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Mercury Removal in Packed Bed Wet Scrubber from Infectious Waste Incinerator

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Mercury Removal in Packed Bed Wet Scrubber from Infectious Waste Incinerator วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกลาพระนครเหนือ ปที่ 13 ฉบับที่ 4 ต.ค.-ธ.ค. 2546 The Journal of KMITNB., Vol.13, No.4, Oct - Dec 2003 Efficiency of Mercury Removal in Packed-Bed Wet Scrubber from Infectious Waste Incinerator Amornpon Changsuphan*, Somrat Kerdsuwan**, Vladimir N. Bashkin* Abstract environment, causing high risk of disease transmission and hence a myriad of health related problems, In the combustion process of infectious waste including such ailments as hepatitis, respiratory and incineration highly quantities of mercury and its parasitic diseases, or even Aides [1]. The department compounds occur in the combustion product during of Public Hygiene, Ministry of Public Health, which the incineration. A large number of different mercury oversees the disposal of infectious waste from compound can be formed and decomposed again due hospitals under the Ministry’s jurisdiction, has to the continuity charging composition of the flue gas. developed standard incinerator designs of 25, 50, and The packed-bed wet scrubber is recommended for 100 - 150 kg/hr capacities. These designs have been improving removal efficiency. The feed wastes for the distributed to the Hospitals so that they may undertake test experiments are composed of simulated waste to commission and manage their own infectious waste including plastic, cotton, rubber gloves and 1,000 ppb incineration facilities. Most of these incinerators have pure mercury per batch (5 kg of simulated wastes per now either depreciated or impaired, prompting the batch). Mercury is fed to the incinerator every 6-10 Department of Public Hygiene to start importing min., at optimum operating temperature and incinerators to replace the old ones. However, under combustion air during the incineration. Mass balance the present economic climate, there are the second between mercury feed rate and mercury emission to thought about this alternative. For the first alternative, the stack is used to determined the mercury removal The Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural efficiency. Three oxidizing agents are selected as a Resources and Evironment under the consultant of capture substance for mercury removal. The three The Waste Incineration Research Center (WIRC) of oxidizing agents are potassium permanganate, the King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology North hydrochloric acid and chlorine. When adding 15, 50 Bangkok has stepped in to play a part in the and 75 ppm of potassium permanganate, one found acquisition of appropriate technologies for the above that the mercury removal efficiencies are 79, 90 and purpose. It has initiated a project for the research and 99% respectively. Hydrochloric acid is added to development of indigenous infectious waste recirculation tank which reduces a pH to 5.0, 4.0 and incinerators. The project aims to import substitution 3.0. The results show approximately 70 % removal and possibly export of the incinerators and to reduce efficiency of mercury. Finally chlorine is selected for trade deficit.[2] mercury capture substance. It is added to recirculation One of the most importance problems of tank at three concentrations; 50, 75 and 100 ppm. The infectious waste incinerators is the control of heavy results show the removal efficiencies of 75, 80 and metals, especially mercury. Highly varying quantities 87% respectively. One found that 75 ppm of of mercury and its compounds occur in the potassium permanganate is more appropriate combustion products during the incineration. A large substance for mercury removal in packed-bed wet number of different mercury compounds can be scrubber than hydrochloric acid and chlorine. The formed and decomposed due to the continuously removal efficiency of the other major air pollutants changing composition of the flue gas and the (CO, NOX and SO2) are not different when compared increasing and decreasing temperature during the with adding and non adding a capture substance. combustion process. The transformation processes of heavy metals during waste incineration begin with the Keywords: Efficiency of mercury removal, infectious volatilization of solid or liquid heavy metals, followed waste incinerator, packed-bed wet by reaction with other elements to form volatile scrubber, mercury mass balance. compound, which are easily released out of the incineration system, mercury particulate and vapors that released from incinerator are captured by scrubber 1. INTRODUCTION [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The objective of this study is to select The infectious wastes are those unwanted and some chemical substance to improve efficiency of Hg discard matter originating from healthcare premises. It removal in scrubber. is generally recognized that infectious waste has been mixed with municipal wastes and discharged to the * The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University Technology Thonburi. ** The Waste Incineration Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology North Bangkok. Email : [email protected] วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกลาพระนครเหนือ ปที่ 13 ฉบับที่ 4 ต.ค.-ธ.ค. 2546 The Journal of KMITNB., Vol.13, No.4, Oct - Dec 2003 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS feeding system and a packed-bed wet scrubber. This incinerator can burn about 50 kilograms of infectious 2.1 Location waste per hour. Figure 1 shows the infectious waste This research studied at incinerator of incineration system. Sampran Hospital, a community hospital, located at Air pollution control system for infectious the Sampran District, Nakornpatom Province, and is incinerator is a packed-bed wet scrubber. The wet under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Public Health. scrubber is used for collecting particulate matter as The hospital has 60 beds and has planned to 120 beds. well as for HCl and SO2. Scrubber is made of stainless The average number of patients is about 5,878 plate of 3 mm. thickness in cylinder shape with patients/month. The average number of admitted-in diameter of 0.8 m. Inside the tower is fill with ceramic patients is 515 patients/month. The average ratio of media and install with solution spray system. Solution admitted-in patients is 93.11% to the maximum spray system includes water pump unit for quencher capacity/month. tower and scrubber tower 2 units per tower. The piping is connect from pumps to each tower and spray 2.2 Incinerator the liquid via nozzle. The solution which is used in the The controlled-air incinerator is designed by quencher tower and scrubber is pumped from the the Waste Incineration Research Center (WIRC) of the recirculation tank. The injected liquid at the lower King Mongkut’s Institute of technology North sump of each chamber is collected and transmitted to Bangkok under the project of Research & recirculation tank. Mist Eliminator is made of stainless Development of Infectious Waste Incinerator which steel plate and placed in the net shape, used to was funding by the Pollution Control Department, eliminate some mists from exhaust gas before ejected Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The to atmosphere. working principle of this prototype infectious waste The Hg removal agent was fed into the incinerator is an intermittent controlled-air. It consists recirculation tank and pump to the spray system of the of two combustion chambers with an automatic quencher and scrubber unit. Figure 1 The infectious Waste Incineration System 2.3 Simulated waste moisture content of 21.50%. The chemical The major physical components of infectious composition analysis of mercury concentration is 1.43 waste are cotton and gauze (67.15%), syringe mg/kg of waste. The simulated infectious waste is (13.48%), and rubber gloves (12.52%) (dry basis) and modeled from major physical components only วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกลาพระนครเหนือ ปที่ 13 ฉบับที่ 4 ต.ค.-ธ.ค. 2546 The Journal of KMITNB., Vol.13, No.4, Oct - Dec 2003 because it will influences more effects to combustion 2.5.3 Determination of the mercury from solution behavior than the minor component, so the simulated in packed-bed wet scrubber infectious waste includes of moisture contents (22%), Mercury from a solution in scrubber is Cotton (57%), Syringe (11%), Rubber (10%) and adds measured before and after incineration by using Hg of 1 mg/kg of simulated infectious waste. US.EPA Method 7470A [19]. This method is a cold vapor atomic absorption procedure approved for 2.4 Experimental Designed determining the concentration of mercury in mobility The experiment is designed to compare the procedure extracts, aqueous wastes and ground waters. efficiency of mercury removal in a packed-bed wet scrubber with and without adding any capture 2.5.4 Determination of the other major air substances under simulated waste incineration pollutant. condition. The capture substances that are selected for TESTO 350 flue gas analyzer is used to feed in the wet-scrubber include potassium measure combustion gases; Sulfur dioxide (SO2), permanganate, hydrochlorice acid and chlorine at vary Oxide of nitrogen (NOX), and Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. The incinerator is operated at optimum before and after packed-bed wet scrubber. The gas operating conditions , for example, the preheating analyzer is an electrochemical cell type. temperature on primary combustion chamber is 700 0C and secondary chamber is 900 0C. The waste is fed in 2.5.5 The efficiency of mercury removal each of 5 min/batch. Each batch contains of 5 The removal efficiency (RE) of hazardous kilograms of simulated waste. mercury constituent in the waste feed is calculated from the following equation [11]; 2.5 Methodology RE = []()W −W W ×100% 2.5.1 Determination of the particulate and gaseous in out in mercury emission. A multiple metal sampling train is used for Where: Win = mass of mercury in the waste stream fed into the packed- bed wet scrubber. stack sampling. Following the procedure in the US. EPA. Method 101A [18], the particulate and gaseous Wout = mass of mercury in the stack prior mercury emissions are withdrawn isokinetically and released to the atmosphere. collected by acidic potassium permanganate. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.5.2 Determination of the mercury from bottom 3.1 Mercury removal efficiency by packed-bed wet ash and infectious waste.
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