MOZAMBIQUE REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

Coral Reef Monitoring Programme

Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Helena Motta Marcos A M Pereira Miguel Gonçalves Tyrone Ridgway Michael H Schleyer MOZAMBIQUE CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

Coral Reef Monitoring Programme

Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Helena Motta

Marcos A M Pereira

Miguel Gonçalves

Tyrone Ridgway

Michael H Schleyer

The printing of this publication was made possible by a generous support from WWF.

Please cite as: Motta H, M A M Pereira, M Gonçalves, T Ridgway & M H Schleyer (2002). Coral reef monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 report. MICOA/CORDIO/ORI/WWF. Maputo, Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme. 31 pp.

Cover: Lionfish (Pterois miles) a common inhabitant of sheltered areas in southern Mozambique reefs (photo: M A M Pereira).

Maputo, July 2002

Co-ordinated by the Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Zonas Costeiras (CDS-ZC, MICOA) with the assistance of Coral Reef Degradation of the Indian Ocean (CORDIO), Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) and DANIDA Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

MICOA initiated a project for the development of a National Coastal Zone Management Programme (NCZMP) for Mozambique in conjunction with a number of institutions and donors. The programme encompasses the entire coastal zone and is multi-disciplinary in its approach. One aspect will address the ecosystems of which the coastal environment is comprised such as coral reefs. A management plan is consequently being formulated for the coral reefs within the NCZMP. A new development arose concurrently with the above, viz. the increasing problem of regional associated with global warming and . The 1997-1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) caused elevated sea temperatures that resulted in the most severe occurrence of this phenomenon. This precipitated a SIDA/Sarec funded programme on Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO). Mozambican scientists and international collaborators are participating in the programme, which is giving added impetus to the national research effort on coral reefs. A preliminary survey has been completed (Schleyer, et al. 1999) and the present report covers an extension of the early work and the commencement of that associated with the NCZMP.

The objectives of the coral reef monitoring programme form a sub-component of the Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme and part of the activities of the SIDA supported CORDIO project. They are to: q Monitor the occurrence of further coral bleaching, COTS and other natural/human disturbances; q Monitor the biophysical impacts of coral mortality; q Develop effective measures for sustainable management of the coral reefs and potential restoration of damaged reefs; q Develop alternative pilot activities for the fishing communities affected by coral degradation.

The sites selected are representative of different reef environments: some are protected, some are over- utilised, some lie in embayments and others are exposed to oceanic conditions.

Mozambican reefs manifest great biodiversity. Many are degraded from bleaching and the ravages of crown-of-thorns starfish. There is evidence of recovery on some reefs in which soft are emerging to be primary colonisers. Degraded reefs recolonised by algae have a preponderance of herbivorous fish and reefs subjected to fishing pressure only have fish in the smaller size classes. There is clearly a need for ongoing monitoring.

Results from the second year of monitoring show that reefs in protected areas or protected by depth are still in much better condition. There is a slight improvement in some reefs such as Goa reef in Mozambique Island. However, reefs still under great fishing pressure such as the Quirimbas and Sete Paus reefs show signs of decline.

i Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express their gratitude to DANIDA and SIDA/Sarec for funding the development of the project and the second year of monitoring. Special thanks go for CORDIO Co-ordinator, Dr. Olof Lndin.

The authors would also like to thank all the officials and individuals for their kind support and the valuable information they provided during the survey which facilitated the work.

In this regard, special thanks go to Mr. David Law, from Barra Lodge, Inhambane, who provided free accommodation; Rhalda Few, Johan Pears and Michael Burgin, of Barra Lodge Dive Charters, who contributed with their time, the use of diving equipment, a boat and fuel for the work at Barra, Inhambane; Mr. António Reina and Mr. Augusto Correia, of the Bazaruto National Park, who contributed with their time, transport and free accommodation; Mrs. Lieglind Gessner and Mr. Joachim Gessner, who gave their time and attention to assist the team at Quirimba Island as well as free transport to the team and equipment; Mr. Monteiro Júnior and spouse, do Complexo Nautilus in Pemba City for their support with accommodation, Mr. Pieter Jacobs, of C.I.Divers in Pemba, who made is equipment available at special rates; Mr. Carlos Pacheco Faria, of ENACOMO, who provided free accommodation at Mozambique Island and Mrs. Flora Magalhães, in Mozambique Island, who contributed with her time and useful information to the team; Mr. Cacú Amaral Dias, from Dugong Dive Center, who provided his diving equipment and boat free to the team in Mozambique Island.

MICOA also appreciated the assistance of Bazaruto Lodge staff, Mr. Maurício Gelo from the Center for the Sustainable Development of Urban Areas in Nampula, Mr. César Augusto dos Santos, Provincial Director of MICOA in Pemba, Mr. José Rosado in Maputo, and many others not referred to here.

The views of the authors contained in this report do not necessarily represent the views of MICOA, UEM, CORDIO, ORI, SIDA/Sarec, DANIDA or the Government of Mozambique.

ii Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 1

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 Criteria for site selection 3 Sites Surveyed 4 Methods 4

3. RESULTS 6 Benthic Surveys 6 Fish Surveys 10

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 17 Status and Condition of the Reefs 17 Comparing Results Between Monitoring Years (1999-2000) 18 Accomplishments 18 Concluding Remarks 20

5. REFERENCES 21

6. ANNEXES 22

iii Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

1. INTRODUCTION

Mozambique possesses the third longest coastline along the Western Indian Ocean, extending 2 700 km, much of which adjoins areas of coral reefs. This ecosystem constitutes an important biological resource in terms of its complex biodiversity and is the basis for tropical fisheries and marine ecotourism. The coral reefs represent one of Mozambique's main marine assets and coastal communities and the growing tourism industry rely mainly on reef-based resources. Today, about 6.6 million people live within Mozambique's 48 coastal administrative districts. This represents 42% of the current population of Mozambique (15.7 million) which is expected to grow at 3% p.a. (INE, 1998).

Reefs along the Mozambican coast consist of fossilised dune and beach rock colonised by corals to a varying degree. The shoreline has been successively exposed and submerged during the millennia, forming a compound shoreline (Tinley, 1971; Rodrigues et al., 1999) in which the coral reefs are distributed in three regions.

The northernmost section of the coast extends for 770 km from the Rovuma River in the north to Pebane in the south (17º20'S). It is characterised by numerous small islands that form the Quirimbas Archipelago and the Primeiras and Segundas Islands. Coral reefs constitute an almost continuous on the eastern shores of the islands and the more exposed sections of the mainland coast.

The central section of the coast between Pebane (17º20'S) and Bazaruto Island (21º10'S), a distance of about 950 km, is classified as a swamp coast. Twenty-four rivers discharge into the Indian Ocean along this section, each with an estuary supporting well-established mangrove stands. The coastal waters are shallow and this, combined with the sediment loading from the rivers, causes high turbidity levels. Coral reef formation in this area is consequently severely limited.

The southern section stretches for 850 km from Bazaruto Island southwards to Ponta do Ouro (26º50’S). High dunes, north facing bights and barrier lakes characterise the coastline. The dune systems attain heights of 120 m and are amongst the highest vegetated dunes in the world. The distribution of reefs along the coast and nearshore islands is patchy and the reefs are more sparsely inhabited by corals. There is a break between Xai-Xai and Inhaca Island in their distribution, again due to the discharge of four major rivers within Maputo Bay.

There are three types of fisheries in Mozambique, comprising industrial, semi-industrial and artisanal fisheries. These three sectors land about 90,000 tons/year from an estimated MSY of about 300,000 tons/year (Schleyer et al. 1999). The industrial and semi-industrial fleets currently earn 40% of Mozambique’s foreign revenue, gained largely from prawn fisheries dependent on mangroves and estuaries for their productivity. The artisanal fishery, on the other hand, is responsible for about 70% of the total catch. These fisheries are largely centered on the reefs and are clearly important to the coastal communities and Mozambican economy.

Coral reefs represent the main attraction for the coastal tourist industry in Mozambique. Most tourism occurs where the best infrastructure for tourism is established, especially near the reefs of Pemba, Mozambique Island, Bazaruto Archipelago, Inhambane, Inhaca Island and Ponta do Ouro.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the coral reef monitoring programme form a sub-component of the Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme and part of the activities of the SIDA CORDIO project. They are to: q Monitor the occurrence of coral bleaching, COTS and other natural/human disturbances; q Monitor the biophysical impacts of coral mortality;

1 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report q Develop effective measures for sustainable management of the coral reefs and potential restoration of damaged reefs; q Develop alternative pilot activities for the fishing communities affected by coral degradation.

2 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION

The sites selected during a preliminary survey in early 1999 (Schleyer et al. 1999) and monitored in November 1999 (Rodrigues et al. 1999, Motta et al. 2000) were monitored again in November-December 2000 during 27 days. These were selected according to a number of criteria:

· Representative of Mozambican coral reefs, i.e. typical of exposed Mozambican fringing reefs or of sheltered, specialized coral communities adapted to high nutrient levels, turbidity and thermal and saline stress in sheltered embayments.

· Evenly distributed along the extensive Mozambican coastline in areas in which corals occur.

· Reasonably accessible.

Table 1. Locality, description and suitablility of the monitoring sites and the known reef status and specific for protocols sampling. Locality Reef Description and known reef status Protocols for sampling A fringing reef bounds the seaward perimeter of the Best visited at full low tide Quirimbas Islands and the study reef is an extension of this with SCUBA. Tidal race into the inter-island channel between Sencar and Quilaluia should be avoided. Quirimbas Islands. Exposed to the full tidal wash of offshore water and Sencar Channel Archipelago severely bleached. Prior to bleaching, the reef supported a mixed community of hard and soft corals (see Schleyer et al., 1999). The monitoring station at this site is mid-water (5-7 m) on the reef slope (2-? m). The reef is heavily fished. Two large coral outcrops, probably on a rock base, exposed to Best visited on the offshore water at the edge of the channel E of the mainland. incoming tide (less The reef supports a mixed community of hard corals. Many turbidity). Ponta nearer the surface were killed by bleaching and are being SCUBA essential. Pemba Maunhane recolonised by sp. This is the deepest monitoring site (16-28 m) and the reef is small and manifests relatively little zonation. The whole reef can thus be surveyed as a single station. Heavily fished. The island is surrounded by broken, deeper reef (2-10 m) Best visited at low tide, if consisting of outcrops of Porites and Galaxea astreata at the SCUBA is not available in station selected for monitoring. This station is NW of the the area. Accessible from navigation beacon on the island and can be surveyed from the Mozambique Island and largish dhows available for the work as it is in a fairly Praia de Chocas. Better sheltered anchorage. It would be worth extending monitoring boat is essential for the Goa Island to the reefs off the lighthouse and SW of the island once a outer reef. more suitable craft becomes available. The station merits monitoring as it appears to have been severely storm- damaged (Cyclone Nadia in 1994?), dragged by anchors and Mozambique preyed by COTS to a lesser extent (see results). Presently Island manifests some recovery with ongoing bio-erosion. Probably heavily fished. There is a group of coral outcrops (2-7 m) in the deepest part Best visited at low tide, if of the channel between this island and the mainland. The SCUBA is not available in nature of the outcrops was similar to that found at Goa the area. Accessible from Island, viz the reef was originally dominated by Galaxea Mozambique Island and Sete Paus astreata and Porites sp. Considerable bleaching on the reef Praia de Chocas. Island tops and some storm damage was encountered with substantial recolonisation by a variety of soft corals. Bio- eroders were common and the reef appears to be heavily fished.

3 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 1. Cont. Locality Reef Description and known reef status Protocols for sampling A relatively pristine reef (1-5 m) with a typical - Best visited at spring low dominated coral community in a MPA. The monitoring site tide. consists of a single station on the inshore side of a barrier of Coral Garden, rock that is exposed at spring low tide. However, the coral Lighthouse Reef community is subjected to surf and the full tidal wash of offshore water at other times. Little evidence of recent bleaching. No fishing and very limited diving. Less pristine Acropora-dominated reef (1-7 m) similar to the Best visited at spring low above but subject to fairly intensive diving pressure and tide. damage from boat mooring. Situated inshore and at the SCUBA preferable. Bazaruto Coral Garden, northern tip of a rocky barrier reef about 1 km at sea between Island Two-mile Reef Bazaruto and Banguerra Islands, thus exposed to a full tidal wash of offshore water. Little evidence of recent bleaching but a few COTS have been recorded at this station. Very limited fishing. Previously pristine, mixed coral community at 1-6 m (Porites, Best visited at spring low Acropora, faviids, Millepora; see Schleyer and Cilliers), tide. Inner Two-mile severely affected by COTS predation and subsequent bio- SCUBA preferable. Reef erosion. Situated inshore of a rocky barrier reef about 1 km at sea between Bazaruto and Banguerra Islands and exposed to a full tidal wash of offshore water. Very limited fishing. Subtidal reef (9 m) exposed to offshore water; systematically SCUBA essential. Anchor Bay destroyed by COTS over the last three years. Extensively fished. Inhambane Fossilized dune rock of substantial profile, at 16 m depth, with SCUBA essential. Mike’s gullies and potholes. Coral cover low due to swell-generated Cupboard turbulence. Sheltered reef (1-5 m) landward of Inhaca Island within Turbid during spring tides, Barreira Maputo Bay. Good coral community representative of reefs best visited during low Vermelha adapted to high turbidity and variations in salinity within neap tides. embayments. SCUBA not necessary. Shallow reef of Porites bommies, faviids and Acropora, Turbid during spring tides, Inhaca Island fringing a sand-bank channel. The reef top is exposed at low best visited during low Ponta Torres tide and the reef extends to a depth of 2 m. neap tides. SCUBA not necessary. Subtidal reef (16-18 m) with scattered corals. Important dive SCUBA essential. Baixo Danae site for local dive operators. Extensively fished.

SITES SURVEYED

Table 1, details the main features and sampling protocols of the sites visited. Two new sites were introduced into the monitoring programme and surveyed for the first time: Two-mile Reef (Bazaruto Archipelago) and Baixo Danae (Inhaca Island). These two sites are representative of reefs with a history of heavy infestation and degradation by COTS (Two-mile reef) and extensive recreational use (Baixo Danae).

All reefs surveyed are widely distributed throughout the coast and represent different reef types and are subjected to various levels of natural and anthopogenic disturbances. For further details on sites locality and description please refer to Table 2.

In order to alleviate diver fatigue, the monitoring activities should be separated into a northern and southern Operation, viz. from Pemba to Inhambane and from Inhaca Island to Ponta Malongane (to be established). This could possibly be split between the best diving months (April and November).

METHODS

Surveys were carried out using the GCRMN-recommended strategy of recording benthos, invertebrates and fish off the same transects (English et al. 1994). A major modification was to use video transects to

4 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report sample benthic cover, instead of line intercept transects (LIT). For further details on the methodology adopted please refer to Rodrigues et al. (1999) and Motta et al. (2000).

Fish data was collected following a pre-selected species list (Annex 1) and analysed focusing on abundance (average number of individuals per family), diversity (average number of species per family), trophic groups (average number of individuals belonging to a specific trophic category) and size classes (average number of individuals from a specific size class for each family).

Table 2. Summary of reefs surveyed indicating GPS coordinates, depth, number of transects per technique and total area surveyed. VT - video transects; FT - fish transects; IV - invertebrate transects. Video Fish Invertebrate Depth Location Station Coordinates Transect transects Transects (m) s N° m2 N° m2 12° 29.343' S Quirimbas Archipelago Sencar Channel 9.0 1 4 1 000 4 500 40° 37.266' E 12° 57.538' S Pemba Ponta Maunhane* 20 - 29 4 5 765 5 141 40° 33.596' E 15° 02.887' S Goa Island 1 - 5 2 4 1 000 4 500 40° 47.014' E Mozambique Island 14° 58.572' S Sete Paus Island 1 - 5 1 5 1 250 5 625 40° 47.389' E 21° 31.22' S Lighthouse Reef 1 - 4 5 4 1 000 4 625 35° 29.44' E Bazaruto Archipelago 21° 48.211' S Two-mile reef 1 - 10 6 4 1 000 4 500 35° 30.156' E 23° 48' 44" S Mike's Cupboard 14 7 4 1 000 4 500 35° 32' 30" E Inhambane 23° 46' 37" S Anchor's Bay 10 3 4 1 000 4 500 35° 30' 38" E 25° 54.259' S Baixo Danae 18 ? 3 4 1 000 4 500 33° 03.136' E 26° 01.179' S Inhaca Island Barreira Vermelha 1 -5 5 4 1 000 4 500 32° 54.179' E 26° 03.853' S Ponta Torres 1 - 3 1 4 1 000 4 500 32° 57.523' E * At Ponta Maunhane the method used for both fish and invertebrates was the point count. For fish the radius was 7 m (area per point count = 153 m2) and for invertebrates was 3 m (area per point count = 28 m2). For further details please refer to Rodrigues et al. (1999).

5 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

3. RESULTS

The percent covers of each benthic and substratum category are summarised in Table 3 for the reefs surveyed and described below. Comments on other invertebrates recorded is also provided, the results of which are summarised in Table 4. A list of genera/species recorded on the reefs was compiled for both invertebrates and fish based on in situ observations and the VTs (Appendix 2 and 3 respectively).

BENTHIC SURVEYS

Quirimbas Archipelago

Sencar Channel This reef was dominated by algae-colonized dead coral and rock substratum summing to as much as 74% of cover. Total hard coral covered 13.6 % of which the majority was massive and encrusting forms. Soft corals had a minor representation (4.2 %) and ranked 5 as the dominant benthic category. The invertebrate fauna of Sencar Channel was dominated by the seastars Linckia spp. with more than 2 individuals per 125 m2. Other organisms fairly common were the long-spinned sea urchins (Diadema spp.), sea anemones (Heteractis magnifica and Stylodactyla sp.) and the giant clam (Tridacna sp.). Overall, little recovery was observed on this reef.

Pemba

Ponta Maunhane The reef is in very good condition. An overgrowth of Galaxea astreata on dead tabular and plate corals, was observed. Acroporids are notably absent on the reef, especially tabular species; they must have all died during the 1998 ENSO event. Ponta Maunhane presented a very low number of invertebrate organisms. Only one sea anemone was observed. This could be associated with the high coral cover, thus competition, found in this reef.

Table 3. Average percentage cover (av) and standard deviation (sd) of life form categories and substratum composition on 11 reefs surveyed. The five most dominant categories within each reef are indicated with their ranking (r). Sencar Channel Ponta Maunhane Sete Paus Island Goa Island Lighthouse Reef Categories av sd r av sd r av sd r av sd r av sd r Acropora branching 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.0 61.6 8.2 1 Acropora digitate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 Acropora tabulate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.1 Coral branching 1.3 0.1 0.2 2.2 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.9 Coral encrusting 3.1 5.7 3.3 0.9 1.6 1.5 0.6 1.0 Coral foliose 0.0 24.9 4.5 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Coral massive 6.9 3 20.6 12.0 2 2.9 3.3 1.2 5.2 4.9 3 Coral mushroom 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coral submassive 0.0 14.9 15.4 3 19.5 2 16.3 19.4 3 0.1 0.2 Coral tabulat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other hard coral 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.6 2.0 0.0 0.0

Total hard coral 13.6 68.2 4.9 27.2 28.4 20.1 69.5 3.2

Dead coral 0.0 3.4 4.1 0.2 4.3 2.8 4 Dead coral + algae 18.1 2 6.5 5.0 5 24.3 1 13.7 5.4 4 16.8 9.7 2 Dead coral + 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Macroalgae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.6 Others 2.3 1.9 1.6 4.3 3.7 1.0 1.0 1.2 Rubble 0.4 0.5 0.4 6.2 5 18.0 7.1 2 0.2 0.2 Rock 0.0 2.1 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.8 Rock + algae 56.0 1 12.0 6.5 4 17.2 4 27.8 8.6 1 4.0 5.1 5 Rock + coralline algae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sand 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.1 1.6 0.5 0.5 Soft coral 4.2 5 2.8 1.8 17.9 3 5.3 0.2 5 1.7 2.5 Water 5.4 4 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 Unidentified 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

6 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 3. cont. Mike's Two-mile Reef Anchor's Bay Baixo Danae Barreira Vermelha Ponta Torres Categories Cupboard Av sd r av sd r av sd r av sd r av sd r av sd r Acropora branching 36.0 27.0 1 1.0 0.6 3.1 0.9 4 1.1 0.5 33.4 18.2 1 16.4 5 Acropora digitate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acropora tabulate 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 5 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 Coral branching 2.4 2.1 0.2 0.4 3.5 0.5 3 8.2 3.1 3 2.1 2.9 0.6 Coral encrusting 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.8 0.2 0.2 17.4 4.5 2 4.1 3.2 4 1.6 Coral foliose 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Coral massive 18.7 18.6 2 2.2 1.8 4 1.7 1.6 5 2.0 1.0 1.9 1.5 16.6 4 Coral mushroom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 Coral submassive 2.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coral tabular 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other hard coral 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hard coral 60.1 10.9 7.4 2.8 9.8 1.3 30.8 3.3 41.9 14.9 36.1

Dead coral 4.1 3.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 Dead coral + algae 10.3 11.3 4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.3 19.7 15.2 3 18.9 2 Dead coral + coralline algae 11.1 10.8 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Macroalgae 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Others 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.7 5 1.6 0.9 5.3 1.9 5 0.3 0.6 0.6 Rubble 6.2 9.3 5 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.4 5 0.0 Rock 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rock + algae 3.3 4.3 77.1 4.8 1 74.3 6.0 1 55.5 0.7 1 33.3 8.8 2 26.8 1 Rock + coralline algae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sand 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.4 3 11.4 7.2 2 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.2 17.4 3 Soft coral 0.7 1.0 9.8 4.4 2 0.8 0.9 7.4 1.4 4 0.4 0.5 0.0 Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unidentified 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mozambique Island

Sete Paus Island This reef manifested interesting recovery. The overgrowth of Galaxea astreata on the reef base appeared to have diminished slightly and the soft coral community appeared to have increased thus giving a total coral cover of about 45 %. Two specimens of Acanthaster planci, ~ 15 and 25 cm in diameter, were found, indicating fairly new recruitment of this organism onto the reef. Numerous sea urchins (Diademma spp.) and sea anemones H. magnifica were found in the rubble patches.

Goa Island This reef is manifesting a poor recovery. A reduction in soft coral growth and overgrowth of the reef structure by Galaxea astreata was apparent. Evidence was found that the reef previously consisted of massive, branching Acropora spp., as a species similar in appearance to A. danae was growing out of one of the thickets. Other species had also taken the opportunity of colonising the bare reef, notable among these being Millepora tenella and small patches of Cespitularia. Very small nodules of Acropora palifera were also in evidence. A single specimen of crown-of-thorns starfish (30 cm in diameter) was observed possibly a fairly recent recruit. Numerous sea urchins (Diademma spp.) were found in the rubble patches. Seastars were well represented, being worth mentioning the presence of Culcita sp., Linckia spp. and Protoreaster linckii. Two species of sea anemones (Heteractis crispa and H. magnifica), the giant clam Tridacna sp. and the lobster Panulirus sp. were also observed.

Bazaruto Archipelago

Lighthouse Reef As of last year, Lighthouse Reef showed to be in good condition, with a dominance of Acroporids and massive corals summing up to about 70 % of coral cover. A low number of invertebrate organisms were observed. The sea star Linckia spp., the giant clam Tridacna sp. and the sea urchins Diademma spp. were the most conspicuous. As happened in Ponta Maunhane Reef, this could be associated with the high coral cover found in this reef.

7 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 4. Mean number (sd) of the different invertebrate groups scored at each station. Please refer to Table X for the number of transects surveyed at each station. SC - Sencar Channel; PM - Ponta Maunhane; GI - Goa Island; SPI - Sete Paus Island; LR - Lighhouse Reef; TM - Two-mile Reef; AB - Anchor's Bay; MC - Mike's Cupboard; BD - Baixo Danae; BV - Barreira Vermelha; PT - Ponta Torres. Invertebrate SC PM GI SPI LR TM AB MC BD BV PT group Sea Urchins 0.5 6500 29.0 0.3 28.3 8.3 1.0 1.5 0.3 8.5 Diadema sp. (1.0) (3360.3) (26.6) (0.5) (47.9) (9.7) (1.4) (1.3) (0.5) (5.8) Echinometra 0.5 0.8 0.3 mathaei (1.0) (1.5) (0.5) Echinostrepus 15 313.0 2.8 377.8 0.3 5.0 molaris (30) (272.8) (4.9) (212.5) (0.5) (10.0) 0.3 4.3 0.3 Echinotrix sp. (0.5) (3.9) (0.5) Seastars 0.5 Acanthaster planci (0.6) 0.3 0.3 1.0 Culcita sp. (0.5) (0.4) (1.4) 2.3 0.8 0.5 2.5 7.0 6.5 8.5 0.3 2.5 0.8 Linckia spp. (2.1) (1.0) (0.5) (2.6) (2.9) (2.4) (6.6) (0.5) (1.3) (1.5) 23.8 Protoreaster linckii (16.5) Holothurians 1.0 0.8 0.3 Holothuria sp. (2.0) (1.5) (0.5) 0.3 0.5 Stichopus sp. (0.5) (1.0) Molluscs 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 29.3 Tridacna spp. (0.5) (0.5) (0.8) (0.5) (1.0) (0.5) (0.8) (13.6) Sea anemones 0.5 Heteractis crispa (1.0) 0.5 0.2 22.5 19.3 11.0 2.5 H. magnifica (0.6) (0.4) (18.6) (14.3) (20.0) (4.4) 0.3 Stylodactyla sp. (0.5) Lobsters 0.5 Panulirus sp. (1.0)

Two-mile Reef Resembling the Lighthouse Reef, this reef was dominated by Acroporids and massive Faviids. A total coral cover of 60 % was recorded. Two-mile Reef showed a very rich invertebrate community. Sea urchins were well represented, being the long-spinned Diademma spp. the most conspicuous. The sea star Linckia spp. was also very common. Also fairly common was the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, with a total count of 16 individuals. Holothurians, giant clams and sea anemones were also observed. Worth mentioning is the presence of two green turtles (Chelonya mydas) and a large specimen of octopus (Octopus vulgaris).

Inhambane

Mike's Cupboard Mike's Cupboard showed a typical pattern of southern Mozambique sandstone reefs colonized by corals. A very low cover of hard corals, (7.4 %) a relatively high cover of soft corals (10%) was observed. Large extensions of rock surfaces colonized by turf algae were the dominant benthic substratum (77%). The overall condition of the coral communities tends to deteriorate. The invertebrate fauna of this reef was dominated by the sea stars Linckia spp. with an average of 8.5 individuals per 250 m2, followed by sea urchins (Echinostrepus molaris, Diademma spp. and Echinotrix sp.) The sea anemone Heteractis magnifica was also common. Holothuria sp. and the giant clam Tridacna sp. were also observed. 8 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Anchor's Bay The most dominant category in this reef was rock covered by turf algae. A low percentage of coral cover was observed following, again, the pattern observed in Mike's Cupboard. The sea urchins were the most conspicuous invertebrate group in this reef. Echinostrepus molaris was the most common. Also present were Diademma spp., Echinometra mathaei and Echinotrix sp. The sea stars Linckia spp. were quite common, as well. Other common organism was the sea anemone H. magnifica with an average of 11 individuals per 250 m2. An individual of crown-of-thorns starfish (A. planci) was recorded.

Inhaca Island

Baixo Danae A dominance of encrusting hard coral forms (17 %) and a relatively low percentage of soft corals characterized Baixo Danae. The total coral cover recorded was less than 40 %. The dominant benthic category was rock and algae, which accounted for 55 %. The invertebrate community was dominated by seas urchins specially Echinotrepus molaris which colonized in large numbers the crevices in the rock surfaces.

Barreira Vermelha Barreira Vermelha was dominated Acroporids and encrusting forms giving a total hard coral cover of more than 40 %. The gerenal condition of the reef seems to be deteriorating with a great increase in dead coral and rock and algae cover. This seems to be caused by great levels of siltation and turbidity originated from land erosion. The sea stars Linckia spp. and Protoreaster linckii were the dominant invertebrates. Tridacna sp. was fairly common.

Ponta Torres Branching Acroporids and massive Faviids were the dominant benthic biota. A great number of long- spinned sea urchins (Diademma spp.), sea stars and holoturians were present. Tridacna sp. was very common.

9 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

FISH SURVEYS

Quirimbas Archipelago

Sencar Channel Results of fish surveys carried out in Sencar Channel are shown in Tables 5 and 6. The fish community was dominated by mid sized surgeonfishes as showed by their high abundance and diversity (Table 5). An unusual large shoal of sweetlips (Haemulidae) was observed cruising the reef, hence, the relatively high number of carnivores (Table 6).

In general the fish was poor, both in abundance and diversity, a pattern observed last year, due to the bleaching event and high fishing pressure.

Table 5. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Sencar Channel. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 20.0 ± 4.6 2.0 ± 0.8 4.0 ± 3.0 13.3 ± 5.3 2.8 ± 1.9 Chaetodontidae 9.0 ± 1.1 4.3 ± 1.7 1.8 ± 0.7 6.5 ± 1.1 0.8 ± 0.3 Haemulidae 22.5 ± 90.0 1.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 4.5 ± 3.4 18.0 ± 15.4 Lethrinidae 1.8 ± 7.0 0.8 ± 1.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 1.0 Lutjanidae 7.8 ± 31.0 1.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 4.3 ± 5.2 3.5 ± 3.6 Mullidae 5.8 ± 23.0 1.8 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 1.1 1.8 ± 0.9 2.3 ± 1.3 Pomacanthidae 3.5 ± 14.0 1.3 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 1.1 0.5 ± 0.7 2.0 ± 2.1 Scaridae 3.3 ± 13.0 1.8 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.9 Serranidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 2.5 ± 10.0 0.5 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 2.4 0.5 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0

Table 6. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Sencar Channel. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 40.5 ± 29.5 Coralivores 2.3 ± 1.3 Herbivores 20.0 ± 7.5 Omnivores 13.3 ± 11.5 0.0 ± 0.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 76.0 ± 25.0 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 14.5 ± 1.3

Pemba

Ponta Maunhane Ponta Maunhane was also dominated by acanthurids and herbivores of small to medium size (Tables 7 and 8). The overall status of the fish community in this reef seems to be deteriorating as very low values of abundance and diversity were observed. Fishing pressure might be one of the factors contributing to this, as fishermen were seen in the proximity of this reef as well as fishing nets entanglement in nearby shallower reefs.

10 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 7. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Ponta Maunhane. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 153 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 13.4 ± 4.0 2.0 ± 1.0 5.4 ± 4.0 7.2 ± 5.2 0.8 ± 1.0 Chaetodontidae 2.0 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 1.7 0.0 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.9 Haemulidae 4.2 ± 2.6 1.2 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 4.8 Lethrinidae 0.8 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.7 0.6 ± 2.1 Lutjanidae 0.6 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 1.4 Mullidae 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 Pomacanthidae 0.6 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 3.8 Scaridae 0.6 ± 0.5 0.4 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.7 Serranidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0

Table 8. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Ponta Maunhane. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 153 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 6.8 ± 5.8 Coralivores 0.8 ± 1.3 Herbivores 13.2 ± 11.3 Omnivores 1.4 ± 1.9 Planktivores 0.2 ± 0.4 Total Abundance (N° ind / 153 m2) 22.4 ± 16.6 Total Diversity (N° sp / 153 m2) 6.4 ± 2.9

Mozambique Island

Goa Island Goa Island, like the previous reefs, showed a very poor fish community with a dominance of acanthurids in both diversity and abundance (Table 9). In terms of size classes very few large fishes were observed The poor status of the benthic community and the high fishing pressure are the main causes for the poor condition of the fish community in this reef (Table 10).

Table 9. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Goa Island. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 17.5 ± 3.9 2.5 ± 0.6 7.3 ± 4.1 10.3 ± 3.9 0.0 ± 0.0 Chaetodontidae 3.3 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.6 1.3 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Haemulidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lethrinidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lutjanidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Mullidae 4.8 ± 19.0 1.5 ± 1.3 0.8 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 1.8 0.0 ± 0.0 Pomacanthidae 3.0 ± 12.0 0.8 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 2.5 1.8 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 Scaridae 0.5 ± 2.0 0.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.5 Serranidae 0.3 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.5 Siganidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0

11 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 10. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Goa Island. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 5.0 ± 4.7 Coralivores 2.0 ± 1.6 Herbivores 18.0 ± 2.2 Omnivores 4.3 ± 2.9 Planktivores 0.0 ± 0.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 29.3 ± 3.3 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 6.8 ± 2.2

Sete Paus Island The reef at Sete Paus Island was also dominated by herbivores (mainly parrotfishes and surgeonfishes – tables 11 and 12) but as shown by the coral community there is an interesting recovering of the fish community occurring. Coralivores (mainly family Chaetodontidae) and other carnivores were not uncommon. The great majority of fish was of mid size and fishes larger than 20 cm were also present.

Table 11. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Sete Paus Island. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 16.4 ± 4.7 2.0 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.3 13.6 ± 7.1 2.6 ± 2.4 Chaetodontidae 2.6 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 2.6 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 0.0 Haemulidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lethrinidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lutjanidae 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.5 Mullidae 2.2 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 1.1 0.0 ± 0.0 Pomacanthidae 1.2 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 Scaridae 26.2 ± 15.1 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 24.2 ± 21.6 2.0 ± 2.8 Serranidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0

Table 12. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Sete Paus Island. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 2.4 ± 1.5 Coralivores 1.8 ± 1.1 Herbivores 42.6 ± 23.5 Omnivores 2.0 ± 2.8 Planktivores 0.0 ± 0.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 48.8 ± 24.9 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 6.4 ± 1.3

Looking at the general indicators the fish community can still be considered as poor, but as stated before, the fish community of this reef shows good signs of recovery.

Bazaruto Archipelago

Lighthouse Reef The fish community of the Lighthouse Reef is probably the one that is in the best condition comparing to all the other reefs surveyed (Tables 13 and 14). All selected families were well represented, both in abundance and diversity. Size class analysis show a higher proportion of larger size fish. Carnivores dominated the trophic groups. This reef is protected from extractive activities and this has a clear effect on the composition and structure of the fish community.

12 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 13. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Lighthouse Reef. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 67.3 ± 12.0 6.8 ± 1.7 0.5 ± 0.3 25.8 ± 12.1 41.0 ± 9.9 Chaetodontidae 60.0 ± 11.3 5.0 ± 2.2 0.3 ± 0.2 19.0 ± 5.3 40.8 ± 14.5 Haemulidae 40.5 ± 162.0 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 3.6 37.5 ± 75.0 Lethrinidae 82.5 ± 330.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 3.9 79.3 ± 155.2 Lutjanidae 48.0 ± 192.0 1.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 10.8 ± 7.2 37.35 ± 40.3 Mullidae 254.3 ±1017.0 2.3 ± 1.7 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 2.3 251.0 ± 200.9 Pomacanthidae 2.3 ± 9.0 1.3 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 1.2 0.5 ± 0.7 Scaridae 13.5 ± 54.0 1.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 1.4 12.3 ± 4.0 Serranidae 2.3 ± 9.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.3 ± 1.0 Siganidae 2.8 ± 11.0 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 2.5

Table 14. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Lighthouse Reef. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 427.5 ± 506.8 Coralivores 4.3 ± 3.4 Herbivores 76.0 ± 49.9 Omnivores 63.0 ± 58.1 Planktivores 2.5 ± 2.1 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 573.3 ± 611.7 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 22.0 ± 5.2

Two-Mile Reef Two-mile reef is also a protected area. This reef has been subjected to the ravages of crown-of-thorns starfish and some illegal fishing. This has resulted in large areas been covered by algae (around 20 %, Table 3), which may help explain the higher abundance of acanthurids (Table 15). Nevertheless, the fish community is in good condition as shown by high numbers of carnivores, large size fish and high values of diversity and abundance (Tables 15 and 16).

Table 15. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Two-mile Reef. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 77.3 ± 12.6 6.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.3 48.3 ± 13.6 28.5 ± 7.8 Chaetodontidae 33.5 ± 7.0 4.8 ± 1.3 0.3 ± 0.2 7.5 ± 1.6 25.8 ± 10.1 Haemulidae 0.5 ± 2.0 0.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.4 Lethrinidae 4.3 ± 17.0 0.8 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 4.3 ± 4.3 Lutjanidae 12.0 ± 48.0 1.8 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 1.0 10.8 ± 5.6 Mullidae 10.3 ± 41.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.8 9.0 ± 11.0 Pomacanthidae 4.8 ± 19.0 2.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 1.2 2.8 ± 1.8 Scaridae 15.5 ± 62.0 2.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 1.0 14.0 ± 5.2 Serranidae 2.5 ± 9.0 1.3 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.8 Siganidae 4.5 ± 18.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 1.0 4.0 ± 2.6

13 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 16. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Two-mile Reef. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 29.3 ± 36.0 Coralivores 8.0 ± 6.4 Herbivores 92.0 ± 38.9 Omnivores 30.3 ± 30.8 Planktivores 5.3 ± 4.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 164.8 ± 71.8 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 21.0 ± 2.9

Inhambane

Anchor's Bay The fish community at Anchor bay showed to be in a fairly good condition. All selected families were observed in good numbers (Table 17). Surgeonfishes of the larger size classes were dominant fish group both in abundance and diversity. Despite the fact that this reef has very low coral cover, herbivores ranked second being the carnivores the dominant trophic group. Butterflyfishes were quite abundant, specially considering that this reef was subjected to ornamental fish collection (Whittington et al., 2000). Adding to this, the reef is heavily fished by the local community, which very surprisingly does not seem to be affecting the fish community (Table 18).

Table 17. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Anchor Bay. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 77.3 ± 12.6 6.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.3 48.3 ± 13.6 28.5 ± 7.8 Chaetodontidae 33.5 ± 7.0 4.8 ± 1.3 0.3 ± 0.2 7.5 ± 1.6 25.8 ± 10.1 Haemulidae 0.5 ± 2.0 0.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.4 Lethrinidae 4.3 ± 17.0 0.8 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 4.3 ± 4.3 Lutjanidae 12.0 ± 48.0 1.8 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 1.0 10.8 ± 5.6 Mullidae 10.3 ± 41.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.8 9.0 ± 11.0 Pomacanthidae 4.8 ± 19.0 2.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 1.2 2.8 ± 1.8 Scaridae 15.5 ± 62.0 2.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 1.0 14.0 ± 5.2 Serranidae 2.5 ± 9.0 1.3 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.8 Siganidae 4.5 ± 18.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 1.0 4.0 ± 2.6

Table 18. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Anchor Bay. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 63.5 ± 45.6 Coralivores 0.8 ± 1.0 Herbivores 26.0 ± 6.5 Omnivores 23.8 ± 10.2 Planktivores 1.3 ± 1.5 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 115.3 ± 49.9 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 23.3 ± 5.3

Mike's Cupboard Mike’s Cupboard showed a very similar fish community to Anchor’s Bay. Large-sized surgeonfishes were the most abundant group (Table 19) but in terms of trophic group the carnivores the dominant (Table 20).

14 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

The overall condition of the fish community seems to be fairly good considered that this reef has very low coral cover (Table 3), presenting good values of total diversity and abundance (Table 20).

Table 19. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Anchor Bay. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 32.3 ± 5.8 5.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 12.3 ± 6.5 20.0 ± 3.9 Chaetodontidae 19.3 ± 1.3 8.8 ± 1.5 0.5 ± 0.2 5.8 ± 1.1 13.0 ± 1.2 Haemulidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lethrinidae 0.3 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.5 Lutjanidae 37.8 ± 151.0 1.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 31.0 ± 27.7 6.8 ± 7.2 Mullidae 18.5 ± 74.0 3.5 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 3.8 ± 1.4 14.8 ± 6.5 Pomacanthidae 2.8 ± 11.0 1.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 1.1 0.8 ± 0.5 Scaridae 2.8 ± 11.0 1.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 1.1 1.5 ± 0.7 Serranidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 10.3 ± 41.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 7.3 6.3 ± 4.4

Table 20. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Anchor Bay. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 60.5 ± 42.2 Coralivores 0.8 ± 1.5 Herbivores 40.3 ± 20.0 Omnivores 22.3 ± 5.1 Planktivores 0.0 ± 0.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 123.8 ± 36.7 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 23.0 ± 0.8

Inhaca Island

Baixo Danae The fish community of Baixo Danae followed a similar pattern of the previous two reefs: a dominance of large-sized butterflyfishes and surgeonfishes, which may result from the fishing activities that aim specifically at commercial carnivore species like groupers, lethrinids and lutjanids (Table 21 and 22). Consequently the omnivores and the herbivores dominated the trophic groups. The overall condition of the fish community seems to be declining.

Table 21. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Baixo Danae. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 41.0 ± 6.3 5.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 19.0 ± 4.5 23.5 ± 4.1 Chaetodontidae 54.8 ± 10.7 6.8 ± 3.1 0.3 ± 0.1 34.5 ± 11.3 20.0 ± 7.5 Haemulidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lethrinidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Lutjanidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Mullidae 1.3 ± 5.0 1.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.5 Pomacanthidae 2.5 ± 10.0 1.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.8 Scaridae 5.0 ± 20.0 1.8 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 5.0 ± 2.1 Serranidae 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 2.0 ± 8.0 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 1.0

15 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 22. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Baixo Danae. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 3.7 ± 1.7 Coralivores 1.0 ± 1.2 Herbivores 44.5 ± 17.5 Omnivores 54.3 ± 40.6 Planktivores 3.0 ± 6.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 106.5 ± 59.7 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 17.5 ± 2.9

Barreira Vermelha The fish community at Barreira Vermelha, like the other protected reefs, proved to be in good condition with good proportions of coralivores, carnivores and omnivores being the surgeonfishes, butterflyfishes the most abundant families (Table 23 and 24). All selected families were observed, being represented manly by large-sized fishes.

Table 23. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Barreira Vermelha. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 50.3 ± 9.8 3.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 18.8 ± 9.9 31.5 ± 8.4 Chaetodontidae 57.0 ± 6.0 8.8 ± 1.7 7.0 ± 2.1 23.8 ± 3.4 26.3 ± 3.2 Haemulidae 3.8 ± 15.0 1.8 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 3.8 ± 1.2 Lethrinidae 1.0 ± 4.0 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.8 Lutjanidae 1.0 ± 4.0 0.5 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.7 0.5 ± 0.7 Mullidae 7.3 ± 29.0 1.3 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.9 6.0 ± 4.1 Pomacanthidae 7.3 ± 31.0 2.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 1.5 5.0 ± 2.2 Scaridae 11.3 ± 45.0 2.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 6.8 ± 3.7 4.5 ± 1.1 Serranidae 2.3 ± 9.0 1.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 1.1 Siganidae 16.3 ± 65.0 1.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 5.3 ± 10.5 11.0 ± 10.5

Table 24. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Barreira Vermelha. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 15.3 ± 10.3 Coralivores 18.8 ± 23.0 Herbivores 75.8 ± 43.3 Omnivores 46.0 ± 16.2 Planktivores 2.0 ± 4.0 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 157.8 ± 80.7 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 24.0 ± 3.6

Ponta Torres Ponta Torres, like the previous reef, is a protected reef. The lutjanid family (especially Lutjanus fulviflama and L. kasmira) dominated the fish community with large shoals cruising at mid water (Table 25). Consequently the carnivores were the dominant trophic group. The presence of high proportions of coralivores is also notable (Table 26). In general terms, the fish community seems to be in good condition, although the total diversity if showed to be surprisingly low.

16 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Table 25. Abundance, diversity and size class structure of selected fish species at Ponta Torres. Data refers to average values (± sd) per 250 m2. Size class 1 Size class 2 Size class 3 Families Abundance Diversity 0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm + 20 cm Acanthuridae 38.8 ± 9.3 4.0 ± 0.8 0.3 ± 0.2 16.5 ± 6.6 22.0 ± 6.5 Chaetodontidae 41.5 ± 5.4 6.5 ± 1.0 7.5 ± 2.5 19.0 ± 3.2 15.0 ± 2.6 Haemulidae 0.5 ± 2.0 0.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.5 Lethrinidae 0.5 ± 2.0 0.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.6 Lutjanidae 438.8 ±1755.0 1.0 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 162.5 ± 149.7 276.25 ± 246.4 Mullidae 142.0 ± 568.0 2.5 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 63.0 ± 43.6 79.0 ± 41.7 Pomacanthidae 4.3 ± 17.0 1.5 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 1.9 1.0 ± 0.8 Scaridae 15.3 ± 61.0 1.8 ± 1.0 0.0 ± 0.0 6.8 ± 5.2 8.5 ± 4.9 Serranidae 0.3 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 Siganidae 9.0 ± 36.0 0.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 5.3 ± 10.5 3.8 ± 4.4

Table 26. Summary of reef-fish indicators for Ponta Torres. Abundance of trophic groups is represented as N° ind / 250 m2 ± sd. Indicator Abundance Carnivores 583.75 ± 737.3 Coralivores 14.5 ± 11.6 Herbivores 62.0 ± 62.0 Omnivores 30.3 ± 16.5 Planktivores 0.3 ± 0.5 Total Abundance (N° ind / 250 m2) 690.8 ± 812.4 Total Diversity (N° sp / 250 m2) 19.3 ± 4.0

17 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

STATUS AND CONDITION OF THE REEFS

The status and condition of the reefs surveyed are summarised in Table 27 based on the three most abundant categories of benthic cover and trophic groups of fish. An examination of this table reveals that:

q A full suite of reefs and reef types was surveyed.

q The reefs vary in condition, degraded reefs being in poor condition because of the ravages of crown-of-thorns starfish, bleaching and over fishing to a varying degree.

q Degraded reefs appear to be re-colonised firstly by algae and then by soft corals.

q Reefs heavily colonised by algae favour an increase in herbivorous fish and invertebrates such as acanthurids and seaurchins (Diadema sp). These have commensurately lower numbers of corallivore fishes.

q Reefs subject to heavy fishing pressure have few, if any, large fish.

COMPARING RESULTS BETWEEN MONITORING YEARS (1999 AND 2000)

Before any comments are made, it should be beard in mind that only trends over longer periods of time should be conclusive. Therefore, results from a second year of coral reef monitoring are only indicative of slight changes for the better or worse and depend heavily on the observations of the divers who have been in both surveys. As it was the case with most of the divers, some comments in the quality of reefs are made in this chapter.

In the second year of monitoring that this report refers to, the most evident feature within the reefs being monitored is the difference between heavily fished sites and reefs within protected areas. The first are in much worse condition and the trends seem also to be for worse. These are the cases of Quirimbas (Sencar Channel) and Mozambique Island (Sete Paus). Again, in Sencar channel, at low tide, fishermen were observed standing on the top of the reef while the monitoring team was working a few meters below surface. Again, in Bazaruto Lighthouse reef and the Inhaca Island reefs the signs are that they are still very well protected.

Other aspect that should be highlighted in this second year of monitoring is that the method used seems to stand quite well. Examples are given by the protected Lighthouse reef, where no differences are encountered in data in both years.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

During the first two years of monitoring, MCRMP met the challenge of developing and implementing a statistically valid monitoring system for the detection of changes in benthic and fish communities in selected sites along the Mozambique coast.

Although being small the number of monitoring sites, actually the number that is affordable, the sites selected showed already good indications for managers and policy makers to take decisions.

The methods and so far the number of sites are positioned to evaluate medium and long term changes. Other accomplishment seems to be the correctness of the methods used given the sea conditions and circumstances under which the dives are done.

18 Table 27. Summary of status and condition of each reef surveyed based on ranking of benthic cover and fish trophic groups. Locality Reef Benthic Cover Fish Status & Condition Rock + algae Carnivores The reef was severely affected by the 1997-1998 bleaching event. The poor status of the Quirimbas Sencar channel Dead coral + algae Herbivores reef is revealed by the high percentage of dead coral and algae as well as the relative Archipelago Masice hard corals Omnivores abundance of herbivore fishes. Most of the fish are small indicating high fishing pressure. Foliose hard corals Herbivores Reef with a good cover of hard coral recovering from bleaching. However a significant Pemba Ponta Maunhane Masive hard corals Carnivores amount of dead coral remains. Good fish community represented by all size classes of fish. Submassive hard corals Omnivores Dead coral + algae Herbivores Presence of considerable amount of dead coral probably due to the effects of bleaching and Submassive hard corals Carvivores storm damage. Also, a poor fish community characterizes this reef, with one family of Sete Paus Island Soft corals Omnivores herbivores making up most of the population. Small sized fish indicative of a high fishing Mozambique Is. pressure. Rock + algae Herbivores A reef with serious damage resulting from a previous cyclone and bleaching. The presence Goa Island Rubble Carnicores of coralline algae covers most recently killed coral. Signs of fishing pressure are revealed by Submassive hard corals Omnivores the dominance of herbivore fishes, mostly of small sizes. Branching hard corals Carnivores A reef in good condition. However, substantial amounts of dead coral colonized by coralline Dead coral + algae Herbivores algae are indicative of damage from sedimentation and tidal stress. Carnivorous fishes are Lighthouse reef Massive hard corals Omnivores dominant and all size classes were well-represented, fish larger than 20 cm being common. Bazaruto The reef is a protected area. Archipelago Branching hard corals Herbivores Inner reef: presence of COTs and COTS damage. Recent growth of Acropora and Galaxea Massive hard corals Omnivores over dead coral. Large varieties of fish of large sizes, not very shy. Coral garden: rubble Two-mile reef Dead coral + coralline algae Carnivores most due to tide and wave effects. Predominantly Acropora branching. Signs of COTs and broken coral. The reef is a protected area but is heavily dived. Rock + algae Carnivores A typically rocky reef in south Mozambique, with a fairly low cover of hard coral. Fishes were Anchor's Bay Sand Herbivores mainly herbivorous and present in small and medium size classes, indicating high fishing Branching hard corals Omnivores pressure. Inhambane Rock + algae Carnivores This rocky reef shows a richer community of soft coral similar to Anchor Bay. Small and Mike's Cupboard Soft corals Herbivores medium sized fishes are indicative of some fishing pressure. Sand Omnivores Rock + algae Omnivores Subtidal rocky reef (16-18 m) with scattered corals. Important dive site for local dive Baixo Danae Encrusting hard corals Herbivores operators. Extensively fished. Dominated by omnivores and herbivores which were Branching hard corals Carnivores represented by all size classes. Very few apex predators. Branching hard corals Herbivores A reef in relatively good condition, with some physical damage shown by the amount of Inhaca Is. Barreira Rock + algae Omnivores dead coral, probably caused by bad fishing practices despite being in a protected area in Vermelha Dead coral + algae Coralivores which fishing is banned. All fish size classes were represented and fish over 30 cm were common. Rock + algae Carnivores The Ponta Torres reef is subjected to tidal stress. This is manifested by the dead coral and Ponta Torres Dead coral + algae Herbivores algae on the top of the bommies. All families of fish were very well represented, carnivores Sand Omnivores of large size being dominant. This reef is also in a protected area. Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

There is a strong need for NCRMP to continue for years ahead with increase emphasis on training of Mozambican scientists so as to make it sustainable. There is also a need for increasing the number of monitoring sites and also detailed studies on selected sites for its importance on biodiversity such as Quirimbas Archipelago, Nacala, Mozambique Island, Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago, Bazaruto Arquipelago and Ponta do Ouro.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The installation of the first reef monitoring stations in the history of Mozambique is a step forward in the implementation of the Mozambique Coral Reef Management Programme. The sites selected are well representative of different reef environments: some are protected, some are over-utilised, some lie in embayments and others are exposed to oceanic conditions. In the coming years, monitoring data will reveal trends in Mozambican coral reef conditions and lead to the development of appropriate measures for their management.

Mozambican reefs manifest a great biodiversity. Many are degraded from bleaching and the ravages of crown-of-thorns starfish. There is evidence of recovery on some reefs in which soft corals are emerging to be primary colonisers. Degraded reefs re-colonised by algae have a preponderance of herbivorous fish and reefs subjected to fishing pressure only have fish in the smaller size classes. There is clearly a need for ongoing monitoring.

These preliminary results show that reefs in protected areas are in much better condition. Few are protected considering the length of Mozambique coastline. Protected areas comprise important sources of invertebrates and fish larvae for adjacent harvested areas. The fact that nearly no turtles and hardly any large fish were seen on the surveyed reefs provides an important sign of the need for management measures. The growth of tourism and diving in this country must also be taken into consideration. There is thus, an urgent need for the establishment of more protected areas and sanctuaries as shelters of biodiversity and breeding reservoirs.

20 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

5. REFERENCES

English S, C Wilkinson & V Baker (eds) (1994). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. 368 pp. Townsville, Australian Institute of Marine Science.

INE (Instituto Nacional de Estatística) (2000). Results from the 1997 National Population Census. Available at URL: www.ine.mz

Motta, H, MJ Rodrigues & M Schleyer (2000) Coral Reef monitoring and Management in Mozambique. In: Souter, D., D. Obura & O. Linden (eds). Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status Report 2000. 43-48 pp. CORDIO.

Rodrigues M J, H Motta, M A M Pereira, M Gonçalves, M Carvalho & M Schleyer (1999). Reef monitoring in Mozambique I: The monitoring programme and 1999 report. 60 pp. Maputo, MICOA/IIP.

Schleyer M H, D Obura, H Motta & M J Rodrigues (1999). A preliminary assessment of Coral Bleaching in Mozambique. South African Association for Marine Biological Research Unpublished Report, 168: 1-12p.

Tinley, K L (1971). Determinants of coastal conservation dynamic and diversity of the environment as exemplified by the Mozambican coast. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Nature Conservation as Form of Land Use, Gorongosa National Park, Sarcus, Pretoria: 125-153.

21 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

6. ANNEXES

Annex 1. List of selected fish families and species to be monitored in the annual monitoring programme. The assigned trophic category is also shown. Ca – carnivores; Co – strictly coralivores; H – herbivores; O – omnivores; P – plantivores.

FAMÍLY / SPECIES FAMÍLY / SPECIES FAMÍLY / SPECIES ACANTHURIDAE HAEMULIDAE POMACANTHIDAE Acanthurus dussumieri H Diagramma pictum Ca Apolemichthys trimaculatus Ca A. leucosternon H Plectorhinchus gaterinus Ca Centropyge acanthops H A. lineatus H P. flavomaculatus Ca C. bispinosus H A. tennenti H P. plagiodesmus Ca C. multispinis O A. triostegus H P. playfairy Ca Pomacanthus chrysurus O Browns1 H P. imperator O Naso annulatus P LETHRINIDAE P. rhomboides Ca N. brevirostris P Gnathodentex aurolineatus Ca P. semicirculatus O N. lituratus H Lethrinus harak Ca Pygoplites diacanthus Ca N. unicornis L. nebulosus Ca Zebrasoma scopas H Monotaxis grandoculis Ca SCARIDAE Z. veliferum H Scaus ghobban H Zanclus canescens 2 O LUTJANIDAE S. scaber H Aprion virescens Ca S. Sordidus H CHAETODONTIDAE Lutjanus fulviflama Ca S. rubroviolaceus H Chaetodon auriga O L. gibbus Ca C. blackburnii Ca L. kasmira Ca SERRANIDAE C. dolosus O L. monostigma Ca Cephalopolis argus Ca C. falcula O Macolor niger Ca Epinephelus flavocaerulus Ca C. guttatissimus O E. macrospilos Ca C. interruptus O MULLIDAE E. malabaricus Ca C. kleinii O Mulloides vanicolensis Ca E. merra Ca C. lineolatus O Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Ca E. tukula Ca C. lunula O Parupeneus barberinus Ca Plectropomus laevis Ca C. mertensii O P. bifasciatus Ca C. melannotus Co P. indicus Ca SIGANIDAE C. meyeri Co P. macronema Ca Siganus sutor H C. trifascialis Co P. rubescens Ca C. trifasciatus Co C. vagabundus O C. xanthocephalus O C. zanzibariensis Co Forcipiger flavissimus Ca Hemitaurichthys zoster P Heniochus acuminatus O H. monoceros Ca

1 All “brown” species of the genera Acanthurus and Ctenochaetus. 2 Member of the Zanclidae family.

22 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 2. Cumulative list of benthic genera recorded at each reef surveyed (SC - Sencar Channel; PM - Ponta Maunhane; SP - Sete Paus Island; GI - Goa Island; LR - Lighthouse Reef; TM - Two-mile Reef; MC - Mike's Cupboard; AB - Anchor's Bay; BD - Baixo Danae; BV - Barreira Vermelha and PT - Ponta Torres). SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Hard Corals Acanthastrea + + + + + + + + Acropora + + + + + + + + + + + Alveopora + + + Anomastrea + + + Astreopora + +? + + + + + + + + + Blastomussa + Coscinarea + + + + Cyphastrea + Dendrophyllia + Diploastrea + + Echinopora + + + + + + + + + + Echinophyllia + + + + Favia + + + + + + + + + + + Favites + + + + + + + + + + + Fungia + + + + + Galaxea + + + + + + + + Gardinoseris + + + + + + + + Goniastrea +? + + + Goniopora + + + + + + + + + + Halomitra + Herpolitha + + + + Hydnophora + + + + + + + Leptoria + Lobophyllia + + + + + + + + + Merulina + + + Millepora + + + Montastrea + + + + Montipora + + + + + + + + + + + Mycedium + + + Oulophyllia + + + + + + + Oxypora + + Pachyseris + + Pavona + + + + + + + Pectinia + Physogyra + + + + + Platygyra + + + + + + + + + + + Plerogyra + + Plesiastrea + Pocillopora + + + + + + + + + + + Porites + + + + + + + + + + + Psammocora + + + Seriatopora + + Stylophora + + + + + + + + Symphyllia + + + Tubastrea + + + Turbinaria + + + + + Total 33 26 29 22 18 18 27 21 12 19 21

23 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 2. Cont. SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Soft corals Anthelia + + + Cespitularia + + Cladiella + + + + + Dendronephthea + + + + + + + + + Heteroxenia +? + + Lemnalia + + Litophyton +? +? Lobophytum + + + + + + + + + Nephthea + + + + + Parerythropodium + + Sarcophyton + + + + + + + + + Sinularia + + + + + + + + + + Xenia + + + + + + Total 9 1 12 13 4 5 7 6 5 4 1

Black corals Antipathes + + + Cirrhiphathes + + +

Organ pipe corals Tubipora +

Gorgonians Rumphella + + +

Zoanthids Palythoa + + + + + + + + +

Anemones Heteractis + + + + + + + Stichodactyla + +

Coralimorphs Discosoma? +

Ascidians Atriolum + Polycarpa + Polycitor + +

Porifera Acanthella + + Anthosigmella + Axinella + Callyspongia + + + Cliona + Dysidea + Haliclona +? + + Jaspis? + + Kallypilidion? + Spheciospongia + Suberites + Theonella + Xestospongia + Total 2 2 3 8 4

24 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 2. Cont. SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Molluscs Hyotis + Tridacna + + + + + + + + + + Octopus + + Ovula + + + Phyllidia + + Spondylus + + Total 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 2

Echinoderms Acanthaster + + + + Culcita + + + + Diadema + + + + + + + + + + Echinometra + + + + + Echinostrephus + + + + + + + Echinothrix + + + + + + Gomophia + + + Heterocentrotus + Holothuria + + + + + + + Linckia + + + + + + + + + + Protoreaster + Synapta + Stichopus + + + + Total 4 9 6 5 8 6 8 5 5 7

Crustacea Panulirus sp. + + +

Algae Halimeda + Turbinaria +

25 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cumulative list of fish species recorded at each reef surveyed (SC - Sencar Channel; PM - Ponta Maunhane; SP - Sete Paus Island; GI - Goa Island; LR - Lighthouse Reef; TM - Two-mile Reef; MC - Mike's Cupboard; AB - Anchor's Bay; BD - Baixo Danae; BV - Barreira Vermelha and PT - Ponta Torres). FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Acanthuridae Acanthurus dussumieri + + + + + + + + A. leucosternon + + + + + + + + + + A. lineatus + + + + A. nigrofuscus + A. tennenti + + + + + A. triostegus + + + + Ctenochaetus sp. + Ctenochaetus strigosus + + + + + + + + + + Naso sp. + Naso annulatus + + + N. brevirostris + + + + + + + + N. lituratus + + + + + N. unicornis + + + + Paracanthurus hepatus + + Zebrasoma scopas + + + + + + + + Z. veliferum +

Apogonidae Apogon aureus +

Aulostomidae Aulostomus chinensis + + + + + +

Balistidae Balistapus undulatus + + + + + Balistoides conspicillum + + B. viridescens + + + Melichthys niger + Pseudobalistes fuscus + + Rhinecanthus rectangulus + Sufflamen bursa + + + + S. chrysopterus + + + + + + + + S. fraenatus + Odonus niger +

Blenniidae Meiacanthus mossambicus + Plagiotremus tapeinosoma + + + P. rhinorhynchus + + +

Caesionidae Caesio lunaris + + C. xanthonota + + + + + + Pseudocaesio caerulaureus + + + P. tile + + + +

Carangidae Carnx sp. + Caranx melampygus +

Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus +

Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga + + + + + + + + + +

26 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cont. FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT C. blackburnii + + + + + C. dolosus + C. falcula + + + C. guttatissimus + + + + + + + + C. interruptus + + + + + + C. kleinii + + + + + + + + + C. lineolatus + C. lunula + + + + + + + + + C. melannotus + + + C. metensii + + + C. meyeri + + + + + + + C. trifascialis + + + + + C. trifasciatus + + + + + + + + + + C. vagabundus + + + + + + + C. xanthocephalus + + + + + C. zanzibarensis + + + + Forcipiger flavissimus + + + + + Hemitaurichthys zoster + + Heniouchus acuminatus + + + + + + + H. monoceros + +

Cirrithidae Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus + + + + Paracirrhites forsteri + + + + P. forsteri + + + + + + + +

Dasyatidae Taeniura lymma + + + + T. melanospilos +

Diodontidae Diodon liturosus + +

Epiphidae Platax orbicularis +

Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii +

Gobiidae Ptereleotris evides + +

Haemulidae Diagramma pictum + + Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus + + + + + P. gaterinus + + + + + + + + P. gibosus + P. plagiodermus + P. playfairi + + + + + P. sordidus + +

Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan + + + + + + + Myripristis spp. + + Neoniphon sammara + + + + + + Sargocebtron caudimaculatum + + S. diadema + +

27 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cont. FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerans + + +

Labridae Anampses caeruleopuntactus + + + A. meleagris + + A. twistii + + + Bodianus anthiodes + + B. axilaris + + + + + B. diana + + + Cheilinus chlorourus + C. fasciatus + C. trilobatus + + + + Cheilio inermis + Coris africana + C. aygula + + + C. caudimacula + + + + C. formosa + Cymolutes praetextatus + Gomphusus caeruleus + + + + + + + + + + Halichoeres hortulanus + + + + + + + H. scapularis + Hemigymnosus fasciatus + + + + + + + Labroides dimidiatus + + + + + + + + + + + L. bicolor + + + + + + Novaculicthys taeniourus + Thalassoma hebraicum + + + + + + + + + + T. hardwicke + + + + + + T. lunare + + + + + + + + + + +

Lethrinidae Gnathodontex aurolineatus + + + + Gymnocranius griseus + Lethrinus absoletus + L. harak + + + + + + L. nebulosus + + + Monotaxix grandoculis + + + + + + +

Lutjanidae Aprion virescens + Lutjanus bohar + L. fulviflamma + + + + + + + + + L. gibbus + + + + L. kasmira + + + + + + + + L. lutjanus (?) + L. monostigma + + Macolor niger + + +

Malacanthidae Malacanthus latovittatus +

Monacanthidae Canterhines pardalis + + + +

Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus +

Mullidae Mulloides vanicolensis + + + + + +

28 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cont. FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Mulloidichthys flavolineatus + + + Parupeneus barberinus + + + + + + + P. bifasciatus + + + + + + P. cyclostomus + P. indicus + + + + + P. macronema + + + + + + + + + P. rubescens + + + +

Muraenidae Echidna zebra + Gymnotorax favagineus + + + Siderea grisea +

Nemipteridae + + + Scolopsis ghanan

Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus + + + + O. meleagris + +

Pempheridae Pempheris adusta + + + + + +

Pinguipedidae Parapersis hexophthalma + + + + P. punctulata +

Platycephalidae Platycephalus indicus +

Pomacanthidae Apolemichthys trimaculatus + Centropyge multipinis + + + + + + + Pomacanthus chrysurus + P. imperator + + + P. rhomboids + P. semicirculatus + + + + + Pygoplites diacanthus + +

Pomacentridae Abudefduf natalensis + + + + + + A. sordidus + A. sparoides + + + + + A. vaigiensis + + + + + + + Amphiprion allardi + + + + + + A. akallopisos + + + + + Chromis dimidiata + + + + + + + + + + C. nigrura + + + + + + C. ternatensis + + + + + + C. viridis + + + + C. weberi + Chrysiptera unimaculata + + + + Dascyllus trimaculatus + + + + + + + + + Dascyllus aruanus + + + D. carneus + + + + Neopomacentrus cyanomus + + + + + Pletroglyphidodon dickii + + + + + + P. lacrymatus + + + + P. leucozonus + + +

29 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cont. FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT Pomacentrus caeruleus + + + + P. sulfureus + +

Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus + + Priacanthus hamrur + + Rhinobatidae Rhynchobatus djiddensis + +

Scaridae Scarus ghobban + + + + + + + + + + S. rubroviolaceus + + + + + + S. scaber + + S. sordidus + + + + + + + + + Scarus sp. + + Scarus sp.2 + +

Scorpaenidae Pterois miles + + + Scorpaenopsis venosa + Synanceia verrucosa +

Serranidae Anthias squamipinis + + + + + + + + + + Cephalopholis argus + + + Cephalopholis miniata + + Cephalopholis sp. + Epinephelus fasciatus + E. flavocaeruleus + + + E. macrospilos + E. malabaricus + + + E. merra + + + + + + E. rivulatus + E. tukula + Epinephelus sp. + + + Epinephelus sp. 2 + Plectropomus laevis + +

Siganidae Siganus sutor + + + + + + + +

Soleidae Pardachirus sp. +

Sparidae Rhabdosargus sarba + + R. thorpei + + +

Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda +

Syngnathidae Corythoichthys sp. +

Synodontidae Synodus indicus + +

Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus + +

30 Motta et al. Coral Reef Monitoring in Mozambique. II: 2000 Report

Annex 3. Cont. FAMILIES/ SPECIES SC PM GI SP LR TM MC AB BD BV PT A. nigropunctatus + A. stellatus + + + Canthigaster amboinensis + + + C. bennetti + C. solandri + + + C. valentini + + + + + + + +

Torpedinidae Torpedo sinuspercisi +

Zanclidae Zanclus canescens + + + + + + + + + + +

Total 87 48 64 64 89 77 48 107 56 96 65

31