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Using Rheology Measurement As a Potentially Predictive Tool for Solder Paste Transfer Efficiency and Print Volume Consistency
USING RHEOLOGY MEASUREMENT AS A POTENTIALLY PREDICTIVE TOOL FOR SOLDER PASTE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY AND PRINT VOLUME CONSISTENCY Mitch Holtzer, Karen Tellefsen and Westin Bent Alpha Assembly Solutions South Plainfield, NJ, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT Commercially available solder pastes use an upper and Industry standards such as J-STD-005 and JIS Z 3284-1994 lower limit for viscosity. Generally, this viscosity is call for the use of viscosity measurement(s) as a quality measured at one shear rate, typically the shear associated assurance test method for solder paste. Almost all solder with a spiral viscometer rotating at 10 revolutions per paste produced and sold use a viscosity range at a single minute (RPM). If the powder contained in solder paste is shear rate as part of the pass fail criteria for shipment and dissolved by the acid activator in the solder paste flux, the customer acceptance respectively. viscosity of the solder paste will quickly increase. If the viscosity increases more than 20 to 30% above the upper As had been reported many times, an estimated 80% of the limit of the specification, poor printing results will be highly defects associated with the surface mount technology likely. The solder paste will not roll evenly over the stencil process involve defects created during the printing process. and apertures in the stencil will remain unfilled, causing Viscosity at a single shear rate could predict a fatal flaw in skips in the paste printing pattern. the printability of a solder paste sample. However, false positive single shear rate viscosity readings are not The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a unknown. -
Orally Inhaled & Nasal Drug Products
ORALLY INHALED & NASAL DRUG PRODUCTS: INNOVATIONS FROM MAJOR DELIVERY SYSTEM DEVELOPERS www.ondrugdelivery.com 00349_GF_OnDrugDelivery349_GF_OnDrugDelivery PulmonaryPulmonary NasalNasal NovemberNovember 2010.indd2010.indd 1 330/11/100/11/10 111:32:331:32:33 “Orally Inhaled & Nasal Drug Products: Innovations from Major Delivery CONTENTS System Developers” This edition is one in the ONdrugDelivery series of pub- Innovation in Drug Delivery by Inhalation lications from Frederick Furness Publishing. Each issue focuses on a specific topic within the field of drug deliv- Andrea Leone-Bay, Vice-President, Pharmaceutical ery, and is supported by industry leaders in that field. Development, Dr Robert Baughman, Vice-President, Clinical Pharmacology & Bioanalytics, Mr Chad EDITORIAL CALENDAR 2011: Smutney, Senior Director, Device Technology, February: Prefilled Syringes Mr Joseph Kocinsky, Senior Vice-President, March: Oral Drug Delivery & Advanced Excipients Pharmaceutical Technology Development April: Pulmonary & Nasal Drug Delivery (OINDP) MannKind Corporation 4-7 May: Injectable Drug Delivery (Devices Focus) June: Injectable Drug Delivery (Formulations Focus) Current Innovations in Dry Powder Inhalers September: Prefilled Syringes Richard Sitz, Technical Manager, DPI Technology October: Oral Drug Delivery Platform Leader November: Pulmonary & Nasal Drug Delivery (OINDP) 3M Drug Delivery Systems 10-12 December: Delivering Biologics (Proteins, Peptides & Nucleotides) Pulmonary Delivery & Dry-Powder Inhalers: SUBSCRIPTIONS: Advances in Hard-Capsule -
An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: a Review
Muthadi Radhika Reddy /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(7), 2020, 925-940 An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: A Review Muthadi Radhika Reddy1* 1School of pharmacy, Gurunanak Institute of Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Department of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University, Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India INTRODUCTION 2. Useful in situations where rapid onset of action Fast dissolving drug delivery systems were first developed required such as in motion sickness, allergic attack, in the late 1970s as an alternative to conventional dosage coughing or asthma forms. These systems consist of solid dosage forms that 3. Has wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, Rx disintegrate and dissolve quickly in the oral cavity without Prescriptions and OTC medications for treating pain, the need of water [1]. Fast dissolving drug delivery cough/cold, gastro-esophageal reflux disease,erectile systems include orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and dysfunction, sleep disorders, dietary supplements, etc oral thin films (OTFs). The Centre for Drug Evaluation [4] and Research (CDER) defines ODTs as,“a solid dosage 4. No water is required for the administration and hence form containing medicinal substances which disintegrates suitable during travelling rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds, when placed 5. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx upon the tongue” [2]. USFDA defines OTFs as, “a thin, and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the flexible, non-friable polymeric film strip containing one or stomach, enhancing bioavailability of drugs more dispersed active pharmaceutical ingredients which is 6. May offer improved bioavailability for poorly water intended to be placed on the tongue for rapid soluble drugs by offering large surface area as it disintegration or dissolution in the saliva prior to disintegrates and dissolves rapidly swallowing for delivery into the gastrointestinal tract” [3]. -
Evaluation of Single Dose Sodium Polystyrene
Open Access Original Article Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate For Management of Hyperkalemia Pak Armed Forces Med J 2019; 69 (1): 37-42 EVALUATION OF SINGLE DOSE SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE FOR MANAGEMENT OF HYPERKALEMIA AND ITS EFFECT ON OTHER SERUM ELECTROLYTES Shoaib Alam, Azfar Athar Ishaqui, Masood Ahmed Khan, Adnan Iqbal, Syed Hameez Jawed, Farah Khalid, Mir Muhammad Uzairullah, Muhammad Talha*, Usman Ashfaq*, Najam Zehra* University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan, *Hamdard University Karachi Pakistan ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effectiveness of sodium polystyrene sulphonate in treating hyperkalemia and its effect on different serum electrolytes level. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Lyari general hospital, 500 bedded tertiary care public sector hospital at Karachi, from Jan 2017 to Mar 2017. Material and Methods: Hyperkalemic patients were included in study who fulfilled inclusion criteria and were administered with single STAT 30 grams dose of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Serum electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate and calcium were measured before and after 2 hours of administration of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Paired t-test was used as tool for statistical analysis. Results: Significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum potassium level with mean decrease of 0.61 mmol/L was observed in hyperkalemic patients (n=83) after single dose of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Among 83 studied patient, 67 (81%) recovered from hyperkalemia. Besides, there was significant (p<0.05) increase in sodium level with a mean increase of 2.26 mmol/L. Serum magnesium and calcium levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) with mean difference of 0.02mmol/L and 0.13mmol/L respectively. -
Mometasone Powder Rationale for Inclusion In
MOMETASONE POWDER RATIONALE FOR INCLUSION IN PA PROGRAM Background Mometasone is a corticosteroid demonstrating potent anti-inflammatory activity able to decrease inflammation through a mechanism of action that is not known. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2, which leads to the inhibition of a common precursor for potent inflammatory mediators. Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption (1). Mometasone is commercially available in the following dosage forms: topical cream, topical lotion, topical ointment, nasal spray and as a powder for inhalation. Regulatory Status FDA approved topical indication: Mometasone is a corticosteroid indicated for the relief of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses in patients 2 years of age and older (1). The safety and efficacy of mometasone have not been established in pediatric patients below 2 years of age (1). Summary Topical steroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. Mometasone is FDA-approved for inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid- responsive dermatoses in patients 2 years of age and older. The safety and efficacy of mometasone have not been established in pediatric patients below 2 years of age (1). Mometasone is commercially available in the following dosage forms: topical cream, topical lotion, topical ointment, nasal spray and as powder for inhalation. Mometasone powder may be considered medically necessary in a topical formulation for patients 2 years of age or older for the treatment of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Mometasone powder may be considered investigational in a topical formulation for patients Mometasone Powder FEP Clinical Rationale MOMETASONE POWDER under the age of 2 years, or in patients without a diagnosis of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. -
SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE, USP Cation-Exchange Resin
Kayexalate® SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE, USP Cation-Exchange Resin DESCRIPTION Kayexalate, brand of sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a benzene, diethenyl-polymer, with ethenylbenzene, sulfonated, sodium salt and has the following structural formula: The drug is a cream to light brown finely ground, powdered form of sodium polystyrene sulfonate, a cation-exchange resin prepared in the sodium phase with an in vitro exchange capacity of approximately 3.1 mEq (in vivo approximately 1 mEq) of potassium per gram. The sodium content is approximately 100 mg (4.1 mEq) per gram of the drug. It can be administered orally or in an enema. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY As the resin passes along the intestine or is retained in the colon after administration by enema, the sodium ions are partially released and are replaced by potassium ions. For the most part, this action occurs in the large intestine, which excretes potassium ions to a greater degree than does the small intestine. The efficiency of this process is limited and unpredictably variable. It commonly approximates the order of 33 percent but the range is so large that definitive indices of electrolyte balance must be clearly monitored. Metabolic data are unavailable. INDICATION AND USAGE Kayexalate is indicated for the treatment of hyperkalemia. CONTRAINDICATIONS Kayexalate is contraindicated in the following conditions: patients with hypokalemia, patients with a history of hypersensitivity to polystyrene sulfonate resins, obstructive bowel disease, neonates with reduced gut motility (postoperatively or drug induced) and oral administration in neonates (see PRECAUTIONS). WARNINGS Intestinal Necrosis: Cases of intestinal necrosis, which may be fatal, and other serious gastrointestinal adverse events (bleeding, ischemic colitis, perforation) have been reported in association with Kayexalate use. -
Direct-Write Fabrication of Pb(Nb,Zr,Ti)O3 Devices: Influence of Paste Rheology on Print Morphology and Component Properties
journal J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 [11] 2462–68 (2001) Direct-Write Fabrication of Pb(Nb,Zr,Ti)O3 Devices: Influence of Paste Rheology on Print Morphology and Component Properties Sherry L. Morissette*,† and Jennifer A. Lewis* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Paul G. Clem,* Joseph Cesarano III,* and Duane B. Dimos* Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 Lead niobium zirconate titanate (PNZT) pastes with tailored required before deposition of additional layers, this direct-write rheological properties have been developed for direct-write approach yields significant advantages over the conventional fabrication of thick-film capacitor elements in highly inte- method for producing multilayer devices, such as those based on grated, multifunctional electroceramic devices. Such pastes lamination of tape-cast layers with screen-printed elements, in- exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with a low shear apparent cluding the ability to modify patterned designs on-line during .viscosity of roughly 1 ؋ 106 cP. On aging, the degree of shear printing and to incorporate multiple materials in individual layers thinning and the low shear apparent viscosity decreased. The rheological requirements of thick film pastes for micropen Pastes prepared from as-received powders attained printable, printing and screen printing are nearly identical.7–9,11–17 Hence, -steady-state viscosities of ϳ2 ؋ 105 cP after 50 days of aging. commercially available screen printing pastes (e.g., silver–palla In contrast, pastes prepared from dispersant-coated powders dium conductor, ruthenium oxide resistor, and dielectric pastes) showed no measurable rheological changes after 1 day of can be readily utilized in this direct-write approach. -
Dorset Medicines Advisory Group
Dorset Medicines Advisory Group SHARED CARE GUIDELINE FOR THE USE OF PHOSPHATE BINDERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERPHOSPHATAEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. INDICATION This document provides guidance for the prescribing of phosphate binders for the management of hyperphosphatemia in patients receiving haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5 who are not receiving dialysis. This shared care guideline covers adult patients under the care of the Dorset Renal Unit. Patients with chronic renal failure have reduced ability to excrete phosphate. Phosphate accumulation enhances parathyroid activity and leads to the calcification of arteries, significantly contributing to the excess cardiovascular morbidity in these patients, especially in younger age groups. Adequate control of serum phosphate levels is thought to be beneficial for the prevention of vascular and cardiac calcification in patients with renal failure and control of parathyroid hormone. A number of oral phosphate binders are available which may be used in the context of a multiple therapeutic approach. These include calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate, lanthanum, sevelamer and sucroferric oxyhydroxide. These products may be used in combination with 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (alfacalcidol) or one of its analogues and/or cinacalcet to control the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal bone disease. A calcium-based phosphate binder is generally used as the initial phosphate binder therapy for the treatment for hyperphosphatemia. Calcium acetate is preferred over calcium carbonate due to its lower elemental calcium content for the equivalent phosphate binding capacity, however patient preference in formulation should be taken into consideration. A non-calcium-based phosphate binder should be used in patients who cannot tolerate a calcium-based phosphate binder, whose serum calcium exceeds 2.5mmol/L or whose parathyroid levels are less than 15pmol/L. -
AMBERLITE™ IRP69 Ion Exchange Resin Pharmaceutical Grade Cation Exchange Resin (Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate USP)
Product Data Sheet AMBERLITE™ IRP69 Ion Exchange Resin Pharmaceutical Grade Cation Exchange Resin (Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate USP) Description AMBERLITE™ IRP69[1] resin is an insoluble, strongly acidic, sodium form cation exchange resin supplied as a dry, fine powder. AMBERLITE™ IRP69 Resin is suitable for use in pharmaceutical applications, both as an active ingredient and as a carrier for basic (cationic) drugs. It can be used for sustained release applications with compatible coating technologies. [1] The use of AMBERLITE™ pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins as components of drug formulations is subject to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended. Regulatory Status A Drug Master File for AMBERLITE™ IRP69 is maintained with the United States Food and Drug Administration. Letters of authorization granting access to the file by FDA in support of NDA and ANDA submittals will be provided upon request. Similar help can also be offered in support of the registration of formulations containing AMBERLITE™ IRP69 in many other countries world- wide. AMBERLITE™ IRP69 is manufactured in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for bulk pharmaceutical chemicals Typical Properties AMBERLITE™ IRP69 complies with the compendial specifications for Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate USP when tested in conformance to the compendial test methods presented in current USP/NF. Physical Properties Copolymer Styrene-divinylbenzene Type Strong acid cation Functional Group Sulfonic acid Physical Form Fine powder Chemical Properties Ionic Form as Shipped Na+ Heavy metals content [1] ≤ 10 ppm Potassium exchange capacity [1] 110–135 mg/g Water content [1] 10.0% maximum Ammonia salts [1] Negative to litmus paper Sodium content [1] 9.4%–11.5% Styrene content [1] 1 ppm maximum Particle Size § > 0.150 mm 1.0% maximum > 0.075 mm 10.0–25.0% §[1] Appears in current USP/NF Page 1 of 6 Form No. -
RECONSTITUTION, DOSING and ADMINISTRATION of VELCADE® (Bortezomib) 3.5 Mg Vial for Subcutaneous (SC) and Intravenous (IV) Use
Important information regarding RECONSTITUTION, DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION of VELCADE® (bortezomib) 3.5 mg vial for Subcutaneous (SC) and Intravenous (IV) use Prescribing Information can be found within this document Important information regarding RECONSTITUTION, DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION of VELCADE® (bortezomib) 3.5 mg vial for Subcutaneous (SC) and Intravenous (IV) use CORRECT RECONSTITUTION Avoiding the potential risk FOR SC AND IV ADMINISTRATION of administration errors VELCADE® (bortezomib) 3.5 mg powder for solution for injection In order to avoid dosing errors, caution is required when preparing ® is available for intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) administration. VELCADE as the volume required for reconstitution for the SC route is lower (1.4 ml) than that used for IV route (3.5 ml) giving a higher concentration of diluted drug (details are shown in tables 1 and 2). As the drug concentration after reconstitution differs between the Subcutaneous or Intravenous use only. SC and IV preparations, special care is required when calculating the Do not give by other routes. volume of reconstituted drug, which will be delivered to the patient Intrathecal administration has resulted in death. according to the prescribed dose. Please see pages 8-10 for examples of dosing for the different routes. VELCADE® must be reconstituted by a Health Care Professional. Aseptic technique must be strictly observed throughout the handling of VELCADE® since no preservative is present. 2 3 Important information regarding RECONSTITUTION, DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION of VELCADE® (bortezomib) 3.5 mg vial for Subcutaneous (SC) and Intravenous (IV) use SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE OF The reconstituted solution should be clear and colourless. ADMINISTRATION The reconstituted solution must be inspected visually for particulate matter and discolouration prior to administration. -
The Indirect Implication of SARS-Cov-2 Resulting in Kayexalate Toxicity in a Patient with Acute Kidney Injury
CODON P U B L I C A T I O N S Journal of Renal and Hepatic Disorders CASE REPORT: NEPHROLOGY The Indirect Implication of SARS-CoV-2 Resulting in Kayexalate Toxicity in a Patient with Acute Kidney Injury Charles E Middleton, IV, MD, William Daley, MD, Neha Varshney, MD Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA Abstract The clinical features of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are variable, but the majority of patients experience mild flu-like symptoms. The cases of severe disease include complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute kidney injury (AKI), multi-organ failure, and even death. This paper explores the association between COVID-19 and its effect on multiple organ systems and how the subsequent treatment of this dis- ease can itself lead to morbidity and mortality. We present a case that emphasizes the life-threatening gastrointestinal complications associated with the treatment of AKI in a patient with COVID-19. We conclude that the patients whose treatment regimens utilize medical resins should be closely monitored for gastrointestinal complications so as to mitigate the known adverse effects associated with these drugs, such as colonic mucosal ulceration, perforation, or even death. Keywords: acute kidney injury; colonic perforation; COVID-19; Kayexalate; resins; sevelamer Received: 25 November 2020; Accepted after revision: 5 February 2021; Published: 27 February 2021. Author for correspondence: Neha Varshney, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4500, USA. Email: [email protected] How to cite: Middleton CE, et al. -
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole