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Analysis of Health Promotion Data Obtained During ANALYSIS OF HEALTH PROMOTION DATA OBTAINED DURING THE 2008 INDIANA SPECIAL OLYMPICS GAMES: A COMPARISON OF INDIANA AND NON-INDIANA DATA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DIETETICS BY JOSETTE M.K. DUDOIT, RD, CD COMMITTEE APPROVAL: _____________________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson, Carol A. Friesen, PhD, RD Date _____________________________________________________________________ Committee Member, Sue H. Whitaker, PhD Date _____________________________________________________________________ Committee Member, Kimberli L. Pike, MS, RD Date DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: _____________________________________________________________________ Department Chairperson, Alice A. Spangler, PhD Date _____________________________________________________________________ Dean of Graduate School, Robert J. Morris, PhD Date BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2009 ANALYSIS OF HEALTH PROMOTION DATA OBTAINED DURING THE 2008 INDIANA SPECIAL OLYMPICS GAMES: A COMPARISON OF INDIANA AND NON-INDIANA DATA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DIETETICS BY JOSETTE M.K. DUDOIT, RD, CD ADVISOR—CAROL A. FRIESEN, PHD, RD BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2009 ABSTRACT THESIS: Analysis of Health Promotion Data Obtained During the 2008 Indiana Special Olympics Games: A Comparison of Indiana and Non-Indiana Data STUDENT: Josette M.K. Dudoit, RD, CD DEGREE: Master of Science in Dietetics COLLEGE: Applied Sciences and Technology DATE: July 2009 PAGES: 148 The purpose of this investigation was to determine the health status of Indiana Special Olympics athletes who participated in Healthy Athletes® health screenings during 2008. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), bone density t-scores, smoking habits, and eating behaviors of the Indiana Special Olympics athletes, both overall and by gender, were compared to data recorded in the National Special Olympics Healthy Athletes® Software System (HASS). A total of 743 Special Olympics athletes ranging in age from 19 to 64 years were obtained from the HASS data base. Of these, 34.6 percent (n=257) were Indiana Special Olympics athletes and 65.4 percent (n=486) were non- Indiana Special Olympics athletes from California, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, and Montana. Results indicated that, despite no difference by gender or height, Indiana Special Olympics athletes were significantly more overweight (26.8%) or obese (50.3%), had a lower bone density (0.049 ± 1.421 vs. 0.750 ± 1.591), a higher frequency of tobacco use (12.5% vs. 6.6%), and a lower daily fruit and vegetable consumption than the non-Indiana Special Olympics athletes (74.8% vs. 84.0%). Results will be used to identify appropriate health education programs for the Indiana Special Olympics athletes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, thank you mom (Tanya Lee) and dad (George) for supporting and nurturing me in every possible way. I love you with all my heart and could not express how much you both mean to me. Drake, Brandon, and Yvette, I love you and thank you for all your support throughout my life growing up as the little sister. Not sure if I will stop being a professional student. Knowledge is power. I would like to give a great big MAHALO to my committee chair, Dr. Carol A. Friesen, for taking time aside from your busy life and guiding, directing, and enriching my academic experiences here at Ball State University. I admire your talent to multitask as a Professor and as a mother. I will miss you dearly and hope that I too can balance work and family and still be successful as you have been here at Ball State University. I also would like to spread more ALOHA to my committee members, Dr. Sue H. Whitaker, Mrs. Kimberli A. Pike, and Dr. Alice A. Spangler. Without your flexibility and input, this thesis would not have happened. Thank you to the Ball State University Working Well Program (Patty, Nicke, and Jenni) for giving me the opportunity to spread my wings as a Registered Dietitian here in Indiana. Dr. Lora Jones-McClure, I will miss our conversations about work, life, and the real world, gotta love it. To my girl peeps and guy, Melissa, Joy, Nancy, Michelle, and Ryan, thank you for everything. You are always there for my family and me, rain or shine. Last but not least, to my fiancé Jason Lee Jones, I love you and cannot wait to be your wife on June 19, 2009. Another story ending and a new life to begin—thank you to all. -Mahalo Nui Loa and A Hui Hou i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ ii List of Appendices ............................................................................................................. ix List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Background ..............................................................................................................1 Purpose .....................................................................................................................3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................4 Rationale ..................................................................................................................5 Definitions................................................................................................................5 Assumptions .............................................................................................................8 Limitations ...............................................................................................................8 Summary ................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................11 Introduction ............................................................................................................11 Special Olympics Overview ..................................................................................11 Healthy Athletes® Initiative .......................................................................12 Special Olympics Research Studies ...........................................................13 Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adults ..........................................15 Non-Intellectual Impaired Population ........................................................15 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) PAGE Intellectual Impaired Population ................................................................18 Osteoporosis (OP) ..................................................................................................27 Non-Intellectually Impaired Population ....................................................29 Intellectually Impaired Population .............................................................33 Smoking Habits ......................................................................................................38 Non-Intellectually Impaired Population ....................................................39 Intellectually Impaired Population .............................................................40 Dietary Patterns ......................................................................................................45 Non-Intellectually Impaired Population ....................................................45 Calcium Consumption ...................................................................45 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption .................................................46 Whole Grain Consumption ............................................................47 Intellectually Impaired Population .............................................................47 Food Preferences ............................................................................48 Fruit, Vegetable and Dairy Consumption ......................................49 Existing Special Olympics Health Programs .........................................................49 University of Illinois at Chicago: Improving Athletes’ Health ................50 Special Olympics—Hawaii ........................................................................51 Special Olympics—Ireland ........................................................................52 Summary ....................................................................................................53 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) PAGE Chapter 3: Methodology ....................................................................................................54 Introduction ............................................................................................................54 Institutional Review Board ....................................................................................54
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