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Sustainable Collective Action in Joint Forest Management, Maharashtra, India

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Sustainable Collective Action in Joint Forest Management, Maharashtra, India Sustainable collective action in Joint Forest Management, Maharashtra, India A comparative analysis of the influence of external actors By Clare Barnes 3197611 MSc Thesis (45 ECTS) [email protected] Supervisor: Dr. Frank van Laerhoven 2nd Reader: Prof. Dr. Pieter Glasbergen Utrecht University MSc in Sustainable Development Environmental Policy and Management Track April 2010 Acknowledgements At the start of this thesis process I didn‘t realise how many people I would eventually involve and come to rely on. Firstly, I want to thank the many people in Vidarbha, Maharashtra who so kindly set aside so much of their valuable time to answer my many questions and patiently explain to me how things actually work on the ground. The hospitability of the villagers in Gondia and the openness of Forest Department officials and the two NGOs involved in my research not only made this thesis possible but also personally enlightening and enjoyable. Their candour and the insights I gained from my respondents have led me to the decision to keep them anonymous. My supervisor, Frank van Laerhoven, has given me continuous support, guidance and encouragement throughout the process. I am extremely grateful for his stimulating questions, practical advice and reassurances. I am very grateful to Rucha Ghate and everyone associated with SHODH: The Institute for Research and Development, Nagpur especially Mukund Kulkarni, Suresh Ghate and family and Ramdas for welcoming me so warmly and their continuous interest and support in many ways. This thesis has gained greatly from Rucha‘s expert advice and local guidance. It was a very rewarding experience to be able to learn from such inspiring people. I would also like to thank my friends I made in Nagpur for all their support and help with translations, especially Nida, Parinita and Doreen. I am extremely grateful to Pranay Ade for always being ready to help with translations and practical arrangements as well as his local guidance and inspiring discussions. I would also like to extend my thanks to Prashant Barje who has kindly agreed to translate the abstract and a summary of this thesis into Marathi so that I can ensure it reaches my respondents and all interested parties in Maharashtra. Finally, I am indebted to my family and friends in England and The Netherlands for all their patience, support and encouragement to remain focussed, especially at the beginning of the process. Clare Barnes Rotterdam, The Netherlands ii आबाय भाझा वंळोधान्चा वु셁लाती楍मा ऩक्रिमेत भरा भाहशत नाशव्ते क्रि प्रताषऩणे क्रिती रोि ह्या भध्मे वशबागी शोतीर आणण भदत शोईर क्रितेि जणांची. वलव प्रथभ भी भशायाष्ट्रातीर वलधाबावचा रोिांचे धन्सालाद देऊ चाशते, जमांनी भरा तमांचा भूल्मलान लेऱ देऊन भाझा प्रश्नाचे उत्तय देऊन वशमोग िेरा आणण लास्तवलिता िवे िाभ ऩाय शोते शे वभजालून वांगगतरे. गⴂहदमा भधीर ग्राभीण वलबागातीर रोिाचा आदयातीतमाभुऱे आणण लन वलबागाचा अगधिाया楍मा खुरेऩणाभुऱे आणण दोन एनजजओचा वशबागाभुऱे भी भाझा वंळोधन ऩूणचव नाशी तय तो अगधि सानलधवि आणण ला楍भम फनलू ळिरे. तमां楍मा खुरेऩणाभुऱे आणण आंतदवष्टु ीभुऱे भी प्राप्त िेरे क्रि भाझा प्रतमाथीभुऱे भरा भाझा ननणवम नननाली ठेलता आरे. भाझा वंळोधनाचे ऩमवलेषि, फ्रℂि लैन रेयशोलेन मांनी भरा वतत वभथवन, भागवदळवन आणण प्रोतवाशन हदरे वंऩूणव ऩक्रिमेत .तमांचा उत्तेजि प्रश्नावाठी, व्मालशारयि भागवदळवनावाठी आणण आश्वावानावाठी भी तमांची अतमंत आबायी आशे. भी वलळेऴत् खूऩ आबायी आशे 셁चा घाटे आणण प्रतमेिजण जो ळोध ळी वंर嵍न आशे: अनुवंधान औय वलिाव वंस्थान, नागऩुय अनतवलऴेश्त् भुिंु द िु रिणी, वुयेळ घाटे आणण ऩरयलाय आणण याभदाव जमांनी वतत 셁ची ल वभथवन िेरे ननयननयाऱे 셂ऩाने. ह्या वंळोधांवाठी प्रेयणादामि भशतल बेटरे 셁चांचा वषभ अनुबलाची आणण स्थाननि भागवदळवनाची .शा एि वलळेऴत् ऩुयस्िृ त अनुबल शोता क्रि अळा प्रेयणादामि रोिािडून शळिण्माचा ल अनुबल घेण्माचा .भरा अजून भाझा भैत्रिणींचा वलळेऴ 셂ऩवाठी धन्मलाद द्याले लाटते वलळेऴत् ननदा, ऩयीननता आणण डोयीन क्रि जमांना भी नागऩूय बेटरे, तमांचा वभथवनावाठी आणण 셁ऩांतय भध्मे भदत ियण्मावाठी . भी अजूनशी खूऩ आबायी आशे प्रणम अदेचे जो नेशभीच तमाय अवामचा 셁ऩांतय भध्मे भदत ियण्मावाठी आणण व्मालशारयि व्मलस्था फयोफय तमाचा स्थाननि भागवदळवन आणण प्रेयणादामि वलचायावाठी. भी अजूनशी अनतवलळेऴ धन्मलाद द्यालमावे लाटते प्रळांत फज े मांचे क्रि, जमाचाभुऱे भाझा वंळोधनाचे भयाठी वायांळ आणण वंळोधनाचे एित्रित वायांळ चे भयाठीत 셁ऩांतय ियता आरे, जमाभुऱे भी खािीरामि ननशळ楍त आशे क्रि, भाझे वंळोधन मो嵍म यीतीने वभजेर भाझा उत्तयाथी आणण वलव इ楍छु ि भंडऱी आणण रोिावाठी जे भशायाष्टातीर आशे. ळेलटी , भी आबायी आशे इं嵍रंड भधीर भाझा ऩरयलायांचे आणण दोस्तांचे आणण भी नीदयरℂड अवताना तमांनी धैमव, वभथवन आणण प्रोतवाशन हदरे ध्मान िᴂहित ियण्मावाठी, वलळेऴत् वु셁लातीचा िाऱात आणण प्रक्रिमेत. 啍रेअय फानेव यॉटयडैभ, नीदयरℂ蕍व iii Abstract The Joint Forest Management (JFM) policy was implemented across India during the 1990s with the vision of combining forest conservation and rural livelihood improvement goals through creating local level partnerships between the Forest Department and the local villagers. The difference between the rhetoric and the reality has been widely documented, as has the great variety in outcomes of JFM seen in forests and villages across India, raising the question about the reasons for such diversity. In this research the departure point of forests as a common pool resource (CPR) is taken, central to which is the concept of collective action through which forest users devise rules to manage the forests. Collective action lies at the heart of the JFM policy. One reason for the variety in outcomes of JFM at a local level could be the differing levels of involvement of external actors- seen here as individuals and organisations other than the local forest users, with the key external actors being the Forest Department and NGOs. This research uses a comparative analysis of four cases in which collective action is functioning and two cases in which collective action is not functioning, with the level of key external actor involvement varying across the cases. The influence of external actors is measured through the independent variable indicators: provision of relevant knowledge, management and social skills, communication channels and financial support. The sustainability of collective action (the dependent variable) is assessed using the indicators: the functioning of collective action, the level of understanding of JFM policy, awareness and involvement of forest users, connections with external actors, confidence in future benefits and the perceived ability to independently manage JFM. The main conclusion is that external actor involvement is not a pre-requisite for functioning collective action, however external actors do occupy a central and powerful position to influence the level of sustainability of collective action. Whilst there are individual positive cases of external actors influencing individual indicators, there is no clear correlation between external actor involvement and the indicators for sustainability of collective action, indicating that their involvement does not necessarily lead to more sustainable collective action. The influence of external actors is determined at an individual, rather than an organisational level and is limited due to a lack of policy knowledge, limited efforts in outreach towards marginalised groups, poor communication between external actors themselves and the low level to which JFM is institutionalised within the Forest Department. The study concludes with policy recommendations for external actors at a local level to strengthen the sustainability of JFM in Maharashtra. iv वायांळ वंऩूणव बायतबय १९९० 楍मा दळिाव/वुभायाव वंमुक्त लन व्मलस्थाऩन याफवलरे गेरे .तमा अंतगवत स्थाननि ऩातऱीलयीर लनखाते आणण स्थानीम ग्राभीण जीलन ऩती माभधीर बागीदायी जमात वंमुक्त रयतमा लने / जंगर फचाल आणण ग्राभीण जीलन ऩती फाफत वुधायणा ियण्माफाफतची 饃ष्टी हदवून मेते .अरंिायमुक्त आणण लास्तवलि मातीर पयि रेखी ऩुयाव्मानुवाय शव िेरेरा आशे आणण वंमुक्त लन व्मलस्थाऩनेतीर अनेि प्रिाय楍मा वलवलधतेचे ननष्िऴव वंऩूणव बायतबय लन आणण ग्राभीण वलबागातीर वलवलधतेचे शबन्नातेची िायणे ननभावण शोतांना हदवून मेतात .मा वंळोधनातून लनावंफधीचे भुे वोडून देण्मावंफधी जवे िᴂिीम /भध्मलती एिि ियण्माचे वाधन ठयते क्रि जे वाभुदानमि िृ तीची िल्ऩना जमाव्दाये लनाचा उऩमोग ियणाये ननमभ लनावंफधीचे व्मलस्थाऩन ियतात . वंमुक्त लन व्माव्स्थाप्ते楍मा 셃दमात एित्रित िृ ती वभावलष्ट अवते एि िायण . अवे क्रि वंमुक्त लन खात े व्मलस्थाऩने楍मा अनेि वलध ननष्िऴव स्थाननि ऩातऱीलय लेगलेगळ्मा प्रिायच े ऩातऱीलय फाह्यऩणे अंतबूतव िृ ती ियणाये अवतातमा शळलाम मा .
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