By Mert Ertunga BA
NEGOTIATING LITERARY IDENTITY DURING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN THE PHILOSOPHES AND THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHES (1745-1765) by Mert Ertunga BA, University of Alabama in Birmingham, 2007 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2010 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Mert Ertunga It was defended on April 4, 2016 and approved by Lina Insana, Chair, Associate Professor, French and Italian Clark S. Muenzer, Associate Professor, German Todd Reeser, Professor, French and Italian Dissertation Advisor: Giuseppina Mecchia, Associate Professor, French and Italian Dissertation Advisor: Shane Agin, Associate Professor, French and Italian, Duquesne University ii Copyright © by Mert Ertunga 2016 iii NEGOTIATING LITERARY IDENTITY DURING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN THE PHILOSOPHES AND THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHES (1745-1765) Mert Ertunga, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation centers on the negotiation of literary identity in the philosophes vs. anti- philosophes divide during the middle decades of the eighteenth century. During that time, the ideas of the philosophes were gaining ground in readership and popularity, and, as a consequence, their enemies were beginning to perceive their ideas as pernicious threats to the traditional values upon which the French monarchy was built. Voltaire, Denis Diderot, and Jean- Jacques Rousseau squared off against anti-philosophes such as Élie Catherine Fréron, Charles Palissot, and the abbé Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier in debates concerning literature, religion, and education. Philosophes questioned the principles on which the old order rested and relentlessly called on “reason” to challenge prejudices, while the anti-philosophes accused their adversaries of conspiring to subvert the French monarchy by rattling the foundations of the established religious practices and social peace.
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