DOCSLIB.ORG

Current Status of the Biology, Pathogenesis, and Impacts of Ebola

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Current Status of the Biology, Pathogenesis, and Impacts of Ebola CURRENT STATUS OF THE BIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND IMPACTS OF EBOLA VIRUS A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Dalal Alamri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Microbiological Sciences March 2021 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title CURRENT STATUS OF THE BIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND IMPACTS OF EBOLA VIRUS By Dalal Alamri The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Sheela Ramamoorthy Chair Sangita Sinha Brett Webb Approved: April 16, 2021 John McEvoy Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Ebola viruses (EV) are single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family. There are 6 species of Ebola, and four of them can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans. Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever is one of the deadliest diseases known to infect humans and non-human primates. The primary mode of transmission of Ebola has been identified as direct contact with infected animals, humans and body fluids. The early diagnosis of EVD is difficult because of similarities of the initial disease presentation to influenza-like symptoms such as high fever, myalgia, fatigue, headache, and chills. The most common symptoms that have been reported from previous outbreaks were fever, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding, diarrhea, and chest pain. Several methods have been used to detect Ebola such as ELISA, conventional RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR. Scientists have been working on several therapeutics and vaccines to prevent and treat Ebola. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I want to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Sheela Ramamoorthy, Associate Professor, at North Dakota State University. She always helps me whenever I have a question about my research. She guides me to the right the direction. I am very grateful about her valuable guidance and comments throughout the duration at the NDSU. Beside my advisor, I would like to thank my graduate committee: Professors Brett Webb and Sangita Sinha for their encouragement and insightful comments. Finally, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my mother and my family for providing me with the great support throughout the years of study and through my process of writing this thesis. To my beloved father, I would like to present my sincere thankfulness for your great role in my life; I miss you so much. I am deeply sad that you could not see me graduate. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ ix 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. VIRAL BIOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Classification of Ebola ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Epidemiology and Outbreak ................................................................................................ 5 2.3. Structure of Ebola Virus .................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Entry and Viral Replication ............................................................................................... 12 2.4.1. Viral Entry .................................................................................................................. 12 2.4.2. Genome, Transcription and Translation of Ebola ....................................................... 13 2.4.3. Replication and Transcription ..................................................................................... 13 3. PATHOGENESIS ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Viral Ecology ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1. Model of Human to Human Transmission .................................................................. 15 3.1.2. Factors Influencing the Spread ................................................................................... 17 3.2. Molecular Pathogenesis and Immune Subversion ............................................................. 19 3.3. Clinical Manifestations of Ebola ....................................................................................... 20 3.4. Detection and Diagnosis .................................................................................................... 21 3.4.1. Diagnosis Methods ...................................................................................................... 21 4. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT....................................................................................... 23 4.1. Immune Responses to Ebola .............................................................................................. 23 v 4.2. Antivirals ........................................................................................................................... 24 4.3. Passive Immunity with Antibodies .................................................................................... 25 4.4. Vaccines ............................................................................................................................. 26 4.5. Barriers to the Control and Prevention of Ebola ................................................................ 30 5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 32 6. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 34 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. The Major Outbreaks of Ebola Species .............................................................................. 9 2. The Functions of Ebola Viral Proteins.............................................................................. 12 3. The Antivirals and Vaccines ............................................................................................. 29 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Phylogenetic Tree of Ebola ......................................................................................... 5 2. The Outbreaks of Ebola ...................................................................................................... 7 3. The Molecular Structure of Ebola..................................................................................... 13 4. The Replication of Ebola .................................................................................................. 14 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BEBOV ..........................................................Bundibugyo EV DRC ...............................................................Democratic Republic of Congo EV ..................................................................Ebola virus EVD ...............................................................Ebola virus disease GP ..................................................................Glycoprotein KPN‐α1 ..........................................................Karyopherin α 1 NP ..................................................................Nucleoprotein NC ..................................................................Nucleocapsid ORF ................................................................Open reading frame PI3K ...............................................................Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase-Akt PACT .............................................................PKR‐activating protein REBOV ..........................................................Reston Ebolavirus RLR ................................................................RIG I like receptor LP ...................................................................RNA polymerase SEBOV ..........................................................Sudan Ebola virus ICEBOV .........................................................Tai Forest Ebola virus VP ..................................................................Viral proteins VSV................................................................Vesicular stomatitis virus YMH ..............................................................Yambuku Mission Hospital BSL-4 .............................................................Biosafety level 4 containment APCs ..............................................................Antigen-presenting cells EHF ................................................................Ebola hemorrhagic fever NK ..................................................................Natural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Signature Redacted Signature of Author
    Developing VHH-based tools to study Ebolavirus Infection By Jason V. M. H. Nguyen B.S., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of California, Santa Cruz, 2012 Submitted to the Microbiology Graduate Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2019 2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature redacted Signature of Author...... .................................................................... V Y' Jason V. M. H. Nguyen Microbiology Graduate Program May 13, 2019 Signature redacted Certified by.............. ................................................................... Hidde L. Ploegh Senior Investigator Boston Children's Hospital It Signature redacted Accepted by....... ......................................................................... Jacquin C. Niles Associate Professor of Biological Engineering Chair of Microbiology Program MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUN 2 12019 1 LIBRARIES ARCHIVES 2 Developing VHH-based tools to study Ebolavirus Infection By Jason V. M. H. Nguyen Submitted to the Microbiology Graduate Program on May 13th, 2019 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT Variable domains of camelid-derived heavy chain-only antibodies, or VHHs, have emerged as a unique antigen binding moiety that holds promise in its versatility and utilization as a tool to study biological questions. This thesis focuses on two aspects on developing tools to study infectious disease, specifically Ebolavirus entry. In Chapter 1, I provide an overview about antibodies and how antibodies have transformed the biomedical field and how single domain antibody fragments, or VHHs, have entered this arena. I will also touch upon how VHHs have been used in various fields and certain aspects that remain underexplored. Chapter 2 focuses on the utilization of VHHs to study Ebolavirus entry using VHHs that were isolated from alpacas.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an Antibody Cocktail for Treatment of Sudan Virus Infection
    Development of an antibody cocktail for treatment of Sudan virus infection Andrew S. Herberta,b, Jeffery W. Froudea,1, Ramon A. Ortiza, Ana I. Kuehnea, Danielle E. Doroskya, Russell R. Bakkena, Samantha E. Zaka,b, Nicole M. Josleyna,b, Konstantin Musiychukc, R. Mark Jonesc, Brian Greenc, Stephen J. Streatfieldc, Anna Z. Wecd,2, Natasha Bohorovae, Ognian Bohorove, Do H. Kime, Michael H. Paulye, Jesus Velascoe, Kevin J. Whaleye, Spencer W. Stoniera,b,3, Zachary A. Bornholdte, Kartik Chandrand, Larry Zeitline, Darryl Sampeyf, Vidadi Yusibovc,4, and John M. Dyea,5 aVirology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702; bThe Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402; cFraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE 19711; dDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; eMapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121; and fBioFactura, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701 Edited by Y. Kawaoka, University of Wisconsin–Madison/University of Tokyo, Madison, WI, and approved December 30, 2019 (received for review August 28, 2019) Antibody-based therapies are a promising treatment option for antibody-based immunotherapies. Subsequently, several indepen- managing ebolavirus infections. Several Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific dent groups reported the postexposure efficacy of monoclonal and, more recently, pan-ebolavirus antibody cocktails have been antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapies against EVD in ma- described. Here, we report the development and assessment of a caques when administered as mixtures of two or more mAbs (14–17). Sudan virus (SUDV)-specific antibody cocktail. We produced a panel These landmark studies demonstrated that combination mAb- of SUDV glycoprotein (GP)-specific human chimeric monoclonal based immunotherapies are a viable treatment option for EVD antibodies (mAbs) using both plant and mammalian expression and spurred therapeutic antibody development for filoviruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience of Ebola Virus Disease in the Province of North Kivu and Ituri (DR Congo) and the Importance of Early Diagnosis
    Open Access Library Journal 2020, Volume 7, e6135 ISSN Online: 2333-9721 ISSN Print: 2333-9705 Problem of the Management of Haemorrhagic Fevers: Experience of Ebola Virus Disease in the Province of North Kivu and Ituri (DR Congo) and the Importance of Early Diagnosis Criss Koba Mjumbe1,2*, Isabelle Kasongo Omba1, Benjamain Kabyla Ilunga1, Oscar Luboya Nuymbi1 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Polyclinic/GCM, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo How to cite this paper: Koba Mjumbe, C., Abstract Kasongo Omba, I., Kabyla Ilunga, B. and Luboya Nuymbi, O. (2020) Problem of the Ebola is a serious, often fatal disease with a fatality rate of up to 90%. The Management of Haemorrhagic Fevers: short-term objective of this letter to the listeners is to make known the signs Experience of Ebola Virus Disease in the of the Ebola virus to the population and to promote the early diagnosis in our Province of North Kivu and Ituri (DR Congo) and the Importance of Early environment. We applied an observation of the cases of the Ebola epidemic in Diagnosis. Open Access Library Journal, 7: our environment. It is not always possible to quickly identify patients with e6135. Ebola virus disease. For this reason, it is important that health workers apply https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106135 the usual precautions to all patients, regardless of diagnosis, in any profes- Received: February 3, 2020 sional practice and at any time. With the support of the Congolese govern- Accepted: March 3, 2020 ment and several other organizations, the Congolese government is expected Published: March 6, 2020 to launch a program of mass awareness and vaccination against the Ebola vi- rus.
    [Show full text]
  • Filovirus Surveillance in Sierra Leone Developing Interventions Before Spillover
    FILOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE IN SIERRA LEONE DEVELOPING INTERVENTIONS BEFORE SPILLOVER The West Africa Ebola epidemic of 2014-2016 was the largest Ebola outbreak to date, with over 28,000 infections and 11,000 deaths reported in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. While the events leading to the first infection are not entirely known, ecological and behavioral research conducted at the initial outbreak site suggests that the first known infection was likely the result of contact with bats. The West Africa Ebola epidemic demonstrated the urgent need to identify the wildlife reservoir of Ebola (widely thought to be bats) and to understand the ways in which humans come into contact with these bats. Following the epidemic, PREDICT launched the Ebola Host Project (EHP) to conduct Ebola virus surveillance in livestock and wildlife in the three West African countries most affected by the outbreak. In 2018, EHP found a novel species of ebolavirus (Bombali ebolavirus) in Bombali, Sierra Leone in two species of insect-eating bats that were roosting in people’s homes. Later, EHP of associated virus surveillance efforts. In particular, also identified Marburg virus, a highly lethal filovirus of we conducted interviews and focus groups in two central and southern Africa, in Sierra Leone in the fruit communities that had frequent contact with bats in bats in the districts Koinadugu, Kono, and Moyamba. Bombali. By studying the knowledge, beliefs, and practices This was the first time either of these viruses has of these individuals, we were able to understand the been found in Sierra Leone; and, through PREDICT’s contexts, motivations, and behaviors that may expose EHP surveillance, both were identified before a known individuals to diseases from livestock and wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC Fact Sheet Ebola Virus Disease
    Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a rare and deadly disease most commonly affecting people and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees). There are six known species of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus), Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus), Taï Forest virus (Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus), Reston virus (Reston ebolavirus,) and Bombali virus (Bombali ebolavirus). Of these, only four are known to cause disease in people (Ebola, Sudan, Taï Forest, and Bundibugyo viruses). Reston virus is known to cause disease in nonhuman primates and pigs, but not in people. It is unknown if Bombali virus, which was recently identified in bats, causes disease in either animals or people. Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Africa. The natural reservoir host of Ebola viruses remains unknown. However, based on the nature of similar viruses, experts think the virus is animal-borne, with bats being the most likely reservoir. Transmission How the virus first infects a person at the start of an outbreak is not known. However, experts think the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal such as a fruit bat or nonhuman primate. People can be infected with the Ebola virus through direct contact (like touching) with: • Blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, semen) of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD • Objects (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and syringes) contaminated with body fluids from a person sick with EVD or a body of a person who died from EVD • Blood or body fluids of infected fruit bats or nonhuman primates such as apes and monkeys • Semen from a man who recovered from EVD (through oral, vaginal, or anal sex) Ebola virus CANNOT spread to others when a person has no signs or symptoms of EVD.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Diversity of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and Ebola Virus Dise
    Human Diversity of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and Ebola Virus Disease Outcomes Tony Wawina-Bokalanga, Bert Vanmechelen, Valentine Lhermitte, Joan Martí-Carreras, Valentijn Vergote, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Joseph Akoi-Boré, Ruth Thom, Tom Tipton, Kimberley Steeds, Kéita Balla Moussa, Ablam Amento, Lies Laenen, Sophie Duraffour, Martin Gabriel, Paula Ruibal, Yper Hall, Mandy Kader-Kondé, Stephan Günther, Guy Baele, Cesar Muñoz-Fontela, Johan Van Weyenbergh, Miles W. Carroll, Piet Maes We investigated the genetic profiles of killer cell immu- bola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, nonsegment- noglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in Ebola virus–infected Eed, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus patients. We studied the relationship between KIR–hu- that belongs to the genus Ebolavirus in the family Filo- man leukocyte antigen (HLA) combinations and the clini- viridae. This genus comprises 6 species recognized by cal outcomes of patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus- We genotyped KIRs and HLA class I alleles using DNA es: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebo- from uninfected controls, EVD survivors, and persons lavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and the who died of EVD. The activating 2DS4–003 and inhibitory recently discovered Bombali ebolavirus (1). 2DL5 genes were significantly more common among per- Since the first recorded Ebola virus outbreaks in sons who died of EVD; 2DL2 was more common among 1976 in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the survivors. We used logistic regression analysis and Bayesian modeling to identify 2DL2, 2DL5, 2DS4–003, Congo [DRC]) and southern Sudan, other outbreaks HLA-B-Bw4-Thr, and HLA-B-Bw4-Ile as probably having of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have been reported in a significant relationship with disease outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Spillover of Ebolaviruses Into People in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Prior to the 2018 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Spillover of ebolaviruses into people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo prior to the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7q87w70n Journal One health outlook, 2(1) ISSN 2524-4655 Authors Goldstein, Tracey Belaganahalli, Manjunatha N Syaluha, Eddy K et al. Publication Date 2020 DOI 10.1186/s42522-020-00028-1 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Goldstein et al. One Health Outlook (2020) 2:21 One Health Outlook https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-020-00028-1 RESEARCH Open Access Spillover of ebolaviruses into people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo prior to the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak Tracey Goldstein1*, Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli1, Eddy K. Syaluha2, Jean-Paul K. Lukusa2, Denise J. Greig1, Simon J. Anthony3,4, Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard1, Riddhi Thakkar3, Adrian Caciula3, Nischay Mishra3, W. Ian Lipkin3, Jasjeet K. Dhanota1, Brett R. Smith1, Victoria M. Ontiveros1, Nistara Randhawa1, Michael Cranfield1,2, Christine K. Johnson1, Kirsten V. Gilardi1,2 and Jonna A. K. Mazet1 Abstract Background: The second largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in July 2018 in North Kivu Province. Data suggest the outbreak is not epidemiologically linked to the 2018 outbreak in Equateur Province, and that independent introduction of Ebola virus (EBOV) into humans occurred. We tested for antibodies to ebolaviruses in febrile patients seeking care in North Kivu Province prior to the EVD outbreak. Methods: Patients were enrolled between May 2017 and April 2018, before the declared start of the outbreak in eastern DRC.
    [Show full text]
  • One Health in Action (2016-2020) Tracing the Origins of Ebola SIERRA LEONE EBOLA HOST PROJECT
    SIERRA LEONE One Health in action (2016-2020) Tracing the origins of Ebola SIERRA LEONE EBOLA HOST PROJECT estled in the heart of neighboring Guinea and Liberia, to (Bombali ebolavirus) in insect-eating coastal West Africa, find the animal source of this and bats; the first time an ebolavirus was NSierra Leone is a shining other devastating filoviruses, and discovered before causing human example of resilience and strength to investigate human behaviors or animal illness or death. A few in the face of unprecedented health associated with virus spillover. A months later, our team together challenges. With nearly 5.7 million robust community engagement with colleagues at the U.S. Centers people living in a gradient of dense strategy was also undertaken, for Disease Control and Prevention urban to very rural deep forest engaging over 400 stakeholders from (CDC) and Njala University, environments, Sierra Leone has long the national, district, chiefdom, and detected a deadly known virus been recognized as a zoonotic virus local community levels. Additionally, (Marburg virus) in fruit-eating bats, emergence hot spot. During 2013- our team worked closely with the first time this virus had been 2016, what was initially thought to government officials in six districts detected in West Africa. be a limited Ebola virus outbreak to launch district-level One Health PREDICT’s full impact in Sierra began along the Sierra Leone- Platforms. Leone will take years to fully Guinea-Liberia border. However, Through the University of Makeni appreciate. Through analysis of over the next three years the and partners in the Ministries project data and findings, PREDICT disease spread through nearly the of Health and Sanitation and was able to identify risks and entire three countries–leaving over Agriculture and Forestry, PREDICT educate communities and 28,000 people infected and more strengthened national capabilities health professionals on behavior than 11,000 dead.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of Bombali Virus Adds Further Support for Bats As Hosts of Ebolaviruses
    BRIEF COMMUNICATION https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0227-2 The discovery of Bombali virus adds further support for bats as hosts of ebolaviruses Tracey Goldstein 1,14*, Simon J. Anthony2,3,4,14*, Aiah Gbakima5, Brian H. Bird1, James Bangura5, Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard1, Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli 1, Heather L. Wells 2, Jasjeet K. Dhanota 1, Eliza Liang2,4, Michael Grodus2, Rohit K. Jangra6, Veronica A. DeJesus6, Gorka Lasso7, Brett R. Smith1, Amara Jambai8, Brima O. Kamara9, Sorie Kamara10, William Bangura11, Corina Monagin1,12, Sagi Shapira7,13, Christine K. Johnson1, Karen Saylors12, Edward M. Rubin12, Kartik Chandran6, W. Ian Lipkin2,3 and Jonna A. K. Mazet1 Here we describe the complete genome of a new ebolavirus, also positive using a separate ebolavirus ‘genus-level’ cPCR assay. Bombali virus (BOMV) detected in free-tailed bats in Sierra The resulting 187-bp fragment showed 83% nucleotide identity Leone (little free-tailed (Chaerephon pumilus) and Angolan to known ebolaviruses. All samples collected from dogs, cats and free-tailed (Mops condylurus)). The bats were found roost- rodents were negative when both assays were used. Given the 2013 ing inside houses, indicating the potential for human trans- Ebola virus disease outbreak, we also screened all samples for EBOV mission. We show that the viral glycoprotein can mediate using specific real-time PCR (rtPCR); however, all samples, includ- entry into human cells. However, further studies are required ing those from bats, were negative. to investigate whether exposure has actually occurred or if All bats (n =​ 244) were barcoded to confirm the species BOMV is pathogenic in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • (Bombali Virus) in Molossid Bats in Sierra Leone
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nat Microbiol Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2019 June 10. Published in final edited form as: Nat Microbiol. 2018 October ; 3(10): 1084–1089. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0227-2. Discovery of a new ebolavirus (Bombali virus) in molossid bats in Sierra Leone. Tracey Goldstein1,*, Simon J Anthony2,3,4,*, Aiah Gbakima5, Brian H Bird1, James Bangura5, Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard1, Manjunatha N Belaganahalli1, Heather Wells2, Jasjeet K Dhanota1, Eliza Liang2,4, Michael Grodus2, Rohit K Jangra6, Veronica A DeJesus6, Gorka Lasso7, Brett R Smith1, Amara Jambai8, Brima O Kamara9, Sorie Kamara10, William Bangura11, Corina Monagin1,12, Sagi Shapira7,13, Christine K Johnson1, Karen Saylors12, Edward M Rubin12, Kartik Chandran6, W Ian Lipkin2,3, and Jonna AK Mazet1 1= One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California (USA) 2= Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA 3= Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA 4= EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY, USA 5= Metabiota, Inc. Sierra Leone, 53 Byrne Lane, Drive 5, Freetown, Sierra Leone Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Filovirus One-Step Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Screening Assay 1,2,3 1 1 1 1 Katharina Kopp , Ina Smith , Reuben Klein , Shawn Todd , Glenn A
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/579458; this version posted March 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Pan-filovirus one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction screening assay 1,2,3 1 1 1 1 Katharina Kopp , Ina Smith , Reuben Klein , Shawn Todd , Glenn A. Marsh , Alister C. 2,3 Ward 1 CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, Geelong, 3218, Victoria, Australia. 2 School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia. 3 Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia. Email: [email protected]. 21 February 2019 ABSTRACT Five species within the genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus of the family Filoviridae are known to cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans and non-human primates. Recent large outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in West Africa (2014 - 2016) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018 - ongoing) have demonstrated the epidemic potential with devastating public health consequences. Several known and novel filovirus species have been found in bats in recent years. However, the role of each virus species in the disease ecology of human disease is still unclear. In particular, the transmission mechanism from potential animal hosts to humans is not known. Therefore, a simple, flexible, cost-effective screening tool for detecting the presence of any (putative) member of the filovirus family in animal samples is needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Strategies to Target the Ebola Virus Life Cycle
    REVIEWS Therapeutic strategies to target the Ebola virus life cycle Thomas Hoenen 1,4*, Allison Groseth2,4 and Heinz Feldmann 3* Abstract | Following the Ebola virus disease epidemic in west Africa, there has been increased awareness of the need for improved therapies for emerging diseases, including viral haemorrhagic fevers such as those caused by Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Our continually improving understanding of the virus life cycle coupled with the increased availability of ‘omics’ analyses and high- throughput screening technologies has enhanced our ability to identify potential viral and host factors and aspects involved in the infection process that might be intervention targets. In this Review we address compounds that have shown promise to various degrees in interfering with the filovirus life cycle, including monoclonal antibodies such as ZMapp, mAb114 and REGN- EB3 and inhibitors of viral RNA synthesis such as remdesivir and TKM-Ebola. Furthermore, we discuss the general potential of targeting aspects of the virus life cycle such as the entry process, viral RNA synthesis and gene expression, as well as morphogenesis and budding. 8 Haemorrhagic fever Filoviruses are a family of viruses that contains the genera in many cases death . The pathogenesis associated with A disease that is characterized Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Dianlovirus, Striavirus and filovirus disease is complex and seems to be the result by fever and in severe cases Thamnovirus and the proposed genus Cuevavirus1,2. of a combination of immune suppression and cytokine associated with bleeding Ebolaviruses currently encompass six species: Zaire dysregulation (cytokine storm), as well as coagulation manifestations as a result of dysregulated coagulation ebolavirus (Ebola virus (EBOV)), Sudan ebolavirus abnormalities and vascular dysfunction (reviewed in 9–12 and/or damage to the blood (Sudan virus), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (Bundibugyo REFS ).
    [Show full text]