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DEPARTMENT of URBAN and REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY of PESHAWAR Session 2010-2011

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AN EVALUATION OF HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME IN 2009-10 CONFLICT AFFECTED AREAS OF DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN BY MALAK ZADA Ph.D SCHOLAR DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR Session 2010-2011 AN EVALUATION OF HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME IN 2009-10 CONFLICT AFFECTED AREAS OF DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN SUBMITTED BY: MALAK ZADA, Ph.D SCHOLAR SUPERVISOR PROF. (MERITORIOUS) AMIR KHAN CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. ZULFIQAR ALI A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy in Urban and Regional Planning DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR Session 2010-2011 DEDICATION To my respectable parents and brothers who encouraged me morally, financially, prayed for my success and showed me the light of the day. ABBREVIATION/ ACRONYMS AIA Afghan Interim Administration AD Anno Domini ATM Automated Teller Machine BC Before Christ BHU Basic Health Unit CBO Community Board Organization CPA Coalition Provincial Authority DCO District Coordination Officer DFID Department For International Developments DPO District Police Officer DNA Damage Need Assessment EDO Executive District Officer FATTA Federally Administrative Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussion F & P Finance & Planning GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographic Information System GDP Gross Domestic Product GOP Government Of Pakistan HBFC Housing Building Finance Corporation HH Household HRP Housing Reconstruction Programme HSOP Housing Sector Observation Programme HPP Hydro Power Project IDP Internally Displaced Person LA Local Authority LG & RD Local Government & Rural Development Department MNA Minister of National Assembly MPA Minister of Provincial Assembly MW Mega Watt i MDGS Millennium Development Goals NDF National Development Framework NEHRP North East Housing Reconstruction Programme NGO Non-Governmental Organization NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NADRA National Database and Registration Authority OFFP Oil For Food Programme PaRRSA Provincial Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PM Per Month PPAF Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RHC Rural Health Center SCR Student Class Room STR Student Teacher Ratio SDG Sustainable Development Goal SPSS Statistical Packages for Social Scientist SRP Settlement Rehabilitation Programme SRSP Sarhad Rural Support Programme SHYDO Sarhad Hydro Development Organization TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration TNSM Tehrik-e-Nifaze Shariate Muhammadi TTP Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan UC Union Council UNDP United Nation Development Programme UN United Nation US United State W & S Works & Services ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to Almighty “Allah” who endowed me the capability to accomplish my thesis title “An Evaluation of Housing Reconstruction Programme in 2009-10 Conflict Affected Areas of District Swat, Pakistan”. I wish to convey my grateful thanks to the following people for their assistance, guidance, encouragement and contributions which ultimately led to the completion of this project: My Supervisor Prof. (Meritorious) Amir Khan, CoE-CPEC, Policy Head (Socio- Economic Division) Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Quaid-i- Azam University, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (MoPD&R) Islamabad, ex Director/ Chairman, Institute Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar for his kind supervision, timely guidance and consistent personal encouragement. Co-supervisor, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, ex-acting Chairman and Assistant Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar deserve appreciation for his guidance and continuous support. Thanks to Professor Dr. Fazal Rehman Chairman and Dr. Syed Akhtar Ali Shah, Associate Professor and ex- Chairman and Dr. Niaz Ahmad, Assistant Professor of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of Peshawar for their continuous support for the completion of this thesis. Dr. Anwar Saeed Khan Lecturer, Mr. Janas Khan Lecturer and Mr. Zahid Khan Lecturer of the Department of Geography, University of Peshawar for their help and supports in data analyses, Mapping, Remote Sensing and GIS analysis is acknowledged with thanks. I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Habib Ahmad, Vice Chancellor, Islamia College Peshawar and ex- Dean & Vice Chancellor Hazara University Mansera for his encouragement, motivations, advise and continuous moral support throughout my PhD research. Dr. Sar Biland Khan, Assistant Registrar & ex- Superintendent and other office staff of the Department of Geography and Urban & Regional Planning, University of Peshawar for their support and cooperation during the entire course of this study. iii Mr. Nasir Ghafoor Khan, CEO water and sanitation company Mardan, Mr. Amin Khan, Legal Section Office Federal Secretariat Islamabad, Fazal Ghani and my other class fellows, friends and colleague who encouraged me throughout this research work. I am thankful to my close friends Dr. Shujaul Mulk Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad and Dr. Mohammad Seraj, Education Department, Govt. of KP for their moral support and valuable suggestions for improving the quality of this thesis. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Engr Behrobar, USAID; Director PDMA (PaRRSA); Director, Local Government and Rural Development, Govt of KP, Peshawar, Dr. Abul Razzaq, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Dr. Ajmal Iqbal Lecturer in Botany GPGC Matta Swat for facilitation during data collection. Last but not the least, I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all the respondents of the sample villages for their patience and giving their precious time in answering all the questions which I asked. Without their cooperation the accomplishment of this research would not have possible. Thanks to my all family members, including my father, mother, wife, brothers, sisters and children for their continuous prayers, moral and financial support which help me in achieving the goal of successfully. MALAK ZADA iv ABSTRACT Introduction This study was conducted on “An evaluation of housing reconstruction programme in 2009-10 conflict affected areas of district Swat, Pakistan”. The study area is situated in the sub range of Hindu Kush Mountains. It lies between 34⁰-34/ to 35⁰-55/ North Latitude and 72⁰-08/ to 72⁰-50/ East Longitude. The total area of the district is 5,337 Km2 and population of 2,309,570, living in 198,000 housing units. Due to Swat operation 23,492 housing units were damaged in five districts and two Agencies namely Swat Buner, Shangla, Dir Upper, Dir Lower, Mohmand Agency and Bajuar Agency. Out of these, 11,755 housing units were completely damaged. Swat district was affected the most with damaged share of 34.6% housing unit. More than 329,792 families left their homes from the conflict affected area, of which the share of district Swat was 141,582 (42.9%) families. Hence the district Swat was selected for this research. Goal The main goal of the study was to evaluate the housing reconstruction programme and the factors affecting the quality of reconstruction, the main flaws of post war housing, infrastructure reconstruction and the people‟s satisfaction with the reconstruction process including, coverage quality, supply and demand issues. Research question, hypothesis The central research question was to find out; why there is mismatch between supply and demand in the process of reconstruction of dwelling units and required infrastructure? What were the main factors responsible for the slow process of building houses, reconstruction of infrastructure and low level of people‟s satisfaction? The main assumption of the study was lack of stakeholders‟ participation and consultation for the assessment of housing and infrastructure, resulting in low level of people satisfaction from housing reconstruction programs; lack of stakeholders‟ participation for assessing housing demand, short supply of developed land, manpower and affordable construction material. v Objectives The main objectives of the research were: to explore the level of mismatch between housing supply and demand and pace of building of housing and infrastructure reconstruction in the conflict affected area of district Swat; to determine the causes of low quality and slow pace of housing reconstruction; to find out the effects of non-participation and consultation of stakeholder in war affected area on the quality and supply of housing and related infrastructure; to know the impact of lack of availability of developed sites and trained man power on the reconstruction of housing in the study area. to measure the people level of satisfactions with the supply of housing and related infrastructure in the study area. Methodology The field data was collected from 1st September 2016 to 31th December 2016 through questionnaires, field observations, focus group discussion (FGD) and Global Positioning System (GPS) to record household location in term of X-Y Coordinates. Out of seven tehsil three namely, Matta, Charbagh and Kabal were purposefully selected from the district. These were severely damaged due to the 2009-10 conflict. From three selected tehsil 9 UCs were selected randomly and from each UC one community was randomly selected from where 5% of households were taken as cluster sample making a total of 550 households. The data was arranged and analyzed through computer software Statistical Packages for Social Scientist
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