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Painting by William K. Hartmann showing a view from the surface of , a of . Institute ANNUAL REPORT 2009 PLANETARY SCIENCE INSTITUTE Th e Planetary Science Institute is a private, nonprofi t 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to exploration. It is headquartered in Tucson, , where it was founded in 1972.

PSI are involved in numerous NASA and international missions, the study of Mars and other , the moon, , , interplanetary dust, impact physics, the origin of the solar system, extra-solar formation, dynamics, the rise of life, and other areas of research.

Th ey conduct fi eldwork in North America, South America, Australia, Asia and Africa. Th ey also are actively involved in science education and public outreach through school programs, teacher workshops, children’s books, popular science books and art.

PSI scientists are based in 16 states, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Russia and Australia with affi liates in China and Japan.

Th e Planetary Science Institute corporate headquarters is located at 1700 E. Fort Lowell Road, Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona, 85719-2395.

Th e main offi ce phone number is 520.622.6300, fax is 520.622.8060 and the Web address is www.psi.edu.

PSI BOARD OF TRUSTEES Tim Hunter, M.D., Chair Brent A. Archinal, Ph.D. David H. Levy, Ph.D. University of Arizona Medical Center U.S. Jarnac Observatory Candace P. Kohl, Ph. D., Vice Chair Donald R. Davis, Ph.D. Benjamin W. Smith, J.D. Independent Consultant Planetary Science Institute Attorney at Law John L. Mason, Ph. D., Secretary Michael G. Gibbs, Ed.D. Mark V. Sykes, Ph.D., J.D. Applied Research and Technology Capitol College Planetary Science Institute William K. Hartmann, Ph.D. Planetary Science Institute

The rocky profile along the edge of is a fine example a “rubble pile” structure, a concept developed at the Planetary Science Institute in the 1970s and 1980s as a type of asteroid fragmented and reassembled during large-scale collisions. PSI scientists Paul Abell, Donald Davis and Robert Gaskell have been part of the Hayabusa science team that obtained the image. (Japanese Space Agency; image processed by W. K. Hartmann.) 2 A Busy Year at PSI

Planetary Science Institute researchers created new maps In addition, PSI scientists participated in the Dawn fl yby of the seasonal polar caps of Mars using neutron measure- of Mars; supported NASA missions to comets Hartley 2, ments from orbit, placing new constraints on global circu- Tempel 1 and Wild 2 using ground-based observations; lation models of the atmosphere; raised questions about made the fi rst-ever, up-close look at neutron production subsurface ice trapped in Martian dunes, preventing their from a solar fl are; identifi ed and mapped on the lunar movement; provided new insights into the large role that surface previously unidentifi ed chemical elements, water has played in shaping the topography of large Mar- including uranium; and determined a means by which tian craters; and determined that warm weather near the small gravitational eff ects on a satellite could be used to Martian equator may have melted the ice in ice-rich soils constrain the local population of near- objects. as recently as 2 million years ago, indicating that the planet Th is was a small fraction of research conducted this year at may have been more life-friendly very recently. the Institute, and demonstrates its breadth and richness. PSI Strengthens Science, Education and Support Staff

PSI’s strength and advantage is in its people. Our culture of openness and high level of mutual support sets us apart from other organizations. In 2009 PSI continued to grow, adding 15 new staff , including 10 researchers. Other new personnel focus on Education and Public Outreach eff orts and add to PSI’s science support and administrative eff orts. New PSI staff members for 2009:

Alice Baldridge Susan Benecchi Jade C. Bond Sanlyn Buxner Thea Cañizo Associate Research Associate Research Scientist Postdoctoral Research Assistant Education Specialist Education Support Specialist

Mary G. Chapman Steven K. Croft Deborah Domingue Lorin Rossman Irwin Jian-Yang Li Senior Scientist Senior Education Specialist Senior Scientist Research Scientist Senior Research Associate

Joseph R. Michalski Karly M. Pitman Linda Rueger Nicholas Tosca Michael Wendell Research Scientist Associate Research Scientist Human Resources Specialist Associate Research Scientist Software Developer

3 NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR

At PSI we take pride in being an organization that is run by participating in our scientists for the benefi t of scientists. We are a community community and who have of people that seeks not only to advance our own research, demonstrated the capabil- but also to provide support for our colleagues within the ity or show the promise Institute through things like internal proposal reviews and to develop a dynamic, strategy workshops. independent research program to advance our We also remove subjective barriers to advancement and understanding of the solar salary rates and promote an egalitarian work environment system. Applications are – everyone is treated the same whether they are one of required, as are letters of the founders who has been around for 37 years or a young reference. We bring candidates to Tucson to give a seminar. scientist submitting his or her fi rst proposals to NASA. Finally, the staff has an open discussion of the application Our criteria for promotion are objective (becoming the and the suitability of the candidate to be a PSI scientist. If a Principal Investigator of grants and years since Ph.D.). positive consensus is reached, an off er for an appointment Scientists set their own salaries, guided by national to the Institute is made. Eleven new appointments were averages for similar positions. made in 2009 to Principal Investigator-eligible positions in One consequence of PSI’s institutional culture was driven science and education. home when I recently attended the Women in PSI was honored this year by the visit of Congresswoman (WIA) conference in Washington, D.C. to give an invited Gabrielle Giff ords, Chair of the House Subcommittee for lecture on PSI’s policies and practices. I was very surprised Space and Aerospace, which oversees NASA, our principal when an earlier speaker presented statistics showing that source of funding. PSI brings in millions of federal dollars women at universities earned about 20 percent each year to Giff ords’ district, providing well-paying jobs less in salary than their male colleagues of comparable to a highly educated work force and stimulating the local experience and position. economy. It is always a pleasure to show off the Institute, its Women make up 33 percent of Ph.D.s at PSI, increasing people, and the incredible range of science we undertake. to 44 percent when considering scientists earning their We are on the science teams of 11 missions by the U.S., degrees less than 20 years ago (a time when the profession Europe, Japan and India.We run instruments on four of was far more male-dominated). Comparing salaries at these missions, and have 130 ongoing contracts and grants PSI of women and men as a function of years since Ph.D., with NASA. We are also involved in the future of human women’s salaries were on average higher than their male exploration. PSI has a long history, going back to the 1980s, counterparts, bucking the national trend! of supporting the role of near-Earth asteroids (NEOs) in Scientist retention was another issue discussed at the the future of human exploration. Currently, PSI scientists Women in Astronomy conference. A common problem in are generating simulations of human missions to NEOs for our profession arises when one spouse needs to relocate for NASA. I recently briefed President Obama’s Review of U.S. work and the other spouse may not have job opportunities Human Spacefl ight Plans Committee, headed by Norm in the new location. PSI addresses this issue by allowing Augustine, on this subject. scientists to work basically anywhere, supporting people Our work is funded by the public, so we feel a deep com- in 16 states and around the world. Nature magazine has mitment to convey what we are doing and its value back highlighted PSI as one of a few such companies that uses to them. Our research is very much comparative planetol- the internet to bring together and provide support for ogy – and what we learn about other worlds is important geographically distributed scientists. to understanding the history, present and future of our Interestingly, at PSI this problem of co-location has been own world. It is also laying the groundwork for any future an issue for as many husbands following wives as for wives expansion of humans beyond the Earth. following husbands. Mark V. Sykes At the same time, joining the PSI science staff is not auto- matic. We seek scientists who are interested in actively

4 NASA Funds PSI to Archive Asteroid and Dust Data

PSI received a NASA grant of nearly $2.5 million to archive data relating to asteroids and interplanetary dust. PSI has been part of NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS) eff ort to preserve, organize, and make mission data available to the scientifi c community since the PDS was formed in the early 1990s.

Th e fi ve-year grant will fund PSI work on the Asteroid/ Dust Subnode of the PDS Small Bodies Node. PSI Senior Scientist Donald R. Davis is the Principal Investigator on the project.

“NASA established PDS as a long-term archive for data col- lected on planetary missions,” Davis said. “NASA’s Plane- tary Science Division spends more than $1 billion each year to acquire data, and the PDS is the primary way in which Donald R. Davis, project Principal Investigator this data is made available to the scientifi c community, both for immediate analysis and for future use.” Th e Data Ferret will then search through the holdings and Th ere’s a lot more to archiving than simply tossing data return a list of datasets, which the scientist can ask the Data Ferret to further sift and refi ne. into a computer fi le and noting where it is. Data must be archived in a way that makes it easy to retrieve and scien- Th e Small Bodies Group also includes ground-based obser- tifi cally useful. vations in the archive to make it even more useful. “We make sure the data is well described so that scientists “A mission can tell you an awful lot about a single body, but 10, 15, or even 50 years from now can understand how it you really want to be able to extrapolate that to the entire was taken, the instrument used, the spacecraft and the mis- population of thousands of comets, millions of asteroids, sion objectives,” Davis said. “All of this has to be adequately and endless amounts of space dust,” Davis said. “We’re re- described and documented. Without this background, ally interested in populations, not just individuals visited by a bunch of tables, numbers or images is much less useful. missions, and the larger datasets in small bodies are taken We also include published papers that are based on a primarily by ground-based observations.” particular dataset.” Th e group is also including data gathered by amateur PSI has developed the On-Line Archiving Facility (OLAF) astronomers who have the knowledge and sophisticated that guides mission scientists and scientists engaged in equipment — CCDs and half-meter class telescopes, for NASA-funded research in preparing their datasets for instance — to do professional-quality work. inclusion in the PDS. Nearly all the data on asteroid light curves, for instance, are Th e data and its accompanying support material are then now collected by amateur astronomers, Davis said. peer-reviewed and any weaknesses in the dataset or sup- porting documentation are referred back to the researcher All of this eff ort to preserve data in a scientifi cally useful or researchers for further clarifi cation before the data is archive will be as important in the future as it is now. added to the archive. “Aft er all, there is no use-by date on scientifi c data, and PSI also is developing a small bodies Data Ferret that researchers frequently want to re-examine old data as new will make it much easier for scientists to sift through the theories and data analysis techniques are developed,” increasingly voluminous holdings in the Asteroid/Dust Davis said.

Subnode to fi nd what they need. Fift y years from now this data will still form a priceless Th is tool, slated to become operational in 2010, will allow archive to help future generations in their quest to under- a scientist to query the archive using standard scientifi c stand the solar system and their place in it. terms, rather than computer-specifi c terminology.

5 PSI Researchers Take the Solar System to the Public

PSI scientists have been featured in several national TV science specials and radio broadcasts where they off ered the public information on their solar system research.

PSI Director Mark Sykes again joined Neil deGrasse Tyson, host of NOVA scienceNOW on PBS and director of the New York Hayden Planetarium, on the Nova television program “Th e Pluto Files.” In that show Tyson investigated the public uproar over Pluto’s demotion from planetary status. Sykes previously sparred with Tyson in “Th e Great Planet Debate” moderated by NPR’s Ira Flatow. PSI Director Mark Sykes, center, explains why Pluto truly is a planet to host Neil deGrasse Tyson on the Nova television program “The Pluto Files” Sykes has been a vocal critic of the International Astro- seen on PBS. nomical Union’s new classifi cations for solar system objects that proclaim there are only eight planets in our solar sys- “Storm Worlds – Earth” shows how dust becomes airborne tem — excluding Pluto and several others, and eff ectively in desert regions and is distributed around the globe, where slamming the door on future discoveries of planets beyond it is found in deposits such as glaciers and associated with . He advocates a defi nition based on common long-distance transmission of sometimes dangerous bacteria. geophysical characteristics that are applicable throughout our solar system and to worlds around other stars. Th e program emphasizes the role that dust devils play in PSI Senior Scientist Kim Kuhlman’s research was featured this process, and includes a section featuring Metzger, on an NPR StarDate radio program series dealing with Balme and Pathare chasing dust devils in Nevada. Th ey are space . Th e fi rst program provided a general studying these terrestrial dust devils as analogs for those overview and the following three programs discussed on Mars that are believed to contribute to the Red Planet’s dusty atmosphere. Kuhlman’s research on how micrometeorite impacts pulverize the moon’s surface. Her research will foster better Balme and Metzger were also interviewed for the BBC understanding of the moon’s history and provide data that production, “Seven Wonders of the Solar System,” a multi- may help future discover and extract resources part series of hour-long episodes. Th at interview also from the lunar surface. related to the Nevada dust devil research. PSI scientists Stephen Metzger, Matt Balme and Asmin PSI Senior Scientist Elisabetta Pierazzo was one of several Pathare were featured on “Storm Worlds – Earth,” a scientists featured in the National Geographic Channel’s one-hour program in a three-part series on the National “Known Universe.” Th e three-hour program focused on Geographic Channel. the biggest, smallest, fastest and most explosive things in the universe. National Geographic interviewed Pierazzo at Arizona’s , the most well-preserved on the planet. Th e 3,000-foot-diameter, 570-foot-deep crater was formed when a boxcar-sized object crashed in northern Arizona’s desert. Pierazzo talked about the energy involved and the conse- quences of large meteor impacts on Earth. A larger object that hit Yucatan led to the extinction of dinosaurs. Could a similar-sized object slam into Earth, ending life as we know it? Th at was one of many questions addressed in the series that combines the latest scientifi c knowledge with interviews of experts, such as Pierazzo, Elisabetta Pierazzo discusses impact cratering with a National Geographic who can explain complex concepts in ways that are easy Channel film crew. for non-scientists to understand. 6 Congresswoman Giffords Visits Tucson PSI Facility

Congresswoman Gabrielle Giff ords toured Planetary Science Institute’s headquarters in Tucson to learn more about the institute’s research and outreach activities.

Giff ords, who chairs the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics of the House Committee on Science and Technology, emphasized the importance of adequate funding for space research and praised PSI for providing high-tech jobs in her Arizona Congressional District.

She also said America’s space program is vital to the country because access to space near Earth has important national security implications.

During a presentation given for Giff ords, PSI Director Mark Sykes explained that understanding other planets helps us better understand Earth and has already led to a deeper understanding of the eff ect humans have on Earth’s atmospheric processes.

He also said that the long-term dominance by the United States in space will depend on whether it is the fi rst to address the question of whether humans have a future beyond the Earth.

Sykes noted that PSI participates on the science and instrument teams of a number of missions sponsored by NASA and other agencies.

Th ese include: Mercury MESSENGER, Dawn, Cassini, Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Explo- ration Rovers, Mars Express (), Hayabusa (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency), NEO Clockwise from above left: Rep. Giffords, Bill Hartmann and David Crown listen to a presentation on PSI activities by Mark Sykes; Rep. Surveillance and Tracking (Canadian Space Agency) and Giffords examines samples of meteors and impact craters; Betty Pierazzo Chandrayaan1 (Indian Space Research Organization). shows Rep. Giffords materials used by PSI scientists to teach students and instructors. 7 PSI Researchers Chase Desert Dust Devils Riding shotgun in a pickup truck, journalist Tony Reich- hardt careened around a dry lakebed this summer with PSI scientists Matt Balme, Asmin Pathare and Steve Metzger as they studied dust devils in Nevada, up close. In the resulting article entitled “Devils’ Advocates,” which appears in Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine’s November issue (Sept. 14 online edition), Reichhardt describes the PSI team’s unique research technique: racing around in scorching hot, dry deserts purposefully inserting themselves into huge whirling clouds of choking dust, over and over PSI team members Matt Balme, center left and Steve Metzger, center again. right, are interviewed in the field by a film crew from the BBC for a

program titled “Seven Wonders of the Solar System.” Th e team, led by PSI’s Balme, uses a grid of meteorology towers plus several specially equipped trucks to collect data such as dust load, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, and temperature to help gauge the abundance of dust devils and the amount of aerosols they pump into the atmosphere. Th eir NASA-funded research studies how similar atmo- spheric phenomena might have helped shape the Martian surface by using deserts in Nevada and Arizona as hands- on, and much less expensive, research stand-ins.

Th e PSI-led eff ort brought together an international team of 12 scientists all focusing on diff erent aspects of dust devils. Do dust devils on Mars cause the giant dust storms oft en seen there? The truck mounted with DASHER (Dynamic Atmosphere-Surface Perhaps not, but they might add to the planet’s dust overall. Hardpan Environment Rig) instrumentation drives through a huge Th is is just one of the questions the PSI team hopes to answer. dust devil that rises from a dry lakebed in Nevada. “Tumbleweeds” Off er Novel Way to Explore Mars

PSI Senior Scientist Kim Kuhlman is the Principal Inves- Fleets of Tumbleweed vehicles could conduct long-range, tigator of the Tumbleweed project. She has put together randomized surveys with simple, low-cost instrumentation a team of scientists and engineers, including two NASA that is functionally equivalent to conventional coordinate centers and several academic and private institutions, to grid sampling. design a fl eet of instrumented Tumbleweeds for missions Th ese vehicles can be suitably instrumented for surface and of opportunity. near-surface sensing and analysis and released to roam for Tumbleweeds are lightweight, inexpensive vehicles that the duration of a season or longer. can carry a variety of instruments and cover large swaths It is anticipated that within just a few years, instruments of terrain as Martian winds cause them to roll like tumble- such as gas chromatograph mass spectrometers (GC-MS) weeds across the surface of Mars. and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) will be deployable on Th ey are designed to bridge the gap between large-scale Tumbleweed vehicles. Diff erent Tumbleweed confi gurations surveys done by spacecraft in Mars orbit and intensive, can provide the capability to operate in varying terrains small-scale research conducted by Mars rovers. and accommodate a wide range of instrument packages, 8 making them suitable for autonomous surveys for natural resources.

Tumbleweeds are lightweight, relatively inexpensive and very attractive for multiple deployments or piggybacking on larger missions.

Th e Tumbleweed vehicles, some of which resemble beach balls on steroids, are based on well-developed and tested technology. Vesta and Iceland Share Some Geographic Traits Th e NASA Dawn Mission spacecraft was launched in Sep- tember 2007 to conduct the fi rst ever double rendezvous. Its destinations are the two largest objects in the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres, which orbit the between Mars and Jupiter. Dawn will be arriving at Vesta in July 2011 and will acquire science data for about a year. Th e spacecraft will then depart for Ceres, arriving in February 2015. PSI has three scientists on the Dawn Science Team: William Feldman, Mark Sykes and Th omas Prettyman.

In August 2009, the Dawn Science Team gathered in Ice- , at 66 degrees north latitude. In addition to technical discussions, the team spent two days on fi eld trips to locations within driving distance of Reykjavik, guided by from the University of Iceland and Reykjavik University. Th e meeting was hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Endeavors with the complexity of the Dawn mission require Iceland offers NASA Dawn Mission researchers a living lab for studying a close-knit, multidisciplinary team. For those team the effects of volcanic activity. members who are not geologists, the fi eld trips were an opportunity to learn more about and fi eld geol- Iceland is a geothermal cauldron, and silicate are ogy and to make connections between Iceland and what rapidly undergoing chemical alteration by hydrothermal might be seen when the Dawn spacecraft arrives at Vesta. processes. Aqueous alteration products, such as clays, are abundant at numerous hot springs and several active Like Vesta, Iceland’s surface was shaped by basaltic mag- geysers. Ceres formed far enough away from the sun that matism and achieved its present form quickly, within 20 water must have played a role in its formation and thermal million years. Due to heating by short-lived radioisotopes evolution. Ceres contains up to 20 percent water and has injected into the solar nebula by a nearby supernova, Vesta undergone aqueous diff erentiation at low temperature, formed hot and, like the moon, may have had a magma forming minerals similar to those found in Iceland. When ocean. As Vesta cooled, the small body diff erentiated, form- Dawn arrives at Ceres in 2015, the surface will likely ing a crust, mantle, and core. Molten silicate from the reveal evidence for complex aqueous processing within the mantle erupted through the crust onto the surface, forming interior of Ceres from materials brought to the surface by features that might be very similar to those seen on Earth. gas-driven volcanism. Volcanism on Vesta ceased nearly 4.5 billion years ago, once gravitational forcing by Jupiter brought of Will Vesta’s south polar basin reveal the composition of the main asteroid belt to an end. In contrast, Iceland is Vesta’s interior? Does Ceres harbor a subterranean ocean located in one of Earth’s most active regions and volcanoes in which life may have arisen? Th ese may be among the have been an important part of Icelandic life since the fi rst exciting discoveries of the Dawn mission as it continues its settlers arrived in 871 AD. journey in space and time. 9 PSI Financial Report Bruce Barnett Chief Financial Offi cer

PSI experienced a robust 23 percent annual revenue growth in the fiscal year ended Jan. 31, 2010, with revenues totaling $5.6 million. Funding from NASA represents $5.4 million, or 96 percent of total revenues. During the fiscal year, NASA funded 73 grants with a PSI scientist as Principal Investigator and 57 contracts issued by other institutions with NASA prime awards.

REVENUES NASA FUNDING Grants and Contracts $ 5,625,493 Grant Awards (73) $ 3,680,040 Contributions 4,156 Contracts (57) 1,746,393 Other 1,193 Total NASA Funding $ 5,426,433 Total Revenues $ 5,630,842

Salaries and related fringe benefits represent 77 percent of PSI’s total expenses of $5.6 million. Operating expenses include $293,770 paid on subcontracts to other institutions whose scientists are included on PSI awards. Program services expenses are 84 percent of total expenses.

EXPENSES EXPENSES BY FUNCTION Salaries and Benefits $ 4,302,433 Program Services $ 4,963,510 Operating 1,202,824 Management & General 651,406 Depreciation 85,998 Total Expenses $ 5,614,916 Interest 23,661 Total Expenses $ 5,614,916

PSI’s financial records are audited annually by independent auditors. A condensed Statement of Financial Position from PSI’s audit report for the fiscal year ended Jan. 31, 2010 is reflected below.

Current Assets $ 701,233 Current Liabilities $ 624,024 Property & Equipment 557,659 Long-term Liabilities 408,311 Total Assets $ 1,258,992 Property & Equipment 226,657 Total Liabilities & Net Assets $ 1,258,992

10 Grants listed by Principal Investigator, project New PSI Research Grants title and program or funding source.

Paul Abell, Setting the stage for life: From interstellar clouds Joseph Michalski, Analysis of sulfate-bearing deposits of to early Earth and Mars. University of North Dakota. global, regional and local scales: Testing hypotheses of for- mation. NASA Mars Data Analysis Program. Leslie Bleamaster, Volcano-tectonism of the Beta-Alta- Themis Province, . NASA Planetary Geology and David O’Brien, Collisional and dynamical processes in the Program. solar system. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program. Mary Chapman, Upper Triassic mass extinction event: Study of 214 Ma and 201 Ma rocks on the Colorado . NASA Asmin Pathare, Recent dynamics of circumpolar Martian Exobiology Program. ice fl ow features. University of Washington.

David Crown, Impact craters as stratigraphic markers. NASA Elisabetta Pierazzo, Impacts and environmental catastro- Mars Data Analysis Program. phes: Investigating the eff ects of impact events on the climate system. NASA Exobiology. Donald R. Davis, PSI Asteroid/Dust Subnode of NASA’s PDS Small Bodies Node. NASA Planetary Data System. Elisabetta Pierazzo, Direct numerical simulation of impacts and low-density atmospheric fl ow on the moon and Deborah Domingue Lorin, MESSENGER science team co- the eff ects of ice deposition in cold traps – Phase 2. Univer- investigator. Carnegie Institute of Washington. sity of Texas at Austin.

Mark Everett, Mt. Hopkins observing. Smithsonian Astro- Karly Pitman, Investigations into composition of icy Galilean physical Observatory. satellite surfaces. NASA Outer Planets Research Program.

Robert W. Gaskell, Virtual Vesta analysis. Jet Propulsion Tom Prettyman, Fast neutron dosimeter for the space envi- Laboratory. ronment, radiation monitoring devices. NASA Small Business Innovative Research, Phase I. Cyrena A. Goodrich, Th ermal evolution, aqueous alteration and diff erentiation of the Ureilite parent body. NASA Cos- Robert S. Reedy, Solar system studies using products of cosmic mochemistry Program. ray-induced nuclear interactions. NASA .

Lijie Han, Tidal dissipation and tide formation on icy satel- Robert S. Reedy, High-quality elemental maps of the moon lites. NASA Outer Planets Research Program. from analyses of advanced orbital gamma-ray data. NASA Lunar and Planetary Science U.S. Participating Investigator. Lijie Han, Convection in icy satellites and its impact on tec- tonics. NASA Outer Planets Research Program. Robert S. Reedy, Collaborative research: A proposal for the cosmic-ray produced nuclide systematics on Earth Rossman P. Irvin III, Mapping, characterization and analysis (CRONUS-Earth) project. National Science Foundation. of channel/valley features on . University of Tennessee. J. Alexis Palmero Rodriguez, Resurfacing history of the Kimberly Kuhlman, Quantitive analysis of Genesis contam- Scandia region of Mars. NASA Planetary Geology and Geo- inants. Jet Propulstion Laboratory. physics Program.

Melissa Lane, Continued investigation of salts on the Mar- J. Alexis Palmero Rodriguez, Formational history of the tian surface using THEMIS data: Determining , polar troughs in the north polar plateau on Mars. NASA geologic setting and age. Arizona State University. Mars Data Analysis Program.

Scott Mest, Geologic mapping of the south pole of the moon. NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program. 11 Nalin Samarasinha, Modeling coma morphologies of Rebecca Williams, Mars Odyssey – THEMIS extended comets 9P/Tempel 1 and 19P/Correlly: Placing spacecraft mission. Arizona State University. data into context. NASA Planetary Mission Data Processing Program. Rebecca Williams, Environmental implications of highly sinuous channels on Mars. University of Virginia. Ed Tedesco, U.S. near-Earth object surveillance satellite sci- ence team support. Lunar and Planetary Science U.S. Partici- R. Aileen Yingst, Optimizing lunar science return from pating Investigator. lunar mobile robotic missions by testing rover fi eld meth- odologies. NASA Moon and Mars Analog Mission Activites. Ed Tedesco, Application of an improved asteroid magnitude phase function to real-world data. Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

PSI Publications

Abell, P. A., D. J. Korsmeyer, R. R. Landis, T. D. Jones, D. R. Page, D. P., M. R. Balme, and M. Grady (2009). Dating climate Adamo, D. Morrison, L. Lemke, A. Gonzales, R. Gershman, change on Mars. Icarus 203, 376-389. T. Sweetser, L. Johnson, and E. Lu (2009). Scientific explora- tion of near-Earth objects via the Orion Crew Exploration Berman, D.C., D.A. Crown, and L.F. Bleamaster III (2009). Vehicle. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 44, 1825-1836. Degradation of mid-latitude craters on Mars. Icarus 200, 77-95. Landis, R. R., P. A. Abell, D. J. Korsmeyer, T. D. Jones, and D. R. Adamo (2009). Piloted operations at a near-Earth object. Bourke, M.C. and A.S. Goudie (2009). Varieties of barchan Acta Astronautica 65, 1687-1697. dunes in the Namib Desert and on Mars. Aeolian Res. 1, 45-54.

Artemieva N. and E. Pierazzo (2009). The Canyon Diablo Bourke, M.C., R.C. Ewing, D. Finnegan, and H.A. McGowan : Projectile motion through the atmosphere. (2009). Sand dune movement in Victoria Valley, Antarctica. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 44, 25-42. 109, 148-160.

Artemieva N. and J. Morgan (2009). Modeling the formation Chamberlain, M.A., A.J. Lovell, and M.V. Sykes (2009). Sub- of the K-Pg boundary layer. Icarus 201, 768-780. millimeter and lightcurves of Ceres and other large asteroids. Icarus 202, 487-501. Hood L., F. Ciesla, N. Artemieva, F. Marzari, and S.J. Weiden- schilling (2009). Nebular shock waves generated by plane- Gladman, B.J., D. R. Davis, C. Neese, G. Williams, R. Jedicke, tesimals passing through Jovian resonances: Possible sites for J. J. Kavelaars, J.-M. Petit, H. Scholl, M. Holman, B. War- chondrule formation. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 44, 327-342. rington, G. Esquerdo, and P. Tricarico (2009). On the asteroid belt’s orbital and size distribution. Icarus 202, 104-118. Kenkmann, T., N.A. Artemieva, K. Wünnemann, M.H. Poel- chau, D. Elbeshausen, and H. Núñez Del Prado (2009). The Luginbuhl, C.B., D. M. Duriscoe, C. W. Moore, A. Richman, G. Carancas impact crater, Peru: Geologic surveying W. Lockwood, and D. R. Davis (2009). From the ground up and modeling of crater formation and atmospheric passage. II: Sky glow and near-ground artificial light propagation in Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 44, 985-1000. Flagstaff, Arizona. Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac. 121, 204-212.

Balme, M. R. and C. Gallagher (2009). An equatorial peri- Luginbuhl, C.B., G. W. Lockwood, D. R. Davis, K. Pick, and glacial landscape on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 285, 1-15. J. Selders (2009). From the ground up I: Inventory of outdoor lighting in Flagstaff, Arizona. Pub. Ast. Soc. Pac. 121, 185-203. Balme, M. R., C. Gallagher, D.P. Page, J.B. Murray, and J-P. Muller (2009). Sorted stone circles in Elysium Planitia, Mars: Fernandez, J.M., D.W. Latham, G. Torres, M.E. Everett, G. implications for recent martian climate. Icarus 200, 30-38. Mandushev, D. Charbonneau, F.T. O’Donovan, T. Francis , R.

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