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THE PLANTATIONS IRELAND in the 1500S

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THE PLANTATIONS IRELAND IN THE 1500s • PLANTATION: English would defeat a clan, confiscate their land, drive off native people, plant land with loyal English & Scottish settlers. • PALE: A protected area around Dublin in the 1500s where English laws & customs existed. • Groups in Ireland: OLD ENGLISH GAELICISED GAELIC IRISH ANGLO-NORMANS LOCATED Pale / towns All places (especially All places (especially towns) rural areas) RELIGION Catholic Catholic Catholic LAWS & CUSTOMS English Gaelic & English Gaelic RELATIONSHIP WITH Trusted Not trusted Tension THE ENGLISH WHY WERE PLANTATIONS CARRIED OUT? 1. To extend control over Ireland beyond the Pale. 2. Irish were Catholic - might side with Spain & France against England. 3. Cheaper to plant Ireland with loyal settlers than send armies. 4. Irish clans & Old English rebelled against the English. English wanted to make Ireland loyal. 5. English believed that the Irish were uncivilised. Believed that English laws & customs were fantastic & wanted to enforce them. SURRENDER & REGRANT Policy first introduced by Henry 8th. Irish landowners had to recognise Henry as King of Ireland & swear loyalty to him. In return, he would let them stay on their land. Rebellion = confiscation. LAOIS-OFFALY PLANTATION WHY? HOW IT WORKED RESULTS Ruled by two native Irish families, Laois = Queen’s County Few planters came to Ireland & the O’Moore’s & O’Connor’s - Offaly = King’s County. took land as estates offered were constantly attacked Pale. Portlaoise = Maryborough very small. Daingean = Philipstown English government sent soldiers Sheriffs: Introduced & enforced 50% of planned land grants were to Laois & Offaly to find the English laws, language & given to the English who lived in woodkernes (Gaelic outlaws) customs. the Pale, rest to Gaelic Irish The two families openly revolted Land was divided into estates of The English planters came under against the English crown & their different sizes attack from the O’Connor’s & land was confiscated. O’Moore’s Land was given to English 2/3 of land was to be given to new It was a massive failure but the planters by Queen Mary. Loyal English planters. Rest to English learned from their Gaelic Irish. mistakes. THE PLANTATIONS MUNSTER PLANTATION WHY? HOW IT WORKED RESULTS Elizabeth 1 wanted to extend her Estates were between Only 1/4 of 20,000 proposed control over Ireland. 4,000-12,000 acres each to settlers came. Land had to be attract English settlers. rented to the Gaelic Irish. Sent adventurers (people The planters would bring tenants Planters lived in fear of attack encouraged by English monarch & staff with them to spread from Gaelic Irish & retreated to to lay claim to Irish land & spread English customs. towns/left ireland (absentee English language, customs & landlords) laws) The Fitzgerald family were These settlers were known as New towns were set up (Mallow, angered & organised a rebellion undertakers as they undertook Youghal… became important in 1569 - known as a Desmond many conditions: economic centres for trade. Rebellion. 1579: Second Desmond Rebellion 1. Remove all Gaelic Irish from New farming methods & trades - heavily defeated by Lord Deputy land. were introduced. Mountjoy. Earl of Desmond was 2. Bring tenants, craftsmen & killed & his land were confiscated. livestock Example of trade: Coopering Elizabeth planned to plant this 3. Protect land from possible (making barrels) & making iron. land. invasion 4. Pay annual rent to the crown. ULSTER PLANTATION WHY? HOW IT WORKED RESULTS Hugh O’ Neill (Earl of Tyrone) & Elizabeth was succeeded by Almost all Irish landowners lost Hugh O’ Donnell were the leading James in 1603 who confiscated their land. Planters became the chieftains in Ulster. land left behind by those who fled. land-owning class = wealthy. O’Neill was loyal to Elizabeth 1 6 counties were planted. 4 Planters cleared forests & drained until she sent adventurers & different groups were allowed the land. Wheat, barley & sheriffs to Ulster. land. potatoes were grown. Nine Years War (1594-1603): 1. UNDERTAKERS: Low rent / New housing styles were Both chieftains led a rebellion allowed English & Scottish introduced - stone housing / against her. tenants / expected to build slated roof. stone house or castle on land King Philip (Spain) sent troops to 2. SERVITORS: Soldiers from 16 new towns were established in Ireland - landed in South in 1601. English army in the 9 Years War / Ulster e.g. Letterkenny, Irish chieftains marched the allowed Irish tenants if they were Enniskillen. **Each town had a length of the country to join them. supervised central square or diamond. Suffered defeat in the Battle of Networks of roads were built to Kinsale. O’Donnell went to Spain. connect the towns. Treaty of Mellifont (1603): O’Neill 3. LOYAL IRISH: Those loyal during 9 surrendered & signed this - got to Years War / Paid twice the rent of undertakers / Kept close to servitors for keep his title. security O'Neill was under pressure from 4. LONDON CRAFT GUILD: Area the English in Ulster. around Derry city = Londonderry / Flight of the Earls (1607): O’Neill asked to provide members to and many other chieftains left settle in the area - ensured the Ireland for other Catholic plantation was economically countries. successful. THE PLANTATIONS PEOPLE IN HISTORY A SETTLER WHO RECEIVED LAND IN A NAMED PLANTATION Hello. I am a Scottish Presbyterian & I received land from King James during the Ulster Plantation. • Hugh O’Neill & Hugh O’Donnell led a rebellion against the English - Nine Years War - worried about adventurers who came to Ulster to claim land. • They were defeated in the Battle of Kinsale. • The Gaelic leaders decided to flee Ulster for other Catholic countries = Flight of the Earls. • Following that, King James planted 6 counties & 4 groups of people received land: Undertakers, Servitors, Loyal Irish, London Craft Guild. • I am an undertaker - must protect my land by building a stone castle/house soon • I can only have English or Scottish tenants! • 16 new towns have been planned for Ulster as well as many new crafts in Londonderry = ensure economic success of Plantation. • Each town has large walls & a central diamond. • Native Irish are not allowed to live in towns - the servitors are keeping a close eye on them to prevent trouble. • There is already tension here as us new settlers are Protestants but the native Irish are Catholics. A NATIVE IRISH LANDOWNER WHO LOST LAND DURING A NAMED PLANTATION Hello. My name is …. and I once a landowner in Ulster. • I lost my land a while back when King James of England sent 4 groups called undertakers, servitors, the London Craft Guild & Loyal Irish to plant Ulster & take my land. • This plantation started because of two Ulster Chieftains, Hugh O’Neill & Hugh O’Donnell, who led the Nine Years War against Elizabeth 1 when she encouraged adventurers to lay claim to Ulster’s land. • The two chieftains got help from King Philip of Spain when he sent troops to Ireland. However, the two chieftains suffered a great defeat in the Battle Of Kinsale. • After that, many Irish chieftains decided to flee for other Catholic countries = Flight of the Earls. Then, King James decided to take & plant their land. • Now, a person called an undertaker lives on my land. He has already built a stone castle which he is expected to do. • Planters have started to clear forests & drain the land. They hope to grow & sell wheat, barley & potatoes as I have heard. • New industries have been set up in Derry, now known as Londonderry, ensuring that the plantation is economically successful. • Towns have been changed to include a central diamond. • A network of roads has been built to connect the towns. • New housing styles have also been introduced e.g. stone houses, slated roofs EXAM Q: Name one of the plantations which you have studied and write about the effects of that plantation on two of the following: (2x8) (i) Religion. (ii) Political control. (iii) Language and customs. RELIGION: • Before the plantation, the majority of Ulster residents were Catholic. • During it, many Scottish Presbyterians & English Anglicans settled - became majority. • There were attempts to destroy Catholic faith in Ulster - failed - many Catholics remained. • Over next 300 years, a division would grow between Protestants & Catholics = conflict. • Protestants had political control - Catholics were discriminated against. POLITICAL CONTROL • Far more successful than Laois-Offaly & Munster plantations - more settlers arrived & stayed. • Settlers were expected to follow strict conditions & protect land from Native Irish. Almost all Gaelic Irish in Ulster lost their land. • Some Gaelic Irish were allowed to rent land but at a higher rate & had to be near ex-soldiers, servitors. • Planters controlled the industries in 16 new towns & enforced English laws & customs in Ulster. • Gaelic Irish had no say in how the area was run • Planters became wealthy. Gaelic Irish became poorer. THE PLANTATIONS CROMWELLIAN PLANTATION WHY? HOW IT WORKED RESULTS Tension in Ireland between Began with Act of Settlement Did not bring a lot of settlers into Protestants & Catholics. 1641 = which listed all who were to have Ireland. New landowners used Rebellion. 10-15% of Protestants their lands confiscated. Irish people as workers & tenants. in Ulster were killed/fled to Lives of the ordinary people England, Dublin or towns. changed very little - simply paying their rent to a new landlord. Old English & Gaelic Irish joined The Parliament ordered 30,000 Old Irish & Old English families forces as they feared that the new soldiers who had surrendered to were almost wiped out. Banished Protestant settlers would be deported from Ireland. 50,000 to poor soil west of the Shannon associate them with Gaelic Irish & widows & orphans were sold into River = To Hell or to Connacht persecute them for their religion. slavery. Priests were rounded up Known as Catholic Confederacy. & deported/executed. Civil war in England between Before any land could be Parliamentarians (led by Oliver resettled, a survey had to be Cromwell) & Royalists.
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