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By Prince Safo ND POWER PLANT POTENTIALS IN GHANA Prince Safo WIND POWER PLANT POTENTIALS IN GHANA Mechanical and Production Engineering 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My studies at Vaasan Ammattikorkeakoulu University of Applied Sciences would not have been possible without the guidance and support from numerous individ- uals and organizations. First, my deepest thanks go to God Almighty for the op- portunity giving me to be a part of this program, granting me the understanding, knowledge and most importantly successful completion of my studies. I wish to express greatest appreciation to my lecture, supervisor and coordinator of the program Dr. Adebayo Agbejule, his HOD, Lotta Saarikoski and the Dean, Jorma Tuominen for the opportunity and support they have given throughout the program. I wish to express gratitude to all the distinguished and wonderful lectures who taught me, gave me support, assistance and advice throughout the studies. Finally, special appreciations go to my mother, sisters, family and friends for their wonderful prayers and support. Their guidance and support was a crucial contri- bution to the success of my studies and I am grateful in every way possible. iii VAASAN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES International Energy Management ABSTRACT Author Prince Safo Title Wind Power Plant Potentials in Ghana Academic Year 2013 Language English Pages 60 + 14 Appendices Name of Supervisor Dr. Adebayo Agbejule This thesis studies the wind energy technology and the wind technology transfer to Ghana. The thesis analyses some market achievements of wind energy in the world, types and components of the wind energy technology, cooperation in- volved in manufacturing of the component of the wind turbine, best areas for wind turbine, types of the wind energy construction, applications of wind energy, arrangement of wind farm, environmental impact of the technology and assess- ment of wind energy resources in Ghana. However this thesis work focuses mainly on two questions: what are the poten- tials of wind energy generation in Ghana? Secondly, what are the barriers in im- plementing wind energy technology in Ghana? This research questions was se- lected based on the aim of this thesis work, which is to identify some general is- sues relevant for wind energy technology transfer to Ghana such as pinpointing some areas in Ghana with good wind flow for wind energy generation and the barriers in implementing the wind energy technology. Also the thesis presents some investment analysis of wind energy technology transfer to a selected loca- tion in Ghana. The thesis concluded with dates indicating that the expected energy that can be generated from the wind speed in Ghana is adequate for wind energy farm. From the data it was found that the accumulation of power generated from Ghana wind was about 5.64GW which is adequate for reducing the energy crises in Ghana. The cash payback period for the wind energy setup observed in Nkwanta by this thesis was estimated to be 5.5year, which is objectively very good for wind energy investment. The final recommendation was addressed as Nkwanta been selected as the best area for wind energy generation due to the data observed for the thesis but further investigations needs to be than before starting the project in the area. iv CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Brief History about Ghana ........................................................................ 2 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................. 3 2.1 Objective ................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Research Questions ................................................................................... 4 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 5 3.1 Research Methods – Approach ................................................................. 6 4 WIND ENERGY .............................................................................................. 7 4.1 Types of Wind Turbines ........................................................................... 7 4.2 Components of Conventional Wind Turbine .......................................... 19 4.3 Global Achievement of Wind Energy Generation .................................. 23 4.4 Wind Turbine Manufacturers .................................................................. 25 4.5 Area Suitable for Wind Energy Generation ............................................ 26 4.6 Types of conventional wind energy constructions .................................. 29 4.7 Wind Energy Application ....................................................................... 31 4.8 Arrangement of the Wind Farm .............................................................. 32 4.9 Environmental Effect .............................................................................. 33 5 WIND ENERGY POTENTIALS IN GHANA .............................................. 34 5.1 The Potential of Wind Energy Generation in West Africa ..................... 35 5.2 Production Process for Wind Energy in Ghana ...................................... 36 5.3 Procedure of Wind Energy Project to Ghana .......................................... 37 5.3.1 Wind Energy Analysis for Ghana ............................................... 37 5.3.2 Equipment Needed for the Project .............................................. 41 5.3.3 Cost analysis ............................................................................... 51 5.3.4 Greenhouse gas emission reduction analysis .............................. 54 5.3.5 Financial summary ...................................................................... 54 5.3.6 Risk analysis ............................................................................... 56 5.4 The Barriers in Implementing Wind Power Plants in Ghana ................. 57 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 59 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 61 APPENDICES v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Early Windmill (Teacher Geek 2006) .................................................... 8 Figure 2. Vertical axis wind turbine (Bracken Meyers 2013) ................................ 9 Figure 3. Flapping Panel Wind Turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) .............................. 9 Figure 4. Darrieus Wind Turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) ...................................... 10 Figure 5. Darrieus Wind Turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) ...................................... 10 Figure 6. Giromill wind turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) ........................................ 10 Figure 7. Savonius Wind Turbine (Renewable Energy UK 2010) ...................... 11 Figure 8. Wind spire farm (Markham 2012) ........................................................ 11 Figure 9. Eddy Turbine (Markham 2012) ............................................................ 12 Figure 10. HAWT with three Blades ................................................................... 12 Figure 11. Horizontal axis up-wind turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) ...................... 13 Figure 12. Horizontal axis Down-wind turbine (Teacher Geek 2006) ................ 13 Figure 13. Output of shrouded wind turbine (RIAM Division 2011) .................. 14 Figure 14. Eco Whisper Turbine (Designboom 2012) ......................................... 14 Figure 15. Catching Wind farm (Buczynski 2012) .............................................. 15 Figure 16. Airborne Wind Turbine (Kimura 2012).............................................. 15 Figure 17. Magenn Air Rotor System (MARS) (Kansainväliset Uutiset 2010) .. 16 Figure 18. Airborne Wind Turbine, Rana 2 prototype (Joby Energy 2013) ........ 16 Figure 19. Wind Airborne Tethered Turbine System (Sky Wind Power Corporation 2012) ................................................................................................. 17 vi Figure 20. The Makani Airborne Wind Turbine (Makani Power 2013) .............. 17 Figure 21. Wind Harvester (Markham 2012) ....................................................... 18 Figure 22. Saphon Energy Wind Turbine (Ackerman 2012) ............................... 18 Figure 23. Wind Stalk (Hall 2012) ....................................................................... 19 Figure 24. Components of the wind turbine (U.S. Department of Energy 2013) 20 Figure 25. Wind Turbine Assembly (Pacella 2010) ............................................. 23 Figure 26. Global energy consumption in 2009 (Ren21 2011) ............................ 24 Figure 27. Global Annual installed capacity of wind Energy from 1996-2012 (Global Wind Energy Council 2012). ................................................................... 24 Figure 28. Global Wind speed Map (LaMonica. 2008). ...................................... 27 Figure 29. Illustration of the flow of the wind (Garrison 1993) .......................... 28 Figure 30. Wind formation around the earth (Garrison 1993) ............................. 28 Figure 31. Illustration of the types of wind turbine projects (NREL 2013). ........ 29 Figure 32. Floating mounted wind turbine concept (Stauffer 2006) .................... 30 Figure 33. Wake effect in a wind farm (Longatt et al. 2012) ............................... 32 Figure 34. Wind farm arrangement (Longatt et al. 2012) ...................................
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