UNDERSTANDING RACIAL INEQUITY IN ALACHUA COUNTY Prepared by the University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR)
(January 2018)
Contents of Report
Foreward...... 4 Section I: Introduction ...... 5 Section II: Alachua County’s Population...... 8 Section III: Racial Inequity in Alachua County...... 10 Section IV: Insights from the Housing, Transportation, and Neighborhood Supplement...... 17 Section V: Factors and Forces Behind Racial Disparities in Alachua County...... 25 Section VI: From the Views and Experiences of Minority Groups in Alachua County...... 30 Section VII: General Conclusions...... 32 Data Collection...... 33 Appendix A - Data Tables on Disparity Measures...... 35 Appendix B - Maps...... 89
American Alligator at Paynes Prairie, Gainesville, Florida
3 FOREWARD
For many years, racial disparities have made an impact on the lives of people in Alachua County, Florida. Many advocacy groups have been working diligently on improving conditions for minorities in order to reduce these disparities. A wealth of data exists exemplifying specific areas that may be helpful to these organizations. The following report provides a baseline of racial disparity data in the county, showing the differences between Whites and four minority groups: Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Other. With this baseline, future data has the potential to show changes and trends, illuminating the effects of programs attempting to address the myri- ad of issues that contribute to these disparities. We hope that the information contained in this report will be informative to residents of Alachua County and useful to the programs trying to make an impact. We look forward to the possibility of building on this report in the future with updated data on the indicators included as well as other indicators that may further shed light on racial inequities. We would like to thank the organizations who commissioned this report for giving us the opportunity to perform this work: Alachua County, Alachua County Public Schools, City of Gainesville, Gainesville Area Chamber of Commerce, Santa Fe College, UF Health, and University of Florida. We would also like to thank the many people who contributed to the effort necessary to complete the report. Cynthia Clark moderated the focus group, and Mark House conducted the one-on-one interviews with community members and experts and compiled the information from both formats. UF Bureau of Economic and Business Research students and staff including Mark Girson, Hui Hui Guo, Art Sams, Anthony Chen, Nelsa Vazquez, and others collected data, performed quality control, and managed the project. We would also like to thank the community members and experts who participated in the focus group and one-on-one interviews, whose involvement made possible the qualitative component of this undertaking. Finally, we appreciate the work of the University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities research team led by Hal Knowles and Lynn Jarrett, who collected, analyzed and reported on more in depth housing and transportation disparity issues in a separate volume.
Hector H. Sandoval Project Director Understanding Racial Inequity in Alachua County
4 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION
Racial inequity is a long-standing issue Business Research (BEBR) led this project in in many communities across the United collaboration with the University of Florida States, affecting the opportunities of minority Program for Resource Efficient Communities individuals and families. In March 2016, the (PREC). This document contains the main United Church of Gainesville and the Alachua results of this effort. Please let us know how County branch of the National Association for you are using the information contained in the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) this report by emailing United Way of North sponsored a weekend-long seminar to focus Central Florida at [email protected]. community efforts on inequities in the Alachua Main Goals County area. The seminar featured speakers from the Dane County, Wisconsin Race to Alachua County’s population is 19.8 percent Equity Project. This project collected existing Black/African American, 9.2 percent Hispanic, national, state, and local data documenting and 6.3 percent Asian. The county is home racial disparities in the county and comparing to two major educational institutions: the those disparities to Wisconsin and the United University of Florida, the state’s flagship States overall. Their study led to a community- university and a highly ranked public research wide focus on how their community can work university, and Santa Fe College, winner together to meet the challenge of narrowing of the 2015 Aspen Prize for Community the gaps in quality of life among all racial and College Excellence. Both attract top talent ethnic groups. and contribute to the racial and cultural diversity of the region; however, the growing A group of Gainesville, Florida achievement gap between disparate areas community leaders representing Alachua of Gainesville has compelled community County, Alachua County Public Schools, City leaders to examine racial, social, and of Gainesville, Gainesville Area Chamber of economic inequality at the local level. There Commerce, Santa Fe College, UF Health, and is a shared concern that the racial divisions University of Florida saw value in completing in Alachua County perpetuate disadvantage a similar project. Wishing to understand and and discrimination in many areas such as document racial inequity in Alachua County, employment opportunities, housing and this group called for the development of a transportation, public accommodations, baseline report grounded in quantitative education, and public benefits to findings to document and provide insights disenfranchised populations. about the extent, nature, and source of racial inequality in Alachua County. The The purpose of this report is to provide a University of Florida Bureau of Economic and comprehensive picture of the disparities in 5 Alachua County between each of the minority experts in racial inequity on each of the groups and Whites on several dimensions following topics: economic well-being, of human well-being, and to compare race educational achievement, family structure, and ethnicity disparities in Alachua County child welfare involvement, involvement in the to Florida and the nation. By gaining a justice system, health status, and housing and more thorough understanding of this issue, transportation. Conditional on the availability community leaders will be better equipped to of data, the outcome of this consultation influence institutional awareness, make policy resulted in the collection of 50 different recommendations and support initiatives that indicators. For each indicator, the most recent tackle the causes of these problems, resulting data were gathered for Whites as well as each in a reduction in these disparities. minority group: African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and a combined group of all other Methodology races. We compared each of the minority
To compile a comprehensive data- groups to the non-Hispanic White population based picture of the racial disparities in in Alachua County, and calculated a disparity 1 Alachua County and to gain a deeper ratio to measure racial disparities. understanding of these disparities, BEBR Second, a focus group with Black/ utilized both a quantitative and qualitative African-American residents of Alachua approach. The collection of quantitative County was conducted. The goal of this part data provides a standardized method of of the project is to assess the perceptions, comparison across the different minority opinions, and experiences of Black residents groups. The qualitative data supplements the in the context of racial inequity. During the quantitative data by providing informative focus group, a series of slides were shown perceptions, experiences, and concerns of that detailed the extent and nature of racial Alachua County minority residents as well as disparities in the area. These slides showed the expertise of scholars in racial disparity. data collected on the seven dimensions
We first collected data on a wide range mentioned above to motivate the discussion. of indicators representing several aspects of In general, the participants human well-being to provide a quantitative acknowledged that they face inequality on a baseline of racial disparity in Alachua County. daily basis. In particular, they mentioned that To accomplish this task, we consulted with
______1 The disparity ratio is the value of an indicator for a particular ratio was calculated using the White population. minority group at a particular geographic level divided by the value of the same indicator for non-Hispanic Whites at the same geographic level. For some indicators, because we were unable to identify the non-Hispanic White population, the 6 the history of racism is an important factor Content contributing to the disparities and that current disparities in the education system and in Section II provides a snapshot of their interactions with law enforcement are the population in Alachua County. Section prominent and play an important role. III portrays the picture of racial disparity in Alachua County as illustrated by the Third, a total of 10 one-on-one quantitative data. Section IV contains a interviews were conducted. Three interviews sample of the main results and insights were conducted with county residents from from the housing, transportation, and minority groups other than African-Americans. neighborhood supplement. Section V The remaining seven interviews were with describes the factors and forces behind the experts in local and national racial disparities racial disparities in the county as described from the University of Florida. Similar to by the experts we interviewed. Section VI the focus group, we asked for respondents’ summarizes the findings derived from our opinions on the picture portrayed by the interaction with the minorities through the quantitative data to understand the causes focus group and the one-on-one interviews. and potential solutions to racial disparities in The last section concludes and highlights two Alachua County. The residents agreed with potential areas that can contribute to reducing the views and experience of the African- the disparities. Appendix A contains the tables Americans that participated in the focus and figures from the main report. Appendix group. The experts provided important insight B contains several heat maps showing the into the factors and forces behind racial location where minority groups reside, the disparities in Alachua County. areas where poverty is concentrated, and areas of greater concern within the county. Finally, PREC developed a separate, more in-depth supplemental module on housing, transportation, and neighborhoods to expand our understanding of racial inequity in these areas. This module compiles a series of housing, transportation, and neighborhood indicators. Their research serves to shed light on the presence, depth, and breadth of household- and lifestyle-related inequalities across major racial and ethnic demographic groups within Alachua County. This report contains some of their main findings. The complete PREC report is also available.
7 SECTION II: ALACHUA COUNTY’S POPULATION
The total population of Alachua County other race, or two or more races. The second is 259,964.interviewed2 Of that. Section total, VI 70.1summarizes percent the arefinding s derivedlargest from our minority interaction group with theare minorities those identified through the focus group and the one-on-one interviews. The last section concludes and highlights two potential White. More specifically, 62.1 percent are non- as Hispanic, which corresponds to almost 9.2 areas that can contribute to reducing the disparities. Appendix A contains the tables and figures from the Hispanicmain White, report .accounting Appendix B contains for 161,443 several people.heat maps showingpercent the of location the total where population minority groups in the reside county., 4 The largestthe areas minority where poverty group is in concentrated Alachua County, and areas ofBetween greater concern 2005 with andin 2015,the county. Alachua County has are African-Americans, 3 composing nearly 20 experienced a decrease in the fraction of non- II. Alachua County’s Population percent of the total population, or equivalently Hispanic White, accompanied by an increase 2 51,528 Thepeople. total Aroundpopulation 6.3 of percentAlachua Countyof the is 259,964in. theOf that share total, of 70.1Hispanics percent and are Asians.White. More specifically, 62.1 percent are non-Hispanic White, accounting for 161,443 people. The largest minority populationgroup arein Alachua Asian, County or about are African 16,280-Americans, people.3 composing nearly 20 percent of the total population, or The remainingequivalently 9,819 51,528 individuals, people. Around who 6.3 percent of the populationCompared are Asian, to or Floridaabout 16,280 and people the U.S.,. The remaining 9,819 individuals, who correspond to 3.8 percent of the population, are identified as having a correspond to 3.8 percent of the population, Alachua County is composed of a higher different race, such as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, some fraction of African-Americans and Asians, and are identifiedother race ,as or twohaving or more a different races. The race,second such largest minority group are those identified as Hispanic, which 4 as Americancorresponds Indian to almo or Alaskast 9.2 percent Native, of the Native total population a lower in the county.fraction Between of Hispanics. 2005 and 2015,Around Alachua 16.2 County has experienced a decrease in the fraction of nonpercent-Hispanic of Wthehite, population accompanied in by Florida an increase and in 12.6 Hawaiianthe shareor Other of Hispanics Pacific and Islander, Asians. some
Alachua County Population Distribution 2006, 2010 and 2015 80% 70.0% 72.2% 70.1% 63.6% 67.0% 70% 62.1% 60% 50% 2006 40% 30% 20.5% 2010 20.7% 19.8% 20% 2015 5.6% 8.5%9.2% 6.3% 4.0% 6.7% 10% 4.6% 2.8% 3.8% 0% White Non-Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic White
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.
______2 According2 According to the single to the year single estimates year estimates of the U.S. of the Census U.S. Censusbe Bureau different American concepts. Community Race is definedSurvey 2015. as a Theperson’s official self- Bureau Americanestimate Communitycalculated by Survey University 2015. of The Florida’s official Bureau of Economicidentification and Businesswith one Resor earchmore social(BEBR) groups. for 2015 An individualwas estimate 254,893.calculated The by lat Universityter estimate of Florida’swas not Bureauused because of a completecan report breakdown as White, by Blackrace isor not African available, American, and to Asian, keep Economicconsistency and Business with Research the data collected(BEBR) for across 2015 the was seven dimensions.American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other 3 The terms “Black” and “African-American” are used interchangeably. 254,893. The latter estimate was not used because a complete Pacific Islander, some other race, or with multiple races. 4 The U.S. Census Bureau considers race and ethnicity to be different concepts. Race is defined as a person’s self- breakdown by race is not available, and to keep consistency Ethnicity describes whether a person is of Hispanic origin or identification with one or more social groups. An individual can report as White, Black or African American, Asian, with the Americadata collectedn Indian across or Alaska the Native,seven dimensions. Native Hawaiian or Othernot, Pacific and Islander, Hispanics some may other report race, as or any with race, multiple for example, races. as 3 The termsEthnicity “Black” describes and “African-American” whether a person areis of used Hispanic origin orHispanic-White, not, and Hispanics Hispanic-Black, may report as etc. any race, for example, interchangeably.as Hispanic-White, Hispanic-Black, etc. URL: https://www.census.gov/mso/www/training/pdf/race- 4 The U.S.URL: Census https://www.census.gov/mso/www/training/pdf/race Bureau considers race and ethnicity to ethnicity-onepager.pdf-ethnicity-onepager.pdf 8 6
percent in the U.S. are identified as Blacks. Around 2.7 percent of the population are Asians in Florida and 5.4 percent in the U.S. Almost one-quarter of Florida’s population is interviewed. Section VI summarizes the findings derived from our interaction with the minorities through the focus group and the one-on-one interviews. The last section concludes and highlights two potential identified as Hispanics, while only 17.6 percent areas that can contribute to reducing the disparities. Appendix A contains the tables and figures from the in the U.S. main report. Appendix B contains several heat maps showing the location where minority groups reside, the areas where poverty is concentrated, and areas of greater concern within the county. A large proportion of the county’s population is of working age. Around 23.6 II. Alachua County’s Population percent of the population in Alachua County The total population of Alachua County is 259,964.2 Of that total, 70.1 percent are White. More are under age 20, around 63.5 percent are specifically, 62.1 percent are non-Hispanic White, accounting for 161,443 people. The largest minority group in Alachua County are African-Americans,3 composing nearly 20 percent of the total population, or between 20 and 64 years, and the remaining equivalently 51,528 people. Around 6.3 percent of the population are Asian, or about 16,280 people. The 12.8 percent are age 65 and older. Although remaining 9,819 individuals, who correspond to 3.8 percent of the population, are identified as having a 5 different race, such as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, some the median age of Florida’s population is other race, or two or more races. The second largest minority group are those identified as Hispanic, which increasing, with a median age of 41.8, Alachua corresponds to almost 9.2 percent of the total population in the county.4 Between 2005 and 2015, Alachua County has experienced a decrease in the fraction of non-Hispanic White, accompanied by an increase in is among the counties aging less rapidly, with the share of Hispanics and Asians. a median age of 31.1;6 however, within the county, the median ages vary by race and
Alachua County Population Distribution 2006, 2010 and 2015 ethnicity. The median age for non-Hispanic 80% 70.0% Whites is 35, for Blacks is 28.2, for Asians 25.9 72.2% 70.1% 63.6% 67.0% 70% 62.1% and Hispanics 25.1. 60% 50% 2006 40% 30% 20.5% 2010 20.7% 19.8% 20% 2015 5.6% 8.5%9.2% 6.3% 4.0% 6.7% 10% 4.6% 2.8% 3.8% 0% White Non-Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic White
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates. Clock Tower, Gainesville, Florida
2 According to the single year estimates of the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2015. The official estimate calculated by University of Florida’s Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR) for 2015 was 254,893. The latter estimate was not used because a complete breakdown by race is not available, and to keep consistency with the data collected across the seven dimensions. 3 The terms “Black” and “African-American” are used interchangeably. 4 The U.S. Census Bureau considers race and ethnicity to be different concepts. Race is defined as a person’s self- ______identification with one or more social groups. An individual can report as White, Black or African American, Asian, 5 Median is the point at which 50 percent are below and 50 American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, some other race, or with multiple races. Ethnicity describes whether a person is of Hispanic origin or not, and Hispanics may report as any race, for example, percent are above. 6 as Hispanic-White, Hispanic-Black, etc. U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey URL: https://www.census.gov/mso/www/training/pdf/race-ethnicity-onepager.pdf (ACS) 1-year Estimates
9 6
SECTION III: RACIAL INEQUITY IN ALACHUA COUNTY
We collected data to compare the Economic well-being is a concern for performance of Alachua County minority all people. For almost all households in the groups to that of the non-Hispanic White economy, the sale of their labor services population on a total of 50 different indicators provides their major source of income. As that capture several aspects related to human a result, losing or not being able to find a well-being, such as economic well-being, job can severely harm a family’s economic education, family structure, child welfare, well-being. Some races are more likely involvement with the justice system, health, than others to experience this difficulty. The and housing. These measures provide unemployment rate for Blacks in Alachua insight into the status of local minorities County is 14.7 percent, with 7.8 percent for as contrasted with the non-Hispanic White Hispanics and 8.5 percent for Asians. By population in the county.7 contrast, the unemployment rate for non- Hispanic Whites is 5.8 percent. Calculated In general, this data shows African- as a disparity ratio, this means that African Americans do not fare as well as the non- Americans in the county are almost 2.5 times Hispanic White population in Alachua County, more likely to be unemployed than their non- particularly in terms of economic well-being, Hispanic White peers. Similarly, Asians and their interaction with the justice system, Hispanics are approximately 1.5 times more education, and access to healthcare. The likely to be unemployed. Although these same is true for the Hispanic population disparities exist within Alachua County, Blacks for the economic well-being and education and Hispanics in Alachua County have lower measures. In contrast, Asians outperform unemployment rates than these minorities in the non-Hispanic White population in a the state of Florida overall. number of measures, particularly in education performance and attainment.8 Additionally, The differences in employment compared to the state and the nation as a opportunities within the county for Blacks and whole, African-Americans in the county fare Hispanics contribute to the already important worse. Specifically, greater disparities were income disparities. Although the non-Hispanic found in measures related to economic well- White population in Alachua County has a being, education performance and attainment, higher median household income ($51,740) and involvement with the justice system. than any other group, this income is below the ______7 The data collection period took place during the spring and percent for non-Hispanic Whites, 39.7 percent for Hispanics, summer of 2017. and 16.3 percent for African Americans. 8 According to the 2011-2015 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates, the percentage that have a bachelor’s degree or higher is around 73.3 percent for Asians, 46.2 10 state and national levels. More than half of the Compared to the median household non-Hispanic White households in the county income for Blacks and Hispanics at the make more than $50,000 annually. Asians state and national level, the minorities in have a median household income of $47,236; Alachua County are also making less. For however, their income is much lower than example, the median household income for their state and nationwide peers. Important Blacks in Florida is $34,664 and in the U.S. income disparities appeared when looking is $35,695, and more than one-third of the at the incomes of Blacks and Hispanics. Black households in Florida and in U.S. have The median household income for Blacks is income greater than $50,000, compared to within Alachua County, Blacks and Hispanics in Alachua County have lower unemployment rates than $26,561,these which minorities is equivalent in the state to of 51Florida percent overall. of the one-quarter in Alachua County. A similar the non-HispanicThe differences White in employment income. opportunities Additionally, within thepattern county isfor found Blacks andfor Hispanicsthe Hispanic contribute population to the in only 25.7already percent important of Black income households disparities. Although have the nonthe-Hispanic county. White population in Alachua County has a higher median household income ($51,740) than any other group, this income is below the state and an income greater than $50,000. Similarly, national levels. More than half of the non-Hispanic White households in the county make more than These income disparities are for Hispanics$50,000 annually.the median Asian households have a median income household income of $47,236; however, their income is much 9 is $32,105,lower around than their 62 state percent and nationwide of that ofpeers. the Important accompanied income disparities by appearedhigher poverty when looking rates at the for incomes of Blacks and Hispanics. The median householdBlacks income and for Hispanics.Blacks is $26,561 More, which concretely, is equivalent 35.7 non-Hispanicto 51 perc Whites,ent of the and non -onlyHispanic 34.3 White percent income. of Additionally , only 25.7 percent of Black households have the Hispanican income households greater than have$50,000. income Similarly, above for Hispanics percent the median of African household Americans income is $32,105, and 31.2 around percent 62 percent of that of the non-Hispanic Whites, and only 34.3 percent of the Hispanic households have $50,000. of Hispanics in the county live below the income above $50,000. poverty line. By contrast, the non-Hispanic
Median Household Income in 2015 (thousands of dollars)
$80 $74.2 $70 $61.9 $59.5 $60 $51.7 $52.5 Thousands $50 $47.2 Non-Hispanic White $40.9 $42.7 $34.7 $35.7 Black $40 $32.1 $30 $26.6 Asian $20 Hispanic $10 $0 Alachua Florida USA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
______9 Anyone Comparedliving in a household to the median with anhousehold income below income their for Blacks65; and $14,326 Hispanics for a householdat the state of andtwo nationalwith a householder level, the 65 relative povertyminorities threshold in Alachua (poverty County line) areis considered also making to beless. Foryears example, or older the with median no children, household and income $24,036 forfor Balacks family of in poverty.in The Florida poverty is $34,664 thresholds and arein the income U.S. isdollar $35,695, amounts and morefour than with one two- thirdchildren of the under Black age househo 18. The povertylds in Florida thresholds that varyand according in U.S. to have the incomesize of the greater house than and the$50,000, ages of compared its are updatedto the one annually,-quarter available in Alachua here: County https://www.census.. A similar memberspattern accounting is found for the for minimum the Hispanic level population of resources in thethat county.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical- are adequateThese to incomemeet basic disparities needs. In are2015, accompanied some of the by higherpoverty-thresholds.html poverty rates9 for Blacks and Hispanics. More thresholdsconcretely, were: $12,331 35.7 for percent a single of individualAfrican American under ages and 31.2 percent of Hispanics in the county live below the 11 9 Anyone living in a household with an income below their relative poverty threshold (poverty line) is considered to be in poverty. The poverty thresholds are income dollar amounts that vary according to the size of the house and the ages of its members accounting for the minimum level of resources that are adequate to meet basic needs. In 2015, some of the thresholds were: $12,331 for a single individual under age 65; $14,326 for a household of two with a householder 65 years or older with no children, and $24,036 for a family of four with two children under age 18. The poverty thresholds are updated annually, available here: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time- series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html
8
poverty line. By contrast, the non-Hispanic White poverty rate is 19.7 percent, and for Asians is 24.9 percent. Looking into the child poverty rate, the differences are even starker for African Americans. The percent of Black children in poverty is 44.6 percent. Calculated as a disparity ratio, Black children are 3.3 times more likely to be in poverty than non-Hispanic White children.
Poverty and Child Poverty in 2015 Poverty 50% 44.6% Child Poverty 38.7% 38.3% poverty40% line. 35.7%By contrast, the non-Hispanic White poverty rate is 19.7 percent, and for Asians is 24.9 31.2% 32.3% percent. Looking into the child poverty rate, the differences are even29.1% starker for African Americans. The 30% 27.5% 27.0% percent of Black children24.9% in poverty is 44.6 percent. Calculated as a disparity ratio, Black children24.3% are 3.3 21.5% times 19.7%more likely to be in poverty than non-Hispanic White chi21.6%ldren. 20% 14.8% 12.9% 13.5% 11.5% 12.5% 13.1% 12.6% 11.7% 10.8% 10% 5.7% Poverty and Child Poverty in 2015 0% Poverty 50% Non-Hispanic Black44.6% Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic White White White Child Poverty Alachua 38.7%Florida 38.3%United States 40% 35.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American31.2% Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. 32.3% 29.1% 30% 27.5% 27.0% White poverty rate is 19.724.9% percent, and for activities during the summer can 24.3%lose 21.5% 19.7% 21.6% Asians 20%is 24.9 percent. Looking into the child months of progress that must be made up Income disparities are closely related to 14.8%school performance and attainment. Lower income12.9% not only 13.5% 11.5% 12.5% 13.1% 12.6% povertyaffect rate,s thethe nutrition differences of children are even, but alsostarker the ability when of parents11.7% school to supportstarts10.8% again.after-school These and issues summer can activities.10% Students who do5.7% not partake in enrichment activities during the summer can lose months of for African Americans. The percent of Black lead to important disparities in education progress that must be made up when school starts again. These issues can lead to important disparities 0% childrenin ineducation Non-Hispanicpoverty performance. Blackis 44.6 Asianpercent. For Hispanicexample, CalculatedNon-Hispanic the percentageBlack performance.Asian of BlackHispanic third Non-HispanicFor graders example, proficientBlack theAsian in percentage readingHispanic in as a disparityAlachuaWhite Countyratio, isBlack 27.7 percentchildren and are for Hispanics3.3White is 59of percent, Black whilethird for graders nonWhite-Hispanic proficient Whites andin readingAsians these levels are 74Alachua and 88.9 percent respectively.Florida A similar pattern is observedUnited for States eighth graders times moreproficientSource: likely U.S. in Census math. to be Bureau, in poverty American thanCommunity non- Survey (ACS)in Alachua 5-year estimates. County is 27.7 percent and for Hispanic White children. Hispanics is 59 percent, while for non-
Hispanic Whites and Asians these levels are Income disparities3rd Gradersare closely Proficient related in toReading school and performance 8th Graders andProficient attainment in Math. L owerin 2015 income not only Incomeaffect100% s the disparities nutrition of are children closely, but related also the ability of parents to support after-school and summer 88.9% 74 and 88.9 percent respectively. AReading similar to schoolactivities. performance Students who and do attainment. not partake in enrichment activities during the summer can lose months of 78.6% pattern is observed for76.2% eighth gradersMath progress80% 74.0% that must be made up when school starts again. These issues can lead to important disparities Lower income not only affects the nutrition 67.5% 70.7% in education performance. For example, the59.0% percentageproficient of 59.6%Black inthird math. graders proficient in reading in of children,Alachua60% but County also is the 27.7 ability percent of and parents for Hispanics to is 59 percent, while for non-Hispanic Whites50.0% and Asians 47.1% 45.1% 40.7% these levels are 74 and 88.9 percent respectively. A similar pattern36.4% is observed for eighth graders support40% after-school and summer activities. Disparities32.8% in education not only proficient in math. 27.7% Students who do not partake22.3% in enrichment appeared in performance, but also in 20%
0% 3rd Graders Proficient in Reading and 8th Graders Proficient in Math in 2015 100% Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic 88.9% Reading White White 78.6% 76.2% Math 80% 74.0% Alachua Florida 67.5% 70.7% Source: Florida Department of Education. 59.0% 59.6% 60% 50.0% 47.1% 45.1% 40.7% 36.4% 9 40% 32.8% 27.7% 22.3% 20%
0% Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic White White Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Education.
12 9
Disparities in education not only appeared in performance, but also in achievement. For example, 85 percent of the non-Hispanic White students graduated from high school, while only 66.8 percent of the Black students graduated in Alachua County.10 The high school graduation rate for Hispanics is 82 percent and 92.4 percent for Asians. Compared to the Florida graduation rates, only African American students have a lower graduation rate in Alachua County. More than half of those who drop out of high school are Black.
High School Graduation Rate 120% 95.8% 100% 92.4% 88.5% 91.9% 85.0% 82.1% 85.1% 77.2% 79.5% 80% 72.3% 73.0% 74.5% 66.8% 63.7% 63.7% 60% 54.8% 2011 2015 40%
20%
0% Non-Hispanic Blacks Asians Hispanics Non-Hispanic Blacks Asians Hispanics White White Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Education. achievement. For example, 85 percent of the gaps. Some parents may not be able to help non-Hispanic White students graduated from their child because they are working and do high school, while only 66.8 percent of the not have time to help with the homework. Other factors affect these educational gaps. Some parents may not be able to help their child because Black theystudents are working graduated and do innot Alachua have time County. to help with10 theAdditionally, homework. Additionally,parents who parents did whonot didcomplete not The highcomplete school their graduation own schooling rate may for feel Hispanics intimidated abouttheir trying own to schooling help their own may child feel with intimidated academic subjects. Regarding the latter, the Black and Hispanic populations are at greater disadvantage in Alachua is 82 percentCounty. For and example, 92.4 percent the percentage for Asians. of births to Blackabout mother tryings without to help a high their school own degree child is with17.3 Comparedpercent to and the for Florida Hispanic graduations is 12.7 percent, rates, while for Whiteacademic mothers subjects.is 7 percen t.Regarding The percent theof birth latter,s to the teen Black mothers (aged 15 to 19) is 8.9 percent, 2.8 times more than births to White teen mothers, only African American students have a lower Black and Hispanic populations are at greater which is 3.2 percent. Teen mothers are further disadvantaged because the obligations of parenting may graduationkeep them rate from in Alachua advancing County.their own Moreeducation. than disadvantage in Alachua County. For example, half of those who drop out of high school are the percentage of births to Black mothers Black. without a high school degree is 17.3 percent and for Hispanics is 12.7 percent, while for Other factors affect these educational White mothers is 7 percent. The percent of
Births to Mothers Without a High School Degree 30% 10 The graduation rate includes standard diplomas but excludes GEDs, both regular and adult,25.8% and special diplomas. More25% information on the calculation of this rate is available at 21.2% 20.8% http://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/7584/urlt/GradRates1516.pdf. 19.6% 20% 18.0% 17.3% 16.4% 14.9% 10 15% 12.7% 12.5% 2010 8.9% 10% 7.0% 2015
5%
0% White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics. ______
10 The graduation rate includes standard diplomas but http://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/7584/urlt/ excludes GEDs, both regular and adult, and special diplomas. GradRates1516.pdf. Births to Teen Mothers (ages 15 to 19) More information on the calculation of this rate is available at 18% 16.7% 13 15% 13.6%
12% 2010 9.5% 8.9% 8.6% 2015 9% 7.7% 7.5% 5.5% 5.7% 6% 5.2% 4.8% 3.2% 3%
0% White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Health, FL Health Charts.
Another important issue is school suspension. If a student is suspended and must stay at home without any supervision they are more likely to create problems that get reported to the police. In the 2011-2012 school year, fewer than 2 percent of the Black students and around 1 percent of Hispanic students were suspended in the county. While only a small percentage of students are suspended in the county, Blacks and Hispanic students tend to get suspended from school more often than White or Asian students. For example, Blacks are 2.3 times more likely to be suspended than Whites, and Hispanics 1.3 times more likely. The economic and educational disparities contribute to a pipeline of accumulating factors that result in even more stark differences in the measures considering the involvement in the justice system. Minorities, in particular Blacks, are more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system. The arrest rate for
11
Births to Mothers Without a High School Degree 30% 25.8% 25% 21.2% 20.8% 19.6% 20% 18.0% 17.3% 16.4% 14.9% 15% 12.7% 12.5% 2010 8.9% 10% 7.0% 2015
5%
0% White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics.
Births to Teen Mothers (ages 15 to 19) 18% 16.7%
15% 13.6%
12% 2010 9.5% 8.9% 8.6% 2015 9% 7.7% 7.5% 5.5% 5.7% 6% 5.2% 4.8% 3.2% 3%
0% White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Alachua Florida Source: Florida Department of Health, FL Health Charts. births to teen Black mothers (aged 15 to 19) be suspended than Whites, and Hispanics 1.3 is 8.9 percent,Another important 2.8 times issue more is school than suspension births to. If a studenttimes is suspendedmore likely. and must stay at home without White anyteen supervision mothers, they which are more is 3.2 likely percent. to create Teen problems that get reported to the police. In the 2011-2012 school year, fewer than 2 percent of the Black students and aroundThe economic 1 percent of and Hispanic educational students were motherssuspended are further in the disadvantagedcounty. While only becausea small percentage of students are suspended in the county, Blacks the obligationsand Hispanic of students parenting tend mayto get keepsuspended them from schooldisparities more often contribute than White to or a Asian pipeline students of. For example, Blacks are 2.3 times more likely to be suspended than Whites, and Hispanics 1.3 times more from advancing their own education. accumulating factors that result in even likely. more stark differences in the measures TheAnother economic important and educational issue isdisparities school contribute consideringto a pipeline of theaccumulating involvement factors in that the result justice in even more stark differences in the measures considering the involvement in the justice system. Minorities, suspension.in particular If a studentBlacks, are is more suspended likely to beand involved withsystem. the criminal Minorities, justice system. in particular The arrest Blacks, rate for are must stay at home without any supervision more likely to be involved with the criminal they are more likely to create problems that justice system. The arrest rate for Whites is get reported to the police. In the 2014-2015 3.1 percent and for Asians 0.5 percent, while school year, around 13.1 percent of Black for Blacks the arrest rate is 12 percent.1111 students and around 3.4 percent of Hispanic African-Americans are 3.9 times more likely students were suspended in the county. to be arrested in Alachua County than Whites. While only a small percentage of students are There is also a disproportional number of suspended in the county, Blacks and Hispanic African-American men incarcerated across students tend to get suspended from school the state and the country. 2.4 percent of the more often than White or Asian students. For total Black population in Alachua County are example, Blacks are 5.2 times more likely to incarcerated, and they represent around 70.8
______11 The arrest rate is the number of arrests in each racial/ year, the figures do not reflect the number of individuals who ethnic group divided by the corresponding population. It have been arrested; rather, it shows the number of times that considers one arrest for each separate instance in which a persons are arrested. Further clarifications of the definitions law enforcement officer takes a youth into custody based on are available at http://www.djj.state.fl.us/research/reports/ probable cause and charges the youth with a law violation. reports-and-data/interactive-data-reports/disproportionate- Because a person may be arrested multiple times during a minority-contact-reports/dmc-profile-fy-14-15.
14 percent of the total inmate population in the disparities related to healthcare and health county. Calculated as a disparity ratio, Blacks status. Racial disparities start with insurance are 8.8 times more likely to be an inmate than coverage, the primary vehicle providing non-Hispanic Whites. access to healthcare. The percentage of uninsured non-Hispanic Whites is 11.5 percent Wider disparities appear when and for Asians is 11.6 percent, while for Blacks considering the youth population, those the percent uninsured is 17.5 percent11 and aged 10W hitesto 17. is 3.1The percent juvenile and detentionfor Asians 0.5 rate percent, for while for Blacks the arrest rate is 12 percent. African- Americans are 3.9 times more likely to be arrestedfor in AlachuaHispanics County is 18.6 than percent.Whites. There Calculated is also a as a Whitesdisproportional in the county number is around of African 0.4 -percent,American men incarcerateddisparity ratio,across Blacksthe state in and Alachua the country County. 2.4 are while forpercent Blacks of the is total3.7 percent.Black population In other in Alachua words, County are incarcerated, and they represent around 70.8 percent of the total inmate population in the county. 1.5Calculated times asmore a disparity likely ratio to ,be Blacks uninsured, are 8.8 times and Black teensmore likely are to9.9 be times an inmate more than likely non-Hispanic to be in W hitesHispanics. 1.6 times. Compared to the state a juvenile detention center. The juvenile arrest Wider disparities appear when considering the youthlevel, population, the African-American those aged 10 to 17.and The Hispanic juvenile rate fordetention Whites rateis 2.5 for percent,Whites in thefor countyAsians is isaround 2.4 0.4populations percent, while fare for B betterlacks is in3.7 the percent. county. In other The percent,words, and B forlack Blacksteens are is 9.9 16.8 times percent. more likely That to be in a juvenile detention center. The juvenile arrest rate for Whites is 2.5 percent, for Asians is 2.4 percent, andpercent for Blacks of is African 16.8 percent. Americans That is, B lackuninsured teens are in is, Black6.9 teens times moreare 6.9likely times to get morearrested. likely Although to get data wereFlorida not available is 21.7, forwhile 2015, for the Hispanics, data from 2008 this and rate is 2010 showed that Blacks were also disproportionately more likely to be transferred to adult court. arrested. Although data were not available for 28 percent. Insurance status and a variety of 2015, the data from 2008 and 2010 showed
Juvenile Detention Rate in 2015 Juvenile Arrest Rate in 2015 (incidents per 100 residents) (incidents per 100 residents) 4% 3.7% 18% 16.8% 15% 3% 2.5% 12% 9.7% 2% 9% 6% 1% 3.1% 0.5% 2.5% 2.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 3% 2.1% 0% 0% White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Alachua Florida Alachua Florida
Source: Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. that Blacks were also disproportionately more other factors can influence a person’s health likely to be transferred to adult court. status. Cancer is the leading cause of death While not as considerable as in the previous measures,in Alachua there are County,also important followed disparities by heart related disease to While not as considerable as in the healthcare and health status. Racial disparities startand with unintentional insurance coverage injury., the Stroke primary and vehicle chronic previousproviding measures, access tothere healthcare are also. The importantpercentage of uninsured non-Hispanic Whites is 11.5 percent and for 12 Asians is 11.6 percent, while for Blacks the percent uninsuredlower respiratory is 17.5 percent disease and for Hispaniccompletes is 18.6the top percent. Calculated as a disparity ratio, Blacks in Alachua County are 1.5 times more likely to be uninsured, ______11 12 Chronic lowerThe arrest respiratory rate is thedisease number comprises of arrests three in each major racial/ethnic group divided by the corresponding population. It considers one arrest for each separate instance in which a law enforcement officer takes a youth into custody based diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. on probable cause and charges the youth with a law violation. Because a person may be arrested multiple times during a year, the figures do not reflect the number of individuals who have been arrested; rather, it shows the 15 number of times that persons are arrested. Further clarifications of the definitions are available at http://www.djj.state.fl.us/research/reports/reports-and-data/interactive-data-reports/disproportionate-minority- contact-reports/dmc-profile-fy-14-15.
12 five causes of death.13 Although in a different disease death rate per 100,000 is 144.9 among order, these same diseases are the top five Whites, 115.2 among Blacks, and 42.8 among leadingand causes Hispanics of 1.6death times. in Compared Florida. toAlzheimer’s the state level, theHispanics. African-American Heart diseaseand Hispanic is anpopulation old person’ss fare better in the county. The percent of African Americans uninsured in Florida is 21.7, while for Hispanics, disease comes in sixth place in Florida, while disease and White people get to an older age this rate is 28 percent. Insurance status and a variety of other factors can influence a person’s health diabetesstatus. comes Cancer in sixthis the inleading Alachua cause County. of death in Alachuamore frequently County, followed than Blackby heart people. disease In and fact, unintentional injury. Stroke and chronic lower respiratory disease12 complete the top five causes of 13 around 14.8 percent of the White population death.The heart Although disease in a deathdifferent rate order, for these Blacks same diseases are the top five leading causes of death in Florida. Alzheimer’s disease comes in sixth place in inFlorida, Alachua while County diabetes arecomes 65 inyears sixth oldin Alachua or older, and HispanicsCounty. has been consistently lower while only 8.4 percent of the Black population than the rate for Whites over time. The heart is in that age group.
Uninsured Rate in 2015
30% 28.0% 25.8% 25% 21.7% 18.6% 18.9% 20% 17.5% Non-Hispanic White 15.3% 15% 12.8% 12.5% Black 11.5% 11.6% 9.0% Asian 10% Hispanic 5%
0% Alachua Florida USA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
The heart disease death rate for Blacks and Hispanics has been consistently lower than the rate for Whites over time. The heart disease death rate per 100,000 is 144.9 among Whites, 115.2 among Blacks, and 42.8 among Hispanics. Heart disease is an old person’s disease and White people get to an older age more frequently than Black people. In fact, around 14.8 percent of the White population in Alachua County are 65 years old or older, while only 8.4 percent of the Black population is in that age group.
IV. Insights from the Housing, Transportation, and Neighborhood Supplement As part of this project, the University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC) developed a supplemental module on housing, transportation, and neighborhood to increase our understanding of racial inequity in Alachua County. The study joins and analyzes data from several local, state, and federal sources, including the Alachua County Property Appraiser (ACPA) and three utilities in
Hippodrome State Theatre, Gainesville, Florida ______12 Chronic lower respiratory disease comprises three major diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. 13 13 Department Department of Health of State Health of StateFlorida. of Florida.Leading Leading Causes Causes for for Death for 2015. URL: www.flhealthcharts.com/ChartsReports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=ChartsProfiles.LeadingCausesOfDeathProfile Death for 2015. URL: www.flhealthcharts.com/ChartsReports/rdPage. aspx?rdReport=ChartsProfiles.LeadingCausesOfDeathProfile 13 16 SECTION IV: INSIGHTS FROM THE HOUSING, TRANSPORATION, AND NEIGHBORHOOD SUPPLEMENT
As part of this project, the University Area (CBSA)15 have at least one problem of Florida Program for Resource Efficient with the quality and condition of their Communities (PREC) developed a housing, such as high monthly cost burden, supplemental module on housing, overcrowding, or deficiencies in the spaces transportation, and neighborhood to increase and systems used to prepare, consume, our understanding of racial inequity in and dispose of food and water. Hispanic Alachua County. The study joins and analyzes households experience the most housing data from several local, state, and federal problems, followed closely by Black sources,the including county—Gainesville the Alachua Regional County Utilities (GRU), Clayhouseholds. Electric, and ByCity contrast, of Newberry. White14 Th householdsis section summarizes the main findings from the PREC supplement. Property Appraiser (ACPA) and three utilities experience the least housing problems. For 15 in the county—GainesvilleFirst, over 40 percent of all Regional households Utilities within the Gainesvilleexample, Core consideringBased Statistical deficiencies Area (CBSA) have in housingat least one problem with the quality and condition of their housing, such as high monthly cost burden, (GRU),overcrowding, Clay Electric, or deficienciesand City of in Newberry.the spaces and14 systemsquality, used to 20 prepare, percent consume, of Black and households dispose of food have This sectionand water. summarizes Hispanic households the main experience findings the mostno mechanicalhousing problems, air conditioning followed closely (cooling) by Black households. By contrast, White households experience the least housing problems. For example, from theconsidering PREC supplement. deficiencies in housing quality, 20 percentsystems of Black of householdsany kind (e.g.,have noneither mechanical central air conditioning (cooling) systems of any kind (e.g., neitherducted, central ducted, nor window nor window units), units), a arate rate whichwhich is 72 percent higher than the community average. Furthermore, while Black households experience slightly First, over 40 percent of all households is 72 percent higher than the community lower rates of severe housing problems16 than the state, Whites and all other minority groups have rates within the Gainesville Core Based Statistical of severe housing problems higher than their equivalentaverage. state and Furthermore, national counterparts. while Black households
Households with at Least One Problem with the Quality and Condition of Housing 60% 53.5% 54.8% 50% 42.6% 38.6% 40.3% 40% 35.4% 29.7% 30% 25.2% 23.6% 20.4% Basic 20% Severe 10%
0% Non-Hisp. White Non-Hisp. Black Non-Hisp. Asian or Hispanic Overall Pacific Islander Gainesville Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC). ______14 Appendix B contains a map of the electricity territory of the consists of one or more counties (or equivalents) anchored Second, as suggested from evaluating the ACPA data showing building size and appraised property value, three utilities. by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent the neighborhood blocks with higher percentages of Black residents are appraised at lower values than 15 A Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) is a geographic area counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban center blocks with higher percentages of White residents, even when comparing for equivalently sized defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that by commuting. The OMB defines the Gainesville CBSA as properties. For the three utilities providing data, residential properties within the Clay Electric service territory have the highest property values, with appraisalscomprising around Alachua $152,000, and about Gilchrist 40 Counties.percent more than the three utilities’ combined service areas. White households served by all three utilities occupy 17
14 Appendix B contains a map of the electricity territory of the three utilities. 15 A Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) is a geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that consists of one or more counties (or equivalents) anchored by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban center by commuting. The OMB defines the Gainesville CBSA as comprising Alachua and Gilchrist Counties. 16 The basic and severe housing problems are indicators that measure four potential housing unit problems: (1) incomplete kitchen facilities; (2) incomplete plumbing facilities; (3) occupant overcrowding; and/or (4) housing costs (including utilities) exceeding 30-50 percent (basic), or greater than 50 percent (severe), of monthly income. For more information, visit https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/cp/CHAS/bg_chas.html or the Florida Housing Data Clearinghouse http://flhousingdata.shimberg.ufl.edu/a/chas?action=indicators&nid=1.
14 experience slightly lower rates of severe occupy properties valued higher than the housing problems16 than the state, Whites and community average. Asian households in Clay all other minority groups have rates of severe and Newberry service territories also reside at housing problems higher than their equivalent properties valued higher than the community state and national counterparts. average. In contrast, Black households reside at properties valued significantly lower Second, as suggested from evaluating than the community average. The greatest the ACPA data showing building size and property value disparity occurred within the appraised property value, the neighborhood GRU service territory where Black household blocks with higher percentages of Black property values average around $65,000, residents are appraised at lower values which is only a little more than half of the than blocks with higher percentages of average property value of White households White residents, even when comparing for at $117,000. equivalently sized properties. For the three utilities providing data, residential properties Third, in terms of energy consumption properties valued higher than the community average. Asian households in Clay and Newberry service within the Clay Electric service territory have (ekWh),17 Asian and White households use the territories also reside at properties valued higher than the community average. In contrast, Black the highesthouseholds property reside values, at proper withties valued appraisals significantly greatestlower than amount the community of total average. energy The per greatest person, aroundproperty $152,000, value aboutdisparity 40 occurred percent within more the thanGRU service about territory 3.6 wherepercent Black and household 4.1 percent property more values average around $65,000, which is only a little more than half of the average property value of White the threehouseholds utilities’ at $combined117,000. service areas. than the community average respectively. White households served by all three utilities Black households use the least amount of
Average Property Values in Alachua County (thousands of dollars)
$200 $186 $180 $155 $161 $160 $152 $140 White
Thousands $121 $121 $117 $113 $115 $120 $102 $108 Black $95 $100 $86 $83 Asian $80 $65 $60 Hispanic $40 Overall $20 $0 Clay GRU Newberry
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC). ______16 The basic and severe housing problems are indicators datasets/cp/CHAS/bg_chas.html or the Florida Housing Third, in terms of energy consumption (ekWh),17 Asian and White households use the greatest amount of that measure four potential housing unit problems: (1) Data Clearinghouse http://flhousingdata.shimberg.ufl.edu/a/ total energy per person, about 3.6 percent and 4.1 percent more than the community average incomplete kitchen facilities; (2) incomplete plumbing chas?action=indicators&nid=1. respectively. Black households use the least amount of home energy of all demographic groups, about facilities; (3) occupant overcrowding; and/or (4) housing costs 17 Electricity and natural gas consumption were combined and 10.2 percent less than the community average, while Hispanic households use 2.6 percent less. Domestic (including utilities) exceeding 30-50 percent (basic), or greater expressed in equivalent kilowatt hours (ekWh), a standard potable water consumption, measured in thousand gallons (KGal) per person annually, varies greatly than 50 percentbetween (severe), the demographic of monthly income.groups. ForWhite more households unit exceed of energy the comm consumptionunity average used when by 13.3 combining percent or. information,Conversely, visit https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ Black, Hispanic, and Asian households usecomparing 27.3 percent across, 18.9 multiple percent, energy and sources.11.0 percent less 18 water than the community average respectively.
17 Electricity and natural gas consumption were combined and expressed in equivalent kilowatt hours (ekWh), a standard unit of energy consumption used when combining or comparing across multiple energy sources.
15 home energy of all demographic groups, in consumption by race. Asian households about 10.2 percent less than the community consume the least in the county, while Black average, while Hispanic households use households consume more per square foot 2.6 percent less. Domestic potable water of housing unit floor area than all other consumption, measured in thousand gallons households. White and Hispanic households (KGal) per person annually, varies greatly consume around the same across the county between the demographic groups. White when adjusting for home size. One primary households exceed the community average factor accounting for the higher energy use by 13.3 percent. Conversely, Black, Hispanic, per square foot among Black households is and Asian households use 27.3 percent, 18.9 that they have the smallest average house percent, and 11.0 percent less water than the sizes for all demographic groups, across community average respectively. all three utility service territories. While smaller houses share similar core energy Looking at energy use by home size, as consuming systems and major appliances 18 ekWh per square foot, differences are seen with larger houses, the added square feet in
Energy Use (annual ekWh per person) Water Use (annual KGal per person) 9.0 40 37.9 8.75 8.8 8.71 35 33.4 8.6 8.41 29.7 8.4 30 27.1 Non-Hisp. White
Thousands 8.20 24.3 8.2 25 Non-Hisp. Black 8.0 20 Non-Hisp. Asian 7.8 7.55 7.6 15 Hispanic 7.4 10 Overall 7.2 5 7.0 6.8 0
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
Looking at energy use by home size, as ekWh per square foot,18 differences are seen in consumption by race. Asian households consume the least in the county, while Black households consume more per square foot of housing unit floor area than all other households. White and Hispanic households consume around the same across the county when adjusting for home size. One primary factor accounting for the higher energy use per square foot among Black households is that they have the smallest average house sizes for all demographic groups, across all three utility service territories. While smaller houses share similar core ______energy consuming systems and major appliances with larger houses, the added square feet in larger 18 Equivalenthouses kilo-watt (e.g., extrahours or (ekWh) larger is bedrooms, a standard bathrooms,unit of and living rooms) typically demand less energy (ekWh) energy consumptionper square foot used than to compare those areas energy common consumption to houses of all sizes.19 across energy sources.
19
18 Equivalent kilo-watt hours (ekWh) is a standard unit of energy consumption used to compare energy consumption across energy sources. 19 This relationship of lower total utility energy bills, yet higher per square foot consumption, echoes other national findings (Drehobl and Ross, 2016). Drehobl, A., and Ross, L. (2016). Lifting the High Energy Burden in America’s Largest Cities: How Energy Efficiency Can Improve Low-Income and Underserved Communities (Text) (p. 55). American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Retrieved from http://aceee.org/research-report/u1602
16 larger houses (e.g., extra or larger bedrooms, households. Black households spend the bathrooms, and living rooms) typically highest share of their income on energy and demand less energy (ekWh) per square foot utility costs, respectively 39.6 percent and 34.8 than those areas common to houses of all percent more than the community average, sizes.19 whereas White households pay around 10.3 percentage less for energy and 5.9 percentage Fourth, following the variation in less for utilities as a share of household consumption, a striking difference is seen per capita income versus the community 20 in the household energy cost burden, average.21 Because each utility provider uses when comparing the neighborhood blocks a consistent rate structure for all households that contained the highest percentages of throughout their respective service territories, each racial group. When accounting for the other factors must account for these percent of per capita income dedicated to differences. The likely primary factor in their residential energy (including electricity and higher energy burden is that Black households natural gas) and total utility bills, the greatest have the lowest average per capita incomes. disparities are seen between Black and White Secondary factors may include differences in
Energy Use (ekWh) per square foot of Home Areas in Alachua County 12.0 11.1 10.2 10.1 10.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.4 9.4 9.1 7.5 8.0 White
6.0 Black Asian 4.0 Hispanic 2.0
0.0 Clay GRU Newberry
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
______19This relationshipFourth, following of lower thetotal variation utility energy in consumption, bills, yet higher a striking necessary difference costs is of seen living. in the household energy cost per squareburden foot consumption,20, when comparing echoes the other neighborhood national findings blocks that21Note contained that all utilitythe highest costs forpercentages GRU households of each were racial (Drehoblgroup and Ross,. When 2016). accounting Drehobl, A.,for andthe Ross,percent L. of per capitacalculated income dedicated as if they wereto residential located inside energy the (including Gainesville (2016). Liftingelectricity the High and Energy natural Burden gas) and in totalAmerica’s utility Largest bills, t he greatestCity limits disparities and do arenot seeninclude between surcharges Black paid and by White other Cities: Howhouseholds. Energy Efficiency Black household Can Improves spend Low-Income the highest and shareAlachua of theirCounty income residents. on Thisenergy was anddone utili to avoidty costs obscuring, Underservedrespectively Communities 39.6 percent (Text) (p. and 55). 34.8 American percent Council more than thedifferences community between average, racial/ethnic whereas groups White with households differences for an Energy-Efficientpay around 10.3 Economy. percentage Retrieved less forfrom energy http://aceee. and 5.9 percentagein City/County less rate for structure, utilities as but a theshare true of costs household paid by 21 org/research-report/u1602per capita income versus the community average. BecauseGRU residents each utility within provider unincorporated uses a Alachuaconsistent County rate are 20Energy structureburden is fora term all households used to describe throughout disproportionately their respective higher service than territories, those reported, other duefactors to the must (approximately account for 25% higher energythese costsdifferences. for housing The andlikely transportation primary factor as in their highersurcharges. energy burden is that Black households have comparedthe to lowest gross income, average and per as capita compared incomes. to other Secondary factors may include differences in the quality, vintage (year built), and energy performance of their housing stock, major appliances, and space conditioning 20 systems.
20 Energy burden is a term used to describe disproportionately higher energy costs for housing and transportation as compared to gross income, and as compared to other necessary costs of living. 21 Note that all utility costs for GRU households were calculated as if they were located inside the Gainesville City limits and do not include surcharges paid by other Alachua County residents. This was done to avoid obscuring differences between racial/ethnic groups with differences in City/County rate structure, but the true costs paid by GRU residents within unincorporated Alachua County are higher than those reported, due to the (approximately 25%) surcharges.
17 the quality, vintage (year built), and energy neighborhood characteristics. With the performance of their housing stock, major exception of Black households whose state appliances, and space conditioning systems. average is higher than the local average, the four major demographic groups within the Furthermore, considering the overall Gainesville CBSA region all have rates of 22 cost of housing for a median-income, severe housing cost burden higher than their regional-typical family, Asian households, equivalent state and national peers. followed by White households share the highest percentages of family income Fifth, considering lifestyles and dedicated to housing at the local, state, neighborhood opportunities, White and national level. Black households have households have the highest average per the lowest proportion of family income capita income and the lowest rate of racially dedicated to housing. As suggested in the or ethnically concentrated areas of poverty (R/ energy and utility cost burden findings, these ECAPs).23 Black households have the lowest differences in total housing cost burdens average per capita income and the highest may reflect differences in house size, quality, exposure to poverty, 28 percent more than the vintage, location, and related building or community average. Additionally, a severe
Energy Bill and Total Utility Bill as Percentage of Personal Income in Alachua County
12% 11.3%
10% 9.4% 8.8% 8.4% 7.9% 8% 7.5% 6.8% 6.3% 6% 5.4% Energy 4.8% Total Utility 4%
2%
0% White Black Asian Hispanic Overall Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
22 ______Furthermore, considering the overall cost of housing for a median-income, regional-typical family, Asian 22“For owners,households, monthly followed housing by costs White include households mortgage, share the UShighest HUD, percentages which joins a of poverty family testinco withme dedicateda racial/ethnic to taxes, insurance,housing associationat the local, fees, state, and and utilities. national For renters, level. Black concentrationhouseholds have threshold. the lowest A Census proportion tract is an of area family roughly income dedicated to housing. As suggested in the energy and utility cost burden findings, these costs include rent and utilities.” Excerpted from the US HUD equivalent to a neighborhood, encompassing a population differences in total housing cost burdens may reflect differences in house size, quality, vintage, location, and US DOT Location Affordability Index (LAI) Data and between 2,500 to 8,000 people. See the US HUD AFFH and related building or neighborhood characteristics. With the exception of Black households whose state Methodology Version 1 (November 2013) page 19, http://www. Data Documentation for more information: https://www. average is higher than the local average, the four major demographic groups within the Gainesville CBSA locationaffordability.info/About_TechDoc.aspx. hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data-documentation/. region all have rates of severe housing cost burden higher than their equivalent state and national peers. 23R/ECAPs is a Census tract-based indicator developed by the Fifth, considering lifestyles and neighborhood opportunities, White households have the highest average per capita income and the lowest rate of racially or ethnically concentrated areas of poverty (R/ECAPs).23 21 Black households have the lowest average per capita income and the highest exposure to poverty, 28 percent more than the community average. Additionally, a severe disproportionality exists in the demographic mix of subsidized housing, where Black residents make up between 72 and 90 percent of the publicly supported housing population despite representing only 17 percent of the Gainesville CBSA population. In addition to concentrations of poverty, the City of Gainesville and the larger Gainesville CBSA face challenges in addressing segregation in housing across racial and ethnic communities as captured by the dissimilarity index.24 While the Non-White/White and Black/White community comparisons showed notably declining segregation from 1990 through 2010 within the City of Gainesville and the larger
22 “For owners, monthly housing costs include mortgage, taxes, insurance, association fees, and utilities. For renters, costs include rent and utilities.” Excerpted from the US HUD and US DOT Location Affordability Index (LAI) Data and Methodology Version 1 (November 2013) page 19, http://www.locationaffordability.info/About_TechDoc.aspx. 23 R/ECAPs is a Census tract-based indicator developed by the US HUD, which joins a poverty test with a racial/ethnic concentration threshold. A Census tract is an area roughly equivalent to a neighborhood, encompassing a population between 2,500 to 8,000 people. See the US HUD AFFH Data Documentation for more information: https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data-documentation/. 24 The dissimilarity index represents the extent to which the distribution of any two groups (frequently racial or ethnic groups) differs across census tracts or block-groups. The values of the dissimilarity index range from 0 to 100, with a value of zero representing perfect integration between the racial groups in question, and a value of 100 representing perfect segregation between the racial groups. See the US HUD AFFH Data Documentation for more information: https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data-documentation/.
18 disproportionality exists in the demographic community comparisons showed notably mix of subsidized housing, where Black declining segregation from 1990 through residents make up between 72 and 90 percent 2010 within the City of Gainesville and the of the publicly supported housing population larger Gainesville CBSA, the estimated 2016 despite representing only 17 percent of the dissimilarity indices suggest that at both the Gainesville CBSA population. In addition city and regional scales, the City of Gainesville to concentrations of poverty, the City of and the Gainesville CBSA face the highest Gainesville and the larger Gainesville CBSA levels of geographic segregation documented face challenges in addressing segregation in in at least the last 26 years. housing across racial and ethnic communities as captured by the dissimilarity index.24 Considering educational opportunities, While the Non-White/White and Black/White Asian and White households live in neighborhoods with the highest school Gainesville CBSA, the estimated 2016 dissimilarity indices suggest that at both the city and regional scales, the City of Gainesville and the Gainesville CBSA face the highest levels of geographic segregation documented in at least the last 26 years.
Racial and Ethnic Dissimilarity Index
Gainesville, FL Gainesville, FL Racial/Ethnic (CDBG, HOME) Jurisdiction (CBSA) Region Dissimilarity Index 1990 2000 2010 2016 1990 2000 2010 2016 Trend Trend Trend Estimate Trend Trend Trend Estimate
Non- 34.64 31.01 29.82 34.04 29.45 30.82 31.11 35.68 White/White Black/White 46.07 45.16 39.73 47.91 38.43 41.12 40.70 47.79 Asian or Pacific 34.40 29.21 34.38 37.66 37.44 34.31 36.23 42.56 Islander/White Hispanic/White 18.53 19.71 22.02 22.48 21.04 22.61 22.42 24.77
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
Considering educational opportunities, Asian and White households live in neighborhoods with the highest school proficiency scores within the Gainesville CBSA.25Conversely, Black households live in neighborhoods with the lowest school proficiency scores. In other words, Alachua County’s Black residents are the poorest, the most concentrated by race and poverty, and live near the poorest ______performing schools, while White residents experience the opposite situation. 24 The dissimilarity index represents the extent to which the perfect segregation between the racial groups. See the distribution of any two groups (frequently racial or ethnic US HUD AFFH Data Documentation for more information: groups) differs across census tracts or block-groups. The https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data- values of the dissimilarity index range from 0 to 100, with a documentation/. value of zero representing perfect integration between the racial groups in question, and a value of 100 representing 22
25 The school proficiency index uses school-level data on the performance of fourth grade students on state exams. See the US HUD AFFH Data Documentation for more information: https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data-documentation/
19 proficiency scores within the Gainesville day than White households who occupy a CBSA.25 Conversely, Black households live disproportionately larger share of the more in neighborhoods with the lowest school suburban and rural neighborhoods and have proficiency scores. In other words, Alachua a 58 percent longer median commute distance County’s Black residents are the poorest, the to work. One potential interpretation of this most concentrated by race and poverty, and seeming contradiction between distance to live near the poorest performing schools, work and VMT may be that Black households while White residents experience the opposite have worse geographic proximity to non-work situation. destinations of interest (e.g., supermarkets,
School Proficiency Index 60 52.0 52.5 53.0 51.5 47.9 48.7 47.4 50 46.0 44.2 46.1 40.9 36.8 40 Non-Hisp. White
30 Black Asian or Pacific Islander 20 Hispanic 10
0 Gainesville Florida USA
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
InIn termsterms of oftransportation, transportation, local Black local residents Black often live in more urbanized neighborhoods and have the shortest median commute distance to work. Paradoxically,places they of also worship, have the retail second stores, highest restaurants, estimated residentsannual often household live in automobile more urbanized vehicle miles traveled (VMT),parks, a and rate otheronly 9 milespublic less spaces), per day than and White thus neighborhoodshouseholds whoand occupyhave thea disproportionately shortest median large r share of the more suburban and rural neighborhoods and have a 58 percent longer median commute distancemay to have work. disproportionately One potential interpretation higher of non- this commuteseeming distance contradiction to work. between Paradoxically, distance to work andwork VMT relatedmay be thatVMT. Black This households supposition have fitsworse within they alsogeographic have the proximity second to nonhighest-work destinationsestimated of interestthe milieu (e.g., supermarkets, of urban food places deserts of worship, and retail related annualstores, household restaurants, automobile parks, and vehicle other public miles spaces), and thus may have disproportionately higher non- work related VMT. This supposition fits within the milieuinequalities, of urban food but deserts requires and related deeper inequalities, investigation. traveledbut (VMT), requires a deeper rate onlyinvestigation. 9 miles less per
Average Median Commute Distance Annual Household Vehicle Miles Traveled to Work (miles) (thousands of miles)
18 25 22.6 15.5 13.9 19.3 15 20 ______16.4 12 15.2 Non-Hisp. White 25 10.1 Thousands The school proficiency index uses school-level data on the https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4848/affh-data-15 performance9 of fourth grade students on state exams. See the documentation/ Non-Hisp. Black 6.4 US HUD AFFH Data Documentation for more information: 10 Non-Hisp. Asian 6 Hispanic 23 3 5
0 0 Commute Traveled
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
Finally, in terms of transportation costs, White households have the highest estimated costs as a percentage of household income, possibly due to related patterns, such as the White households living in
20
School Proficiency Index 60 52.0 52.5 53.0 51.5 47.9 48.7 47.4 50 46.0 44.2 46.1 40.9 36.8 40 Non-Hisp. White
30 Black Asian or Pacific Islander 20 Hispanic 10
0 Gainesville Florida USA
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
In terms of transportation, local Black residents often live in more urbanized neighborhoods and have the shortest median commute distance to work. Paradoxically, they also have the second highest estimated annual household automobile vehicle miles traveled (VMT), a rate only 9 miles less per day than White households who occupy a disproportionately larger share of the more suburban and rural neighborhoods and have a 58 percent longer median commute distance to work. One potential interpretation of this seeming contradiction between distance to work and VMT may be that Black households have worse geographic proximity to non-work destinations of interest (e.g., supermarkets, places of worship, retail stores, restaurants, parks, and other public spaces), and thus may have disproportionately higher non- work related VMT. This supposition fits within the milieu of urban food deserts and related inequalities, but requires deeper investigation.
Average Median Commute Distance Annual Household Vehicle Miles Traveled to Work (miles) (thousands of miles)
18 25 22.6 15.5 13.9 19.3 15 20 16.4 12 15.2 Non-Hisp. White 10.1 Thousands 15 9 Non-Hisp. Black 6.4 10 Non-Hisp. Asian 6 Hispanic 3 5
0 0 Commute Traveled
Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
Finally, in terms of transportation costs, White households have the highest estimated costs as a Finally,percentage in of terms household of transportation income, possibly duecosts, to related costs patterns, for transportation such as the White as households a percentage living in
White households have the highest estimated of household income, live in the densest20 costs as a percentage of household income, neighborhoods, have the highest degree of possibly due to related patterns, such as the walkability based on urban infrastructure, and White households living in the lowest density have the highest likelihood of public transit neighborhoods,the lowest density having neighborhoods, the lowest having degree the lowest degreeutilization. of walkability based on urban infrastructure, and having the lowest estimated annual household public transit trips taken. In contrast, Asian households of walkabilityhave the basedlowest oncosts urban for transportation infrastructure, as a percentage of household income, live in the densest and havingneighborhood the lowests, have estimated the highest annual degree of walkability based on urban infrastructure, and have the highest likelihood of public transit utilization. household public transit trips taken. In contrast, Asian households have the lowest
Cost of Transportation as Percentage of Household Income in Alachua County 30% 27.2% 24.4% 25% 22.1% 21.0% 20% White
15% Black Asian 10% Hispanic 5%
0% White Black Asian Hispanic Source: University of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC).
24 V. Factors and Forces Behind Racial Disparities in Alachua County Racial inequality is a problem in Alachua County as well as in the country as a whole; however, beyond the general conditions that create racial disparities in the United States, Alachua County has a number of specific issues that foster these disparities. A series of personal interviews with experts who have direct insight into racial disparities in Alachua County were conducted to understand the forces and factors behind the disparities in the county. This section relies solely on these experts’ opinions and summarizes them. From these interviews, six important interconnected issues emerged. First, the geography of the county prohibits the development in areas that are traditionally occupied by minorities, which creates isolated and under-resourced areas. Second, the reduced provision of services affects minorities more. Third, there are important issues related to the education system. Fourth, for many generations, minority populations have been unable to accumulate wealth. Fifth, in addition to an important mismatch existing in the labor market, college students are crowding out the job opportunities that would otherwise exist for the local minorities. Finally, there are important issues arising from the interaction of minorities with the justice system. First, the east side of Gainesville, as it is separated by Main Street, is home to a large percent of minorities. Additionally, some areas of the southwest side of Gainesville and along Tower Road are predominately populated by minorities. In these areas, low education minorities are purchasing homes for lower prices. In contrast, places like Haile Plantation are predominately occupied by educated Whites such as faculty
21
SECTION V: FACTORS AND FORCES BEHIND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN ALACHUA COUNTY
Racial inequality is a problem in percent of minorities. Additionally, some areas Alachua County as well as in the country of the southwest side of Gainesville and along as a whole; however, beyond the general Tower Road are predominately populated conditions that create racial disparities in the by minorities. In these areas, low education United States, Alachua County has a number minorities are purchasing homes for lower of specific issues that foster these disparities. prices. In contrast, places like Haile Plantation are predominately occupied by educated A series of personal interviews with Whites such as faculty and professionals who experts who have direct insight into racial have a significantly higher income. This higher disparities in Alachua County were conducted income allows them to purchase properties to understand the forces and factors behind of greater value, which in turn creates a the disparities in the county. This section higher tax base for that area. This generates relies solely on these experts’ opinions and important disparities between regions in summarizes them. From these interviews, six Gainesville. important interconnected issues emerged. First, the geography of the county prohibits The ability of an area to attract the development in areas that are traditionally development is critical to bringing in occupied by minorities, which creates necessary jobs, schools and other services. isolated and under-resourced areas. Second, However, economic development is generally the reduced provision of services affects focused on the West side of Gainesville, minorities more. Third, there are important where minorities are not present because issues related to the education system. Fourth, there is very little on the East side to attract for many generations, minority populations developers who are looking for customers have been unable to accumulate wealth. Fifth, with disposable incomes. Moreover, the in addition to an important mismatch existing geography of the East side presents particular in the labor market, college students are difficulties that are absent in the west side. crowding out the job opportunities that would The east side is lower and tends to have more otherwise exist for the local minorities. Finally, sensitive wetlands, making development there are important issues arising from the difficult in general. In some cases, federal interaction of minorities with the justice laws that protect these sensitive areas push system. developers away from the east side into areas that are around the University and primarily First, the east side of Gainesville, as it is on the West side of town, both of which are separated by Main Street, is home to a large predominately occupied by Whites. 25 A second issue is that these pockets result is a student body that is almost entirely of minorities are generally under-resourced composed of minorities. Nationwide, busing in a number of ways. Due to low state and students to different neighborhoods was an federal funding, for example, teacher pay attempt to integrate different races and create throughout the county is low, there is low an environment of acceptance between races. investment in pre-kindergarten programs, Alachua County created magnet schools in and available resources are limited for minority neighborhoods, thereby attracting supplemental programs such as mental health higher performing students to these schools; services. This low level of overall funding however, when high-performing students often affects minority/disadvantaged students are mixed into a group of average or below disproportionately because they typically have average minority students, minority’s a greater need for such programs. perceptions might be unintentionally reinforced as these minorities perform at Additionally, the county budget lower levels than the students bused in. is restricted. It’s not possible to provide Minorities who see these high performers adequate social services because the funding may then become discouraged if they to support them is not available. Because mistakenly attribute these differences to race. Florida is a low-tax state, counties must A second issue is out-of-school suspensions. fund social services themselves. With a large When a student is removed from school, they portion of Alachua County off the tax rolls quickly fall behind in their classwork, and because of the University of Florida and other may also develop a resentment towards the public institutions, decreased taxes result in school system. Both of these factors make the decreases services. student more likely to be disruptive a second time. When they are suspended they are also Third, in addition to the low investment more likely to be at home alone, which can in education, there are two other factors create a difficult situation for the child. If a related to the education system in Alachua student is suspended and must stay at home County. First, schools pull their student base without any supervision, they are much more from the surrounding areas. In neighborhoods likely to create problems that get reported to that are primarily inhabited by minorities, the the police.26
______26Alachua County Public Schools has implemented policies and programs that have reduced out-of-school suspensions among all students, most significantly among African- American students.
26 Out of School Suspension 16% 14.3% 14% 13.1%
12%
10% 2013-14 2014-15 8%
6% 3.5% 3.4% 4% 2.8% 2.5% Out of School Suspension 16%2% 14.3% 0.1% 0.0% 14%0% 13.1% White Black Asian Hispanic 12% Alachua 10% 2013-14 Source: Florida Department of Education. 2014-15 8% Fourth, though minority populations As mentioned previously, the lack of wealth have lived6% in this area for generations; they also drives development away from the area Fourth, though minority populations have lived in this area for generations; 3.5%they haven’t3.4% been able to 4% 2.8% haven’taccumulate been able wealth to 2.5%accumulate to pass on to future wealth generations. to Wealthbecause and incomebusinesses are very want different customers issues. Wealth who 2% pass onincludes to future assets generations. that a person canWealth draw andupon in a timeare 0.1%of need.able0.0% toOwning afford a home their or products property of and any whosort can all0%ows a person to have collateral for a loan if an emergency were to happen. The homes on the east side incomeof areGainesville, very different Whitewhere a large issues. portion Wealth Blackof minorities live,make are worthAsian purchases far less than on those aHispanic regular in other basis. areas Thisof the lack includescity. assets This reduces that a the person resources can available draw upon to minorityAlachua of families wealth in also a time reduces of emergency. the tax As base mentioned that can previously,Source: Florida the Department lack of wealth of Education also drives. development away from the area because businesses want in a time of need. Owning a home or property be used for schools and other basic needs. customers who are able to afford their products and who can make purchases on a regular basis. This lack of any ofsort wealth allows also reducesa person the taxto havebase that collateral can be used for schools and other basic needs. Fourth, though minority populations have lived in this area for generations; they haven’t been able to for a loan if an emergency were to happen. A fifth issue in Alachua County is accumulate wealth to pass on to future generations. Wealth and income are very different issues. Wealth related to the labor market. A mismatch The homesincludes on assets the eastthat a side person of can Gainesville, draw upon in a time of need. Owning a home or property of any sort allows a person to have collateral for a loanHomeownership if an emergencyexists Rate were between to happen. the The skills homes acquired on the east and side the where 100%a large portion of minorities live, are of Gainesville, where a large portion of minorities live,skills are worth needed. far less On than the those supply in other side, areas there of the is worth far less than those in other areas of 76.9% city.80% This reduces the resources available to minority families73.4% in a time of emergency. As mentioned previously, the lack of wealth also drives developmenta disproportionately away from the area69.5% because higher68.7% businesses percentage want of the city. This61.0% reduces60.9% the resources available customers who are able to afford their products and who can make purchases on a regular57.0% basis. This lack to minority60% families in a time of emergency. minorities50.1% with lower educational51.7% levels of wealth also reduces42.0% the tax base39.5% that can be used for schools and other45.1% basic needs. 37.6% 39.6% 36.5% 40% 34.3% 2010
2015 20% Homeownership Rate 100%0% Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic 76.9% 80% White White73.4% 69.5% 68.7% 61.0% 60.9% Alachua Florida 57.0% Source:60% U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year50.1% estimates. 51.7% 42.0% 39.5% 45.1% 37.6% 39.6% 36.5% 40% 34.3% 2010 2015 A20% fifth issue in Alachua County is related to the labor market. A mismatch exists between the skills acquired and the skills needed. On the supply side, there is a disproportionately higher percentage of 0% Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic White White 23
Alachua Florida Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. 27 A fifth issue in Alachua County is related to the labor market. A mismatch exists between the skills acquired and the skills needed. On the supply side, there is a disproportionately higher percentage of
23 and skills. This disproportionality is most for both higher and lower skill workers, the pronounced among African Americans.27 labor market shows a higher unemployment On the demand side, approximately two- rate for lower skill workers in the county.30 thirds of the jobs require postsecondary One possible contributing factor to this vocational training, an associate’s or higher disparity is that some of the lower skill jobs college degree.28 Furthermore, the highest in the area could employ residents without paying occupations represent one-third of a higher level of education, but they are the jobs in the county and are in occupations sometimes filled with college students who such as legal; health diagnosing and treating have some advantages over lower skill practitioners and other healthcare technical; minority applicants in the eyes of employers. management, business, and financial; and College students can be highly flexible with computer, engineering, and science and their schedule and usually have an advanced most of these jobs require a fairly high knowledge of technology that may reduce degree of education.29 And while jobs exist training costs.
Unemployment Rate in 2015 20%
15.6% 14.7% 14.8% 15% Non-Hispanic White 9.6% 9.8% 10% 8.5% Black 7.8% 8.1% 6.7% 5.8% 6.3% 6.4% Asian 5% Hispanic
0% Alachua Florida USA
______Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. 27 According to the 2011-2015 American Community Survey the estimated median earnings in the past 12 months (in
(ACS) 5-year estimates, around 46.2 percent of non-Hispanic 2015 dollars) for legal occupations was $62,778, for health Whites haveFinally, a bachelor’s employment degree for or anyone higher andconvicted only 5.2 of a crime isdiagnosing more difficult and treating because practitioners having a criminal and other record healthcare is percent havea strike less against than high them school for diplomamost employers. in Alachua African -Americantechnical men occupations are disproportionally was $63,222, foraffected management, because County. Inthere contrast, is a 16.3larger percent percentage of African of AmericansAfrican-American have menbusiness, incarcerated and financial around occupations the country, was including$49,841, and in for a bachelor’sAlachua degree County. and 15.4 Moreover, percent have the less county than hasa high a “ war oncomputer, drugs.” engineering,Although drug and usescience is fairly occupations equally wassplit $46,363. 31 school diploma.among Aroundraces, 39.7African percent-Americans of Hispanics are more have likely a to beThese caught occupations with low levelsaccount of fornarcotics 30.9 percent or other of the drugs total. bachelor’sOne degree reason or higher is because and only they 9.5 are percent more havelikely less to use drugsemployment in public in spaces the county.. Moreover, Required African educational-Americans level data than a highare school also more diploma. likely to be caught because police patrolon minority jobs and neighborhoodsoccupations are morefrom Florida. Given Departmentthe limited of 28 Accordingresources to the estimatesto control of crime, employment law enforcement by occupation uses in statistical Economic tools Opportunity. to identify areas of high crime and patrol 2015 fromthose the Florida areas moreDepartment often. ofAn Economic area that Opportunity, is patrolled more30 oftenAccording is more to the likely 2011-2015 to result American in more Community arrests. Survey around 30.1 percent of jobs require a minimum educational (ACS) 5-year estimates, around 16.9 percent of those with level of postsecondary vocational training to enter the less than a high school diploma were unemployed in occupation, 37.3 percent require at least an associate’s degree, Alachua County, while only 8 percent of those with a high and 30.2 VpercentI. From require the Views a high andschool Experiences diploma or less. of Minority schoolGroups diploma, in Alachua 7.5 percent County of those with some college or an 29 OccupationalAs part categories of our qualitative are according analysis, to the we U.S. conducted Standard a focusassociate’s group degree, with African and 2.9-Americans percent of thoseand a withseries a bachelor’s of Occupationalone- onClassification-one in-person System. interviews According with to residents the 2011- otherdegree than B orlack mores to wereunderstand unemployed. the extent, causes, and 2015 Americanpotential Community solutions Survey for racial (ACS) disparities 5-year estimates, from their views and experiences. Both Blacks and the other 28 resident minorities hold very similar views about their experience related to racial inequity, and the small discrepancies can be seen as complementary to each other. In the focus groups, participants acknowledge that they live with inequality on a daily basis. First, African- Americans feel that there is a tradition of racism and mention that this historic background is an important factor maintaining the disparities. Nonetheless, they agree that although progress has been made, this progress isn’t enough to say that racism no longer exists in Alachua County. Second, they firmly believe that racism exists in African-American interactions with both the justice system and the way African- Americans are treated in the educational system.
31 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015, the use of illicit drugs among people aged 12 and over was 10.2 percent for Whites, 12.5 percent for African American, 9.2 percent for Hispanic, and 4 percent for Asians, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf#050
25
Finally, employment for anyone likely to be caught with low levels of narcotics convicted of a crime is more difficult or other drugs. One reason is because because having a criminal record is a strike they are more likely to use drugs in public against them for most employers. African- spaces. Moreover, African-Americans are American men are disproportionally affected also more likely to be caught because police because there is a larger percentage of patrol minority neighborhoods more. Given African-American men incarcerated around the limited resources to control crime, law the country, including in Alachua County. enforcement uses statistical tools to identify Moreover, the county has a “war on drugs.” areas of high crime and patrol those areas Although drug use is fairly equally split more often. An area that is patrolled more among races,31 African-Americans are more often is more likely to result in more arrests.
Unemployment Rate in 2015 20%
15.6% 14.7% 14.8% 15% Non-Hispanic White 9.6% 9.8% 10% 8.5% Black 7.8% 8.1% 6.7% 5.8% 6.3% 6.4% Asian 5% Hispanic
0% Alachua Florida USA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Finally, employment for anyone convicted of a crime is more difficult because having a criminal record is a strike against them for most employers. African-American men are disproportionally affected because there is a larger percentage of African-American men incarcerated around the country, including in Alachua County. Moreover, the county has a “war on drugs.” Although drug use is fairly equally split among races,31 African-Americans are more likely to be caught with low levels of narcotics or other drugs. Community Plaza, Gainesville, Florida One reason is because they are more likely to use drugs in public spaces. Moreover, African-Americans are also more likely to be caught because police patrol minority neighborhoods more. Given the limited resources to control crime, law enforcement uses statistical tools to identify areas of high crime and patrol those areas more often. An area that is patrolled more often is more likely to result in more arrests.
______VI. From the Views and Experiences of Minority Groups in Alachua County 31 According to the Centers for Disease Control and African American, 9.2 percent for Hispanic, and 4 percent for As part of our qualitative analysis, we conducted a focus group with African-Americans and a series of Prevention, in 2015, the use of illicit drugs among people Asians, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf#050 one-on-one in-person interviews with residents other than Blacks to understand the extent, causes, and aged 12 and over was 10.2 percent for Whites, 12.5 percent for potential solutions for racial disparities from their views and experiences. Both Blacks and the other 29 resident minorities hold very similar views about their experience related to racial inequity, and the small discrepancies can be seen as complementary to each other. In the focus groups, participants acknowledge that they live with inequality on a daily basis. First, African- Americans feel that there is a tradition of racism and mention that this historic background is an important factor maintaining the disparities. Nonetheless, they agree that although progress has been made, this progress isn’t enough to say that racism no longer exists in Alachua County. Second, they firmly believe that racism exists in African-American interactions with both the justice system and the way African- Americans are treated in the educational system.
31 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015, the use of illicit drugs among people aged 12 and over was 10.2 percent for Whites, 12.5 percent for African American, 9.2 percent for Hispanic, and 4 percent for Asians, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf#050
25
SECTION VI: FROM THE VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF MINORITY GROUPS IN ALACHUA COUNTY
As part of our qualitative analysis, on legal issues. Understanding the law is we conducted a focus group with African- seen as a way to reduce the fear that African- Americans and a series of one-on-one in- Americans feel around law enforcement. person interviews with residents other than Blacks to understand the extent, causes, and In addition, they understand that having potential solutions for racial disparities from a record creates problems when minorities their views and experiences. Both Blacks and apply for jobs. In fact, they noted that finding the other resident minorities hold very similar employment is a stressful event as well, and views about their experience related to racial especially difficult when an African-American inequity, and the small discrepancies can be has a criminal record. seen as complementary to each other. “They should have a program for
In the focus groups, participants Black men when they come out of prison acknowledge that they live with inequality on to help them get a job.” a daily basis. First, African-Americans feel that (Participant in the focus group) there is a tradition of racism and mention that Participants recognize that the primary this historic background is an important factor solution to the problem of inequality is maintaining the disparities. Nonetheless, education, and noted that children should they agree that although progress has been be encouraged and helped to complete their made, this progress isn’t enough to say that high school education at a minimum. They racism no longer exists in Alachua County. also mentioned that the zero tolerance polices Second, they firmly believe that racism exists affect them and would like schools to deal in African-American interactions with both the with behavioral problems internally without justice system and the way African-Americans involving the justice system. There is a wide are treated in the educational system. recognition of the idea that a child may be
One of the biggest areas of disparities having problems in school for reasons related is in African-Americans’ dealing with law to the child’s home environment. For example, enforcement. Law enforcement is often the lack of proper food and clothing was often seen as biased and unfair in their treatment mentioned as an influence for when a child of African-Americans, and this is generally may act out. Problems within the family or the attributed to racism. One specific request absence of a family member was also cited while discussing this issue was about as a source of stress for African-American educating the African-American population children. African-Americans feel that they are
30 not treated equally in standardized testing, mentioning that the testing language is biased against African-American children.32
Minorities other than Blacks also understand that children need to focus on education. They see education offering their children the best chance for success, but work schedules and other personal issues can often greatly hinder these parents’ ability to provide this support. Nevertheless, they take responsibility for their child’s education, but also realize that teachers play an important role as well. Furthermore, they also noted that some schools are not getting the resources they need to give students a well-rounded education.
Finally, like African-Americans, other minorities are aware of the difficulty of getting jobs in the county, and they also believe that college students are taking the jobs they want.
“It’s very hard getting a job because more of the college students are coming in. They would rather give the job to a college student than to have the people who live here working.” (Participant in the one-on-one interviews)
______32 Testing policies are governed for the most part by state requirements.
31 SECTION VII: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
As portrayed by the quantitative data, to college is not necessary to get a good job, greater disparities appear in terms of economic but getting good skills training is essential. well-being, education, and involvement in the justice system. From our qualitative analysis, Second, finding employment is often the insights and opinions from the experts seen as a challenging task by minority were very valuable in highlighting the factors residents. More jobs are needed that pay a and forces behind the disparities in Alachua living wage; more employers are needed who County. Furthermore, the minority group are willing to hire minorities, even those with residents of the county also complemented our a criminal record. Jobs are essential to lift understanding of such forces and factors. people out of poverty, improve educational outcomes, and reduce crime. Racial inequity is a massive tangle of issues that are deeply connected and all potential solutions are constrained by the available resources. An important lesson from this project is that all these factors and forces are interconnected and cannot be pulled apart. While an improvement in one area might be possible, it can be negated by other connecting factors that may have resources drawn away from them in an effort to improve that one area. Nonetheless, there are two areas that are worth attention.
First, both the experts and minorities widely recognize that providing a high quality educational experience for them will have a significant impact. A successfully educated resident will have a higher lifetime income, more and better employment opportunities, and is less likely to become involved with the criminal justice system. Additional education beyond a high school diploma is recognized as beneficial, but a high school diploma is perceived to be the baseline. Moreover, going
32 Data Collection were grouped differently; because of this, we were not able to get data for some of the races For this project, we have compiled on some of the variables. For all of the data 50 different variables into seven categories: from the American Community Survey, we economic well-being, child welfare, education, graphed Hispanics instead of others for the family structure, health status, housing and disparity ratio because of the low population transportation, and involvement in the justice of others. The disparity ratio is the value of system. All of the data on economic well- an indicator for a particular minority group at being, along with multiple other variables a particular geographic level divided by the (including geographic mobility and some value of the same indicator for non-Hispanic family structure data) come from the U.S. Whites at the same geographic level. For some Census Bureau’s American Community Survey indicators, because we were unable to identify (ACS). We used both one-year and five-year the non-Hispanic White population, the ratio estimates for each variable. For child welfare, was calculated using the White population. we relied heavily on the trend reports by the Florida Department of Children and Families. Information on education was collected from the Florida Department of Education PK-12 Public School Data Publications and Reports and Alachua County Public Schools. Health status and some family structure data are from the Bureau of Vital Statistics provided by the Florida Department of Health, Division of Public Health Statistics and Performance Management. National health data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control’s National Vital Statistics Report. Measures on crime are from Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Florida Department of Corrections Agency Annual Reports, Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Reports; county data are from special reports generated by the Florida Department of Corrections, and national data is from the FBI Uniform Crime Report.
Many of the data we used did not have breakdowns from the five race categories or 33
APPENDIX A DATA TABLES ON DISPARITY MEASURES APPENDIX A DATA TABLES ON DISPARITY MEASURES Economic Well-Being 38 Real Median Household Income 38 Income Distribution 39 Poverty 40 Child Poverty ...... 41 Unemployment Rate ...... 42 Female Unemployment Rate 43 Male Unemployment Rate ...... 44
Education ...... 45 High School Graduation Rate 45 High School Dropouts 46 Male Educational Attainment 47 Female Educational Attainment ...... 48 3rd Graders Proficient in Reading ...... 49 8th Graders Proficient in Math ...... 50 Advanced Placement Achievement ...... 51 Advanced Placement Participation 52 Gifted Students 53 Out of School Suspension 54
Family Structure ...... 55 Births to Teen Mothers ...... 55 Births to Mothers Without a High School Degree ...... 56 Births to Unwed Mothers 57 Married-Couple Family ...... 58 Grandparents Responsible for Children Under 18 ...... 59 Below Poverty Level Households With No Related Children ...... 60
36 Child Welfare ...... 61 Investigations ...... 61 Verified Findings 62 Removals ...... 63 Discharges 64 In Out-of-Home Care ...... 65 In Out-of-Home Care 12+ Months 66
Justice System ...... 67 Inmate Population 67 Admissions Rate 68 Arrest Rate 69 Admissions to State Youth Secure Corrections ...... 70 Juvenile Detention Rate 71 Juvenile Arrest Rate 72 Transfer to Adult Court ...... 73
Health Status ...... 74 Uninsured Rate ...... 74 Prenatal Care ...... 75 Preterm Births ...... 76 Low Birthweight Babies 77 Infant Mortality ...... 78 Heart Disease ...... 79 Stroke ...... 80 Lung Cancer ...... 81 Diabetes Deaths 82 Hypertension 83
Housing and Transportation ...... 84 Homeownership ...... 84 Geographic Mobility ...... 85 Geographic Mobility Within County ...... 86 Geographic Mobility from Outside County 87
37
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING REAL MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Real Median Household Income Alachua Florida USA (in 2015 dollars) (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 Non-Hispanic White $50,740 $51,740 $56,653 $52,510 $61,376 $59,542 White $49,021 $50,142 $54,691 $50,308 $59,781 $57,407 Black $29,583 $26,561 $38,258 $34,664 $38,254 $35,695 Asian $41,304 $47,236 $62,846 $61,880 $74,946 $74,245 Hispanic $27,179 $32,105 $45,389 $40,851 $45,146 $42,651
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 1.4 1.18 1.22 1.25 1.2 1.11 1.0 0.91 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.8 0.74 0.72 0.62 0.68 0.66 0.58 0.62 0.60 0.6 0.51 0.54 2010 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES $70,000
$60,000
$50,000 Alachua White Alachua Black $40,000 Florida White $30,000 Florida Black USA White $20,000 USA Black
$10,000
$0 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. Income was adjusted to 2015 dollars. 38
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Households with income greater Alachua Florida USA than $50,000 (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White 47.02% 51.60% 52.08% 52.56% 55.68% 57.65% Non-Hispanic White 31,722 33,592 2,476,855 2,468,386 45,232,704 46,679,560 Non-Hispanic White Households 67,468 65,107 4,756,221 4,696,110 81,235,589 80,971,346 % White 45.63% 50.13% 50.31% 50.31% 54.50% 56.23% White 33,183 35,903 2,905,200 2,957,389 48,528,938 50,974,240 White Households 72,721 71,620 5,774,503 5,877,996 89,046,111 90,647,126 %Black 23.24% 25.71% 33.81% 33.86% 35.56% 36.74% Black 4,065 4,532 322,828 338,882 4,842,692 5,212,991 Black Households 17,488 17,628 954,842 1,000,764 13,619,955 14,186,983 %Asian 37.87% 47.44% 56.79% 59.20% 63.16% 65.16% Asian 1,779 2,198 78,543 91,650 2,842,899 3,302,096 Asian Households 4,698 4,633 138,315 154,822 4,501,393 5,067,711 %Other 35.18% 32.85% 40.89% 39.25% 40.00% 40.19% Other 452 385 80,328 61,541 2,153,452 1,964,785 Other Households 1,285 1,172 196,433 156,792 5,383,354 4,888,257 %Hispanic 28.40% 34.28% 41.55% 40.86% 41.32% 43.08% Hispanic 1,877 2,608 517,288 563,864 5,318,814 6,208,559 Hispanic Households 6,609 7,608 1,244,858 1,380,024 12,871,609 14,410,181
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 1.13 1.13 1.2 1.09 1.13 1.0 0.92 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.74 0.75 0.8 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0 60 0.66 0.6 0.49 0.50 2010 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH INCOME GREATER THAN $50,000 BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 70%
60%
50% Alachua White
40% Alachua Black
30% Florida White Florida Black 20% USA White 10% USA Black 0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 39
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING POVERTY
Poverty Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2012 2015 2012 2015 2012 2015 % Non-Hispanic White poverty 19.43% 19.68% 10.80% 11.51% 10.29% 10.77% Non-Hispanic White poverty 28,910 29,631 1,156,327 1,243,305 19,793,842 20,750,471 Non-Hispanic White 148,762 150,598 10,707,783 10,799,808 192,370,509 192,733,727 % White poverty 20.51% 20.79% 12.98% 13.97% 12.11% 12.70% White poverty 33,620 34,734 1,840,955 2,049,223 27,134,944 28,923,918 White 163,932 167,063 14,179,981 14,666,794 224,145,010 227,741,679 % Black poverty 32.74% 35.65% 26.97% 27.48% 26.49% 27.00% Black poverty 15,314 17,022 778,263 838,187 9,836,000 10,321,254 Black 46,778 47,747 2,885,546 3,050,172 37,134,083 38,228,746 % Asian poverty 28.81% 24.89% 12.21% 12.50% 12.10% 12.57% Asian poverty 3,660 3,359 56,060 62,802 1,763,994 2,000,884 Asian 12,702 13,495 458,948 502,595 14,576,301 15,922,215 % Other poverty 33.49% 31.98% 24.62% 25.54% 26.12% 26.61% Other poverty 1,082 1,129 136,786 140,175 4,556,767 4,678,627 Other 3,231 3,530 555,508 548,903 17,445,705 17,579,704 % Hispanic poverty 32.44% 31.15% 20.62% 21.58% 24.08% 24.30% Hispanic poverty 6,174 6,419 862,584 991,264 11,920,585 12,915,617 Hispanic 19,034 20,604 4,183,337 4,592,774 49,506,569 53,139,879
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
3.0 2.50 2.57 2.51 2.5 2.39 2.34 2.26 1.91 1.87 2.0 1.81 1.67 1 68 1.48 1.58 1.5 1.27 1.18 1.17 1.13 1.09 2010 1.0 2015 0.5 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
POVERTY RATE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 40% 35%
30% Alachua White 25% Alachua Black 20% Florida White 15% Florida Black 10% USA White USA Black 5% 0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic is of any race. 40
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING CHILD POVERTY
Child Poverty Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White Children Poverty 11.07% 13.48% 11.43% 14.84% 11.34% 13.07% Non-Hispanic White Children in Poverty 2,493 3,046 212,793 258,328 4,535,286 4,946,654 Non-Hispanic White Children 22,530 22,589 1,861,616 1,741,275 40,007,344 37,855,863 % White Children Poverty 12.92% 14.20% 14.82% 19.45% 14.64% 17.30% White Children in Poverty 3,259 3,640 393,783 521,998 7,234,142 8,520,524 White Children 25,226 25,625 2,656,620 2,684,373 49,400,384 49,251,735 % Black Children Poverty 37.55% 44.59% 33.55% 38.72% 35.40% 38.31% Black Children in Poverty 4,956 5,733 281,022 325,907 3,755,610 3,928,519 Black Children 13,198 12,856 837,530 841,791 10,609,249 10,254,083 % Asian Children in Poverty 9.85% 5.70% 11.84% 11.73% 11.84% 12.90% Asian Children in Poverty 184 126 11,446 11,732 371,383 432,552 Asian Children 1,868 2,210 96,679 100,018 3,135,702 3,352,929 % Other Children Poverty 37.80% 32.65% 26.62% 35.45% 30.97% 35.69% Other Children in Poverty 217 239 51,601 50,986 1,921,211 1,908,982 Other Children 574 732 193,829 143,809 6,203,696 5,348,612 % Hispanic Children Poverty 32.61% 21.54% 23.63% 29.07% 29.21% 32.29% Hispanic Children in Poverty 1,184 908 245,176 336,817 4,685,914 5,646,834 Hispanic Children 3,631 4,215 1,037,424 1,158,574 16,041,074 17,486,951
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
4.0 3.393.31 3.5 3.12 2.95 2.94 2 .93 3.0 2.61 2.582.47 2.5 2.07 1.96 2.0 1.60 2010 1.5 1.04 0.89 1.040.99 1.0 0.79 2015 0.42 0.5 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
CHILD POVERTY RATE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES
60%
50% Alachua White 40% Alachua Black
Florida White 30% Florida Black 20% USA White
USA Black 10%
0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic is of any race. 41
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Unemployment Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 years estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic Whites unemployed 5.10% 5.80% 7.60% 8.10% 6.50% 6.70% Non-Hispanic Whites unemployed 4,336 4,808 411,776 425,339 6,761,766 6,898,695 Non-Hispanic Whites in Labor Force 85,017 82,901 5,418,103 5,251,103 104,027,172 102,965,597 % White unemployed 5.40% 5.90% 7.90% 8.40% 6.80% 7.10% Whites unemployed 5,007 5,427 556,853 608,583 7,978,969 8,510,115 Whites in Labor Force 92,719 91,975 7,048,776 7,245,031 117,337,773 119,860,776 % Blacks unemployed 11.60% 14.70% 13.60% 15.60% 14.00% 14.80% Blacks unemployed 2,562 3,351 189,105 236,969 2,520,061 2,824,297 Blacks in Labor Force 22,083 22,796 1,390,480 1,519,033 18,000,436 19,083,091 % Asians unemployed 6.90% 8.50% 6.70% 6.30% 6.40% 6.40% Asians unemployed 426 596 16,225 16,979 482,954 550,566 Asians in Labor Force 6,170 7,015 242,158 269,512 7,546,149 8,602,596 % Others unemployed 9.04% 11.00% 9.97% 11.32% 10.21% 10.99% Others unemployed 180 226 36,869 33,716 976,066 977,196 Others in Labor Force 1,990 2,058 369,775 297,976 9,561,231 8,887,661 % Hispanics unemployed 8.40% 7.80% 9.20% 9.60% 9.60% 9.80% Hispanics unemployed 835 865 188,920 227,090 2,167,686 2,526,287 Hispanics in Labor Force 9,945 11,092 2,053,478 2,365,523 22,580,062 25,778,443
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
3.0 2.53 2.27 2.5 2.152.21 1.93 1.79 2.0 1.65 1.48 1.47 1.34 1.46 1.5 1.35 1.211.19 0.980.96 2010 1.0 0.880.78 0.5 2015 0.0 Blacks Asians Hispanic Blacks Asians Hispanic Blacks Asians Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 20%
Alachua White 15% Alachua Black
Florida White 10% Florida Black
USA White 5% USA Black
0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic is of any race. 42
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Female Unemployment Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White unemployed 5.25% 5.05% 7.18% 7.53% 6.00% 6.26% Non-Hispanic White unemployed 2,149 2,033 181,732 186,214 2,913,917 3,019,011 Non-Hispanic White in Labor Force 40,911 40,289 2,532,260 2,471,335 48,573,726 48,237,814 % White unemployed 5.41% 5.13% 7.70% 8.18% 6.40% 6.76% White unemployed 2,419 2,282 251,852 276,695 3,473,488 3,756,293 White in Labor Force 44,744 44,479 3,272,772 3,383,344 54,265,941 55,603,884 % Black unemployed 11.48% 13.65% 12.19% 14.23% 12.61% 13.50% Black unemployed 1,395 1,773 90,427 115,409 1,215,555 1,376,306 Black in Labor Force 12,148 12,985 741,881 810,933 9,643,235 10,192,353 % Asian unemployed 4.81% 8.92% 6.91% 6.13% 6.40% 6.48% Asian unemployed 133 294 8,109 8,212 230,083 267,295 Asian in Labor Force 2,764 3,297 117,313 133,860 3,593,119 4,121,828 % Other unemployed 11.68% 6.84% 10.88% 12.77% 11.16% 12.23% Other unemployed 89 71 16,982 16,885 452,057 466,243 Other in Labor Force 762 1,038 156,027 132,214 4,052,341 3,813,558 % Hispanic unemployed 8.00% 7.37% 9.85% 10.33% 10.43% 10.79% Hispanic unemployed 386 379 90,776 111,606 1,001,805 1,207,154 Hispanic in Labor Force 4,827 5,145 921,794 1,079,896 9,601,534 11,190,876
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 2.71 2.50 2.19 2.10 2.16 1.89 2.00 1.77 1.70 1.74 1.72 1.52 1.46 1.37 1.37 1.50 1.07 1.04 0.92 0.96 2010 1.00 0.81 2015 0.50
0.00 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 18%
Alachua White 13% Alachua Black Florida White 8% Florida Black USA White 3% USA Black
-2% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 43
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Male Unemployment Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White unemployed 5.01% 6.51% 7.88% 8.54% 6.86% 7.00% Non-Hispanic White unemployed 2,211 2,776 227,142 237,607 3,804,833 3,828,261 Non-Hispanic White in Labor Force 44,103 42,662 2,882,472 2,781,724 55,459,255 54,708,256 % White unemployed 5.34% 6.60% 8.01% 8.59% 7.08% 7.23% White unemployed 2,560 3,132 302,053 331,510 4,465,882 4,642,437 White in Labor Force 47,966 47,471 3,772,818 3,860,446 63,096,449 64,186,447 %Black unemployed 11.69% 16.05% 15.05% 16.95% 15.27% 16.06% Black unemployed 1,161 1,574 97,468 119,976 1,275,538 1,428,619 Black in Labor Force 9,933 9,805 647,646 707,728 8,350,620 8,897,939 %Asian unemployed 8.58% 8.22% 6.44% 6.31% 6.31% 6.24% Asian unemployed 292 306 8,034 8,562 249,356 279,869 Asian in Labor Force 3,405 3,722 124,727 135,678 3,948,813 4,487,337 %Other unemployed 7.33% 15.28% 9.18% 10.08% 9.40% 10.00% Other unemployed 90 156 19,602 16,709 518,405 506,941 Other in Labor Force 1,227 1,021 213,552 165,831 5,514,221 5,070,021 %Hispanic unemployed 8.73% 8.16% 8.67% 9.01% 8.90% 9.02% Hispanic unemployed 447 485 98,070 115,949 1,155,685 1,315,728 Hispanic in Labor Force 5,119 5,942 1,130,988 1,287,339 12,990,762 14,590,968
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 2.47 2.33 2.50 2.23 2.29 1.91 1.98 2.00 1.71 1.74
1.50 1.26 1.25 1.30 1.29 1.10 1.05 0.92 0.89 1.00 0.82 0.74 2010 0.50 2015
0.00 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 25%
20% Alachua White
Alachua Black 15% Florida White
Florida Black 10% USA White USA Black 5%
0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 44
EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION RATE
Alachua Florida High School Graduation Rate 2011 2013 2015 2011 2013 2015 % Non-Hispanic White graduated 77.18% 79.11% 85.03% 79.45% 81.69% 85.08% Non-Hispanic White graduates 849 822 858 72,345 71,349 71,990 Non-Hispanic White Students 1,100 1,039 1,009 91,057 87,344 84,619 % Black graduated 54.84% 59.62% 66.82% 63.72% 64.69% 72.29% Black graduates 436 412 449 27,660 28,781 31,756 Black Students 795 691 672 43,408 44,493 43,926 % Asian graduated 95.77% 73.33% 92.41% 88.48% 89.18% 91.89% Asian graduates 68 11 73 4,370 4,565 4,930 Asian Students 71 15 79 4,939 5,119 5,365 % Other graduated N/A N/A N/A 69.33% 74.21% 78.23% Other graduates N/A N/A N/A 425 702 812 Other Students N/A N/A N/A 613 946 1,038 % Hispanic graduated 63.70% 70.48% 82.07% 72.97% 75.00% 79.46% Hispanic graduates 86 117 151 32,682 39,893 45,647 Hispanic Students 135 166 184 44,790 53,190 57,450
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES)
1.4 1.24 0.93 1.09 1.09 1.2 1.11 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.92 0.89 0.92 0.92 0.93 1.0 0.83 0.79 0.85 0.87 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.8 0.71 2011 0.6 2013 0.4 2015 0.2 N/AN/AN/A 0.0 Black Asian Other Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF STUDENTS GRADUATED 90% 85%
80%
75% Alachua White 70% Alachua Black Florida White 65% Florida Black 60%
55%
50% 2011 2013 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Other is a sum of American Indian and Pacific Islander. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. Year indicates start year of school year. 45
EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS
Alachua Florida High School Dropouts 2008-09 2011-12 2014-15 2008-09 2011-12 2014-15 % Non-Hispanic White dropouts 1.82% 1.64% 1.31% 1.60% 1.44% 1.33% Non-Hispanic White dropouts 86 73 58 6,701 5,466 4,858 Non-Hispanic White students 4,717 4,455 4,418 419,537 378,484 365,560 % Black dropouts 3.93% 4.87% 5.59% 3.40% 3.12% 2.70% Black dropouts 149 160 174 7,769 6206 5,430 Black students 3,787 3,283 3,115 228,547 199,115 201,234 % Asian dropouts 0.86% 0.97% 0.25% 0.83% 0.59% 0.53% Asian dropouts 3 3 1 176 127 121 Asian students 349 310 402 21,229 21,584 22,956 % Other dropouts 9.09% 7.69% 5.00% 2.19% 2.36% 1.95% Other dropouts 1 1 1 59 101 90 Other students 11 13 20 2,692 4,272 4,619 % Hispanics dropouts 1.36% 2.14% 2.12% 2.53% 1.90% 1.84% Hispanics dropouts 8 15 17 5,377 4328 4,753 Hispanics students 589 701 803 212,663 227,455 258,350
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES)
6.0 4.99 5.0 4.69 4.25
3.81 4.0
2.97 3.0 2008 2.16 2.13 2.16 2.03 2011 1.58 2.0 1.61 1.64 1.47 1.31 1.37 1.321.38 2014 0.59 0.74 1.0 0.47 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.19 0.0 Black Asian Other Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS
6%
5%
4% Alachua White
3% Alachua Black Florida White 2% Florida Black
1%
0% 2008 2011 2014
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. High school is grades 9 to 12. Others is a combination of American Indian and Pacific Islander. 46
EDUCATION MALE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
High School Degree or Higher Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White high school or higher 91.49% 94.44% 89.70% 91.09% 89.62% 91.28% Non-Hispanic White high school or higher 43,865 46,614 3,542,841 3,702,468 59,826,221 62,554,803 Non-Hispanic White 47,947 49,358 3,949,775 4,064,576 66,758,182 68,527,583 % White high school or higher 91.30% 93.89% 86.49% 87.64% 86.76% 87.99% White high school or higher 46,652 50,275 4,260,256 4,642,078 64,551,779 68,997,895 White 51,095 53,545 4,925,455 5,296,479 74,405,439 78,411,791 % Black high school or higher 72.52% 87.34% 75.23% 90.36% 79.40% 89.93% Black high school or higher 8,393 10,108 586,125 703,996 8,237,530 9,329,727 Black 11,573 11,573 779,131 779,131 10,374,555 10,374,555 % Asian high school or higher 96.93% 96.70% 88.30% 88.30% 88.06% 87.98% Asian high school or higher 3,250 3,748 119,352 140,573 3,887,031 4,544,348 Asian 3,353 3,876 135,162 159,195 4,414,321 5,165,344 % Other high school or higher 71.01% 82.50% 66.13% 70.61% 59.19% 61.70% Other high school or higher 796 910 134,698 121,941 3,229,085 3,227,940 Other 1,121 1,103 203,679 172,686 5,455,638 5,231,378 % Hispanic high school or higher 84.18% 86.52% 71.97% 75.39% 59.86% 63.39% Hispanic high school or higher 3,428 4,545 868,943 1,091,756 7,668,570 9,500,440 Hispanic 4,072 5,253 1,207,301 1,448,084 12,810,229 14,986,936
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
1.2 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.96 1.0 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.89 0.79 0.84 0.80 0.83 0.8 0.67 0.69 0.6 2010 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 95%
90%
85% Alachua White Alachua Black 80% Florida White Florida Black 75% USA White
70% USA Black
65% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 47
EDUCATION FEMALE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
High School Degree or Higher Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White high school or higher 93.02% 95.14% 90.79% 92.40% 90.32% 92.20% Non-Hispanic White high school or higher 46,827 49,905 3,849,403 4,016,862 64,673,100 67,243,516 Non-Hispanic White 50,339 52,457 4,239,957 4,347,476 71,604,022 72,929,100 % White high school or higher 92.87% 95.05% 87.88% 89.20% 87.83% 89.27% White high school or higher 49,708 54,241 4,667,658 5,073,842 69,718,892 74,107,366 White 53,526 57,068 5,311,235 5,687,980 79,382,813 83,014,963 %Black high school or higher 84.21% 95.93% 79.42% 93.52% 82.08% 91.64% Black high school or higher 11,887 13,542 723,791 852,333 10,165,021 11,348,977 Black 14,116 14,116 911,357 911,357 12,383,714 12,383,714 %Asian high school or higher 94.65% 92.96% 83.61% 84.35% 83.73% 84.27% Asian high school or higher 3,311 3,832 139,883 169,146 4,296,749 5,102,942 Asian 3,498 4,122 167,298 200,536 5,131,488 6,055,152 %Other high school or higher 87.04% 90.72% 73.81% 75.11% 62.54% 64.66% Other high school or higher 927 890 145,273 129,822 3,304,639 3,261,045 Other 1,065 981 196,812 172,837 5,283,904 5,043,337 %Hispanic high school or higher 88.47% 94.39% 75.73% 78.41% 63.20% 66.42% Hispanic high school or higher 3,781 5,198 984,083 1,218,958 8,060,655 9,939,458 Hispanic 4,274 5,507 1,299,535 1,554,595 12,753,421 14,965,363
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
1.2 1.01 1.02 0.99 1.01 0.99 0.91 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.91 1.0 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.8 0.70 0.72 0.6 2010 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 100%
95% Alachua White 90% Alachua Black Florida White 85% Florida Black USA White 80% USA Black
75% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 48
RD EDUCATION 3 GRADERS PROFICIENT IN READING
Alachua Florida 3rd Graders Proficient in Reading 2014 2015 2014 2015 % Non-Hispanic White 3rd graders proficient in reading 69.92% 73.96% 65.17% 67.46% Non-Hispanic White 3rd graders proficient 644 693 53,603 55,736 Non-Hispanic White 3rd graders 921 937 82,252 82,620 % Black 3rd graders proficient in reading 30.75% 27.66% 34.44% 36.40% Black 3rd graders proficient 258 247 16,856 17,967 Black 3rd graders 839 893 48,940 49,357 % Asian 3rd graders proficient in reading 85.58% 88.89% 74.18% 76.15% Asian 3rd graders proficient 89 96 4,050 4,295 Asian 3rd graders 104 108 5,460 5,640 % Other 3rd graders proficient in reading N/A N/A 55.67% 55.57% Other 3rd graders proficient N/A N/A 530 514 Other 3rd graders N/A N/A 952 925 % Hispanic 3rd graders proficient in reading 56.35% 59.04% 49.65% 50.01% Hispanic 3rd graders proficient 111 147 34,546 36,586 Hispanic 3rd graders 197 249 69,585 73,155
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 1.4 1.221.20 1.141.13 1.2 1.0 0.81 0.85 0.80 0.82 0.76 0.8 0.74 0.530.54 0.6 0.44 2014 0.37 0.4 2015 0.2 N/A N/A 0.0 Black Asian Other Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF 3RD GRADERS PROFICIENT IN READING
80% 70%
60% 50% Alachua White Alachua Black 40% Florida White 30% Florida Black 20% 10%
0% 2014 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Other is a sum of American Indian and Pacific Islander. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. Year indicates start year of school year. 49
TH EDUCATION 8 GRADERS PROFICIENT IN MATH
Alachua Florida 8th Graders Proficient in Math 2014 2015 2014 2015 % Non-Hispanic White 8th graders proficient in math 57.98% 47.08% 56.86% 59.59% Non-Hispanic White 8th graders proficient 178 153 24,716 28,898 Non-Hispanic White 8th graders 307 325 43,469 48,498 % Black 8th graders proficient in math 26.45% 22.25% 29.56% 32.75% Black 8th graders proficient 132 107 9,650 10,944 Black 8th graders 499 481 32,643 33,414 % Asian 8th graders proficient in math 82.35% 78.57% 61.90% 70.66% Asian 8th graders proficient 14 11 1,043 1,491 Asian 8th graders 17 14 1,685 2,110 % Other 8th graders proficient in math N/A N/A 46.23% 53.10% Other 8th graders proficient N/A N/A 270 351 Other 8th graders N/A N/A 584 661 % Hispanic 8th graders proficient in math 45.65% 40.70% 42.58% 45.14% Hispanic 8th graders proficient 42 35 16,923 20,244 Hispanic 8th graders 92 86 39,744 44,849
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES)
1.8 1.67
1.6 1.42 1.4 1.19 1.09 1.2 1.0 0.86 0.89 0 79 0 81 0.750.76 0.8 2014 0.6 0.47 0.520.55 0.46 2015 0.4 0.2 N/A N/A 0.0 Black Asian Other Hispanic Black Asian Other Hispanic
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF 8TH GRADERS PROFICIENT IN MATH 70%
60%
50%
Alachua White 40% Alachua Black 30% Florida White
20% Florida Black
10%
0% 2014 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Other is a sum of American Indian and Pacific Islander. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. Year indicates start year of school year. 50
EDUCATION ADVANCED PLACEMENT ACHIEVEMENT
Alachua Florida Advanced Placement Achievement 2010 2012 2010 2012 % Non-Hispanic who scored 3-5 62.73% 66.09% 46.70% 50.68% Non-Hispanic who scored 3-5 1,947 1,943 63,652 74,704 Non-Hispanic total number of exams 3,104 2,940 136,289 147,413 % Black who scored 3-5 26.53% 25.58% 18.12% 22.48% Black who scored 3-5 152 122 6,058 7,527 Black total number of exams 573 477 33,432 33,485 % Hispanics who scored 3-5 60.59% 62.28% 40.32% 43.95% Hispanics who scored 3-5 206 208 26,079 32,398 Hispanics total number of exams 340 334 64,674 73,711
DISPARITY RATIO OF AP ACHIEVEMENT (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 1.20
0.97 1.00 0.94 0.86 0.87 0.80
0.60 2010 0.42 0.44 0.39 0.39 0.40 2012
0.20
0.00 Black Hispanic Black Hispanic Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF STUDENTS WHO SCORED 3-5 70%
60%
50%
40% Alachua White Alachua Black 30% Florida White Florida Black 20%
10%
0% 2010 2012
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. Students can take multiple exams Students who scored 3-5 is divided by total number of exams taken by each race of students. 51
EDUCATION ADVANCED PLACEMENT PARTICIPATION
Alachua Florida Advanced Placement Participation 2010 2012 2010 2012 % Non-Hispanic who took AP classes 45.20% 44.89% 28.39% 31.45% Non-Hispanic who took AP classes 1,467 1,357 75,714 81,443 Non-Hispanic students 3,246 3,023 266,738 258,966 % Black who took AP classes 13.41% 12.33% 16.35% 16.12% Black who took AP classes 290 259 21,249 20,978 Black students 2,163 2,101 129,952 130,103 % Hispanics who took AP classes 40.91% 33.90% 27.30% 27.76% Hispanics who took AP classes 162 156 37,375 42,273 Hispanics students 396 460 136,905 152,303
DISPARITY RATIO OF AP PARTICIPATION (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 1.2
0.96 1.0 0.91 0.88 0.76 0.8 0.58 0.6 0.51 2010 0.4 0.30 0.27 2012 0.2
0.0 Black Hispanic Black Hispanic Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF AP PARTICIPATION 50% 45% 40% 35%
30% Alachua White 25% Alachua Black 20% Florida White Florida Black 15% 10% 5%
0% 2010 2012
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is 52 fewer than 10. Total number of students is total number of students of each race in 10th-12th grade.
EDUCATION GIFTED STUDENTS
Alachua Florida Gifted Students 2009 2015 2009 2015 % Non-Hispanic White Gifted Students 22.79% 23.96% 6.64% 7.90% Non-Hispanic White Gifted Students 3,018 3,087 77,487 87,030 Non-Hispanic White Students PK-12 13,241 12,884 1,167,302 1,101,574 % Black Gifted Students 4.29% 4.02% 2.18% 2.43% Black Gifted Students 430 421 13,284 15,262 Black Students PK-12 10,023 10,470 608,038 628,560 % Other Gifted Students 16.54% 27.25% 9.87% 12.39% Other Gifted Students 203 417 7,598 10,750 Other Students PK-12 1,227 1,530 76,986 86,778 % Hispanic Gifted Students 12.13% 13.08% 4.98% 5.27% Hispanic Gifted Students 203 345 34,451 46,426 Hispanic Students PK-12 1,674 2,638 692,458 880,660
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 1.8 1.57 1.6 1.49
1.4 1.14 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.73 0.75 2009 0 67 0.53 0.55 0.6 2015
0.4 0.33 0.31 0.19 0.17 0.2 0.0 Black Other Hispanic Black Other Hispanic Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF GIFTED STUDENTS IN PK-12 30%
25%
20% Alachua White 15% Alachua Black Florida White 10% Florida Black
5%
0% 2009 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Education. Other is a sum of Asian, American Indian, Pacific Islander. Data is not reported when the total number of students in a group is fewer than 10. Year indicates start year of school year. Gifted students is defined as students who have superior intellectual development and capable of high performance. Each school 53 district serves gifted students through local plans that provide academic and social emotional support.
EDUCATION OUT OF SCHOOL SUSPENSION
Out of School Suspension at least once
(2014-2015) Alachua % White out of school suspensions 2.50%
% Black out of school suspensions 13.10%
% Asian out of school suspensions 0.40%
% 2 or more races out of school suspensions 4.50%
% Hispanics out of school suspensions 3.40%
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 6.0 5.24
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0 1.80 1.36
1.0
0.16 0.0 Black Asian Other Hispanic Alachua
Notes: Data from the Alachua County Public Schools. Year indicates start year of school year.
54
FAMILY STRUCTURE BIRTHS TO TEEN MOTHERS
Births to teen Alachua Florida US mothers 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White births 5.53% 5.50% 3.20% 9.40% 7.68% 4.81% 9.14% 8.44% 5.51% White births 91 97 57 15,622 11,790 7,737 295,265 259,058 165,934 White mothers 1,646 1,764 1,783 166,181 153,480 160,830 3,229,294 3,069,315 3,012,855 % Black births 17.08% 16.74% 8.87% 16.17% 13.58% 7.49% 16.41% 14.92% 8.55% Black births 139 145 74 7,756 6,679 3,676 103,905 94,950 54,746 Black mothers 814 866 834 47,957 49,189 49,109 633,134 636,425 640,079 % Other births 2.61% 1.69% 1.90% 6.45% 5.48% 3.68% 5.59% 4.66% 2.78% Other births 6 4 5 752 587 483 15,423 13,670 9,035 Other mothers 230 236 263 11,651 10,716 13,127 275,921 293,646 325,563 % Hispanic births 9.90% 9.48% 5.16% 11.11% 8.57% 5.65% 13.89% 12.89% 8.70% Hispanic births 19 20 13 7,083 5,109 3,616 136,906 121,798 80,364 Hispanic mothers 192 211 252 63,757 59,616 63,978 985,505 945,180 924,048
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 3.5 3.09 3.04 3.0 2.78 2.5
2.0 1.72 1.77 1.79 1.77 1.56 1.55 2005 1.5 2010 1.0 0.69 0.71 0.76 0.59 0.61 0.55 0.50 2015 0.47 0.5 0 31 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida US
PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO TEEN MOTHERS 18% 16% 14% Alachua White 12% Alachua Black 10% Florida White 8% Florida Black 6% USA White 4% USA Black 2% 0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. These data are only for pregnancies that end with a live birth. Teen mothers is defined as mothers aged 15 to 19. Other 55 category for national data is a sum of American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian Pacific Islander.
FAMILY STRUCTURE BIRTHS TO MOTHERS WITHOUT A HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE Births to Mothers without a High School Alachua Florida Degree 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White births to mothers without HS degree 7.78% 8.90% 6.95% 20.41% 16.42% 12.50% White mothers without a HS degree 128 157 124 33,911 25,201 20,103 White mothers 1,646 1,764 1,783 166,181 153,480 160,830 % Black births to mothers without HS degree 26.90% 21.25% 17.27% 24.44% 20.81% 14.89% Black mothers without a HS degree 219 184 144 11,720 10,235 7,314 Black mothers 814 866 834 47,957 49,189 49,109 % Other births to mothers without HS degree 5.22% 2.54% 4.94% 14.20% 9.59% 9.19% Other mothers without a HS degree 12 6 13 1,654 1,028 1,206 Other mothers 230 236 263 11,651 10,716 13,127 % Hispanic births to mothers without HS degree 18.75% 18.01% 12.70% 32.07% 25.82% 19.55% Hispanic mothers without a HS degree 36 38 32 20,444 15,390 12,510 Hispanic mothers 192 211 252 63,757 59,616 63,978
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.0 2005 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 2010 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 2015 0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS WITHOUT A HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE 30%
25%
20% Alachua White
15% Alachua Black Florida White 10% Florida Black 5%
0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data collected from Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics. These data are only for pregnancies that 56 end with a live birth.
FAMILY STRUCTURE BIRTHS TO UNWED MOTHERS
Births to unwed Alachua Florida US Mothers 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White births 24.79% 29.82% 31.13% 36.51% 41.57% 42.59% 31.67% 35.91% 35.77% White births 408 526 555 60,665 63,796 68,504 1,022,560 1,102,095 1,077,618 White mothers 1,646 1,764 1,783 166,181 153,480 160,830 3,229,294 3,069,315 3,012,855 % Black births 78.62% 76.56% 79.62% 68.75% 70.46% 69.55% 69.28% 72.06% 70.07% Black births 640 663 664 32,972 34,658 34,157 438,614 458,637 448,531 Black mothers 814 866 834 47,957 49,189 49,109 633,134 636,425 640,079 % Other births 16.09% 13.14% 16.35% 26.86% 26.75% 28.91% 23.87% 24.77% 23.15% Other births 37 31 43 3,129 2,867 3,795 65,860 72,739 75,378 Other mothers 230 236 263 11,651 10,716 13,127 275,921 293,646 325,563 % Hispanic births 36.46% 44.08% 40.08% 45.18% 50.56% 51.40% 47.96% 53.37% 52.96% Hispanic births 70 93 101 28,803 30,142 32,885 472,649 504,411 489,358 Hispanic mothers 192 211 252 63,757 59,616 63,978 985,505 945,180 924,048
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
3.5 3.17 3.0 2.57 2.56 2.5 2.19 1.88 2.01 1.96 2.0 1.70 1.63 2005 1.5 2010 1.0 0.74 0.75 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.69 0.65 2015 0.44 0.53 0.5 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO UNWED MOTHERS 90%
80%
70%
60% Alachua White
50% Alachua Black Florida White 40% Florida Black
30% USA White USA Black 20%
10%
0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. These data are only for pregnancies that end with a live birth. Other category for national data is a sum of American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian Pacific Islander. 57
FAMILY STRUCTURE MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILY
Married-couple Family Alachua Florida USA Households (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White married family 40.05% 43.01% 50.42% 48.84% 52.68% 51.45% Non-Hispanic White married family 27,020 28,002 2,398,181 2,293,458 42,794,358 41,656,866 Non-Hispanic White Households 67,468 65,107 4,756,221 4,696,110 81,235,589 80,971,346 % White married family 39.51% 42.11% 50.50% 48.80% 52.54% 51.26% White married family 28,731 30,160 2,916,045 2,868,724 46,788,570 46,467,665 White Households 72,721 71,620 5,774,503 5,877,996 89,046,111 90,647,126 % Black married family 24.79% 23.67% 32.49% 31.09% 28.71% 27.50% Black married family 4,335 4,173 310,260 311,124 3,910,480 3,901,242 Black Households 17,488 17,628 954,842 1,000,764 13,619,955 14,186,983 % Asian married family 39.02% 47.94% 61.24% 60.83% 60.08% 60.37% Asian married family 1,833 2,221 84,703 94,182 2,704,512 3,059,616 Asian Households 4,698 4,633 138,315 154,822 4,501,393 5,067,711 % Other married family 35.88% 42.41% 48.30% 45.53% 47.48% 44.73% Other married family 461 497 94,871 71,381 2,556,179 2,186,532 Other Households 1,285 1,172 196,433 156,792 5,383,354 4,888,257 % Hispanic married family 31.00% 34.04% 50.07% 47.86% 49.64% 47.98% Hispanic married family 2,049 2,590 623,288 660,518 6,389,374 6,914,569 Hispanic Households 6,609 7,608 1,244,858 1,380,024 12,871,609 14,410,181
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
1.4 1.25 1.21 1.17 1.2 1.11 1.14 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.94 0.93 1.0 0.77 0.79 0.8 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.6 2010 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 60%
50% Alachua White 40% Alachua Black
Florida White 30% Florida Black 20% USA White USA Black 10%
0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. 58 Hispanic is of any race.
FAMILY STRUCTURE GRANDPARENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILDREN UNDER 18
Grandparents responsible for own Alachua Florida USA grandchildren (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White grandparents responsible 47.22% 45.29% 44.54% 41.26% 44.46% 38.64% Non-Hispanic White grandparents responsible 698 883 76,293 78,991 1,341,889 1,396,296 Non-Hispanic White grandparents living with grandchildren 1,478 1,950 171,304 191,454 3,018,313 3,328,115 % White grandparents responsible 46.17% 41.62% 37.01% 32.49% 41.83% 38.64% White grandparents responsible 755 966 100,184 104,640 1,643,022 1,753,426 White grandparents living with grandchildren 1,636 2,321 270,677 322,076 3,927,677 4,538,339 % Black grandparents responsible 61.61% 58.65% 46.40% 39.87% 50.20% 45.58% Black grandparents responsible 975 673 47,464 43,429 631,322 574,630 Black grandparents living with grandchildren 1,582 1,147 102,283 108,931 1,257,630 1,260,650 % Asian grandparents responsible 8.44% 17.31% 21.28% 14.55% 17.16% 14.37% Asian grandparents responsible 23 53 3,186 2,675 81,887 85,926 Asian grandparents living with grandchildren 277 309 14,968 18,391 477,255 597,908 % Other grandparents responsible 0.00% 38.71% 27.99% 26.50% 35.44% 32.82% Other grandparents responsible 0 22 6,052 4,249 237,736 217,500 Other grandparents living with grandchildren 14 58 21,621 16,033 670,736 662,742 % Hispanic grandparents responsible 37.27% 23.44% 25.03% 20.33% 33.18% 29.64% Hispanic grandparents responsible 68 91 31,218 30,684 507,171 542,407 Hispanic grandparents living with grandchildren 183 390 124,736 150,900 1,528,505 1,829,743
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 1.4 1.30 1.30 1.13 1.18 1.2 1.04 0.97 1.0 0.79 0.75 0.77 0.8 0.52 0.6 0.48 0.56 0 49 2010 0.38 0.35 0.39 0.37 0.4 0.18 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF GRANDPARENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR OWN GRANDCHILDREN BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 80% Alachua White 60% Alachua Black
40% Florida White Florida Black 20% USA White
0% USA Black 2010 2012 2014
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. Data broken down by race was only available for the years 2010, 2012, and 2014. 59
FAMILY STRUCTURE BELOW POVERY LEVEL HOUSEHOLDS WITH NO RELATED CHILDREN
Households below poverty level with no Alachua Florida USA related children under 18 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White no related children 32.58% 39.51% 38.40% 40.15% 29.01% 30.78% Non-Hispanic White no related children 759 1,123 67,755 84,186 962,057 1,138,964 Non-Hispanic White Households 2,330 2,842 176,450 209,671 3,316,775 3,699,967 % White no related children 33.15% 37.95% 33.82% 34.13% 25.09% 26.19% White no related children 949 1,282 96,703 124,512 1,121,031 1,372,306 White Households 2,863 3,378 285,927 364,801 4,468,157 5,238,844 % Black no related children 13.24% 25.86% 17.94% 20.44% 16.63% 18.95% Black no related children 323 755 23,686 31,321 312,041 386,434 Black Households 2,439 2,920 132,059 153,212 1,876,429 2,039,534 % Asian no related children 65.11% 65.11% 32.57% 37.08% 34.91% 37.40% Asian no related children 265 181 3,081 4,130 98,073 129,559 Asian Households 407 278 9,461 11,137 280,963 346,448 % Other no related children 20.31% 48.19% 16.97% 17.85% 12.50% 14.36% Other no related children 39 40 4,490 4,570 111,863 129,945 Other Households 192 83 26,454 25,602 895,093 904,891 % Hispanic no related children 30.24% 36.14% 24.43% 24.71% 12.95% 14.63% Hispanic no related children 241 253 34,463 46,333 259,764 354,270 Hispanic Households 797 700 141,087 187,477 2,005,814 2,421,983
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
2.5 2.00 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.20 1.21 0.93 0.91 0.92 1.0 0.85 2010 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.57 0.62 0.41 0.47 0.51 0.45 0.48 0.5 2015 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL WITH UNRELATED CHILDREN 70% BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 60% 50% Alachua White 40% Alachua Black 30% Florida White Florida Black 20% USA White 10% USA Black 0% 2007 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. Children are under 18 years. Related children in a family include own children and all other children 60 under 18 in the household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption.
CHILD WELFARE INVESTIGATIONS
Alachua Florida Investigations 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White investigations 6.04% 7.38% 6.70% 5.28% 6.44% 5.15% White investigations 1,801 1,851 1,884 163,531 168,241 153,281 White children 29,816 25,066 28,112 3,099,228 2,613,743 2,978,801 % Black investigations 14.54% 14.92% 14.81% 7.99% 9.14% 8.43% Black investigations 2,074 2,047 2131 74,776 79,370 79,984 Black children 14,260 13,722 14,392 936,421 868,633 948,507 % Other investigations 8.63% 5.96% 17.99% 9.89% 4.13% 20.25% Other investigations 271 342 542 15,980 21,758 33,510 Other children 3,140 5,738 3,013 161,638 526,845 165,482
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 4.5 3.94 4.0
3.5 3.0 2.68 2.41 2.5 2.21 2.02 2009 1.87 2.0 1.64 1.43 1.51 1.42 2012 1.5 0.81 2015 1.0 0.64 0.5 0.0 Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF INVESTIGATIONS 16%
14%
12%
10% Alachua White
8% Alachua Black Florida White 6% Florida Black 4%
2%
0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Annual data is a sum of all the counts of the month of that year. When possible child abuse or neglect is received, the initial response involves an investigation. 61
CHILD WELFARE VERIFIED FINDINGS
Alachua Florida Verified Findings 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White verified findings 2.14% 1.85% 1.20% 1.03% 1.30% 0.86% White verified findings 637 463 336 31,839 33,958 25,747 White children 29,816 25,066 28,112 3,099,228 2,613,743 2,978,801 % Black verified findings 5.34% 3.69% 2.77% 1.62% 1.91% 1.47% Black verified findings 762 507 399 15,172 16,609 13,910 Black children 14,260 13,722 14,392 936,421 868,633 948,507 % Other verified findings 3.98% 1.50% 2.32% 2.07% 0.83% 2.93% Other verified findings 125 86 70 3,345 4,394 4,846 Other children 3,140 5,738 3,013 161,638 526,845 165,482
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 4.0 3.39 3.5
3.0 2.50 2.5 2.32 2.00 2.01 1.86 1.94 2.0 1.70 2009 1.58 1.47 1.5 2012
0.81 1.0 0.64 2015 0.5 0.0 Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF VERIFIED FINDINGS 6%
5%
4% Alachua White
3% Alachua Black Florida White 2% Florida Black
1%
0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Annual data is a sum of all the counts of the month of that year. Verified finding is a finding of an incident of child abuse or neglect. 62
CHILD WELFARE REMOVALS
Alachua Florida Removals 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White removals 0.33% 0.30% 0.41% 0.26% 0.34% 0.33% White removals 98 74 114 8,080 8,870 9,727 White children 29,816 25,066 28,112 3,099,228 2,613,743 2,978,801 % Black removals 0.79% 0.90% 1.08% 0.47% 0.51% 0.56% Black removals 112 124 156 4,446 4,430 5,359 Black children 14,260 13,722 14,392 936,421 868,633 948,507 % Other removals 0.32% 0.33% 0.90% 0.49% 0.19% 0.76% Other removals 10 19 27 795 978 1,259 Other children 3,140 5,738 3,013 161,638 526,845 165,482
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 3.5 3.06 3.0 2.67 2.39 2.5 2.21 2.33 1.89 2.0 1.82 1.73 1.50 2009 1.5 1.12 0.97 2012 1.0 0.55 2015 0.5
0.0
Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF REMOVALS 1.2%
1.0%
0.8% Alachua White
0.6% Alachua Black Florida White 0.4% Florida Black
0.2%
0.0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Annual data is a sum of all the counts of the month of that year. A removal is the physical act of a child being taken from their normal place of residence, by court order or voluntary placement agreement and placed in a substitute care setting, or the removal of custody from parent or relative guardian pursuant to a 63 court order or voluntary placement agreement which permits the child to remain in a substitute care setting.
CHILD WELFARE DISCHARGES
Alachua Florida Discharges 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White discharges 0.43% 0.49% 0.38% 0.32% 0.32% 0.26% White discharges 128 123 107 9,812 8,474 7,746 White children 29,816 25,066 28,112 3,099,228 2,613,743 2,978,801 % Black discharges 1.01% 0.95% 0.79% 0.62% 0.53% 0.47% Black discharges 144 131 114 5,767 4,619 4,413 Black children 14,260 13,722 14,392 936,421 868,633 948,507 % Other discharges 0.41% 0.47% 0.70% 0.49% 0.17% 0.57% Other discharges 13 27 21 790 915 938 Other children 3,140 5,738 3,013 161,638 526,845 165,482
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 2.5 2.35 2.18 2.08 1.95 1.95 2.0 1.83 1.79 1.64 1.54 1.5
2009 0.96 0.96 1.0 2012
0.54 2015 0.5
0.0 Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF DISCHARGES 1.2%
1.0%
0.8% Alachua White
0.6% Alachua Black Florida White 0.4% Florida Black
0.2%
0.0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Annual data is a sum of all the counts of the month of that year. A discharge represents that point in time when the child is no longer in foster care under the care and responsibility or 64 supervision of the agency.
CHILD WELFARE IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE
Alachua Florida In Out-of-Home Care 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White in out-of-home care 0.47% 0.38% 0.46% 0.35% 0.44% 0.45% White in out-of-home care 139 95 130 10,701 11,421 13,275 White children 29,816 25,066 28,112 3,099,228 2,613,743 2,978,801 % Black in out-of-home care 1.37% 1.06% 1.08% 0.74% 0.69% 0.81% Black in out-of-home care 195 145 155 6,888 6,015 7,705 Black children 14,260 13,722 14,392 936,421 868,633 948,507 % Other in out-of-home care 0.51% 0.24% 0.90% 0.61% 0.23% 0.99% Other in out-of-home care 16 14 27 994 1,233 1,642 Other children 3,140 5,738 3,013 161,638 526,845 165,482
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 3.5
2.93 3.0 2.79
2.5 2.33 2.13 2.23 1.94 2.0 1.82 1.78 1.58 2009 1.5 1.09 2012
1.0 0.64 2015 0.54 0.5
0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF CHILDREN IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE AS OF DECEMBER 1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0% Alachua White
0.8% Alachua Black Florida White 0.6% Florida Black 0.4%
0.2%
0.0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Data is as December of that year. Out-of-home care includes all children who have been removed from their home and are living with a relative, non-relative or in foster care. 65
CHILD WELFARE IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE 12+ MONTHS
Alachua Florida In Out-of-Home Care 12+ Months 2009 2012 2015 2009 2012 2015 % White in out-of-home care 49.64% 31.72% 40.77% 42.85% 39.10% 36.65% White in out-of-home care 69 46 53 4,585 4,466 4,865 White children 139 145 130 10,701 11,421 13,275 % Black in out-of-home care 48.72% 48.42% 25.16% 52.13% 43.56% 40.75% Black in out-of-home care 95 46 39 3,591 2,620 3,140 Black children 195 95 155 6,888 6,015 7,705 % Other in out-of-home care 43.75% 21.43% 18.52% 38.63% 39.82% 35.93% Other in out-of-home care 7 3 5 384 491 590 Other children 16 14 27 994 1,233 1,642
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 1.8 1.53 1.6 1.4 1.22 1.2 1.11 1.11 0.98 1.02 0.98 1.0 0.88 0.90 2009 0.8 0.68 0.62 2012
0.6 0.45 2015 0.4
0.2 0.0 Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
PERCENT OF CHILDREN IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE FOR 12+ MONTHS AS OF DECEMBER 60.0%
50.0%
40.0% Alachua White 30.0% Alachua Black Florida White 20.0% Florida Black
10.0%
0.0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: Data from Florida Department of Children and Families. Data is as December of that year. Out-of-home care includes all 66 children who have been removed from their home and are living with a relative, non-relative or in foster care.
JUSTICE SYSTEM INMATE POPULATION
Alachua Florida Adult Inmate Population 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 Non-Hispanic White Inmate Population 0.23% 0.26% 0.27% 0.29% 0.33% 0.31% Non-Hispanic White Inmate Population 351 449 494 38,870 47,602 47,539 Non-Hispanic White Population 151,420 173,152 182,337 13,341,532 14,411,461 15,357,374 Black Inmate Population 2.19% 2.30% 2.36% 1.66% 1.68% 1.46% Black Inmate Population 935 1,164 1,217 43,303 50,442 48,020 Black Population 42,646 50,685 51,528 2,613,628 2,997,377 3,280,778 Other Inmate Population 0.00% 0.03% 0.08% 0.35% 0.73% 0.76% Other Inmate Population 0 1 2 2,728 4,188 4,491 Other Population 2,902 2,926 2,629 777,988 574,909 587,196 Hispanic Inmate Population 0.20% 0.22% 0.15% N/A N/A N/A Hispanic Inmate Population 27 47 37 N/A N/A N/A Hispanic Population 13,177 20,928 23,895 N/A N/A N/A
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 10.0 9.46 8.86 8.72 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.69 5.09 5.0 4 73 2005
4.0 2010 3.0 2.21 2.47 2015 2.0 1.20 0.88 0.87 1.0 0.57 0.00 0.13 0.28 0.0
Black Other Hispanic Black Other
Alachua Florida
Inmate Population Rate
2.5%
2.0%
1.5% Alachua White Alachua Black
1.0% Florida White Florida Black
0.5%
0.0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: County level data is from a special report generated by the Florida Department of Corrections Agency. State data from Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Reports. Population counts from American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau 1 year estimates. Other is not black or white. Hispanic data not available for state, unable to calculate disparity 67 ratio.
JUSTICE SYSTEM ADMISSIONS RATE
Alachua Florida Admissions 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 Non-Hispanic White Admissions 0.12% 0.12% 0.11% 0.12% 0.13% 0.11% Non-Hispanic White Admissions 185 204 195 16,044 18,682 16,667 Non-Hispanic White Population 151,420 173,152 182,337 13,341,532 14,411,461 15,357,374 Black Admissions 1.08% 0.97% 0.81% 0.58% 0.56% 0.40% Black Admissions 460 492 417 15,265 16,913 13,185 Black Population 42,646 50,685 51,528 2,613,628 2,997,377 3,280,778 Other Admissions 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.12% 0.24% 0.19% Other Admissions 0 1 0 895 1,397 1,133 Other Population 2,902 2,926 2,629 777,988 574,909 587,196 Hispanic Admissions 0.10% 0.09% 0.08% N/A N/A N/A Hispanic Admissions 13 19 18 N/A N/A N/A Hispanic Population 13,177 20,928 23,895 N/A N/A N/A
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) 10.0 8.83 9.0 8.24 8.0 7.57 7.0 6.0 4.86 5.0 4.35 2005 4.0 3.70 2010 3.0 2015 1.87 1.78 2.0 0.81 0.77 0.70 0.96 1.0 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.0 Black Other Hispanic Black Other Alachua Florida
ADMISSIONS RATE
1.2%
1.0%
0.8% Alachua White
0.6% Alachua Black
Florida White 0.4% Florida Black
0.2%
0.0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: County and state data from Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Reports. National data from FBI Uniform Crime Reports. Population counts from American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau 1 year estimates. Other is 68 not white or black. Hispanic data not available for state, unable to calculate disparity ratio.
JUSTICE SYSTEM ARREST RATE
Alachua USA Arrest Rate 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015
White Arrest Rate 5.68% 3.13% 4.64% 3.27% 3.08% 2.45%
White Arrests 9,828 5,703 668,956 501,644 7,066,154 5,753,212
White Population 173,152 182,337 14,411,461 1 5,357,374 229,397,472 234,940,100 Black Arrest Rate 21.36% 12.03% 11.57% 8.10% 7.32% 5.40% Black Arrests 10,828 6,198 346,766 265,899 2,846,862 2,197,140 Black Population 50,685 51,528 2,997,377 3,280,778 38,874,625 40,695,277 Asian Arrest Rate 0.67% 0.44% 0.77% 0.81% N/A 0.59%
Asian Arrests 92 71 3,480 4,420 N/A 101,064
Asian Population 13,770 16,280 452,580 544,068 N/A 17,273,777 Other Arrest Rate 2.94% 0.36% 1.91% 2.28% 5.70% 6.70% Other Arrests 20 4 1,295 1,074 145,612 174,020 Other Population 681 1,124 67,854 47,032 2,553,566 2,597,249
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 4.5 4.0 3.76 3.85 3.5 3.0 2.49 2.48 2.5 2.0 2010 1.5 2015 1.0 0.70 0.52 0.41 0.5 0.11 0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
ARREST RATE
25%
20%
15% Alachua White Alachua Black
10% Florida White Florida Black 5%
0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: County and state data from Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Reports. National data from FBI Uniform Crime Reports. Population counts from American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau 1 year estimates. Other is not white or black. 69
JUSTICE SYSTEM ADMISSIONS TO STATE YOUTH SECURE CORRECTIONS Admission to State Youth Secure Alachua Florida Corrections 2008 2010 2015 2008 2010 2015 White Rate of Admission 0.36% 0.22% 0.16% 0.28% 0.24% 0.11% White Admissions 40 25 17 2,815 2,316 943 White Population 10-17 11,225 11,328 10,554 997,238 974,931 852,420 Black Rate of Admission 2.99% 1.80% 1.60% 1.04% 0.86% 0.52% Black Admissions 193 117 93 4,388 3,375 2,020 Black Population 10-17 6,444 6,503 5,818 421,908 393,722 387,262 Other Rate of Admission 0.16% 0.20% 0.08% 0.43% 0.47% 0.02% Other Admissions 2 3 1 331 265 10 Other Population 10-17 1,455 1,468 1,221 76,711 56,246 60,906 Hispanic Rate of Admission 0.00% 0.18% 0.05% 0.18% 0.15% 0.07% Hispanic Admissions 0 3 1 745 662 397 Hispanic Population 10-17 1,663 1,678 1,929 421,908 449,968 540,140
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
12.0 9.91 10.0 8.40 8.09 8.0
6.0 2008 4.72 3.68 3.61 2010 4.0 1.98 2015 1.53 2.0 0.91 0.45 0.51 0.15 0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
RATE OF ADMISSION TO STATE YOUTH SECURE CORRECTIONS 3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
Alachua White 2.0% Alachua Black 1.5% Florida White
Florida Black 1.0%
0.5%
0.0% 2008 2010 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Juvenile population is the population aged 10-17. Data for 2008, 70 2010, and 2015 is from the fiscal year 2007-08, 2009-10, and 2014-15 respectively.
JUSTICE SYSTEM JUVENILE DETENTION RATE
Alachua Florida Juvenile Detention Rate 2008 2010 2015 2008 2010 2015 White Juvenile Detention Rate 1.64% 0.98% 0.38% 1.69% 1.41% 0.49% White Detentions 184 111 40 16,853 13,730 4,149 White Population 10-17 11,225 11,328 10,554 997,238 974,931 852,420 Black Juvenile Detention Rate 14.66% 7.40% 3.73% 6.42% 5.18% 2.48% Black Detentions 945 481 217 27,068 20,387 9,619 Black Population 10-17 6,444 6,503 5,818 421,908 393,722 387,262 Other Juvenile Detention Rate 0.00% 0.84% 0.00% 0.67% 2.96% 0.06% Other Detentions 0 12 0 511 1,664 34 Other Population 10-17 1,455 1,468 1,221 76,711 56,246 60,906 Hispanic Juvenile Detention Rate 1.39% 0.74% 0.31% 1.57% 1.29% 0.42% Hispanic Detentions 23 12 6 6,639 5,825 2,282 Hispanic Population 10-17 1,663 1,678 1,929 421,908 449,968 540,140
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
12.0 9.85 10.0 8.93 7.55 8.0 6.0 5.10 2008 3.80 3.68 2010 4.0 2.10 2015 2.0 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.11 0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
DETENTION RATE
16%
14%
12%
10% Alachua White
8% Alachua Black Florida White 6% Florida Black 4%
2%
0% 2008 2010 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Juvenile population is the population aged 10-17. Data for 2008, 2010, and 2015 is from the fiscal year 2007-08, 2009-10, and 2014-15 respectively. 71
JUSTICE SYSTEM JUVENILE ARREST RATE
Alachua Florida Juvenile Arrest Rate 2008 2010 2015 2008 2010 2015 White Arrest Rate 6.13% 4.65% 2.45% 5.95% 4.87% 3.07% White Arrests 689 526 258 59,329 47,459 26,134 White Population 10-17 11,225 11,328 10,554 997,238 974,931 852,420 Black Arrest Rate 26.33% 18.98% 16.81% 14.75% 12.98% 9.67% Black Arrests 1,697 1,234 978 62,223 51,109 37,431 Black Population 10-17 6,444 6,503 5,818 421,908 393,722 387,262 Other Arrest Rate 1.69% 1.24% 0.32% 5.66% 8.65% 0.57% Other Arrests 25 18 4 4,341 4,868 347 Other Population 10-17 1,455 1,468 1,221 76,711 56,246 60,906 Hispanic Arrest Rate 2.96% 2.16% 2.40% 4.46% 4.06% 2.06% Hispanic Arrests 49 36 46 18,812 18,253 11,107 Hispanic Population 10-17 1,663 1,678 1,929 421,908 449,968 540,140
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 8.0 6.86 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.29 4.08 4.0 2008 3.15 2.67 3.0 2.48 2010 1.78 2.0 2015 0.95
1.0 0.19 0.28 0.27 0.13 0.0
Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida
JUVENILE ARREST RATE 30%
25%
20% Alachua White 15% Alachua Black
Florida White 10% Florida Black
5%
0% 2008 2010 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Juvenile population is the population aged 10-17. Data for 2008, 72 2010, and 2015 is from the fiscal year 2007-08, 2009-10, and 2014-15 respectively.
JUSTICE SYSTEM TRANSFER TO ADULT COURT
Alachua Florida Transfer to Adult Court 2008 2010 2015 2008 2010 2015 White Transfer Rate 0.08% 0.04% N/A 0.14% 0.10% 0.05% White Transfers 9 5 N/A 1,389 978 413 White Population 10-17 11,225 11,328 10,554 997,238 974,931 852,420 Black Transfer Rate 0.93% 0.77% N/A 0.62% 0.51% 0.26% Black Transfers 60 50 N/A 2,634 1,992 1,002 Black Population 10-17 6,444 6,503 5,818 421,908 393,722 387,262 Other Transfer Rate 0.00% 0.00% N/A 0.25% 0.26% 0.01% Other Transfers 0 N/A 192 145 3 Other Population 10-17 1,455 1,468 1,221 76,711 56,246 60,906 Hispanic Transfer Rate 0.00% 0.07% N/A 0.14% 0.11% 0.04% Hispanic Transfers 0 1 N/A 575 507 201 Hispanic Population 10-17 1,663 1,678 1,929 421,908 449,968 540,140
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
20.0 18.0 17.23 16.0 14.0 11.66 12.0 10.0 2008 8.0 2010 5.34 6.0 4.48 5.04 2015 4.0 2.57 1.79 2.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.0 Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida
TRANSFER TO ADULT COURT RATE 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% Alachua White 0.5% Alachua Black 0.4% Florida White 0.3% Florida Black 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 2008 2010 2015
Notes: Data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Juvenile population is the population aged 10-17. Data for 2008, 2010, and 2015 is from the fiscal year 2007-08, 2009-10, and 2014-15 respectively. Number of transfers for 2015 Alachua county data was not large enough for a racial breakdown. 73
HEALTH STATUS UNINSURED RATE
Uninsured Rate Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2012 2015 2012 2015 2012 2015 % Non-Hispanic White uninsured 13.57% 11.45% 14.31% 12.77% 10.38% 9.01% Non-Hispanic White uninsured 21,234 18,122 1,539,459 1,386,328 20,139,666 17,527,458 Non-Hispanic White 156,443 158,251 10,758,225 10,856,311 194,040,626 194,496,983 % White uninsured 14.70% 12.18% 18.76% 16.63% 13.10% 11.53% White uninsured 25,458 21,481 2,671,708 2,450,929 29,609,697 26,486,838 White 173,144 176,347 14,243,245 14,740,298 226,004,684 229,729,186 % Black uninsured 20.04% 17.52% 25.26% 21.68% 17.48% 15.25% Black uninsured 9,697 8,626 733,766 665,976 6,551,035 5,893,638 Black 48,400 49,228 2,904,481 3,071,277 37,487,829 38,635,817 % Asian uninsured 15.38% 11.55% 22.56% 18.86% 14.85% 12.51% Asian uninsured 2,053 1,661 104,291 95,595 2,193,643 2,020,682 Asian 13,349 14,380 462,205 506,810 14,774,224 16,152,617 % Other uninsured 29.55% 20.41% 39.00% 33.37% 32.38% 27.91% Other uninsured 1,027 753 217,789 184,232 5,689,442 4,942,120 Other 3,475 3,690 558,447 552,127 17,568,541 17,709,467 % Hispanic uninsured 26.28% 18.58% 33.18% 27.97% 30.14% 25.76% Hispanic uninsured 5,462 4,169 1,393,557 1,290,393 15,017,022 13,784,869 Hispanic 20,780 22,441 4,199,447 4,613,938 49,828,677 53,509,295
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 2.902.86 3.0 2.5 2.32 1.94 2.19 2.0 1.62 1.771.70 1.681.69 1.481.53 1.581.48 1.43 1.39 1.5 1.131.01 1.0 2012 0.5 2015 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT UNINSURED BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 30%
25% Alachua White 20% Alachua Black
15% Florida White Florida Black 10% USA White 5% USA Black 0% 2009 2012 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. Breakdown of race was not available prior to 2009. 74
HEALTH STATUS PRENATAL CARE
Births to Mothers Without Alachua Florida USA Sufficient Prenatal Care 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White Births 2.30% 3.70% 5.20% 4.50% 4.00% 4.80% 2.01% 4.09% 4.87%
White Births 37 62 85 6,760 5,301 7,129 65,057 125,614 146,702 % Black Births 6.10% 5.30% 5.90% 7.80% 6.50% 7.20% 3.80% 6.67% 8.71%
Black Births 45 42 42 3,261 2,751 3,178 24,036 42,440 55,772 % Other Births 4.90% 4.30% 5.40% 5.60% 4.20% 6.20% 3.05% 4.20% 6.03%
Other Births 11 10 13 575 400 734 8,403 12,333 19,645 % Hispanic Births 3.20% 4.40% 9.20% 6.00% 4.80% 5.10% 3.31% 6.50% 6.90% Hispanic Births 6 9 21 3,384 2,371 2,959 32,578 61,411 63,797
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 3.0 2.65 2.5 2.13 1.88 2.0 1.73 1.79 1.63 1.63 1.43 1.50 1.51 1.5 1.24 1.29 1.24 2005 1.13 1.16 1.04 1.05 1.03 2010 1.0 2015 0.5
0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF BIRTHS TO MOTHERS WITHOUT SUFFICIENT PRENATAL CARE 10% 9% 8% 7% Alachua White 6% Alachua Black 5% Florida White 4% Florida Black 3% USA White 2% USA Black 1% 0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. Insufficient Prenatal Care is defined as prenatal care beginning in the third trimester or seventh month or later of pregnancy or not at all. 75
HEALTH STATUS PRETERM BIRTHS
Alachua Florida USA Preterm Births 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White Preterm Births 7.80% 8.80% 8.60% 10.20% 9.40% 8.90% 11.69% 9.41% 8.88% White Preterm Births Count 129 156 154 16,971 14,427 14,375 265,466 232,688 189,146 % Black Preterm Births 14.70% 14.80% 14.60% 14.90% 14.00% 13.50% 18.43% 13.81% 13.41% Black Preterm Births Count 120 128 122 7,134 6,883 6,606 107,059 100,797 78,911 % Other Preterm Births 10.00% 8.90% 8.40% 10.50% 9.50% 9.60% 11.82% 11.59% 9.73% Other Preterm Births Count 23 21 22 1229 1021 1261 32,614 34,032 30,311 % Hispanic Preterm Births 9.90% 11.40% 11.50% 9.70% 9.10% 9.00% 12.13% 9.09% 9.14% Hispanic Preterm Births Count 19 24 29 6,185 5,443 5,754 117,774 111,273 84,418
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 2.0 1.88 1.8 1.68 1.70 1.52 1.58 1.6 1.46 1.49 1.47 1.51 1.28 1.4 1.23 1.2 1.10 1.01 0.98 1.03 1 01 1.08 1.01 1.0 2005 0.8 2010 0.6 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF PRETERM BIRTHS 20% 18% 16%
14% Alachua White 12% Alachua Black 10% Florida White 8% Florida Black 6% USA White 4% USA Black 2% 0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. Non-Hispanic white and black 76 were used for the national data. Preterm defined as less than 37 weeks of gestation.
HEALTH STATUS LOW BIRTHWEIGHT BABIES
Low Birthweight Alachua Florida USA (Less than 2500 grams) 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015 % White Low Birthweight 6.10% 5.60% 7.60% 7.40% 7.10% 7.20% 7.29% 7.14% 6.93% White Low Birthweight Counts 100 98 135 12,221 10,945 11,553 166,101 154,325 147,479 % Black Low Birthweight 15.00% 11.90% 15.60% 13.60% 13.70% 13.30% 14.02% 13.53% 13.35% Black Low Birthweight Counts 122 103 130 6,521 6,744 6,524 81,674 79,677 78,514 % Other Low Birthweight 8.70% 9.30% 7.60% 8.80% 8.80% 9.00% 8.33% 11.59% 9.73% Other Low Birthweight Counts 20 22 20 1,025 948 1,175 22,994 34,032 30,311 % Hispanic Low Birthweight 7.30% 6.20% 9.50% 7.00% 7.10% 7.30% 6.88% 6.97% 7.21% Hispanic Low Birthweight Counts 14 13 24 4,493 4,210 4,676 67,796 65,868 66,623
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 3.0 2.46 2.5 2.132.05 1.93 1.921.891.93 2.0 1.84 1.85 1.66 1.62 1.43 1.40 1.25 2005 1.5 1.19 1.24 1.14 1.00 1.0 2010 2015 0.5
0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHT BIRTHS 18% 16% 14% Alachua White 12% Alachua Black 10% Florida White 8% Florida Black 6% USA White 4% USA Black 2% 0% 2005 2010 2015
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. Non-Hispanic white and black were used for the national data. 77
HEALTH STATUS INFANT MORTALITY
Alachua Florida USA Infant Mortality 2005 2010 2013 2005 2010 2013 2005 2010 2013 White Death Rate per 1,000 3.00 8.50 8.20 5.30 4.90 4.60 5.76 5.18 5.06
White Death Count 5 15 14 882 750 707 13,134 11,192 10,766 Black Death Rate per 1,000 20.90 16.20 12.30 13.60 11.80 10.60 13.63 11.46 11.11
Black Death Count 17 14 11 652 580 517 7,958 6,758 6,488 Other Death Rate per 1,000 13.04 0.00 11.81 7.81 6.44 7.37 5.40 4.90 4.59
Other Death Count 3 0 3 91 69 90 1,490 1,440 1,432 Hispanic Death Rate per 1,000 10.40 4.70 0.00 5.90 5.10 4.40 5.62 5.25 5.00 Hispanic Death Count 2 1 0 373 307 261 5,537 4,964 4,507
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 8.0 6.97 7.0 6.0
5.0 4.35 4.0 2005 2010 3.0 2.57 2.41 2.37 2.21 2.20 1.91 2 30 2013 2.0 1.50 1.44 1.47 1.60 1 31 0.94 0.95 0.91 1.0 0.00 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
INFANT MORTALITY RATE PER 100,000 25
20 Alachua White
Alachua Black 15 Florida White 10 Florida Black USA White 5 USA Black
0 2005 2010 2013
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. Non-Hispanic white and black 78 were used for the national data.
HEALTH STATUS HEART DISEASE
Heart Disease Alachua Florida USA Deaths 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 White Death Rate per 100,000 134.40 148.80 144.90 288.90 247.30 252.50 235.20 209.60 209.40
White Death Count 230 262 258 41,353 36,631 38,603 564,796 514,323 524,695 Black Death Rate per 100,000 122.90 118.90 115.20 148.40 131.30 134.80 189.80 164.20 165.00
Black Death Count 57 60 59 4,183 4,049 4,400 74,159 69,083 73,095 Other Death Rate per 100,000 18.30 14.25 42.03 58.43 58.67 72.77 76.37 67.19 69.23 Other Death Count 3 3 9 435 541 726 13,136 14,283 16,558 Hispanic Death Rate per 100,000 35.60 28.00 42.80 142.30 112.10 115.70 69.20 59.40 61.40 Hispanic Death Count 6 6 10 5,040 4,763 5,421 29,555 30,006 34,021
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
1.0 0.91 0.9 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.5 2005 0.32 0.33 0.4 0.29 0.29 0.32 2010 0.3 0 20 0.24 0.2 2014 0.14 0 10 0.1 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
HEART DISEASE DEATH RATE PER 100,000 350
300
250 Alachua White
200 Alachua Black Florida White 150 Florida Black
USA White 100 USA Black 50
0 2005 2010 2014
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. 79
HEALTH STATUS STROKE
Alachua Florida USA Stroke Deaths 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 White Death Rate per 100,000 46.20 39.20 45.50 55.60 47.80 53.00 50.70 44.50 44.30
White Death Count 79 69 81 7,959 7,084 8,106 121,868 109,119 111,035 Black Death Rate per 100,000 25.90 51.50 43.00 43.20 34.90 39.10 44.90 38.00 38.60
Black Death Count 12 26 22 1,217 1,075 1,275 17,541 15,965 17,088 Other Death Rate per 100,000 18.30 14.25 18.68 18.94 17.24 21.85 24.24 20.66 20.82
Other Death Count 3 3 4 141 159 218 4,170 4,392 4,980 Hispanic Death Rate per 100,000 17.80 4.70 12.80 24.20 20.50 26.70 16.00 14.40 15.70 Hispanic Death Count 3 1 3 856 869 1,249 6,830 7,274 8,713
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 1.4 1.31
1.2
1.0 0.95 0.89 0.85 0.87 0.78 0.8 0.730.74 0.56 2005 0.6 0.480.460.47 2010 0.41 0.41 0.40036 0.34 0 36 0.4 2014 0.2
0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
STROKE DEATH RATE PER 100,000 60
50 Alachua White 40 Alachua Black
30 Florida White Florida Black 20 USA White 10 USA Black 0 2005 2010 2014
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. 80
HEALTH STATUS LUNG CANCER
Alachua Florida USA Lung Cancer Deaths 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 White Death Rate per 100,000 50.90 48.80 50.00 77.30 73.00 68.60 58.10 56.10 53.70
White Death Count 87 86 89 11,067 10,808 10,479 139,442 137,698 134,472 Black Death Rate per 100,000 23.70 49.50 41.00 30.10 29.00 26.40 42.40 39.70 37.50
Black Death Count 11 25 21 847 894 860 16,567 16,688 16,636 Other Death Rate per 100,000 0.00 4.75 9.34 14.78 17.35 17.74 19.09 18.50 18.83 Other Death Count 0 1 2 110 160 177 3,283 3,932 4,503 Hispanic Death Rate per 100,000 11.90 4.70 4.30 22.50 19.90 21.50 10.50 9.80 10.00 Hispanic Death Count 2 1 1 796 843 1,008 4,490 4,953 5,514
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 1.2 1.01 1.0 0.82 0.73 0.8 0.71 0.70 2005 0.6 0.47 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.35 2010 0.4 0.33 0.33 0.19 0.24 0.26 2014 0 19 0.2 0.10 0.00 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida USA
LUNG CANCER DEATH RATE PER 100,000 90
80
70
60 Alachua White Alachua Black 50 Florida White 40 Florida Black 30 USA White
20 USA Black
10
0 2005 2010 2014
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. 81
HEALTH STATUS DIABETES DEATHS
Alachua Florida USA Diabetes Deaths 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 White Death Rate per 100,000 19.90 18.20 30.30 29.30 27.00 27.10 24.90 22.10 23.80
White Death Count 34 32 54 4,197 3,992 4,147 59,755 54,250 59,741 Black Death Rate per 100,000 36.70 23.80 40.00 31.90 29.20 32.10 33.20 28.80 30.30
Black Death Count 17 12 25 898 900 1046 12,970 12,126 13,435 Other Death Rate per 100,000 0.00 0.00 4.67 11.55 10.85 12.63 13.92 12.68 13.85 Other Death Count 0 0 1 86 100 126 2,394 2,695 3,312 Hispanic Death Rate per 100,000 0.00 0.00 21.40 18.30 16.70 15.50 15.60 13.00 14.10 Hispanic Death Count 0 0 5 649 707 725 6,665 6,556 7,795
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES)
2.0 1.84 1.8 1.6 1.32 1.4 1.31 1.33 1.30 1.18 1 27 1.2 1.09 1.08 1.0 2005 0.8 2010 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.6 0.47 0.39 0.40 2014 0.4 0.15 0.2 0.00 0.00 0.0 Black Other Black Other Black Other Alachua Florida USA
DIABETES DEATH RATE PER 100,000 45 40 35 30 Alachua White Alachua Black 25 Florida White 20 Florida Black 15 USA White 10 USA Black 5 0 2005 2010 2014
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. 82
HEALTH STATUS HYPERTENSION
A lachua Florida USA Hypertension Deaths 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 2005 2010 2014 White Death Rate per 100,000 6.40 8.50 11.80 9.90 9.70 11.40 8.00 8.40 9.40
White Death Count 11 15 21 1,420 1,432 1,743 19,254 20,560 23,639 Black Death Rate per 100,000 25.90 21.80 15.60 12.90 11.00 12.00 12.70 12.20 12.20
Black Death Count 12 11 8 362 338 392 4,953 5,116 5,399 Other Death Rate per 100,000 6.10 4.75 0.00 3.36 3.80 3.71 4.04 4.51 4.95 Other Death Count 1 1 0 25 35 37 695 958 1,183 Hispanic Death Rate per 100,000 0.00 4.70 0.00 4.40 3.70 4.80 3.10 3.40 4.60 Hispanic Death Count 0 1 0 154 156 224 1,314 1,712 2,139
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO WHITES) 4.5 4.05 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.56 2.5 2005 2.0 1.59 1.32 1.45 1.30 2010 1.5 1.30 0.95 1 13 1 05 2014 1.0 0.56 0.51 0.54 0.53 0.34 0.39 0.33 0.5 0.00 0.0
Black Other Black Other Black Other
Alachua Florida USA
HYPERTENSION DEATH RATE PER 100,000 30
25
Alachua White 20 Alachua Black 15 Florida White Florida Black 10 USA White
USA Black 5
0 2005 2010 2014
Notes: Data reported annually by FL Health Charts for Alachua and Florida, CDC National Vital Statistics Reports for national data. Other data at the national level is calculated by subtracting white and black from the total. Hypertension is essential hypertension and hypertensive renal disease. 83
HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION HOMEOWNERSHIP
Home Ownership Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White homeowner 61.04% 60.86% 76.94% 73.43% 73.59% 71.53% Non-Hispanic White homeowner 41,185 39,622 3,659,316 3,448,414 59,781,602 57,916,474 Non-Hispanic White 67,468 65,107 4,756,221 4,696,110 81,235,589 80,971,346 % White homeowner 59.32% 58.47% 73.70% 69.35% 71.71% 69.19% White homeowner 43,139 41,879 4,255,765 4,076,526 63,857,606 62,719,082 White 72,721 71,620 5,774,503 5,877,996 89,046,111 90,647,126 % Black homeowner 42.01% 37.60% 50.14% 45.14% 45.81% 42.39% Black homeowner 7,347 6,628 478,803 451,715 6,239,661 6,014,334 Black 17,488 17,628 954,842 1,000,764 13,619,955 14,186,983 % Asian homeowner 39.57% 39.54% 69.51% 68.68% 59.05% 57.87% Asian homeowner 1,859 1,832 96,143 106,331 2,658,201 2,932,796 Asian 4,698 4,633 138,315 154,822 4,501,393 5,067,711 % Other homeowner 43.58% 41.89% 51.69% 44.25% 45.36% 40.99% Other homeowner 560 491 101,539 69,383 2,442,025 2,003,726 Other 1,285 1,172 196,433 156,792 5,383,354 4,888,257 % Hispanic homeowner 36.53% 34.27% 57.00% 51.66% 48.74% 45.97% Hispanic homeowner 2,414 2,607 709,582 712,853 6,273,336 6,623,760 Hispanic 6,609 7,608 1,244,858 1,380,024 12,871,609 14,410,181
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
1.0 0.90 0.94 0.9 0.80 0.81 0.8 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.70 0.7 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.62 0.59 0.6 0.5 0.4 2010 0.3 2015 0.2 0.1 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
RATE OF HOME OWNERSHIP (BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES) 80% 70% 60% Alachua White 50% Alachua Black 40% Florida White 30% Florida Black 20% USA White 10% USA Black 0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. 84 Hispanic is of any race.
HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY
Not living in the same Alachua Florida USA residence as a year ago (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White who moved 24.22% 22.94% 15.12% 15.23% 14.06% 13.68% Non-Hispanic White who moved 37,955 36,271 1,638,672 1,664,734 27,361,181 26,727,003 Non-Hispanic White 156,683 158,128 10,838,102 10,928,874 194,551,014 195,366,944 % White who moved 25.13% 24.12% 15.66% 15.27% 14.51% 13.92% White who moved 43,160 42,450 2,188,461 2,260,633 32,265,776 32,086,602 White 171,754 176,015 13,975,900 14,799,917 222,310,625 230,448,820 %Black who moved 28.36% 21.02% 20.88% 18.84% 19.92% 17.94% Black who moved 13,638 10,510 596,596 589,806 7,456,914 7,069,621 Black 48,084 50,008 2,857,312 3,129,953 37,436,473 39,402,983 %Asian who moved 34.83% 36.83% 18.31% 16.46% 17.66% 16.70% Asian who moved 4,450 5,229 80,595 82,964 2,475,220 2,682,530 Asian 12,775 14,198 440,268 503,985 14,019,378 16,067,363 %Other who moved 37.70% 30.71% 22.05% 20.72% 19.10% 16.50% Other who moved 1,449 1,102 149,597 114,101 3,671,014 2,921,043 Other 3,844 3,588 678,356 550,548 19,217,604 17,705,497 %Hispanic who moved 36.13% 34.03% 18.38% 16.24% 18.31% 15.85% Hispanic who moved 7,004 7,520 723,246 746,611 8,562,232 8,445,094 Hispanic 19,385 22,095 3,934,997 4,597,958 46,758,519 53,291,310
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 1.61 1.6 1.44 1.49 1.48 1.42 1 38 1.31 1.26 1.30 1.4 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.16 1.2 1.08 1.07 0.92 1.0 0.8 2010 0.6 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT LIVING IN A DIFFERENT RESIDENCE BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 35% 30%
25% Alach White
20% Alach ua Black Florida White 15% Florida Black 10% USA White 5% USA Black 0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. 85
HOUSING AND TRANSPORATION GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY WITHIN COUNTY Moved within the county in the past year Alachua Florida USA (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White who moved 13.20% 12.17% 8.39% 8.18% 7.95% 7.63% Non-Hispanic White who moved 20,683 19,239 909,639 893,949 15,467,551 14,911,477 Non-Hispanic White 156,683 158,128 10,838,102 10,928,874 194,551,014 195,366,944 % White who moved 13.43% 12.74% 9.10% 8.58% 8.44% 8.03% White who moved 23,067 22,419 1,272,339 1,270,469 18,773,131 18,496,231 White 171,754 176,015 13,975,900 14,799,917 222,310,625 230,448,820 % Black who moved 18.43% 14.31% 14.23% 12.65% 12.98% 11.59% Black who moved 8,861 7,154 406,467 395,989 4,859,535 4,567,897 Black 48,084 50,008 2,857,312 3,129,953 37,436,473 39,402,983 % Asian who moved 17.16% 15.33% 8.18% 7.43% 8.89% 8.17% Asian who moved 2,192 2,176 36,017 37,456 1,246,953 1,311,945 Asian 12,775 14,198 440,268 503,985 14,019,378 16,067,363 %Other who moved 19.59% 17.67% 13.32% 12.23% 12.81% 11.19% Other who moved 753 634 90,355 67,337 2,461,825 1,980,569 Other 3,844 3,588 678,356 550,548 19,217,604 17,705,497 % Hispanic who moved 17.66% 17.66% 11.87% 10.16% 12.38% 10.68% Hispanic who moved 3,424 3,901 467,106 467,291 5,787,923 5,692,543 Hispanic 19,385 22,095 3,934,997 4,597,958 46,758,519 53,291,310
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES 1.69 1.8 1.63 1.55 1.52 1.56 1.6 1.40 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.30 1.34 1.4 1.18 1.26 1.24 1.2 1.121.07 0.970.91 1.0 0.8 2010 0.6 0.4 2015 0.2 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT WHO MOVED WITHIN THE COUNTY IN THE PAST YEAR BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES
20% 18% 16% Alachua White 14% Alachua Black 12% 10% Florida White 8% Florida Black 6% USA White 4% 2% USA Black 0% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. 86 Hispanic is of any race.
HOUSING AND TRANSPORATION GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY FROM OUTSIDE COUNTY Moved from outside the Alachua Florida USA county in the past year (5 year estimates) 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 % Non-Hispanic White who moved 11.02% 10.77% 6.73% 7.05% 6.11% 6.05% Non-Hispanic White who moved 17,272 17,032 729,033 770,785 11,893,630 11,815,526 Non-Hispanic White 156,683 158,128 10,838,102 10,928,874 194,551,014 195,366,944 % White who moved 11.70% 11.38% 6.56% 6.69% 6.07% 5.90% White who moved 20,093 20,031 916,122 990,164 13,492,645 13,590,371 White 171,754 176,015 13,975,900 14,799,917 222,310,625 230,448,820 % Black who moved 9.93% 6.71% 6.65% 6.19% 6.94% 6.35% Black who moved 4,777 3,356 190,129 193,817 2,597,379 2,501,724 Black 48,084 50,008 2,857,312 3,129,953 37,436,473 39,402,983 % Asian who moved 17.68% 21.50% 10.13% 9.03% 8.76% 8.53% Asian who moved 2,258 3,053 44,578 45,508 1,228,267 1,370,585 Asian 12,775 14,198 440,268 503,985 14,019,378 16,067,363 % Other who moved 18.11% 13.04% 8.73% 8.49% 6.29% 5.31% Other who moved 696 468 59,242 46,764 1,209,189 940,474 Other 3,844 3,588 678,356 550,548 19,217,604 17,705,497 % Hispanic who moved 18.47% 16.38% 6.51% 6.07% 5.93% 5.17% Hispanic who moved 3,580 3,619 256,140 279,320 2,774,309 2,752,551 Hispanic 19,385 22,095 3,934,997 4,597,958 46,758,519 53,291,310
DISPARITY RATIO (COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITES) BASED ON 5 YEAR ESTIMATES
2.5 2.00 2.0 1.60 1.68 1 52 1.51 1.43 1.41 1.5 1.28 1.13 1.05 0.90 0.99 0.88 0.97 0.86 0.97 0.85 1.0 0.62 2010 0.5 2015 0.0 Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic Alachua Florida USA
PERCENT WHO MOVED FROM OUTSIDE THE COUNTY IN THE PAST YEAR BASED ON 1 YEAR ESTIMATES 14% 13% 12% 11% Alachua White 10% Alachua Black 9% Florida White 8% Florida Black 7% USA White 6% USA Black 5% 4% 2006 2010 2015
Notes: One-year and five-year estimates from the American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Data reported annually. Hispanic is of any race. Moved from outside county includes inside state, outside state and abroad. 87
APPENDIX B
MAPS APPENDIX B MAPS White Population as a Percent of Total Population 91 Black Population as a Percent of Total Population ...... 92 Asian Population as a Percent of Total Population 93 Hispanic Population as a Percent of Total Population 94 Poor Population as a Percent of Total Population ...... 95 Indicators of Concern (2009 - 2013) 96 Indicators of Concern (2011 - 2015) ...... 97 Electricity service territory of Alachua County utilities 98
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of white persons are in darker colors. These areas are: Haile Plantation, Town of Tioga, Hibiscus Park, Ridgewood, Raintree Park, Brywood, Waldo, Fox Grove & The Meadows. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods.
32 90 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of white persons are in darker colors. These areas are: Haile Plantation, Town of Tioga, Hibiscus Park, Ridgewood, Raintree Park, Brywood, Waldo, Fox Grove & The Meadows. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods.
32 91
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of African Americans are in darker colors. These areas are: Block groups with the highest concentration of Asians persons are in darker colors. These areas are: Northwest side of Newberry, Alachua (city), the east side of Gainesville, and Hawthorne. Block groups are Rustlewood and South of Archer Road. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods. neighborhoods.
33 34 92
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of Asians persons are in darker colors. These areas are: Rustlewood and South of Archer Road. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods.
34 93
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of Hispanic persons are in darker colors. These areas are: Block groups with the highest concentration of poor population are in darker colors. These areas are: East north of Butler Plaza, north of the Oaks Mall, and near the Flatwoods Conservation Area. Block groups are side of Gainesville, north of SW Williston Road, and near the Clear Lake Nature Park. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods. neighborhoods.
35 36 94
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the highest concentration of poor population are in darker colors. These areas are: East side of Gainesville, north of SW Williston Road, and near the Clear Lake Nature Park. Block groups are typically defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people. They can generally be seen as representing neighborhoods.
36 95
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the higher number of concerns are in darker colors. Using the five years estimates from Block groups with the higher number of concerns are in darker colors. Using the five years estimates from 2009 to 2013, these areas are: the downtown area, the east side of Gainesville, and around Lake 2011 to 2015, these areas are: the east side and the southeast of Gainesville, the Butler Plaza Kanapaha. The indicator of concerns index is constructed using seven indicators, each representing one surroundings, and north of SW Williston Road. The indicator of concerns index is constructed using seven of the dimensions of human well-being described in the report. The indicators considered are: median indicators, each representing one of the dimensions of human well-being described in the report. The household income, uninsured rate, poverty rate, mobility rate, homeownership rate, unemployment rate, indicators considered are: median household income, uninsured rate, poverty rate, mobility rate, and mortgage rate. When the value of each indicator is above the median for the corresponding indicator, homeownership rate, unemployment rate, and mortgage rate. Whenever the value of each indicator is it was considered an area (block group) of concern. This indicator of concern is a relative measure. above the median for the corresponding indicator, it was considered an area (block group) of concern. This indicator of concern is a relative measure.
37 38 96
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.
Block groups with the higher number of concerns are in darker colors. Using the five years estimates from 2011 to 2015, these areas are: the east side and the southeast of Gainesville, the Butler Plaza surroundings, and north of SW Williston Road. The indicator of concerns index is constructed using seven indicators, each representing one of the dimensions of human well-being described in the report. The indicators considered are: median household income, uninsured rate, poverty rate, mobility rate, homeownership rate, unemployment rate, and mortgage rate. Whenever the value of each indicator is above the median for the corresponding indicator, it was considered an area (block group) of concern. This indicator of concern is a relative measure.
38 97 Electricity service territory of Alachua County utilities
Source: University of Florida Program forof Resource Resource Efficient Efficent Communities Communities (PREC) (PREC)
39 98