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Home , Cicada (mythology), Nymph (biology)

HOME GROUNDS FACT SHEET Horticulture Center Cornell University Demonstration & Community Gardens at East Meadow Farm Cooperative Extension 832 Merrick Avenue East Meadow, NY 11554 Nassau County Phone: 516-565-5265

Cicadas and Killer On Long Island, summer brings the mating, egg laying begins. With her emergence of millions of Cicadas, curved, saw-like egg-laying ovapositor, commonly called the female punctures the twigs of trees or annual . The term “” and shrubs, makes a picket in the is actually a misnomer because only wood, lays 24-28 eggs, moves on to certain species of are another section and continues till she locusts, and grasshoppers (locusts) has deposited a total of 400-600 eggs. are not even closely related. The ci- In 6 to 7 weeks, the eggs hatch into cada is a sucking related to that fall to the ground and bur- , scales and leaf hoppers. Only row into the soil till they find suitable in the Eastern part of the U.S. are roots from which to suck plant juices. these found and, in different The nymphs remain 18-24 inches be- sections, broods indigenous to those neath the surface of the soil, undergo- areas will emerge at different times. ing changes into the pre-adult stage. The Periodical Cicada emerges after several A few weeks before the end of the completion of years of subsurface feeding on tree roots while their cycle, the nymphs begin to burrow upward the annual form appears after one year. in preparation for emergence from the ground. The adult cicada is a black and green-bod- The egg-laying process for the cicadas causes ied, bullet-shaped, winged insect about 1 5/8" twigs and branches of small, immature trees to long. The nearly transparent wings have some wilt. Fruit trees can suffer a heavy loss of fruit. strong veins. Cicadas have beaked mouth parts Wounds resulting from the punctures permit en- for piercing plant tissues and sucking the sap try of disease and insects (e.g scale, woolly from the bark. They do not feed on foliage and aphids) into the plant tissue. Seventy to eighty adults do little damage by feeding. The injury different species of trees and shrubs are affected, they do inflict occurs during the egg laying pro- especially oak, hickory, apple, peach, pear and cess by the female. grape. Around late July through August, the imma- ture cicada () leaves the ground and Control seeks out an upright object, ideally a tree, on There are no practical controls because the which to cling. The nymphal skin splits and in adults are strong fliers with a long flight range about an hour a soft white adult emerges. In a and their host plant preference is so varied that few more hours, the adult becomes the winged detailed control recommendations are impracti- dark-bodied, fully mature Cicada. Mating oc- cal. The cicada killer is a natural predator curs about a week later, and several days after of cicadas.

E-1-6 DWM reviewed RT 1/03

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Building Strong and Vibrant New York Communities Cornell Cooperative Extension in Nassau County provides equal program and employment opportunities. CICADA KILLER WASP The cicada killer Wasps dig holes in lawns, kicking out a large horse- wasp, also known shoe-shaped pile of dirt around the nest entrance. The as the giant cicada burrow is about 38mm (11/2") in diameter and may be killer, is one of the 15 to 25cm (6-10") deep and 30 to 45cm (12-18") long. largest solitary, At the end of the burrow are three or four cells. One or ground-burrowing two cicadas are placed in each cell; one egg is laid on a wasps in the United cicada in each cell. Several wasps will frequently make States. It is found individual burrows in one location. These wasps are east of the Rocky strong fliers and will travel a considerable distance in Mountains and search of food. During July and August, homeowners south into Mexico. often report seeing them foraging, rather than burrow- The cicada killer is ing, in the lawn. The female wasps rarely sting unless a very large, robust they are threatened by uninformed people, or lawn equip- wasp about 30 to ment in the nest area. 40mm (11/8"-15/8") long. While the dirt mounds they produce can be a nuisance and their ominous size Control intimidating, these wasps are actually quite docile. They These beneficial, predatory insects are a natural con- only sting when grabbed or threatened. Cicada killer trol for cicadas. They should be left alone and allowed wasps are the only known natural enemy of the cicada. to do their job - reducing the cicada population. In certain sensitive areas such as playgrounds, en- Habits trance ways and around pools, killing a small number of The cicada killer is commonly found in residential ar- wasps may be necessary. Aerosols for wasp and hor- eas, city parks, golf courses and where privet hedges net treatment can be directed into isolated burrows and grow. They burrow in grass-covered or bare hills, banks the immediate area surrounding the opening. This and berms, along raised sidewalks, driveways, and pa- should be done after sundown. Wear protective cloth- tio slabs. They can be found in loose clay to sandy ing. Do not seal the burrows. soils, and in loose soil in planters, window boxes, and flower beds. Sometimes the burrows are hidden under low shrubs and clumps of flowers, or in ground cover, “This publication contains recommendations. Changes in such as ivy or pachysandra. pesticide regulations occur constantly and human errors are still In late summer, these wasps are commonly seen possible. Some materials mentioned may no longer be available, skimming lawn areas and flying around shrubs and trees and some uses may no longer be legal. All distributed, looking for cicadas. The wasps catch cicadas by para- sold or applied in New York State must be registered with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Ques- lyzing them with their sting and use them as food for tions concerning the legality and/or registration status for pesticide their developing offspring: the adults feed on flower use in New York State should be directed to the appropriate Cornell nectar. Once the cicada is paralyzed, the wasp drags it Cooperative Extension specialist or your regional DEC office (631) up a tree or post to gain height so it can back to its 444-0341. Read the label before applying any pesticide. Cornell Cooperative Extension and its employees assume no liability for the burrow. The wasp may have to do this several times effectiveness or results of any chemicals for pesticide usage. No with each cicada. endorsement of products is made or implied.”

E-1-6 DWM reviewed RT 1/03