Índex Global VOLUM I

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Índex Global VOLUM I Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 1 Índex Global VOLUM I A Objectius B Desenvolupament del treball 1 Fonaments teòrics 1.1 So i tecnologia del so 1.1.1 Transmissió del so 1.1.2 Intensitat del so. Rang d'audició 1.1.3 Alçada del so. El to 1.1.4 Reflexió, refracció i difracció 1.1.5 Electroacústica 1.1.6 Micròfons. Tipus i usos 1.1.7 Altaveus. Tipus i usos 1.1.8 Amplificadors, equalitzadors, mescladors i altres màquines 1.1.9 Reverberació, efecte Larsen i intel·ligibilitat del so 1.1.10 El camí del senyal 1.1.11 L'importància d'un bon cable 1.1.12 Processament del senyal 1.2 Introducció a la psicoacústica 1.2.1 L'escala logarítmica 1.2.2 El rang audible de freqüències 1.2.3 Sensibilitat màxima i mínima 1.2.4 Fidelitat del so 1.2.5 Estèreo 1.2.6 Dolby Digital i DTS 1.3 Resistències 1.3.1 Introducció 1.3.2 Comportament en corrent continu i corrent altern 1.3.3 Tipus de resistències 1.3.4 Associacions de resistències 1.3.5 El resistor 1.3.6 Codi de colors 1.3.7 Potenciòmetres 1.4 Inductors 1.4.1 Introducció Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 2 1.4.2 Model matemàtic de l'inductor 1.4.3 Comportament en corrent continu i corrent altern 1.4.4 Associacions d'inductors 1.4.5 Tipus d'inductors 1.4.6 Problemes dels inductors 1.5 Condensadors 1.5.1 Introducció 1.5.2 Comportament en CC i CA 1.5.3 Càrrega i descàrrega d'un condensador 1.5.4 Associacions de condensadors 1.5.5 Fenòmens paràsits dels condensadors 1.5.6 Tipus i usos de condensadors 1.5.7 Conclusions sobre els condensadors 1.6 Transistors 1.6.1 Història i fonaments físics del transistor 1.6.2 Díodes 1.6.3 Transistors i vàlvules termoiòniques 1.6.3 Funcionament bàsic del transistor. BJT, JFET i MOSFET 1.6.4 Avantatges dels transistors MOSFET sobre els BJT 1.6.5 Els MOSFET de potència 1.6.6 Transistors IGBT 1.6.7 Avantatges dels IGBT sobre els MOSFET verticals 1.6.8 Classificació i nomenclatura 1.6.9 Llei de Moore 1.7 Filtres electrònics 1.7.1 Introducció 1.7.2 Tipus de filtres 1.7.3 Factor de qualitat 1.8 Fonts d'alimentació 1.8.1 Generalitats 1.8.2 Font d'alimentació simple i simètrica VOLUM II 2. El camí electromagnètic del so. L'àudio 2.1 Sistemes de cablejat 2.1.1 Introducció 2.1.2 Damping factor (factor d'esmorteïment) 2.1.3 Circuit equivalent d'un cable Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 3 2.1.4 Skin effect (efecte Kelvin) 2.1.5 Cables de senyal 2.1.6 Biwiring (bicablejat) 2.1.7 Conclusió 2.2 Formes de transport de senyal d'àudio 2.2.1 Introducció 2.2.2 Transport equilibrat i no-equilibrat 2.2.3 Barrejant sistemes equilibrats i no-equilibrats 2.3 Impedàncies, commutadors i connectors elèctrics d'àudio 2.3.1 Connectors RCA i DIN 2.3.2 Connector de 1/4” (Jack) 2.3.3 XLR-3 (Cannon) 2.3.4 Connector Speak-on 2.3.5 Impedàncies 2.3.6 El commutador 2.3.7 El footswitch (DPDT i 3PDT) 2.3.8 True-bypass 2.4 Transductors electroacústics d'entrada: el micròfon 2.4.1 Breu història 2.4.2 Tipus i usos 2.4.3 Especificacions dels micròfons 2.5 Transductors electroacústics de sortida: l'altaveu 2.5.1 Característiques d'un altaveu 2.5.2 Tipus d'altaveu 2.5.3 Funcionament de l'altaveu 2.5.4 Corba d'impedància de l'altaveu 2.5.5 Circuit equivalent d'un altaveu dinàmic 2.5.6 Recintes acústics (bafles) 2.5.7 Causes d'avaria als altaveus 2.6 Amplificadors de potència 2.6.1. Introducció 2.6.2. Estructura completa d'un amplificador 2.6.3. Potències 2.6.4. Especificacions tècniques dels amplificadors de potència 2.6.5. Classes d'amplificadors de potència 2.6.6. Funcionament 2.6.7. Amplificadors de vàlvules i de transistors 2.6.8. Exemple d'amplificació: Amplificador de classe A amb emissor comú Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 4 VOLUM III 3 El Talkbox 3.1 L'efecte de so talkbox 3.1.1 Què és el talkbox? 3.1.2 Breu història 3.1.3 Funcionament 3.1.4 Sonoritat 3.1.5 Execució 3.1.6 Components 3.2 Models comercials de talkbox i efectes sonors semblants 3.2.1 Models comercials de l'efecte talkbox 3.2.2 Efectes sonors semblants al talkbox 3.3 Instruments musicals utilitzats amb el talkbox I: La guitarra elèctrica 3.3.1 Introducció 3.3.2 Història 3.3.3 Estructura 3.3.4 Components 3.3.5 Afinació 3.3.6 Micròfon de pastilla 3.4 Instruments musicals utilitzats amb el talkbox II: El sintetitzador musical 3.4.1 Introducció 3.4.2 Història del sintetitzador musical 3.4.3 Característiques dels sintetitzadors musicals VOLUM IV 4 El nostre model 4.1 Generalitats 4.2 L'altaveu i l'amplificador de potència triats 4.2.1 L'altaveu 4.2.2 L'amplificador de potència 4.2.3 El pre-amplificador 4.2.4 La font d'alimentació 4.3 Filtre passa-altes 4.3.1 Càlculs per al disseny del filtre passiu passa-altes 4.3.2 Tria de l'inductor 4.3.3 Tria del condensador Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 5 4.3.4 Possibilitat de canviar de filtre 4.4 L'unitat d'efecte. Disposició, comandament i senyalització 4.4.1 El 3PDT d'activació / desactivació de l'efecte 4.4.2 El DPDT de sonoritat simultània 4.4.3 El DPDT de sortida del senyal de l'efecte cap a l'amplificador de potència del propi instrument musical 4.4.4 El DPDT de sortida del senyal de l'efecte cap a un sistema de megafonia extern 4.4.5 Nota final 4.5 El cablejat a utilitzar 4.6 El xassís de l'unitat d'efecte de talkbox 4.7 Muntatge i acoblament C Conclusions D Glossari E Annexes Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 6 Índex del VOLUM III 3 El Talkbox..............................................................................................................7 3.1 L'efecte de so talkbox....................................................................................8 3.1.1 Què és el talkbox?.......................................................................8 3.1.2 Breu història................................................................................8 3.1.3 Funcionament............................................................................10 3.1.4 Sonoritat....................................................................................11 3.1.5 Execució....................................................................................11 3.1.6 Components...............................................................................12 3.2 Models comercials de talkbox i efectes sonors semblants.................................22 3.2.1 Models comercials de l'efecte talkbox...........................................22 3.2.2 Efectes sonors semblants al talkbox.............................................27 3.3 Instruments musicals utilitzats amb el talkbox I: La guitarra elèctrica................35 3.3.1 Introducció.................................................................................35 3.3.2 Història......................................................................................35 3.3.3 Estructura..................................................................................36 3.3.4 Components...............................................................................38 3.3.5 Afinació.....................................................................................40 3.3.6 Micròfon de pastilla.....................................................................40 3.4 Instruments musicals utilitzats amb el talkbox II: El sintetitzador musical..........48 3.4.1 Introducció.................................................................................48 3.4.2 Història del sintetitzador musical..................................................48 3.4.3 Característiques dels sintetitzadors musicals.................................50 Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 7 3 EL TALKBOX Disseny i elaboració d'una unitat d'efecte auditiu de tipus talkbox per a instruments musicals 8 3.1 L'EFECTE DE SO TALKBOX 1 Què és el talkbox? L'efecte de so talkbox o, simplement, talkbox o talk box, és un dispositiu que produeix el clàssic so de "guitarra parlant" que s'obtenia amb l'efecte de wah-wah per guitarra que feia servir originalment Jimmy Hendrix (es pot sentir el so d'aquest efecte de wah a l'introducció de la cançó de Jimmy Hendrix, Voodoo Child). Amb ell, el músic és capaç de produir sons com les vocals o les consonants, així com paraules i, fins i tot, frases. Amb un efecte de talkbox, s'agafa el so que surt de la guitarra, i es transmet a la boca a través d'un tub de plàstic (PVC). Els llavis i cavitats vocals (boca, gola i laringe) de l'executor modulen el so. El resultat sonor obtingut és com el d'una "guitarra parlant", el qual, si s'escau, s'alimenta a través d'un micròfon i des d'allà s'amplifica a través de la megafonia o s'envia a un aparell de gravació. Es pot sentir el so de guitarra talkbox, per exemple, a l'introducció de la cançó del grup de música Bon Jovi, Livin 'On A Prayer. Quan el talkbox va ser comercialitzat per primera vegada, se'l va conèixer per diversos noms (com voicebox, modulador de veu, tub de boca, o wah de boca). Sembla ser que el nom de "talkbox" el va estandaritzar Roger Troutman del grup de música Zapp, una de les persones clau en la història del talkbox en la música funk. El talkbox, però, no només s'utilitza com a efecte sonor per a guitarra, sinó per a tot tipus d'instrument musical que emeti un senyal elèctric de sortida, com els sintetitzadors musicals o els violins elèctrics.
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