ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 6, October 2011, ISSN 2231 5780

AN APPRAISAL OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN STATE OF INDIA

ANISHA SAHAPATHI*; DR PARUL KHANNA**

*Research Scholar, Singhania University. **Associate Professor and Dean R&D, Institute of Management & Technology, Faridabad.

ABSTRACT

For the socio-economic development of any country, a strong Industrial base is desirable. The natural resources need to be developed and utilized both as input to industrial production and as direct products for the social well being of the citizenry. Since India‟s Independence in 1947, industrialization has been recognized as the critical factor to the economic transformation of the country. To achieve the desired result, Government had, focused in its industrial policy mainly on the promotion and establishment of large-scale industries (LSIs) in pursuance of import substitution process. The promotion of Small and Medium Industries (SMEs), on the other hand, received relatively low direct Government investment, and was left to the initiatives of the private entrepreneur. ______

INTRODUCTION

In today‟s India, industries, particularly small and medium – sized manufacturing industries (SMEs), operate under various conditions and constraints, which stand on the way to the achievement of organisational goals. There are, for example, high cost and shortage of materials, shortage of funds, inability to recruit competent staff. Due to its size, the individual firm neither has control over input factor costs or the prices at which it sells its output with the result that inefficient and high cost firms are forced out of business. This makes cost saving devices essential for economic survival. Gone were the days when owners of the businesses concerned themselves with returns, or employees with salaries and wages only; their interests are now also focused on the efficient operation of the business and utilisation of invested resources. other hand, a section of the organized private sector contends that the various policies, incentives and strategies, so far put in place for the industrial sector, have either not been implemented or have been inconsistent or are inappropriate, to address the problems of the SMEs sub-sector, or to stimulate growth and enhance performance of the SMIs.

SMEs IN INDIA

With the advent of planned economy from 1951 and the subsequent industrial policy followed by Government of India, both planners and Government earmarked a special role for small-scale industries and medium scale industries in the Indian economy. Due protection was accorded to both sectors, and particularly for small-scale industries from 1951 to 1991, till the nation adopted a policy of liberalization and globalization. Certain products were www.zenithresearch.org.in

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SMEs always represented the model of socio-economic policies of Government of India which emphasized judicious use of foreign exchange for import of capital goods and inputs; labour intensive mode of production; employment generation; non-concentration of diffusion of economic power in the hands of few (as in the case of big houses); discouraging monopolistic practices of production and marketing; and finally effective contribution to foreign exchange earning of the nation with low import-intensive operations. It was also coupled with the policy of de-concentration of industrial activities in few geographical centres. It can be observed that by and large, SMEs in India met the expectations of the Government in this respect. SMEs developed in a manner, which made it possible for them to achieve the following objectives:

High contribution to domestic production

Significant export earnings,

Low investment requirements,

Operational flexibility

Location wise mobility

Low intensive imports

Capacities to develop appropriate indigenous technology

Import substitution

Contribution towards defence production

Technology – oriented industries

Competitiveness in domestic and export markets

At the same time one has to understand the limitations of SMEs, which are:

Low Capital base

Concentration of functions in one / two persons

Inadequate exposure to international environment

Inability to face impact of WTO regime

Inadequate contribution towards R & D

Lack of professionalism www.zenithresearch.org.in

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In spite of these limitations, the SMEs have made significant contribution towards technological development and exports. SMEs have been established in almost all-major sectors in the Indian industry such as:

Food Processing Textile and Leather and Garments Leather Goods

Agricultural Meat Products Inputs

Chemicals and Major Sectors of SME Bio-Engineering Pharmaceuticals

Engineering & Sports Goods Electricals

Electro-Medical Computer Plastic Products Equipments Software

FIGURE 3: MAJOR SECTORS OF SME’s

SMEs have been playing a pivotal role in country‟s overall economic growth, and have achieved steady progress over the last couple of years. From the perspective of industrial development in India, and hence the growth of the overall economy, SMEs have to play a prominent role, given that their labour intensiveness generates employment. The SME segment also plays a major role in developing countries such as India in an effort to alleviate poverty and propel sustainable growth. They also lead to an equitable distribution of income due to the nature of business. Moreover, SMEs in countries such as India help in efficient allocation of resources by implementing labour intensive production processes, given the

abundant supply of labour in these countries, wherein capital is scarce. www.zenithresearch.org.in

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The enactment of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 was a landmark initiative taken by the Government of India to enable the SMEs‟ competitive strength, address the issues and challenges and reap the benefits of the global market. SME policy initiatives at the national and state level are aimed at strengthening the role of SMEs at the base as well as at the higher level.

TABLE1: TOTAL NUMBER OF MSME’S1

No. of SME Units (In Million)

Financial Year (FY) Registered Unregistered Total

2003 1.6 9.3 10.9

2004 1.7 9.7 11.4

2005 1.8 10.0 11.9

2006 1.9 10.4 12.3

2007-Present 2.0 10.8 12.8

With globalisation, all forms of production of goods and services are getting increasingly fragmented across countries and enterprises. With large players adopting different models of business that include involvement of the their traditional partners, suppliers or distributors at a different level, SMEs now are now experiencing a new model of functioning in the value chain.

TABLE 2: TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN SME’S AND PRODUCTION PER EMPLOYEE2

Total Employment of SME’s and Production per Employee

Financial Year (FY) Employment (In Million) Production per Employee

2003 26.37 116

2004 27.53 122

2005 28.76 130

2006 30.0 140

1 Source: Office of the Development Commissioner (MSME) www.zenithresearch.org.in 2 Source: Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Government of India.

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2007-Present 31.25 151

PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT IN SMEs

The total production of the SMEs showed a phenomenal growth in FY07 as compared to the previous year. The production at current prices experienced a growth rate of around 18% against 15.8% in the previous year, thereby raising its share to India‟s GDP up to15.5% during the year.

SMEs constitute an important segment of India‟s industrial production with a contribution to

33% of its exports

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The composition of export basket of SME‟s in India, it has both traditional and non-tradition commodities in nature. There are few commodity groups which are exclusively exported by SMEs such as sports goods, cashew, Lac etc. In the commodity group of engineering goods, SMEs constitute around 40% of the total exports of this commodity group. Similarly, SMEs in basic chemicals & pharmaceuticals finished leather and leather products and marine products account for around 44%, 69% and 50% of the export share in their respective commodity groups. In view of the Government of India‟s ambitious target of average GDP growth rate of 9% during the 11th Five Year Plan, SMEs have to play a vital role in achieving this target. It is imperative for the government to address the major issues plaguing the sector and take further inclusive growth oriented policy initiatives to boost the sector.

HARYANA – A HOUSE OF INDUSTRY

The “Green Land of India” the State of Haryana came into being on 1-November-1966. Haryana can be divided into two natural areas, sub-Himalayan Terai and Indo-Gangetic Plain. It has an agriculture-based economy. The state also has a strong industrial base. It is also well known for its Handloom products all over the world. Haryana is comparatively smaller is size and younger in years but historically it has been great importance all-through. Starting from the days of Maha Bharat in Kurukshetra, the scene of the epic battle between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, the state was the home of the legendary Bharat‟s dynasty, which has been given the name „Bharat‟ or „India‟.

The area of Haryana is 44212 Sq. KM with a population of 21.08 millions. The density of population is 477 per sq. KM. The literacy rate is 68.59 and its capital is Chandigarh. Area wise it stands at 20th place out of the 28 states, biggest being Rajasthan and smallest being Goa. Population wise it ranks at 15. It is also surrounded by which has highest density of population of the county which is 9294. Railway track length is 1499 KM and Road length is 23168 K.M. It has length of 698 KM of national high-way. It has length of 698 KM of national high-way. It has one of Industrial Zonal Parks. Small in size but giant in attainment with just 1.37% of the country‟s geographical area and 1.97% country‟s total population the state is counted among the first few states with the highest per capita income. As it can be seen that Haryana currently produces two thirds of passenger cars, 50% of tractors, 60% of motor cycles and 50% of refrigerators manufactured in the county. About 25% o India‟s total production of Sanitary ware is from Haryana. One out of every four bicycle sin the country is manufactured here.

The state has already 650 projects with foreign technical collaboration such as MAruti Udyog

Ltd. Hero Honda, Modi Alcatel, Escorts, Soni India, VXL India, Whirlpool Indusries, Wipro

Ltd., DCM, Benetton, TDT Copper Ltd., Ashai India Safety Glass etc.

Some major units in the public sector are HMT Ltd., National Fertilizers Ltd., Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bharat Electronics Ltd., IBPL etc. Rs. 4200 crore oil refinery is other mile stone.

The state has received new project proposals from MNCs such as United Development Inc. Panama, Tecumseh Products, USA, JELD won Inc GMBH, Germany, NHK Spring

Company, Japan, Casio Computers, Japan in the tune of 1910 crores. www.zenithresearch.org.in

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In the last six years 2662 industrial entrepreneur memorandum have been filed with GOI for setting up projects in Haryana. The state is projected to get investment of 293 Billions which will help in generating direct employment for 3.18 lakh persons.

Haryana is also manufacturing largest number of mixies and gas stoves in the country. In 2000-01 agro-based lamp, scientific instruments leather products, automobiles and tractors worth Rs. 70 billion were exported from Haryana.

Thus Haryana offers an excellent location to start any industry because it has rich industrial base with excellent infrastructure. Another advantage is that approximately one third of Haryana falls under National Capital Region and that is why Panipat, Rohtak, , Faridabad and Sonipat have a special potential because of its proximity of Delhi.

SME’S IN HARYANA

Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita incomein the country at Rs. 67,891, including the largest number of rural crorepatis in India Haryana is also one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia and its agricultural and manufacturing industry has experienced sustained growth since 1970s. Haryana is India's largest manufacturer of passenger cars, two-wheelers, and tractors. Since 2000, the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India.

The city of Gurgaon has rapidly emerged as a major hub for the information technology and automobile industries. Gurgaon is home to Maruti Udyog Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer, and hero Honda Limited, the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. Yamunanagar, Panipat, Panchkula and Faridabad are also industrial hubs, with the Panipat Refinery being the second largest refinery in South Asia. There are also long established steel, plywood, paper and textile industries in the state.

According to the National Capital Regional Plan 2021 notified on Sept 17, 2005, the NCR covers a total area of 30,242 sq km comprising the following areas:-

National Capital Territory of Delhi (1,483 sq km)

Haryana sub-region (13,413 sq km) comprising Faridabad, Mewat, Gurgaon, Rohtak, Sonepat, Rewari, Jhajjar and Panipat districts

Rajasthan sub-region (7,829 sq km) comprising whole of Alwar district

Uttar Pradesh sub-region (10,853 sq km) comprising Meerut, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, Bulandshahr and Baghpat districts.

ABOUT GURGAON

Gurgaon is one of the fastest-developing cities, and is located in the south of Haryana. Spread over an area of 738.82 sq km it is an important and the most developed commercial/ business centre in Haryana. Gurgaon, which is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India, has evolved over the past few years into an important outsourcing and

manufacturing destination. According to the Economic Survey of Haryana FY06, the www.zenithresearch.org.in Gurgaon region ranked third among India‟s major software export locations. Gurgaon has

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ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 6, October 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 witnessed a rapid growth in real estate and construction industry fuelled by the high disposable income of consumers in the region along with easy availability of land. The commercial property has witnessed a boom mostly due to the IT, ITeS and other service industries.

TABLE 3: BASIC STATISTICS – GURGAON DISTRICT3

Population 870,539

Total Literacy Rate 62.91%

Number of Medical (allopathic) institutions FY 08 14

Number of Registered Working factories (2007) 1,570

Estimated number of workers employed in the above working factories (2007) 186,887

Number of commercial bank offices as on March 31, 2008 218

INFRASTRUCTURE IN GURGAON

Gurgaon has emerged as the most preferred destination for private entrepreneurs. Its strategic location (32 km from New Delhi, located on the National Highway of Delhi- road), close proximity to the Indira Gandhi International Airport, well-developed infrastructure in terms of roads and communication network and total electrification has aided in attracting investments from big multinaltional companies. Gurgaon Railway Station is one of the oldest and is situated on the Delhi - Rewari - Jaipur Railway line route. However, for long distance trains, people have to travel to railway stations in Delhi. The route of the has been extended to cater to the Gurgaon district as well, which has further improved its connectivity with Delhi. A proposal is in the offing to provide a rail corridor to link the major satellite towns of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Bahadurgarh and Kundli with New Delhi.

INDUSTRIAL SCENARIO IN GURGAON

Well-developed infrastructure coupled with policy initiatives from the government has created a favourable industrial climate in this region. More than 400 large and medium-scale

units and around 8,000 small-scale units operate in the Gurgaon district. In fact, Maruti Udyog Limited was the first company to set up factory in Gurgaon in the early eighties, which set the growth momentum for industrial development in Gurgaon. After Maruti many other multinational companies like Hero Honda Ltd, Honda Motors of Japan, Suzuki Motor Cycle and ancillaries of these automobile companies set up their base in the region.

3 Haryana Statistical Abstract 2007-2008, Census 2001 www.zenithresearch.org.in

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Many major units involved in manufacturing telecommunication equipment, light engineering goods, electrical goods, software development, hardware, sports goods, rubber and plastics products, readymade garments, pharmaceuticals, terry towels, food items, air conditioners, shoes, pesticides, insecticides, agro based and food processing, leather as well as few companies in the field of bio-technology are operating in the district. A cluster of high-fashion readymade garments units has come up in the industrial area of Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon. The units operating in this cluster export products to many countries and also supply to several Indian brands.

Over the last few years, Gurgaon has emerged as the major hub for IT and. the ITES-BPO industry. There is an IT and Telecommunication Complex in the Electronic City in Gurgaon, which is spread over 40 acres. This complex has been planned for computer/ software export and is equipped with world-class facilities like earth station, teleconference, internet, e-mail service and other state-of-the-art communication services. There is also a software technology park allotted to software units within this area that occupies an area of 14,000 sq ft. The park also provides satellite communication links to the units located in the park. The IT policy by the Government of Haryana had provided a fillip to IT and ITES industry in Gurgaon.

Moreover, the state government through its enterprise Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (HARTRON), has been undertaking various schemes and activities for the development of electronics and IT industry in a systematic and scientific manner in the state. Famous IT companies like Hughes Software, Tata Consultancy Service, Alcatel, HCL, Siemens, GE Capital, Silicon Graphics etc have their units located at Gurgaon. The software exports from Haryana increased from Rs 8.90 bn in FY00 to Rs 175.0 bn (approximately) in FY08.

INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS IN GURGAON

1. Business Process Industry Association of India

2. Gurgaon Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI)

3. Gurgaon industrial Association (GIA)

4. Udyog Vihar Industries Association

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

To further boost the IT and ITeS industries in Gurgaon, Haryana plans to set up a Hi-Tech Habitat Centre with world-class facilities for IT, ITeS and BPO companies in the Electronic City, Gurgaon. The state government also plans to develop an auto parts industrial cluster in Gurgaon.

ABOUT FARIDABAD

Faridabad, situated in the south-eastern part of Haryana, is the biggest urban agglomeration of Haryana. With a strong industrial base, Faridabad is one of the largest contributors to the revenue generation of Haryana. www.zenithresearch.org.in

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The industrial activity and expansion in Faridabad is attributed to the policy decision taken after independence to develop the surrounding regions of Delhi as a metropolitan region to reduce the population pressure on Delhi. Faridabad has the status of being a metropolitan town and has a Municipal Corporation since 1994.

The Faridabad Municipal Corporation consists of Old Faridabad, Ballabgarh and NIT (New Industrial Township). The majority of workforce in Faridabad is in the tertiary/ services sector. According to the 2001 Census the workforce participation rate of Faridabad city is 31%.

TABLE 4: BASIC STATISTICS – FARIDABAD DISTRICT4

Population 19, 90,719

Total Literacy Rate 70.03%

Number of Medical (allopathic) institutions FY 08 37

Number of Registered Working factories (2007) 2,638

Estimated number of workers employed in the above working factories (2007) 196,036

Number of commercial bank offices as on March 31, 2008 172

INFRASTRUCTURE IN FARIDABAD

The National Highway NH-2, (Delhi-Mathura Road) passes through the length of the city and is the central axis of the city of Faridabad. Further, NH-3 and NH-4 also pass through the city. Faridabad is connected to other states through three railway stations namely Old Faridabad, NIT, Faridabad and Ballabgarh. There is also an Inland Container Depot in Faridabad. The metro is connected to Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi and Palam Domestic Airport, in New Delhi. The eastern peripheral expressway (Kundli- Ghaziabad-Palwal “KGP”) and western peripheral expressways (Kundli-Manesar- Palwal- “KMP”) passing through Faridabad are underway, which will facilitate faster movement of inter-state traffic besides connecting Delhi with all the Delhi Metropolitan Area towns and all National Highways around Delhi.

The projects Badarpur Flyover is complete and will further aid the infrastructure development of the region are; Six lanning of NH-2, Extension of Metro Rail upto Faridabad and Kalindi Kunj bypass providing easy access to Noida.

INDUSTRIAL SCENARIO IN FARIDABAD

Haryana is a hub for the automobile industry in India as important automobile centres are in Gurgaon and Faridabad. The main industries in Faridabad are light automotive components, engineering goods and metal goods. The major industrial production in the district, mainly

www.zenithresearch.org.in 4 Haryana Statistical Abstract 2007-2008, Census 2001

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ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 6, October 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 represented by Faridabad city itself, is of tractors, motorcycles, tyres, switch gears, steel rerolling, scientific instruments, power looms, agriculture implements, JCB cranes, consumer durables, footwear etc. Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation (HSIIDC) is the nodal agency for industrial development of Faridabad.

As on 2006, there were 16 multinational companies, 809 ISO-based industries, 205 medium and large-scale industries and 399 small-scale units as per the records of the District Industrial Centre, Faridabad. Besides, there are also a large number of smaller industrial units, functioning from various locations including residential areas in the city. Overall, there are about 15,000 small, medium and large industries in the Faridabad - Ballabgarh Complex. It is considered to be one of the largest industrial estates - ninth largest industrial centre of Asia (2006). Many international/multinational companies like Whirlpool Corporation, Goodyear Company, Castrol Ltd, Larsen & Toubro, GKN Invel Transmission ltd, Asia Brown Boveri Group, Woodward Governer Company, Eicher Motors ltd, Escorts group, Nuchem Ltd operate in this area.

Many industrial units in Faridabad have collaborations with foreign countries and many are wholly-owned foreign companies. The products that are exported from Faridabad district are electric equipment, tractor, machinery, industrial units, helmets, tyres, footwear etc.

INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FARIDABAD

There are five major industrial associations in Faridabad that play a major role in the industrial development in the region. These associations are:

1. Laghu Udhyog Bharti

2. Faridabad Industries‟ Association

3. Faridabad Manufacturers‟ Association

4. Faridabad Small Industries‟ Association

5. Faridabad Chamber of Commerce & Industries>

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN HARYANA

HSIIDC is planning to establish an Industrial Model Township (IMT) in four cities in Haryana including Faridabad. These townships will include campuses for large industries,

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) parks, industrial plots, flatted factories, residential colonies, labour housing, commercial and institutional areas, entertainment zones, educational and healthcare facilities etc. Around 500 small and medium enterprises in Faridabad, mainly auto components manufacturers, intend to invest over US$ 30 mn for technology improvement and capacity expansion in the coming years. The state government also plans to develop Light Engineering Industry Cluster in Faridabad (project cost Rs 727 mn) and the government will fund 75% of the total cost of the project upto a maximum of Rs 500 mn.

The regional plan 2021 of NCR has identified Faridabad as the location for wholesale trade www.zenithresearch.org.in of auto parts. This state-level agency plans to develop a alternative wholesale market for

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POLICIES-HARYANA

The state government of Haryana has formulated different policies to foster the growth and development of the state The Industrial Policy 2005 of Haryana has the strategic mission to develop economic hubs through infrastructural initiatives, encourage public private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure projects, focus on economic activities enjoying comparative advantage in the state; in particular development of food processing industry, Electronics, Information & Communication Technology industry, promote mega projects particularly in backward regions, focus on development and support to the small and medium enterprise segment. The state government has identified IT, ICT and ITES as a thrust area in recognition of its potential for exports, employment and wealth generation.

The IT Policy 2000 had aimed to replace the traditional delivery system of public services with ITdriven systems of governance.

The Haryana SEZ Act 2005 aims to promote and establish large self-contained industrial townships, with world-class infrastructure.

The Labour Policy 2006 of Haryana is focused on strengthening the conciliation measures for prevention and early resolution of industrial disputes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, it is imperative to realize that performance goals and targets, set in production and low costs for the SMEs can only be achieved when SMEs are provided with good SME- friendly policies, conducive operating environment, improvements in infrastructure, peace and security; and have the right type of personnel, that have cooperative attitudes and spirit, good team work, high morals, high motivation, high performance goals, have the desire to achieve the company‟s goals and objectives and are served with good communication.

Many recommendations have emerged from the study. First, deliberate efforts are still needed on the part of Governments, Trade Associations, SMES and other stakeholders to nurture a climate that is conducive to successful and profitable operation of SMES. In particular, improvements in infrastructure such as constant supply of electricity, water, road

and rail transportation systems are necessary.

Secondly, loan facilities from banks and other funding schemes to SMES should include a provision of managerial assistance to SMES to upgrade management and technical skills.

Other recommendations include the call on Government to take concrete actions to curb dumping, smuggling and importation of cheap foreign products; to harmonize taxes, charges and levies; to develop its industries and to encourage Indians to patronize products made by SMES and to privatize owned industries to enhance their efficiency and performance.

Importance of SSI can not be ignored as far as generation of employment and revenue is www.zenithresearch.org.in concerned. Many other states are far ahead compared to Haryana in this objective. This

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ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 6, October 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 clearly indicates that there is ample scope in this direction which can bring higher revenues as well as in raising the standards of living and quality of life of the residents of the state.

REFERENCES

Annual Report, 2008-09. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Corporate Governance Reforms in India (May, 2002) by Ananya Mukherjee Reed, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 249-268

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana

http://www.dnb.co.in/SMENCR2009/ClusterOverview.asp

http://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa04p39.html#author

http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=1012&cf=10

http://www.dnb.co.in/SME%20Awards/SME%20In%20India.asp

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