 3. Microstrip antenna 2 Microwave Antenna Frequency Wavelength l Long waves 30-300 kHz 10-1 km Medium waves (MW) 300-3000 kHz 1000-100 m Short waves (SW) 3-30 MHz 100-10 m Very high frequency (VHF) waves 30-300 MHz 10-1 m Microwaves 0.3-30 GHz* 100-1 cm Millimeter waves 30-300 GHz 10-1 mm Submillimeter waves 300-3000 GHz 1-0.1 mm Infrared (including far-infrared) 300-416,000 GHz 104-0.72 mm * 1 GHz = 1 gigahertz = 10 Hertz or cycles per second, + 1 mm = 10-6 m. 3 Microwave Antenna Why Microwaves ? Radio equipment are classified under VHF, UHF & Microwaves. VHF and UHF radios used when few circuits are needed and narrow bandwidth. Earlier equipment were large in size and use Analog Technology. Recently Digital Radio with better efficiency is being used. 4 Microwave Antenna Microwave Use • Lower bands are already occupied • Now we have better electronics, and modulation schemes Advantages of Microwave Utilization: • Antennas are more directive—better beam control. • Wider operating bandwidth. • Smaller size elements 5 Microwave Antenna Terrestrial Microwave • Used for long-distance telephone service . • Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 GHz . • Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high . • Used by common carriers as well as private networks . • Requires unobstructed line of sight between source and receiver . • Curvature of the earth requires stations (repeaters) ~30 miles apart . 6 Microwave Antenna Microwave Applications • Television distribution . • Long-distance telephone transmission . • Private business networks . 7 Microwave Antenna Wireless Technologies • Microwave – Microwave systems transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves. • One particular characteristic of the microwave system is that it cannot bend around corners; therefore microwave antennas must be in "line of sight" of each other. 8 Microwave Antenna Wireless Technologies • The following are some of the characteristics of the microwave system: – High Volume – Long distance transmission – Point to point transmission – High frequency radio signals are transmitted from one terrestrial transmitter to another – Satellites serve as a relay station for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances. See image next slide 9 Microwave Antenna Wireless Technologies • Low-Orbit Satellite and Microwave Transmission 10 Microwave Antenna Microwave Spectrum • Range is approximately 1 GHz to 40 GHz – Total of all usable frequencies under 1 GHz gives a reference on the capacity of in the microwave range. 11 Microwave Antenna Microwave Systems • Microwave communication is line of sight radio communication. • Antenna types for directive antennas, or broadcasting are omi-directional antennas • Radio Transmission: the speech signals are converted to EM. • Power is transmitted in space towards destination. • EM waves are intercepted by receiving antennas and signal power is collected. 12 Microwave Antenna Microwave Impairments • Equipment, antenna, and waveguide failures. • Fading and distortion from multipath reflections. • Absorption from rain, fog, and other atmospheric conditions. • Interference from other frequencies. 13 Microwave Antenna Microwave Engineering Considerations • Free space & atmospheric attenuation. • Reflections. • Diffractions. • Rain attenuation. • Skin affect • Line of Sight (LOS) • Fading • Range • Interference 14 Microwave Antenna Sectoral E Sectoral H Horn antenna 15 Microwave Antenna Introduction • Horn Antennas : – Flared waveguides that produce a nearly uniform phase front larger than the waveguide itself. – Constructed in a variety of shapes such as sectoral E-plane, sectoral H-plane, pyramidal, conical, etc. 16 Microwave Antenna Application Areas • Used as a feed element for large radio astronomy, satellite tracking and communication dishes. • A common element of phased arrays. • Used in the calibration, other high-gain antennas. • Used for making electromagnetic interference measurements. 17 Microwave Antenna Rectangular Sectoral Horn Antenna • It categorized into following two types: – Sectoral H-plane horn antenna: the flaring is along the direction of magnetic field i.e. H- field. – Sectoral E-plane horn antenna: the flaring is along the direction of electric field i.e. E - field. • pyramidal horn antenna type where flaring is made along H- plane and E-plane directions both. It has shape of truncated. 18 Microwave Antenna 19 Microwave Antenna 20 Microwave Antenna Dimensions of E-plane 21 Microwave Antenna E-plane Sectorial 22 Microwave Antenna E-Plane Sectoral Horn- (Radiated Fields) b2 s = 1 b1 [4.1] 8λρ sin(θ ) [4.2] 1 λ 1+ cosθ = + 4πU 64aρ 2 Eθ [E(dB)] 20log10 max 1 [4.3] 2 DE = = F(t) Prad πλb1 64aρ b b = 1 C 2 1 + S 2 1 DE = directivity for the E-plane [4.4] πλb1 2λρ 2λρ S = sine Fresnel function 1 1 23 Microwave Antenna Universal curve – E plane 24 Microwave Antenna Dimensions of H-plane 25 Microwave Antenna H-plane Sectorial 26 Microwave Antenna H-Plane Sectoral Horn (Radiated Fields) • The directivity for the H-plane sectoral horn 4πU max 4πbρ2 2 2 DH = = ×{[C(u)− C(v)] + [S(u)− S(v)] } [4.8] Prad a1λ 1 λρ a [4.9] = 2 + 1 u 2 a1 λρ2 1 λρ a [4.10] = 2 − 1 v 2 a1 λρ2 [4.11] a1 ≈ 3λρ2 27 Microwave Antenna Universal Curve H-Plane 28 Microwave Antenna E- and H-Plane Patterns of the E-Plane Sectoral Horn E-Plane H-Plane 00 300 0 ) 30 10 dB down ( 20 0 600 60 Relative power 30 30 20 10 900 900 1200 1200 0 1500 150 1800 29 Microwave Antenna E- and H-Plane Patterns of the H-Plane Sectoral Horn E-Plane H-Plane 00 300 0 ) 30 10 dB down ( 20 0 600 60 Relative power 30 30 20 10 900 900 1200 1200 0 1500 150 0 180 30 Microwave Antenna E and H-Plane Patterns E-Plane H-Plane 00 300 0 ) 30 10 dB down ( 20 0 600 60 Relative power 30 30 20 10 900 900 1200 1200 0 1500 150 1800 31 Microwave Antenna E- and H-Plane Patterns of The Conical Horn Antenna E-Plane H-Plane 00 300 0 ) 30 10 dB down ( 20 0 600 60 Relative power 30 30 20 10 900 900 1200 1200 0 1500 150 1800 32 Microwave Antenna Pyramidal Horn • The combination of the E-plane and H-plane horns and as such is flared in both directions. 33 Microwave Antenna Dimensions of Pyramidal 34 Microwave Antenna Design Procedures • The pyramidal horn is widely used as a standard to make gain measurements of other and as such it is often referred to as a standard gain horn. • To design a pyramidal horn, one usually knows the desired gain G0 and the dimensions a, b of the rectangular feed waveguide. • The objective of the design is to determine the remaining dimensions (a1, b1, ρe, ρh, Pe, and Ph) that will lead to an optimum gain. 35 Microwave Antenna 36 Microwave Antenna Exercice • Design an optimum gainX-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) pyramidal horn so that its gain(above isotropic) at f = 11 GHz is 22.6 dB. The horn is fed by a WR 90 rectangular waveguide with inner dimensions of a = 0.9 in. (2.286 cm) and b = 0.4 in. (1.016 cm). 37 Microwave Antenna Other horn antenna types • Multimode Horns • Corrugated Horns • Hog Horns • Biconical Horns • Dielectric Loaded Horns 38 Microwave Antenna References 1. A.W. LOVE “The Diagonal Horn Antennas” microwave J., Vol. V, pp. 117-122, Mar. 1962 2. Constantine A. Balanis, ‘Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design’ 2nd Ed., Wiley,1997 3. D.M Pozar, ‘Directivity of Omnidirectional Antennas’ 1993 4. R.E Collin, ‘Antennas and Radiowave Propagation’ McGraw- Hill , 1985* 5. Samuel Silver, ‘Microwave Antenna Theory And Design’ McGraw- Hill , 1949 39 Microwave Antenna Example Question • Given an E-plane horn antenna parameters as ρ1 = 6λ, b1 = 3.47λ and a = 0.5λ. Compute (in dB) its pattern at θ = 0°, 10° and 20° using the results of universal patterns for E-plane. 40 Microwave Antenna PARABOLIC ANTENNA 41 Microwave Antenna Terrestrial Microwave Antennas for Point-To-Point Communication • Terrestrial microwave antennas generate a beam of RF signal to communicate between two locations. • Point-To-Point communication depends upon a clear line of sight between two microwave antennas. • Obstructions, such as buildings, trees or terrain interfere with the signal. • Depending upon the location, usage and frequency, different types can be utilized. • We will address the basic characteristics of these various types… 42 Microwave Antenna Parabolic Reflector Antenna • The most well-known reflector antenna is the parabolic reflector antenna, commonly known as a satellite dish antenna. Examples of this dish antenna are shown in the following Figures. Figure 2. An Astro TV dish antenna Figure 1. The "big dish" antenna of Stanford University. 43 Microwave Antenna • Parabolic reflectors typically have a very high gain (30-40 dB is common) and low cross polarization. • They also have a reasonable bandwidth, with the fractional bandwidth being at least 5% on commercially available models, and can be very wideband in the case of huge dishes (like the Stanford "big dish" , which can operate from 150 MHz to 1.5 GHz). • The smaller dish antennas typically operate somewhere between 2 and 28 GHz. The large dishes can operate in the VHF region (30-300 MHz), but typically need to be extremely large at this operating band. 44 Microwave Antenna The basic structure • It consists of a feed antenna pointed towards a parabolic reflector. The feed antenna is often a horn antenna with a circular aperture. 45 Microwave Antenna • Unlike the dipole antenna which are typically approximately a half- wavelength long at the frequency of operation, • The reflecting dish must be much larger than a wavelength in size. • The dish is at least several wavelengths in diameter, but the diameter can be on the order of 100 wavelengths for very high gain dishes (>50 dB gain).
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