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Ssfiglggfs' Agrafât Wmsêêmm Mapmrnm. Mmm ®Pip S®£«£S agrafât SSfiglggfS' WmSÊÊmm mapmrnm. MgfNN mmm ®PiPs®£«£s$ mmmmm m : •^-•y.-y l-V./.'^M? ,•• -tâig.:fâ)0&^?3Ï'" ' '-ïfsP&t •«£&£&>£ iL- .W& '^ |®®c (1971) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Âi imp* Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Wageningen, 14-21 April 1971 /v° (5* BIBLIOTHÉEK \ V X^*gENir G Editor: H. P. Maas Geesteranus Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 1972 UDC 632.35 ISBN 90 220 0357 4 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), Wageningen, 1972 No part of this book may be reproduced and/or published in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the Netherlands by Zuid-Nederlandsche Drukkerij N.V., 's-Hertogenbosch Organizing Committee Drs H. P. Maas Geesteranus (Chairman) Miss Dr E. Billing Dr D. W. Dye Dr D. C. Hildebrand Dr I. Lazar Executive Committee Dr J. G. ten Houten (Chairman) J. Drijver (Secretary/Treasurer) Dr G. J. Saaltink Dr A. de Lange Drs G. H. Boerema Drs H. P. Maas Geesteranus Preface The Third International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria was organized for those scientists who are working with plant pathogenic bacteria. Their interests include microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, pathology or taxonomy. Consequently the programme of this meeting included a variety of subjects. One of the aims of the conference was to provide general information on current work, so that participants working in one discipline could learn of recent development in others. To achieve this, some sessions were devoted to reviews, combined in sym­ posia on special topics prepared by specialists. In addition, papers were read dealing with results of personal research and giving up-to-date information on current work. Besides there was the opportunity to present short papers on problems or negative results met with during investigations. These contributions were then discussed, either in a plenary session, or in small groups of people particularly interested in the subject. These discussions were intended to stimulate the exchange of knowledge and ideas but, as they were often long and detailed, it was impossible to summarize them. Therefore in this book only the papers that were presented are published. The reader will also find in these Proceedings long review articles, reports of results and short contributions dealing only with the description of problems. All together, the contents will give a good idea of the main subjects with which the phytobacteriologists are concerned at present. The Editor Contents Preface Symposium I: Microbiology of Plant Surfaces C. Leben & A. de Lange: Bacteria in buds and on leaf surfaces 13 L. N. Gibbins: Relationships between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial inhabi­ tants of aerial plant surfaces 15 E. L. Civerolo: Interaction between bacteria and bacteriophages on plant surfaces and in plant tissues 25 M. Goto: The significance of the vegetation for the survival of pathogenic bacteria 39 Discussion group: Physiology H. A. J. Hoitink & O. E. Bradfute: Mechanism of disease initiation by Pseudomonas tabaci 55 H. R. Cameron: Relationship of host metabolism to bacterial infection 59 Elvira Grou: Changes in amino acids and electrophoretic characters of cytoplasmic com­ ponents by some strains of Erwinia 63 G. A. Strobel: The biological activity of phytotoxic bacterial glycopeptides 69 B. Digat: The significance of catalasic activity in Pseudomonas solanacearum 71 J. M. Young & A. M. Paton: Development of pathogenic and saprophytic bacterial po­ pulations in plant tissues 77 Discussion group: Miscellaneous Papers R. M. Numic: The effect of ionizing irradiation on bacteriophages of Pseudomonas phaseoli var. sojense 81 L. Gardan, J. Luisetti & J.-P. Prunier: Variation in inoculum level of Pseudomonas mors-prunorum persicae on the leaf surface of peach trees 87 R. T. V. Fox: The ultrastructure of potato tubers infected by the soft rot organism Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica, 95 H. R. Cameron & B. C. Palmer: Gel electrophoresis as a tool in diagnosing Pseudomonas isolates 121 Discussion group: Serology I. Lazar: Studies on the preparation of anti-Erwinia sera in rabbits 125 I. Lazar: Serological relationships between 'amylovora', 'carotovora' and 'herbicola' groups of the genus Erwinia 131 A. Coleno, M. Le Normand & M. R. Barzic: A qualitative study on the antigens involved in the complement-fixation reaction among some phytopathogenic pseudomonads 143 9 T. Namekata & A. R. de Oliveira: Comparative serological studies between Xanthomonas citri and a bacterium causing canker on Mexican lime 151 - G. J. Saaltink, D. H. M. van Slogteren & W. Kamerman: Serological identification of bacteria in bulbs 153 Symposium II: Plant Reaction to Infection Z. Klement: Development of the hypersensitivity reaction induced by plant pathogenic bacteria 157 L. Sequeira: Prevention of the hypersensitivity reaction 165 A. A. Cook: Alteration of hypersensitivity in plants to bacterial infection 171 K. Rudolph: Reactions of the host plant to specific pathogens 179 „ L. E. Webb & R. K. S. Wood: Resistance of potato tubers to infection by Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica 191 Discussion group: Pathogenicity Tests B. W. Kennedy, T. W. Mew & L. Olson : Reaction of soybean tissue culture to pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria 201 U. Mazzucchi: Pathogenicity of Erwinia chrysanthemi on tobacco and Dieffenbachia leaves 203 S. M. Saad & D. J. Hagedorn: The relationship of Pseudomonas syringae virulence on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, to bacterial isolate source 209 D. Knösel & E. Lange: Qualification of the infiltration technique to prove pathogenicity 211 Symposium III: Biochemistry of Tumor Development H. Veldstra: Plant tumors and crown gall, an analysis of autonomous growth 213 R. A. Schilperoort: Integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA in the genome of crown gall tumor cells and its expression 223 R. J. Bogers: On the interaction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with cells of Kalanchoë daigremontiana 239 Discussion group: Taxonomy J. De Ley: Agrobacterium: intrageneric relationships and evolution 251 M. N. Schroth & D. C. Hildebrand: Current taxonomie thinking on the genus Pseudo­ monas, with emphasis on the plant pathogens 261 R. A. Lelliott: The genus Xanthomonas 269 D. C. Graham: Identification of soft rot coliform bacteria 273 D. C. Hildebrand & M. N. Schroth: Identification of the fluorescent pseudomonads 281 D. C. Harris: Intra-specific variation in Pseudomonas solanacearum 289 A. C. Hayward: The impact of changes in nomenclature on plant quarantaine measures 293 Z. Tesic: The use of 'special forms' in the classification of phytopathogenic bacteria 295 Discussion group: Virulence - M. C. M. Pérombelon: A quantitative method for assessing virulence of Erwinia caro­ tovora var. carotovora and E. carotovora var. atroseptica and susceptibility to rotting of potato tuber tissue 299 D. C. Sands & A. D. Rovira: Modifying the virulence and host range of weed pathogens 305 W. M. Dowler: Inhibition of Pseudomonas syringae by saprophytic bacterial isolates in culture and in infected plant tissues 307 A. Kelman & Judith Hruschka: Differences in mobility between virulent and avirulent cells of Pseudomonas solanacearum 313 10 - D. Zutra, Y. Henis & Z. Volcani: Factors affecting the virulence of Erwinia carotovora 317 Symposium IV: Mycoplasmas Jeanne Dijkstra: A virologist's view on mycoplasma 321 B. E. Andrews: Mycoplasmas of man and animals 325 Symposium V: Enzymes and Toxins D. C. Hildebrand: Pectolytic enzymes of Pseudomonas 331 D. Knösel & E. Lange: The influence of pectolytic enzymes on bacterial infection of plant tissue 345 A. Garibaldi: Pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes produced by Xanthomonas pelargonii 351 G. A. Strobel: Comparative biochemistry of the toxic glycopeptides produced by some plant pathogenic Corynebacteria 357 11 Bacteria in buds and on leaf surfaces1 C. Leben and A. de Lange2 Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691. In addition to the existing terms 'rhizosphere' and 'phyllosphere', the bud as a source of the epiphytic microflora may be called the 'gemmisphere'. Micro-organisms have been reported to winter on or in normal dormant buds of some perennial plants. In spring these organisms may be distributed over plant parts. Growing buds seem to offer an especially favourable environment for micro-organisms. Bacteria are the most numerous of the microflora in active buds and the first colonizers of young tissues. Free moisture is essential for bacterial motility and is probably necessary for cell multiplication both on bud parts and leaves. In the seedling bud, gemmisphere bacteria can originate in or on the seed, or they may enter the bud from the soil as the plant emerges. The bud flora may be supple­ mented by small animals, dust, rain-splashed soil or water drippings and splashings from the same or other plants. The bacterial population may be reduced by parasites, by the washing of rain and dew water or by a decrease in free water. Usually the same possibilities exist for the epiphytic microflora on leaves. The cycling of some gemmi­ sphere and phyllosphere bacteria from seed to seed through the flower bud may take place. Antagonistic and other relations among the epiphytic bacteria may well induce preferential multiplication of particular species. Evidence indicates that most gemmi­ sphere bacteria die
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