The Root Maggot Complex (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Cruciferous Crops

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The Root Maggot Complex (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Cruciferous Crops THE ROOT MAGGOT COMPLEX ( DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN ORUOUEROUS CROPS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by ALBERT RONALD FORBES A THESIS submitted to OREGON STA'fE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements tor the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June l955 t?tnortD I Redacted for Privacy lrtoolrtr trofrrtotF of fntoallc;t fn Oberyr ol laJcr Redacted for Privacy 0hlmn of DrDlfimrt of Hlolololr Redacted for Privacy Ghlrrr,a o.f t$ccl OltrlDnrfir 6olrlttn Redacted for Privacy DmE of &ui!6;l;,,1*ts** Drtr tbrrlr 1l Brurntdl ,,,.!lfiSdffii,,x.Si[L lfilf tf 6.[.O,Ecrrtrl rno t.f.tot$lr ACKNOWLEDG ~NTS uo of the field da t a used in this theeie w gath re by the writer in connection with hie duti s as Project Lead er of the root maggot biology etud1 s carried on by the Field Crop Insect Laboratory (Science Service, Canada Department of Agriculture) at Victoria , British Columbi a . He is grateful for per­ mission to use these data in a thee~s. The riter also acknowledge hie indebtedness to: Dr. K.M. King, Senior Entomologist in Charge, Field Crop Insect Laboratory, Victoria , B.C., for advice given throughout these studies and for the use of ata gathered by him prior to 1949 when the rlter became ssociated with the root ggot tudies at the Victoria laboratory. Dr. H.B. Crowell, Associate Entomologist, Oregon State College, for his many helpful ugge tiona, tor hi supervi ton of the writing or the thesis, and for making available for study the root maggot ooll e­ tions he had from va rious Oregon localitie . Dr. P.O. Rltcher, Chairmen, Dep rtment of Entomology, Oregon St a te College, and Dr. C.H. Martin, Associate Professor of Entomology, Oregon State College, to~ reading the manuscript and offering Auggestions on its content and organization. Mr. M.D. Noble, Technician , Fiel Crop Insect Labora tory, Victoria, B. C., tor a sistance throughout the s tu ies and particularly for his help in making egg counts . The B1o-Graphic Unit, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for help 1n a ssembling the pl a tes an for making the photographic copies of them. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION •••••••••, • ., ••••••. "~ •.., •••••••••••••• ~ •••••••.1 SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE ROOT MAGGOTS •.•••••• •·•••.•••• 2 LOCALE OF STUDIES AND METHODS •••••••••••••••••••••••••4 KEY TO THE HYLEMY.A SPECIES ATTACKING CRUCIFEROUS CROPS IN THE PA CIFIC NORTHWEST ••••••••••••••••••••••••6 SPECIES OF ROOT MAGGOTS COLLECTED IN THE PACIFIC NOR'l'HNEST •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••8 THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT t HYLEMYA BRASS!CAE (BOUCHE )•••16 Status •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••16 Literature synops1a•••••••••••••••••••• •••••••l6 Author's observations ••••••••••••••••••• ••••••!? Description ot life stages••••••••••••••••••••••l8 Egg•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •18 LarTa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •19 Pupar1um••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••20 Adult • male •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••20 Adult , female •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••21 Lite history and b1onom1cs ••••••••••••••••••••••21 Egg• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••21 !Brva ••••• ••••••.••••••••.•••••••••••.••••••••22 Pupa • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••23 Adult • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.5 Oviposition studies on Vancouver Island, B.c••••29 Oviposition s1tes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••29 Date of commencement of oviposition•••••••••••29 Egg count data ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••JO Factors affecting oviposit1on•••••••••••••••••)2 Size and vigor of plant •••••••••••••••••••••J2 Crop • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••34 Rainfall and 1rr1gation•••••••••••••••••••••J4 Number of generations and seasonal development •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••35 THE SEED-CORN MAGOOT , HYLEMY.A CILICRURA (RONDANI ) •••••'J7 Status••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••)? Literature synops1s•••••••••••••••••••••••••••J7 Author 's observations•••••••••••••••••••••••••)9 Description ot lite stages••••••••••••••••••••••J9 Egg• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••• • • • • • • • 39 I..arva • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •40 Puparium.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••41 Adult. male •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••41 Adult. :female •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••42 Number ot generations•••• •••••••••••••••••••••••42 THE TURNIP MAGGOT , HYLEMYA FLORALIS (FALLEN ) ••••••••••44 Status ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••44 Literature synopsis•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••44 Author's observations •••••••••••••••••••••••••44 Description ot lite stages••••••••••••••••••••••45 Egg • ••••••••• • • • •• • • ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 Larva ••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •4S Puparium. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••46 Adult • •••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••. •46 Number ot generat1ons•••••••••••••••••••••••••••46 HYLEMYA FUG.AX (ME IGEN) •••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••47 Status••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••47 Literature synopsis•••••••••••••••••••••••••••47 Author 's ooservations•••••••••••••••••••••••••48 Description ot lite stages••••••••••••••••••••••49 Egg • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • •49 I,arva • ••••..••. , ••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••• •49 Puparium••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••so Adult •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••so Number of generat1ons •••••••••••••••••••••••••••50 SOME NOTES ON THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ROOT MAGGOTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 51 .APPENDIX PUTE I • EGG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 Fig. 1. IiYlemxa brassicae (Bouche) Fig. 2. H. c!llcrura (Rond.) Fig. J. ~ fusax (Meigen) PLATE II. CAUDAL SEGMENT OF THIRD INST.AR MAGGOT, DORSAL A8PECT •••••••••••••••••59 Fig. 4. Hylemya brass1cae (Bouche) Fig. 5. ~ c!licrura (Rond.) Fig. 6. H. tloralls (Fall.) Fig. ?. ~ tusax (Me1gen) PLATE III. POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR SPIRACLE OF THIRD INSTAR MAGGOT •••••• ~··••••••60 Fig. 8 and 9. Hylem{a brassioae (Bouche)I Fig. 10 and 11. ir. cl lorura (Rond.) Fig. 12 and lJ. ~ floralis (!all.) . Fig. 14 and lS. ~ fugax (Meigen) PLATE IV. OEPHALO-PHARYNGEAL SKELETON OF THIRD INSTAR MAOGOT •••••••••••••••••••6l Fig. 16. Hxlemxa brassicae (Bouche) Fig. 17. H. oiliorura (Rond.) Fig. 18. H7 tloralis {Fall.) Fig. 19. ~ fueax (Me1gen) PLATE V. OVIPOSITION OF HYLEMYA BRASSIOAE (BOUCHE) ON CABBAGES, VICTORIA, B.c., 1952 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••62 PLATE VI. OVIPOSlTION OF HYLEMYA BRASSIO.AE (BOUCHE) ON RUTABAGAS, VICTORfi, B.c., 1952••••• ~······················63 PLATE VII. OVIPOSITION OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (BOUCHE) ON CABBAGES, VICTORIA, B.c., 1953 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••64 PLATE VIII. OVIPOStTIO.N OF HYI..EMY.A BRASS!CAE {BOUCHE) ON RUTABAGAS, VICTbRIA, B.c., 1953 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••65 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Number ot Hzlemxa larvae and per­ centage of the various species collected from rutabagas grown at Courtenay, B.C. (Avent tsrm) •••••••••ll Table 2. Number ot Hrlemra larvae and per­ centage ot the various species collected trom rutabagas grown at Albern!, B.C. (Chase tarm) •••••••••••l2 ~ble J. Number ot Hzlemya larvae and per­ centage ot the various species ·collected from rutabagas grown at Victoria, B.C. (Mattick farm} •••• , •••l2 Table 4. Number ot Hrlemra larvae and per­ centage or the various species collected trom cruo1ters in Oregon•••• , ••••••••••• "•••••••••••••••••13 Table 5. Emergence ot Hrlem~a brassicae (Bouch'} from rut~ agas caged on November lJ, 1952, at Victoria, s.c•••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••26 Table 6. Date of first Hilemya brassicae (Bouche) ovipoa tlon oa the Mattick farm at Victoria, B.C., 1947-1954•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••)0 Table 7. Aotual,number ot Halemya brassicae (Bouche) eggs toun on six cabbage plants at Victoria, B.c., during Ma7, 1952•••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • )) Table 8. Emergence of Htlemra ciliorura (Rondan1) from rutabagas caged on November 1), 1952, at Victoria, B.c•••••43 Table 9. Parasitism of Hzlemya brassioae (Bouche) by Aleoohara Slllneata Gyll. at Victoria, B.c., 1952 •••••••••••;2 THE ROOT KAGOOT COMPLEX (DIPTERA: Alfl'HOMYllDAE) .IN ORUOIJ'EROUS CROPS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST UTROWOTION Root inhabiting maggots (Diptera: Anthomy11dae} have long been recognized as the :most inJurioue pests o'f cl'Uoiterous crops 1n no:l"tbern Europe, the northen Un1te4 States, and Canada. Foraerly e.conel1lic elltomol.og1sts have otten ·oons1clered an)' mag8()ts. tou.n4 on oruc:iterous crops as beiug the cabbage JD.flggot, Hxlemn b:rassioae (Bouche) but it 1s now known that several speeie.s ooeur separately or 1n mixed ·populations on these crops. Furthermore, these populations vary seaaonallJ and geographically and each species ditters ·ia habit, 11fe his~r)', anCl economle iapo~tanoe. It thus b&tJOileS iaportant to be able to d1s­ t1ngu1sh the various apeoie,s aad to kaow Wb.i ell ones o-o,c.ur oA aar given crop. lfext, 1n UJ control te-sts 1nvol-vl~~g root mag­ gots,. 1t is esselltial to know the habits and lite histor­ ies of" eaoh ot the pest speo1es 1nvolv•d. OnlJ \hen can the econom1oal. and ettect1Ye use, of inseot1c14es be ex­ peotad. In line with these requirements, 'he preaell'\ pape_:r g1vea a key, drawn trom several souoea., to separate :the root JUggot species ooamonl)' tound. on oneiterous crops ot the Paoit1c northwest. It ~en presents an aDAl:Ysls of 2 ~~eld populations as shown by root maggot colleot1ona from nrloua oruo1fer-. in several looat:ions in the Pao1t1o northwest and proceeds to a d1sousaion of the lite bisto­ rlea and hab1ta o't eaoh
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