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Por Toda La Tierra 25 25 25 » «Por toda la Tierra «Por toda la Tierra» Los trabajos aquí reunidos tratan sobre las relaciones hispano-lusas entre 1580 y España y Portugal: globalización y ruptura (1580-1700) España y Portugal: globalización y 1700 bajo la mirada de la historia global. Naturalmente, podemos seguir leyendo el ruptura (1580-1700) ciclo portugués de la Monarquía Hispánica con el lenguaje de la historia política, ) Rafael Valladares 0 Rafael Valladares económica y social más o menos convencionales. Sin embargo, el enfoque 0 7 1 mundialista también ayuda a reinterpretar la experiencia imperial hispánica. De - 0 hecho, los siglos XV a XVIII representaron la primera fase del proceso globalizador 8 5 1 contemporáneo. Fue entonces cuando se establecieron sus tres rasgos decisivos: la ( a r conexión planetaria consciente e irreversible; la progresiva integración económica, a » u t a r veces tan dramática, con sus desigualdades y dependencias; y el mestizaje cultural, p r u s r e e directo o mediatizado, pacífico o violento. Portugal inauguró esta nueva era antes i r y a T n que España, aunque la unión de coronas de 1580 imprimió al proceso una energía d ó a a i l l l c renovadora cargada de consecuencias. Los protagonistas de este libro son los a a z V a i l escenarios conexos de América, Europa, Asia y África, con el fin de buscar respuestas l d a e b a o a cómo y por qué una unión que empezó abriendo un horizonte ilimitado a miles de f o t l a g R r súbditos y territorios, fracasó a causa de una rebelión en la Península pero irradiada : l o a hacia ultramar. En cierto modo, la escisión hispano-portuguesa de 1640 supuso P g u « t también un combate contra la mundialización cuyas repercusiones afectaron a r o Sevilla, Brasil, México o Goa. Al margen de las consecuencias que para Portugal y P y España comportó la ruptura ibérica, la globalización ya estaba hecha. a ñ a p s E Apoios: POR TODA LA TIERRA ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL: GLOBALIZACIÓN Y RUPTURA (1580 ‑1700) POR TODA LA TIERRA ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL: GLOBALIZACIÓN Y RUPTURA (1580 ‑1700) RAFAEL VALLADARES LISBOA 2016 FICHA TÉCNICA Título POR TODA LA TIERRA. ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL: GLOBALIZACIÓN Y RUPTURA (1580 ‑1700) Autor RAFAEL VALLADARES Edição CENTRO DE HISTÓRIA D’AQUÉM E D’ALÉM-MAR FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E HUMANAS / UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE DOS AÇORES Director João Paulo Oliveira e Costa Sub ‑Director Luís Manuel A. V. Bernardo (Pelouro Editorial) Coordenadora Cátia Teles e Marques Editorial Arbitragem Fernanda Olival (CIDEHUS, Universidade de Évora). científica externa Foi aceite para publicação em Janeiro de 2016. Capa Carla Veloso Imagem da capa Alegoria de Portugal, Lusitânia nos quatro continentes ‑ América, Europa, Ásia e África. Gravura calcográfica publicada em Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas, dividido em quatro partes [...] Adornado de los retratos de sus Reyes con sus principales hazañas, Bruxelas: por Francisco Foppens, 1677. Colecção ESTUDOS & DOCUMENTOS 25 Depósito Legal ISBN 978‑989‑8492‑39‑5 Data de Saída Dezembro de 2016 Tiragem 300 exemplares Execução Gráfica ACD PRINT, S.A. Rua Marquesa de Alorna, 12A | 2620 ‑271 Ramada, Odivelas Tel.: 219 345 800 – Email: [email protected] – www.acdprint.pt Apoios Publicação subsidiada ao abrigo do projecto estratégico do CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Universidade dos Açores, financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – UID/HIS/04666/2013. ÍNDICE PREÁMBULO. Una nación de fenómenos extraordinarios .................................................. 9 Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................. 19 PRIMERA PARTE. GLOBALIZACIÓN 1. No somos tan grandes como imaginábamos. Historia global y Monarquía Hispánica ....................................................................................................................... 23 2. Portugal en el orden hispánico. Crisis de incorporación y Monarquía global ........................................................................................................... 85 3. No sólo atlántico. Portugal y su imperio .................................................................. 95 4. Poliarquía de mercaderes. Castilla y la presencia comercial portuguesa en la América española, 1595 ‑1645 ........................................................................................ 105 5. Fenicios pero romanos. La Unión de Coronas en Extremo Oriente ....................... 123 6. Las dos guerras de Pernambuco. La armada del conde da Torre y la crisis del Portugal hispánico, 1638 ‑1641 ...................................................................................... 133 7. Cenit y mundialización. El Oriente Ibérico, 1609 ‑1668 ........................................... 167 SEGUNDA PARTE. RUPTURA 8. Sobre reyes de invierno. El Diciembre Portugués y los Cuarenta Fidalgos (o algunos menos, con otros más) ................................................................................. 189 9. El Brasil y las Indias españolas durante la sublevación de Portugal (1640‑1668) .... 229 10. Portugal desde Italia. Módena y la crisis de la Monarquía Hispánica (1629‑1659) ... 261 11. Portugal y el fin de la hegemonía hispánica ............................................................ 299 12. Historia atlántica y ruptura ibérica, 1620‑1680 ...................................................... 323 13. La dimensión marítima de la Empresa de Portugal (1640‑1668) ......................... 341 14. Por la ruta más corta. Extremadura y la «Restauración de España» .................... 353 15. Castelo Rodrigo, 1664. Táctica y política en la Guerra de la Restauración ............ 371 16. De ignorancia y lealtad. Portugueses en Madrid, 1640 ‑1670 ................................. 391 ABREVIATURAS ..................................................................................................................... 428 BIBLIOGRAFÍA SELECCIONADA ................................................................................................. 429 Para José María, mi marido, que no se lo espera. PREÁMBULO UNA NACIÓN DE FENÓMENOS EXTRAORDINARIOS No hay sobre la Tierra monarquía más sujeta a grandes revoluciones que ésta de Portugal, que se halla llena de grandes acontecimientos. Si se repasa la Historia se ve que ninguna nación en Europa ha sido expuesta a fenómenos más extraordinarios1. Cuando este anónimo viajero holandés reflexionaba así en 1765, en realidad se limitaba a asumir una visión sobre Portugal asentada en el pensa‑ miento europeo desde fines del siglo XVII y comienzos del XVIII. Por entonces, el nuevo racionalismo político se desprendía de parte del lenguaje «antiguo» y articulaba una interpretación de la historia que dividía a la humanidad entre civilizados y bárbaros. Si los primeros podían presumir de regirse por los dictados de la razón y la fertilidad del comercio, los segundos transita‑ ban entre la superstición clerical y la violencia guerrera. También por aque‑ lla altura España fue adscrita –sin pedirle permiso– a la segunda categoría. Montesquieu había sido rotundo al afirmar que las monarquías lusa y espa‑ ñola representaban dos países dudosamente europeos y que, por tanto, nece‑ sitaban de la tutela de aquellos que ya habían alcanzado la mayoría de edad civilizatoria2. Este cambio mental trajo importantes consecuencias, entre ellas un nuevo significado del término «extraordinario». Si en un contexto, vamos a decir, barroco, este calificativo se asimilaba a la categoría de lo asombroso por raro, mágico o inexplicable, la Ilustración lo convirtió en una categoría 1 Citado por L. Moritz SCHWARCZ, A longa viagem da biblioteca dos reis, São Paulo, Compa‑ nhia das Letras, 2002, p. 17. 2 P. FERNÁNDEZ ALBALADEJO, «Entre la “gravedad” y la “religión”. Montesquieu y la “tutela” de la Monarquía Católica en el primer Setecientos», en Monarquía, imperio y pueblos en la España Moderna, Alicante, Fundación Española de Historia Moderna, 1997, pp. 3‑23. 10 POR TODA LA TIERRA. ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL: GLOBALIZACIÓN Y RUPTURA (1580 ‑1700) merecedora de preocupación y en un desafío de excepcionalidad que debía racionalizarse. Desvestida la rareza del carácter admirable con que la dotó la última cultura bárbara del Seiscientos, se atisbaba el veredicto de los racio‑ nalistas sobre un reo ibérico condenado a tener que redimirse por naturaleza –y por su propio bien. Portugal, y España, concitaban un gran interés, sólo que las más de las veces a su pesar, pues su desviación respecto del modelo arbitrariamente impuesto por los mandarines de las Luces transformaron a ambas naciones (¿o eran sólo una?) en anomalías corregibles y, en definitiva, extraordinarias. Con todo, cabe reconocer que a esta consideración de la historia portu‑ guesa como un racimo de singularidades seguramente habían contribuido las obras surgidas durante el período posterior a la paz hispano‑lusa de 1668. El triunfo de los Bragança frente a la Monarquía española situó a los euro‑ peos ante un caso sin duda particular, de manera que la historia de Portugal, por extenso, y la de la Restauración, en concreto, demandaban una respuesta. Entre aquel año y el final del siglo se abrió un período de notable revalida‑ ción para la historia portuguesa y, aunque sumergido todavía en un tiempo bárbaro, sin embargo logró que vieran la luz obras como Raisons d´Estat et reflexions politiques sur l´histoire et vies des roys de Portugal (Lieja, 1670), de Ferdinand Galardi y, sobre todo, la exitosa Histoire de la conjuration
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