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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture October 2014 CGRFA/WG-AnGR-8/14/Inf.2 – Part 1 & 2 E COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Item 3 of the Provisional Agenda INTERGOVERNMENTAL TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Eighth Session Rome, 26-28 November 2014 DRAFT SECOND REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Part 1 & 2 Status of preparation All parts of The second report on the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture (Second Report) have been drafted. However, Part 4 – State of the art in the management of animal genetic resources – is at an early stage of drafting and will thus not be made available to the Working Group. While a number of sections of the Second Report have been reviewed by FAO and external experts, these sections still need to be revised based on the comments received. Review of the remaining sections remains to be arranged. The whole report needs to be further edited to ensure internal consistency and improve readability. The acknowledgements, preface, executive summary and list of abbreviations and acronyms still need to be prepared. It is foreseen that a full draft of the Second Report will be ready in March 2015. This document is printed in limited numbers to minimize the environmental impact of FAO's processes and contribute to climate neutrality. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to avoid asking for additional copies. Documents for this meeting are available on the Internet at http://www.fao.org/Ag/AGAInfo/programmes/en/genetics/angrvent.html Draft Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture NOT FOR CITATION COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product are not warranted to be error free and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The general FAO Terms and Conditions can be found at the following URL: http://data.fao.org/terms The source for names of administrative units is the Food and Agriculture Organization Names of Countries and Territories (NOCS). The primary source of boundaries and administrative units is the Food and Agriculture Organization Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL). Disputed boundaries and undetermined regions have been added based on the United Nations Cartographic Section, Department of Field Support maps. More information can be found using the following resources: Names of Countries and Territories (NOCS) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO) http://termportal.fao.org/faonocs/appl/ Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO) http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home?uuid=f7e7adb0-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8 United Nations Cartographic Section, Department of Field Support. http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm CONTENTS Part 1 — The state of livestock diversity Part 2 — Livestock sector trends Part 3 — The state of capacities Part 4 — The state of the art (being developed) Part 5 — Needs and challenges Detailed tables of contents are provided within each part. Part 1 THE STATE OF LIVESTOCK DIVERSITY iii Introduction Part 1 of the report begins by describing the advances in research on the origin of the diversity of today’s animal genetic resources for food and agriculture – the domestication and history of livestock species. This is followed by a description of the current status and trends of animal genetic resources diversity and the extent to which this diversity is threatened by genetic erosion. The next section describes patterns of international exchange of animal genetic resources. The roles and values of AnGR, and their direct and indirect contributions to livelihoods and economic output are then outlined. The importance of genetic resistance and tolerance to disease is then discussed followed by threats to the world’s animal genetic resources diversity. In the final section of Part 1, livestock diversity is discussed in relation to human nutrition. All sections highlight changes since the first report on The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (first SoW- AnGR) was drafted. AnGR are here taken to include those animal species that are used, or may be used, for food production and agriculture1, and the populations within each. Distinct populations within species are usually referred to as breeds. FAO (19992) defines breed as: either a subspecific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity. The broad definition of the term “breed” is a reflection of the difficulties involved in establishing a strict definition of the term. Further information on the development of the breed concept is provided in the first SoW-AnGR (FAO, 20073). 1 Fish are excluded as management requirements and breeding techniques are very different. 2 FAO. 1999. The global strategy for the management of farm animal genetic resources. Executive Brief. Rome. (available at http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/getblob.cgi?sid=-1,50006152). 3 FAO. 2007. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome. (available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm). iv CONTENTS Part 1 — The state of livestock diversity Introduction ........................................................................................ iii Section A: Origin and history of livestock diversity ........................................ 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. The domestication process ......................................................................................................... 2 3. Dispersal of domesticated animals ............................................................................................. 6 4. Introgression of from wild animals and related species ............................................................. 7 5. Adaptation of livestock following domestication ....................................................................... 7 6. The recent history of livestock diversity .................................................................................... 9 7. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 9 References ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Section B: Status and trends of animal genetic resources ............................. 17 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 17 2. State of reporting ...................................................................................................................... 18 3. Species diversity and distribution ............................................................................................. 19 4. Breed diversity and distribution ............................................................................................... 21 5. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 30 References ............................................................................................................................................. 30 Section C: Flows of animal genetic resources ................................................. 33 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33 2. Status and trends of global gene flows ..................................................................................... 34 3. Drivers of gene flow in the twenty-first century ...................................................................... 45 4. Effects of gene flows ................................................................................................................ 47 5. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 48 References ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Section D: Roles, uses and values of animal genetic resources ..................... 51 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 51 2. Contributions to food production, livelihoods and economic output ....................................... 52 3. Sociocultural roles ...................................................................................................................
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