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ISSN: 1810—2174 Balochistan

Review Volume XXIII No. 2, 2010

(HEC RECOGNIZED)

Editor NASEEB ULLAH

BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA-PAKISTAN

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Published bi-annually by the Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan.

@ Balochistan Study Centre 2010-2

Subscription rate (per annum) in Pakistan: Institutions: Rs. 300/- Individuals: Rs. 200/-

For the other countries: Institutions: US$ 50 Individuals: US$ 30

Contact: Balochistan Review—ISSN: 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. Tel: (92) (081) 9211255 Facsimile: (92) (081) 9211255 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: uob.edu.pk

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Editorial Board

Patron in Chief: Prof. Dr. Abdul Nabi Vice Chancellor, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. Patron Prof. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir Director, Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta-Pakistan. Editor Naseeb Ullah Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mass Communication, UoB, Quetta-Pakistan. Members: Prof. Dr. Andriano V. Rossi Vice Chancellor & Head Dept. of Asian Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Naples, Italy. Prof. Dr. Saad Abudayeh Chairman, Dept. of Political Science, University of Jordon, Amman, Jordon. Prof. Dr. Bertrand Bellon Professor of Int’l, Industrial Organization & Technology Policy, University de Paris Sud. Dr. Carina Jahani Inst. of Iranian & African Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Khan Director, Taxila Institute of Civilization, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Prof. Dr. Rajwali Shah Khattak Professor, Pushto Academy, Peshawar University Pesh-Pakistan. Mr. Ayub Baloch Member, Balochistan Public Service Commission, Quetta. Prof. Dr. Mehmood Ali Shah, Professor Emeritus, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

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Guidelines/Parameters for the Contributors: Following are the Guidelines/Parameters for the scholars/researchers contributing articles to the bi-annual research journal of BSC “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW ISSN: 1810-2174”.

The article should be in a ready to print form Authors are entitled to five free off-prints and a copy of the issue in which their article is published. The articles should accompany a soft copy as well; to be sent through email preferably in PDF file format. Articles must focus on latest researches made in different fields/areas i.e. arts and crafts, architecture, archaeology, literature, language, economy, management, heritage and culture, politics, media, history etc. relevant to Balochistan. Any queries regarding the publication or acceptance of the article can be sought at the given address: Editor “Balochistan Review”, Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan. [email protected]

Style

The title should appear at the middle position of the first page The brief title (5 to 7 words) with author’s name also appearing in the top-left header position in the rest of the pages (running head). All authors’ full name and affiliations should also be explicit on the first page with the corresponding author’s postal and email addresses. The article should comprise an abstract, introduction (including review literature and rationale), results, discussion (including limitations and suggestions), and the references. The abstract should be of about 150-170 words. The article should be of maximum 4000 words in New Times Roman, font 12 with 1.5 line Spacing. Main heading should be bold with italic subheadings. Tables and figures should be in a separate file, in a ready to print form with sources given below the tables. All statistical symbols present in the article should be italic. References should be in author/date style throughout the text in the APA format

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Commerce

SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL UTILIZATION FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES Muhammad Ali 07

Culture

MULTICULTURALISM: A CASE STUDY OF BALOCHISTAN Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir & Waheed Razzaq 17

Economy

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: POTENTIAL AREA TO COMBAT POVERTY IN COSTAL BELT OF BALOCHISTAN 27 Dr. Jahangir Achakzai

History

SWASTIKA IN THE LIGHT OF FACTS Ghulam Farooq Baloch 37

THE EMERGENCE OF TALIBAN AND ITS IMPACT ON IRAN, AFGHAN AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS Kaleem Ullah Bareach 49

Language & Literature

A BREIEF SKETCH OF BRAHUI DIALOECTOLOGY Liaqat Ali Sani 67

DEHEE-A CASE STUDY OF DEHEE-CLASSICAL POETRY OF BALOCHI LANGUAGE Ghulam Nabi Sajid & Wahid Bakhsh Buzdar 77

Politics

KHAN ABDUL SAMAD KHAN ACHAKZAI SHAHEED: 85 (PERSONALITY AND VISION ON REGIONAL POLITICS) Muhammad Usman Tobawal

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Psychology

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY 93 IN BALOCHISTAN: DEPICTION, DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Neelam Firdous

Social Sciences

STATUS OF EDUCATION AND LEVEL OF ANXIETY 113 AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN BALOCHISTAN Mahreen Siddiqui

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL UTILIZATION FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES

Commerce

Muhammad Ali* ABSTRACT

In the prevailing energy shortage the vast coal reserves (existing in all provinces) of Pakistan become very important. Its utilization for energy generation will be very helpful to overcome this energy shortage. It will also save foreign exchange by replacing use of imported oil and natural gas. This paper discusses the importance of coal utilization as an industrial and domestic fuel. The industries which are presently main market of local coal such as Brick Kilns and the industries which have potential for coal consumption are also reviewed. The author has analyzed the domestic and industrial use of coal from 2003 to 2009.

INTRODUCTION: Pakistan is blessed with enormous coal reserves of almost 186,007 million tons and is the sixth richest country of the world in respect of coal reserves. The coal reserves are found in all provinces of Pakistan and AJK (Azad Jammu and Kashmir) but the most important and huge coal reserves are found in Sindh at Thar District which are almost 175,506 million tons. Abu Mohammad Izhar-ul-Haque (1986) highlighted the correlation ship of the growth of economy with the development of coal sector during1973-83. According to him coal can be used for power generation in substitution of furnace oil, in cement plants and in the other industries. The author suggests that for self-sufficiency in energy sector modern plants and equipments should be manufactured locally. Dr Ahmad Shah Nawaz (1986) has discussed the potential for utilization of Pakistani coal in industry. The Pakistani coal mostly have high amount of suphur and high variable ash contents. It can be used be used as a fuel if it is blended either with imported coal or with low sulphur furnance oil. However it can not be used as a raw

* Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan.

- 8 - material in fertilizer industry due to the reason that plant required for that purpose is 20-25% more expensive. G.A.Qureshi and Z.H Rizvi (1986) have discussed the status of converting cement plants to coal firing. The Makharwal coal of Punjab and balochistan coal have the required calorific value for use in the cement industry. Some measures are also essential to be taken to reduce the cost of local coal as the cost of Makharwal coal is almost equal to the cost of imported coal. Coal can make a significant contribution in the economic development of Pakistan if the market for coal consumption has been diversified and use of local coal is increased in cement, fertilizer and sugar industries. The proper utilization of massive coal reserves of Pakistan(which are unfortunately still kept idle) as a fuel will greatly contribute in speeding up its economic development as it will save our foreign exchange earnings due to less dependence on imported oil for energy production. The use of local coal will also result in an industrial growth of our country. It will enable us to export finished products at a competitive price in international market because the use of less priced local coal will reduce the total manufacturing cost. Job opportunities to the growing population of our country will also be available. Coal can also be used effectively for electricity generation at lower cost as compared to the other energy resources which is the current need of Pakistan to overcome the present sever energy crisis. Coal is considered as the best choice for energy production worldwide. China fulfills it’s almost 80% of energy requirements by coal but unfortunately Pakistan even in the presence of massive coal reserves still meets only 7.6% of its energy requirements and 1% of its electricity requirements with coal. Still numerous impediments are present in adopting coal use as a fuel but Government considerable attention to this cheap source of energy and drastic measures taken for the growth of coal industry will be very helpful to overcome those hurdles. The present study was designed to investigate the significance of coal utilization for domestic and industrial purposes and to highlight the existing industries using coal and the industries having potential for coal consumption to give suggestion and recommendations for enhancing the use of local coal as a fuel for domestic and industrial purposes.

A BRIEF LOOK OF COAL RESERVES OF PAKISTAN: Coal has been found in all provinces of Pakistan and the total estimated coal reserves are 186,007 million tons. In Balochistan the total estimated coal reserves are 217 million tons and the important coal fields are

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Barkan-chamalang, Duki, Mach-Abegum, Sor Range-Degari, Pir ismail Ziarat, Khost-sharig-Haranai. In Punjab the total coal reserves are 235 million tons and the important coal fields are Makarwal and salt range. In Sindh the total coal reserves are 185,457 million tons and the important coal fields are Lakhra , Sonda , Thatta , Jherruk , Ongar ,Indus east ,meting-Jhimper ,Badin and Thar.( Detail can be seen in table 1).

COAL PRODUCTION: The production of coal in Balochistan in the year 2003-04 was 1,645,748 tons which increased in the upcoming years and in 2008-09 the production was increased to 2,057,309 tons. The annual compound growth rate was 4.6%. In Sindh the production of coal was 911,099 million tons in 2003-04 but in the year 2008-09 the coal production was decreased to 840,526 tonss with -1.6% ACGR( annual compound growth rate). Coal production of all provinces can be seen in table 2. The overall annual growth rate of coal production is -9.35% in 2008- 09 which is not satisfactory in the presence of huge coal reserves and it is mainly due to limited market size for coal consumption. (Table2).

IMPORT OF COAL: Pakistan import coal for energy generation each year as the quality of local coal is low. In some cases the imported coal is mixed with local coal then it is used but in most of the processes it is used solely.2789, 238 tons of coal was imported in 2003-04 of 8,245 million Rs. The import of coal has been increasing each year. In 2008-09 almost 4,651,751 tons of coal was imported. (Table 3). Government should promote the use of local coal for energy generation. For that purpose the availability of modern technologies, latest equipment and machinery to use low quality coal in industries is mandatory. Therefore credit facilities should be provided to the industries for replacing the old power plants using imported coal with such latest power plants which can use low quality coal efficiently. The result will be the reduction in the import of coal and finally we will save our foreign exchange.

USE OF COAL AS DOMESTIC FUEL: Due to present day energy shortage the Government has to promote the coal utilization to meet the domestic energy requirements and industrial energy needs. In 2003-04 almost 1047 tons of coal was used for domestic

- 10 - purpose. From 2004 to 2006 the use of coal for domestic purpose was extremely low. In 2008-09 nearly 813 tons of coal was used. The annual compound growth rate was -4.9%. (Table 4). Immediate Government attention is essential for increasing the domestic use of coal as a fuel. The rural and the urban areas where natural gas is not available for domestic use, kerosene oil is used. The local production of kerosene oil is not sufficient to meet the local demand and each year the import kerosene oil deprived us from valuable foreign exchange earnings. Therefore “coal briquetting” is considered helpful for effective use of coal. Coal briquetting is the process of producing fine size of coal that can be more easily ignited and handled. By coal briquetting the coal briquettes of required size and shape can be produced as demanded by consumers. The coal briquettes can abolish the domestic use of kerosene oil, natural gas and for achieving that goal the Government has to support the coal briquetting program by providing subsidy in order to make able the coal briquettes to penetrate in the local market.

INDUSTRIAL USE OF COAL: After oil coal is the main source of energy all over the world but in Pakistan its role in energy generation has become negligible mainly after the discovery of gas reserves but now due to depleting gas reserves and increasing oil prices Government has to focus on coal utilization for energy generation. Pakistan has low quality coal which is lignite A to sub Bitominuous B with high ash and Sulphur contents. The perception that our local coal cannot be used as a fuel conveniently, is not valid as lignite is successfully used for energy production internationally. Currently the biggest market for coal consumption is brick kilns. The other industries where coal is used are cement, sugar, fertilizer and steel industry. Some industries where coal can be used are briefly discussed as follows.

BRICK KILNS INDUSTRY: The biggest market for the local coal is the brick kiln industry where about half of the entire coal produced per year is consumed. In brick kilns mostly circular and tunnel kilns are used and both of these are fired with coal. In 2003-04 brick kiln industry consumed 2589445 tons of coal. In 2005-06 use of coal reached to its peak up to 4221825 tons. (Table 4). In 2006-07 coal use was slightly decreased to 3277472 tons and finally 3274789 tons of coal consumed in 2008-09 which shows that still up to 2009 brick kiln industry is the biggest market for local coal. During 2008-09 brick kiln industry

- 11 - consumed 39.0% coal out of 8.4 million tons of coal solely (figure 1). In 2003-04 brick kiln industry consumed 42.7% coal of 6.06 million tons of coal. (Figure 1).

CAOL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR 2003-04 Total: 6.06 Million tonnes

Cement 45.3% Power 1.3% 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 14.3% Coke 3rd Qtr Use Brick Kilins 4th Qtr 39%

CEMENT INDUSTRY: Cement industry is another important market for local coal consumption. In Pakistan cement industry is consumers of fuel energy. Before the rise in oil prices this industry was using oil but now for reducing the manufacturing cost of cement, the industry has a tendency toward using low priced local coal in cement plants. The factors which are necessary to be considered before utilization of coal in cement kilns are ash contents, Sulphur contents and volatile matter. Normally antheracite is more suitable as a fuel in cement plants but now the latest technologies have made it possible to use low quality fuel in cement burning system. With the help of these technologies not only low quality coal can be used even tires can be used in cement plants for heat production. In 2003-04 cement industries/other industries used almost (imported coal is also included) 2508238 tons of coal. The use of coal had been increased to 5720,972 tons but in 2008-09 its use decreased to 380175 tons (detail can be seen in table 4) but still more than 2003-04. During 2003-04

- 12 - cement industry/other industry consumed 41.4% coal out of 6.06 million tons of coal. In the year 2008-09 cement/other industries consumed 45.3% coal out of 8.4 million tons of coal. (Figure 1). This shows a positive sign for the development of coal industry as the use of coal in cement and other industries will diversify the local coal market.

STEEL INDUSTRY: Pakistani coal is not suitable for making metallurgical coal. Local coal has low fixed carbons which cannot be used in steel making process therefore steel industry in Pakistan mainly uses imported coal. Coal is used as a coke in steel making process. The only coal with some coking characteristics is the Shahrag coal of Balochistan. In the year 2003-04 Pakistan steel imported 184992 tons of coal and in 2008-09 almost 112520 tons of coal is imported (table 4). SUGAR INDUSTRY: Coal can be used in sugar industry but only in CML (coal liquid mixture) form. CML is a new technology and its use is in initial stage in Pakistan. Up to some extent the low quality of local coal is creating problems but these problems can be solved with modern technologies. The existing sugar plants can be converted into coal based plants; consequently the sugar industry will also prove to be significant market for local coal. FERTILIZER INDUSTRY: In fertilizer industry coal can be used in steam rising in fertilizer plants. The powdered coal and coal liquid mixture can be used in present plants without much difficulty. If the new fertilizer plants are based on coal then this industry also has a potential for coal consumption but the chief problem with coal based plants is their high operating cost and this problem is demanding immediate attention for its solution before any progress has been made in using coal in plants at large scale. However if proper research studies are carried for reducing the operating cost then this industry will be good market for coal use. VARIOUS INDUSTRIES USING BOILERS: In Pakistan various industries like petroleum, refineries, petro chemicals, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, sugar, textile, food and synthetic fiber industries established boilers to produce steam for utilizing in the heating process. These industrial boilers can be designed to use coal as a fuel. The establishing of such boilers will also increase the coal consumption for energy production.

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CONCLUSION: Pakistan has a vast coal reserves which can be used as a fuel for domestic and industrial purpose. In the past coal was used in the railways engines, cement and brick kiln industry but with the discovery of gas its use has become limited to brick kilns only. Our country is energy deficient and the only viable strategy to fulfill its energy needs at a lower cost is the use of coal in place of oil and natural gas but unfortunately use of coal for energy generation is negligible. Presently domestic consumption of coal is almost zero. The market for coal utilization is mandatory to be diversified and it should not be limited to brick kilns. Cement, fertilizer, sugar and steel industry has a potential for coal consumption. The use of coal for domestic and industrial purpose at a large scale needs Government’s clear cut energy policy for introducing coal as a fuel in cement, sugar ,fertilizer industry, in introducing coal briquettes for domestic use and for making possible the use of coal in steel industry by mixing with imported coal and steel re-rolling. Reliable data should be collected about the total coal reserves for sustainable supply to various industries and for making future energy policies. Public and private sector partnership is also essential for the development of coal industry and for increasing the coal production to meet the fuel needs of various industries in future.

RECOMMENDATIONS:  Realizing the importance of switching over in cement factories from natural gas / furnace oil to coal, it is recommended that the Government should consider offering a package of monetary concession and price incentives to those plants which start using coal as fuel.  The government should provide all necessary incentives and regulatory support to encourage the use of local coal. Manufacturing smokeless coal Briquettes in Pakistan should be undertaken on a priority basis. Reservation of the consumers to the use of low quality indigenous coal should be reversed through exposure to technologies with which such coal is being economically utilized elsewhere. Regulatory measures may also be adopted as done in many other countries to ensure utilization of local coal.  Market diversification of coal is necessary especially in the areas of cement, sugar production and power generation. If necessary laws should be made to reduce market constraints.

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 Negotiation should begin with foreign firms engaged in research on coal-water mixture technology with the purpose of studying & setting up of demonstration units in Pakistan.  Policy decisions are needed to introduce local coal in existing cement plants along with arrangements to sustain steady supply of coal at stabilized prices.  The Government should encourage the private & public sector cement industry to switch from fuel oil to indigenous coal, thereby increasing the coal demand. Public, sector coal mining should be able to co-exist with the private sector, especially with the advantages of Government financing, foreign aid and self loans. Healthy competition from the private sector will promote better efficiency in public sector organization.  Immediate steps should be taken to encourage coal use by the cement industry for the establishment of small thermal power plants. WAPDA should examine the feasibility of converting existing thermal power station to coal.  Bank should come forward and provide loaning facilities on lesser interest rates for mine development. The Government should provide tax exemptions on mining industry machinery and coal industry to ensure profit incentives for large mine owners.

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REFERENCES:

1. A. A. Malik, Executive Chairman, Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, coal-mining operations in the public sector PP (155- 159). 2. Abbas Ali Shah, Manpower Development and Training.. 3. ADB, Asian Development Bank, (1992). Energy indicators of Developing Member Countries of ADB. Manila, Philippine. 4. Baluchistan time Sunday 7th October, 2004 5. Coal, www.worldenrgydata.com 6. Daud. B. (1995). “Private Power in Pakistan.” Private Power Participation in Power Generation and its Consequences on Environmental Quality. ESCAP. United Nations. 7. Draft article "Ambient air quality in Pakistan"(2007). 8. J. A. Mirza, report on coal utilization and policies, PP 9-12. 9. Masued Jamil: clean energy development in Pakistan haggler bailly Pakistan power point presentation at ADB climate change and energy workshop, Bangkok march 26-27, 2009. 10. Past experience and energy perspective in Pakistan problem and prospects by Abu Mohammad Izhar-ul-Haq 1983. 11. PAKISTAN; “Energy Yearbook 2003”; Directorate General Of Energy Resources, Islamabad. 12. Pakistan Economics Survey 2008-09

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

MULTICULTURALISM: A CASE STUDY OF BALOCHISTAN

Culture

Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir* Waheed Razzaq†

ABSTRACT

In terms of area Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan. Balochistan had been a cradle of world’s leading civilizations. There are sufficient evidences from the pre-historic and historic period supports this argument. The area had remained a cross- road of civilization generally in South Asia and particularly in the sub-continent. As a result today Balochistan can take pride of its role of safeguarding the remnants of early cultures that had left their abiding marks and the circumstances which makes Balochistan rich in terms of archeology as well as ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity. The paper will looks at the following main issues. Firstly, a brief about multiculturalism in the country with special reference to the province will be discussed. Much of the writings on Balochistan’s history, culture and politics are marked by some kind of multicultural concern. The central question replied in this paper will be that how a vast multi-ethnic province – in terms of religion, language, community, caste and tribe can retain its distinct identity in conditions of underdevelopment, mass poverty, illiteracy, extremism, and regional disparities.

INTRODUCTION

Ethnically, Balochistan is a plural society. The pluralist character of society in Balochistan draws upon the existence of different ethno-linguistic communities mainly, Baloch, Pashtun and Brahuis and partially Sindhi,

* Professor and Director Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta- Pakistan † M.Phil Scholar, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

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Persian and Siraiki communities. All these have their distinct linguistic, historical, cultural identities. Within the larger ethno-regional communities the sub-regional groups have protected and projected their separate identities. The ancient inhabitant of the Central Balochistan known as Brahuis belonging ancient Dravidian stock have their separate language, culture and identity. Other groups have their own separate identity. The ethnic composition of Balochistan reveals three main groups, with distinct languages and cultural backgrounds: the Baloch, the Brahui and the Pashtoon. It is difficult to document the origins and the movement of the population during the past centuries because the earlier period is wrapped in legends and mysteries. However, an attempt will be made to show the general trends about the ethnic and linguistic diversity of Balochistan. An effort will also be made to delineate the interaction of the three main components of the population of Balochistan. (Jawed: 2008: 22) The ethnic composition of this area was highlighted for the first time in the Census of 1931. This Census also shows how its ethnic composition has undergone changes during the different phases of history. During the pre-British period, movements in and out of Balochistan were mostly voluntary or activated by the usual ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors indicated generally by the sociologists. (Jawed: 2008: 23)

CULTURE.

The anthropologists of the world have defined culture in different ways. Culture of a particular region consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, values, attributes, codes of honor, institutions, tools, works and arts, religion, law, ethics, rituals, fairs and festivals of a specific group of people. Culture is a collective means of achievement and of progress. As the light and heat are necessary for human life, likewise culture is the inner and outer development of the behavior of the individuals and nations.

In terms of both ethnicity and religion Pakistan is a plural society. In Pakistan the pluralist character of the society draws upon the existence of four major historical ethno-linguistic communities: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun and Baloch. A large number of Urdu-and Gujarati-speaking people migrated from India who came to Pakistan after partition and settled largely in the province of Sindh emerged as a distinct community more than a quarter of a century after the bulk of migration took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s. All communities living in the country have their own distinct geographical, historical and linguistic identities which have become an essential part of their political expression in an organisational, electoral or

- 19 - agitational context. Within the larger ethno-regional communities, there are some sub regional groups have struggled to project their separate identities, such as the Siraiki-speaking community in southern Punjab and adjoining areas of Sindh, the Hindko-speaking people in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and the Brahui of Baluchistan, along with a sprinkling of smaller groups across the country. At the same time, religious pluralism is characterised by the presence of two major minority groups, Christians and Hindus, followed by Ahmadis, and several miniscule groups such as Parsis, Buddhists and Sikhs together accounting for 3.54 per cent of the population. 96.46 per cent of the population is Muslims. (Waseem: 2003: 164) Culturally, Pakistan having diverse communities with particular cultural traditions, value systems, life styles, belief systems, languages, dialects and aspirations which determine the objectives of the policy. They aim at providing an environment beneficial to the growth and promotion of Pakistani culture as protected in the Constitution of the country.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN BALOCHISTAN.

Balochistan is a multi-cultural province that comprises of different sub-cultures. The province is a plural and multicultural society in terms of linguistic and ethnic. The pluralist character of the province besides on three main historical ethno-linguistic communities: Baloch, Pashtun and Brahui while the small ethnic groups are Hazaras in Quetta city, Sindhi and Siraiki speaking Jat or Jadgals in the plains of Kachhi, Naseerabad and Lasbela areas while Persian speaking Dehwars in Mastung and Kalat. A reasonable number of Urdu speakers, Panjabi and Hindko speakers also reside in Quetta city since long. The ethnic composition of Balochistan reveals three main groups, with distinct languages and cultural backgrounds: the Baloch, the Brahui and the Pashtoon. It is difficult to document the origins and the movement of the population during the past centuries because the earlier period is wrapped in legends and mysteries. However, an attempt will be made to show the general trends about the ethnic and linguistic diversity of Balochistan. An effort will also be made to delineate the interaction of the three main components of the population of Balochistan. (Jawed: 2008: 22) Linguistically, Balochi is an Indi-Iranian language having three major dialects known as Western or Mekrani, Eastern or Sulaimani and in the Chagi, Kharan, and Panjgur district known as Rakhshani Balochi. Brahui a north Dravidian language bifurcate the Balochi language is spoken in the Central Balochistan from Quetta valley to Gizri Karachi. Pashto an Indo-

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Aryan language is spoken in the northern areas of the province. Other minority languages are Hazargi a kind of Persian is spoken in the Quetta city by the Hazara community while Sindhi and Siraiki in the plain areas mostly adjourning areas to the Sindh province.

GLORIOUS PAST OF THE REGION.

The thickly populated Asia, having major proportion of population of the world, consisting variety of religions, human races and language families has played an important role in the history of the man and civilization. The rich Asian culture distinguishes Asia as a bouquet of civilizations in the world. The dominating Arab, Iranian, Mongolian, Central Asian, Chinese, Russian, Far East Asian, Arian, Turkic and Dravidian cultures are the main components of the Asian culture. Five main religions of the world i.e. Islam, Jewish, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are also in vogue in the different parts of the continent. With reference to archaeology, Asia has played a leading role in the glorious past of the world. Central Asian, Mesopotamian, Indus and Chinese civilizations have played a significance role in the history of man and civilization. While the land where Balochistan is situated had also been a cradle of world’s leading Civilizations. Sufficient evidence from the pre-historic and historic period supports this argument.(Sabir: 2005) The presence of human race in this region is traceable from the Paleolithic period. Many stone tools of the Paleolithic culture of the primitive human race have been discovered from Sone Valley of Punjab and different parts of Balochistan. There are thousands years old cave and rock shelters having paintings and engraving of the stone age man have also been found at Suleman range and other mountainous Balochistan region. These all facts indicate the progress and achievements of stone-age man towards civilization in Pakistan.( Kellehear: 2001:23) In the course of time, these stone using agricultural communities were first time established in Balochistan at the site of Mehrgarh near Bolan by 7000 BC some 9000 years ago. This ancient settlement is familiar about cultivation and domestication of animals in South Asia; the results of excavations at the site of Mehrgarh, at the foot of the Bolan Pass, in Balochistan indicate that large settlements may have existed as early as the 7th millennium BC in these parts of the Asia.( Rafique:1992:15)

The Indus valley civilization is one of the ancient civilizations in South Asia, some 4500 years old. This is also known as the Harappan

- 21 - civilization, named for the site of Harappa, one of its major ancient cities found in Punjab. The Mohenjo Daro an ancient city near Larkana along the west bank of famous Indus River, like other cities of the Indus civilization is a well managed and planned urban town. The script used in Indus valley remains still un-deciphered, the Indus civilization is known only from archaeological evidence. Its origins traditionally were viewed as the result of the diffusion of farming and technology from other advanced cultures in Mesopotamia and on the Iranian plateau to Balochistan and ultimately to the Indus Valley.( Usman:1987:45).

Most of the archaeologists are of the opinion that Indus Valley Civilization is related to Dravidians. In the South India, Malayalam, Telegue and Tamil languages are remnants of Dravidian, while Brahui: the old Dravidian language in Balochistan is belonged to this ancient language group is a living evidence of Dravidian existence in past in the region.( Rafique:1992:14)

After the Dravidians, Aryans came from Central Asia and occupied the Indus plains. They looted cities and occupied various towns. Aryans were militant, aggressive and physically strong. They were nomads and had their own traditions and folklore. They were part of great Aryan people some of whom went to Europe, some to Persia and some came to Sindh from where they migrated to India. Mostly they pushed Dravidian from the planes of Sindh and Punjab and continued to stay in mountains, seashore, desert and forests only. They left their influences and language in Sindh and other parts of the country.

ISLAMIC PERIOUD.

Islam came in this part of the world as early as 40 AD when the Arabs captured Iran and entered in the Mekran the present day administrative zone of Balochistan province in Pakistan. Later on they established their principalities as Daulat Mehdania Mekran in Mekran and Daulat Mutaghaliba Tooran (in the present days Kalat zone of Balochistan). The second invasion of Arabs was made in 712 A.D. from the west in the command of Arab General Muhammad bin Qasim while during the 10th century A.D. from the north with the Turk Sultan Mahmmud of Ghaznah

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(known as Mahmmud Ghaznavi). Later on, Mughals ruled over this part of Asia more than two hundred year. Islam replaced the early way of life in the region of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God. (Mubarakpuri: 1987:255)

SOCIAL LIFE IN BALOCHISTAN.

In Balochistan, social life is very simple. Baloch people are much conscious about their social traditions and they feel pride in following those values and norms. Cultural norms and values, customs and traditions, in some extant reflect Islamic values as well. The traditional dresses are intended according to cover human body but men dresses are also designed and intended according to defensive point of view. The Baloch, Pashtun and Brahui people wear simple dresses according to the climatic conditions. In the plain areas of the Kachi, Naseerabad and Lasbela people wear dohtee, while in the mountainous areas people tie turban. Chaader wearing is a common practice among women. The Baloch culture is the dominating and province is always known throughout the world due to rich and beautiful Baloch culture and ancient Balochi and Brahui languages. The Baloch and Brahui cultures have many commonalities; therefore, sometimes it is difficult for an outsider to differentiate between the both. Pashtun culture is also a rich and strong culture in the northern parts of the province. Besides three major cultures there are some other minority cultures as Jatuki, Dehwar and Hazara also existent in some parts of the province.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

The Baloch culture is rich, varied and deep-rooted. There are plenty of evidence and artifacts concerning the richness of Baloch culture throughout centuries. The cultural heritage of Baloch is very rich they had a very successful methodology in irrigation known as Karezes scattered throughout Balochistan as well as in cultivation and husbandry. Balochi poetry is one of the most beautiful poetry and one of the oldest in the region. In Baloch culture, poetry has always been combined with music. Balochi and Brahui music and folklore have been passed from generation to generation as a valuable art. Baloch handicraft is world-renowned. The Baloch are very hospitable, nice and friendly. They are generally intelligent, learned,

- 23 - cultivated and socially accomplished. Culturally, they are rich and self- dependent. (Baloch: 2002:09-11) The Pashtun culture is the second major component of Balochistani culture. They speak a language Pashto belongs from Indo Arian group. The ancient songs, religious traditions, and ancient goods are all preserved their culture contains various important elements of ancient Aryans civilization. Pashtunwali is the major code of life of the Pashtuns which confers on them certain rights and requires of them certain duties. They are bound to honor to respect it and abide by it. If someone found contempt of this code, he brings disgrace to himself and to his family members and he is also likely to be banished at ex-communicated. The main sections of this honorable code are bravery, hospitality, patriotism, love of independence, to protect neighbor, to cooperate with each other, The Jirga or Tribal Assembly is a very useful and ancient institution in Pashtun society. (Panezai: 1999:78-79) After Russian invasion of Afghanistan a large number of Pashtun Refugees came to Balochistan they on the one hand brought many new cultural values and traditions which were not in practice among the Pashtuns living in Balochistan, some of them were easily accepted and are still in vogue in the Pashtun society. The other important group of people is Brahui. They speak a language from Dravidian group. Being ancient inhabitants of the area the Brahui culture having its own individual identity is also a very ancient and rich culture. Besides their own identity many cultural values of these people are most common and similar to Balochi culture. Their day to day life and all cultural norms and values are same. The Brahui is the oldest language of the province. There are different opinions about origin of this language but most of the linguists consider it as a Dravidian language. The other important Dravidian languages are Tamil, Telegu, Malyalam, Kurukh and Malto etc in India. The folk literature of Brahui is also very rich. (Sindhi: 2005:51) Culturally Brahuis are very similar to its closes neighbors Baloch, due to close cultural; historical; geo-political and economically relationship most of the Brahui in modern time consider themselves as Baloch. While generally following Islamic tenants, there are many variations in the life cycle rites and customs of Brahuis which differentiate them from their neighborus. (Sabir: 2007:182) The Dehwars living in Mastung and Kalat are also ancient inhabitants of the region they claim themselves Tajik origin speak a language close to Persian known as Dewari. The Hazara community from Mongol origin mainly lives in Quetta city has their distinct culture and language known as Hazargi. The Lasis and jams in Lesbela district and people living close to the

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Sindh boarder in Naseerabad and jaffarabad also speak Sindhi and Siraiki languages. Each of the small communities have their distinct cultures.

CONCLUSION:

In this context, in the story of man and civilization, Balochistan has an important role and unique status in the world in general and in S.Asia in particular. It has evidence of early age man, his gradual development and his struggle for existence. The antiquity of the cultural heritage of the province is oldest one. This area had remained a cross-road of civilizations between Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Indus region in Asia. Balochistan can take pride of its role of safeguarding the remnants of early cultures that had left their abiding marks and the circumstances which as per their wake have left Balochistan rich in ethnic, linguistic and cultural variety.

The study provides the nature of diversity among different ethnic groups in the provinces along with some insights into these differences. All ethnic groups showed similar cultural nature with some differences in the severity of their closeness. When we thoroughly study the social life in Balochistan we find it very simple. The people of Balochistan are very much conscious about their social traditions and feel pride of it. Shalwar Qamis is the popular dress among all tribes in Balochistan. In the rural areas people tie turban also. Different tribes have their own turban tying styles. A Keteran from Duki District can easily be distinguished from a Rind of Suni and Soran also a Bungulzai of Ispilinji is different from a Sunjarani of Chagi area. Wearing of chaader is a common practice among Baloch, Brahui and Pashtun women. The Baloch tribes mainly Mekrani people living at coastal line near Arabian Sea have their own customs and traditions, dances, and ceremonies. Fishing is their main occupation and source of livelihood.

People in Balochistan either they are Baloch or non Baloch even nowadays besides spending a luxurious life in the cities and towns; a reasonable number of them is still passing nomadic life in the different parts of the province which they have inherited from their ancestors.

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REFERENCES

Baloch, Ayoub,“ Sharing the vision” Directorate of Public Relations, Government of Balochistan Quetta-Pakistan October, 2002.

Kellehear, Allan, Global Culture (an introduction to sociological ideas), Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.

Mubarakpuri, Qazi Athar, "Arab Rule in India" Fikr-o-Nazar Publications, Sukker-Pakistan, 1987.

Panezai, Nazar Muhammad, “Pashtunwali as a code of life”, Bi-annual research journal “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW”, Vol 11-111 BSC, UOB, Quetta Pakistan, 1999.

Rafique, Akhtar "Pakistan Year Book 1992-93", East West Publishing Company of Pakistan, Karachi, 1992.

Sabir, Abdul Razzaq, unpublished paper "Evolution of Culture in Pakistan" presented in the International ASIAN CULTURAL PROMOTION CONEFERENCE at Beijing, China on 28th to 31st May,2005.

Sabir, Abdul Razzaq "Cultural Values and traditional treatment system among Brahui Nomads" IJDL, published by the ISDL Therivenanthapuram, Kerala S.India Jan-June 2007.

Syed, Jawed Hyder “Balochistan: The Land and the People” International Journal of South Asian Studies Vol-23 No.l Jan 2008 Centre for South Asian Studies Punjab University Lahore.

Sindhi, Ghulam Hyder, "Linguistic Geography of Pakistan" National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad-Pakistan, 2005..

Usman, Hasan Brig®, "Mehrgarh" Department of Urdu, University of Balochistan magazine "Sariab", February, 1987. Waseem Muhammad “Pluralism and Democracy in Pakistan” International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), Vol. 5, No.ll, 2003:

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: POTENTIAL AREA TO COMBAT POVERTY IN COSTAL BELT OF BALOCHISTAN

Economy

Dr. Jahangir Achakzai*

ABSTRACT

Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan area wise and the smallest population wise is gifted with many natural resources. It is not only endowed with mineral resources but also provided with rich marine life by the nature. Out of 1481 km of the coastal belt of Pakistan the share of Balochistan coast comprises of 1129 kms, which is 76.2% of the total coastal belt. The remaining coast of Pakistan falls in Sindh province which is 23.7%. There are about 350 species of fish in the country. The province contributes 16 to 17 percent of the value added towards natural fisheries and its share in the world fisheries exports is only 0.5 percent. Balochistan marine fish production is 128000 metric tons per annum compared to Sindh province, which is 275000 metric tons during the year 2006 which is more than double the production against having a coastal belt of 76.2 percent of the total. This low share does not depict her lack of potential but portray the low priority of the Government to this important sector. Fishermen had facing problem due to rising oil prices and ban imposed by European Union on seafood export to 27 countries of the European Union. Balochistan share of export has declined or stayed stagnant whereas the import of the developed countries has increased by four percent annually. Declining shrimp production has resulted in decline in the value of export. Since all exporters of fish are Karachi based, therefore, the problems of fishing sector is eclipsed in Balochistan. Besides Pakistan export is of low value added biomass mostly consists of frozen fish and shrimp whereas, fresh fish and shrimp accounts for very low percentage of the total value.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan.

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Coastal inhabitants having the only option of fisheries to rely on except the nominal agriculture occupation are involved in the profession of fishing and this profession is centuries old. It is their mainstay and they are entirely dependent on Marine Fisheries. The majority of the population is poor except the few rich. They have a very poor slandered of living.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY: The main objective of this article is to find ways and means of raising the living standard of the people and alleviating poverty in coastal belt of the Province. The past neglect not only has affected the GDP growth but deprived the country of precious foreign exchange which could have been earned through fish export. Besides, to recommend measures to fill the gap between potential and actual fish catch. This article is based on secondary data obtained from fisheries Department Government of Balochistan. No primary data had been collected as it was waste of time, resources and energy, since the data was available with the fisheries Department.

POTENTIAL AND FISH CATCH: Annual catch of fish is 121400 metric tons per annum out of maximum sustainable yield of 300,000 metric tons. This includes the poaching of Karachi based fishing. The registered number of fishermen at Gaddani is 4649, Damb 6163, Omara 4989, Pasni 8910, Surbandar 3877, Gawadar 8023, Pishukan 3612 and Jewani 4537 respectively during the year 2008.. Thus there are about 44760 fishermen working along the coast.

Table-I FISHERMEN POPULATION ON BALOCHISTAN COAST FOR THE YEAR 2006

CATEGOR Jiwani Pishuk Gwadar Sur Pasni Ormara Damb Gaddan Total IES an Bandar i Full time 3301 2360 5170 2501 5450 3298 3628 3105 2881 fishermen 3 Part time 736 812 1991 1041 2463 1176 1634 1020 1087 fishermen 3 Occasional 500 440 862 335 997 515 901 524 5074 fishermen Total 4537 3612 8023 3877 8910 4989 6163 4649 4476 fishermen:- 0 Source: - (Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan)

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Table-I shows the important coastal development along the coast. Wherever the topographic features and safe operation of fishing craft were favourable coastal settlement have developed. About two and half hundred thousand people livelihood depends upon this industry. Besides this about two hundred thousand people are involved in the ancillary activities such as loading, unloading, marketing, processing and working as shopkeepers. The potential of excess catch skill require investment in the fishing craft with modern equipments which will facilitate the additional catch. A program of participatory involvement with the local resident could be started for the expansion of fleet. TOTAL FISH LANDING AND ITS VALUE ON BALOCHISTAN COAST FOR THE YEAR 2006 S. No COMMERCIAL QUANTIT Rs.(ml) FISH Y (m. tons) 1 Flat Fish 1355 155 2 Sardinals 18614 164 3 Clupieform 7576 151 4 L.Makeral 3157 601 5 S.Makeral 2056 205 6 Tuna 9951 545 7 Seacat Fish 7606 283 8 Eels 1603 967 9 Baracuda 2050 164 10 Hreadfin Fish 1210 39 11 l. Grouper 1109 105 12 S.Grouper 2278 117 13 Cobias 1974 108 14 Scad 1872 70 15 Indian Makral 16560 794 16 Queen Fish 3936 394 17 Travely 2688 319 18 Dolphin Fish 2200 135 19 Grunts 2894 347 20 L.Croaker 2259 303 21 S.Croaker 3611 180 22 Emperar 2420 229 23 Pomfrets 3587 1004 24 Hairtail 9756 670

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25 Sharks 1256 167 26 Rays 1078 17 27 Kiddi 1442 173 28 Other 13426 842 Total:- 121442 8661 Source:- (Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan)

The socio-economic development of the coastal areas is entirely dependent on the development of marine fisheries sector. Small fishing communities living along the coast need to be equipped with modern equipment and implements of fish catch to raise their living standards. This could also increase the productivity of GDP of the country. Value added fisheries product could also enhance their income and standard of living. By providing market facilities and opening of direct market outlets could be another window for increased productivity. Establishment of seafood processing plants will enhance the value added and income of the fishermen and will reduce the post harvest losses. About fourteen processing plants had been established, eight of them during the last three years. About 43589 metric tons of chilled fish 4772 (M .T) of frozen fish and 10212 Cured Fish is produced. FIG- I FISH CATCH FROM BALOCHISTAN (1995-2006)

Catch (MT) Catch (MT) 132,000 130,000 128,000 126,000

124,000

122,000 120,000 118,000 116,000 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 Year

Source:- (Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan) The figure depicts a Fluctuating trend in the catch of marine fisheries.

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The growth of fish catch was steady from the year 1995 to 1998. A sudden decline in fish catch is noticed in the year 1999 and subsequently in the year 2001. Again the increase is only limited up to the year 2003. Catch decline once again in the year 2004 and 2005. But the increase in the year 2006 is less than the increase in the year 2000. The reasons for their fluctuation during all these years are poor harbour infrastructure, inefficient catch, lack of modern vessels, lack of modern packaging and preservation technique, use of harmful nets by foreign trawler and poor hygiene and other facilities. Fish production in the province could be increased manifold as two third of the coastline lies in Balochistan whereas the production is only one third of the national marine catch. Fishing sector if developed on modern lines would certainly prove a source of prosperity in the area. It may not only reduce poverty but also raise the standards of living of the people through improvement in fish catch, modernisation of vessels and construction of fishing infrastructure. Income could also be increased through more export as only one fourth of country’s catch is exported at present. Fish is a highly perishable commodity. Therefore, it requires better preservation, improved packing technique, better hygienic arrangements and improved environmental conditions.

LOW PRIORITY BY THE GOVERNMENT: The low share of the province in the production of fisheries is not due to the lack of potential but shows the low priority of the Government to this important sector. A detailed plan may be prepared by the Government for the development of fishing and its downstream industries. The fisheries resources of the province are underutilized at present, steps should be taken to exploit the vast resources of Balochistan. Maximum sustainable catch is 300,000 metric tons against the present catch 121400 metric tons per annum. By taking proper measure for the development of fisheries sub sector, the production could be increased to another 178600 metric tons per annum.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: The strategy for development should be sustainable in nature in order to achieve the objective of poverty reduction. In this connection, capacity and infrastructure development, reduction in the post harvest losses, fish processing and facilitation of market and institutional strengthening are the steps to be taken at war footing. Above all, as the meagre resources at the disposal of Provincial Government has been the main obstacle in the growth

- 32 - of this sector, the availability of funds by the Federal Government is the need of the hour otherwise these measures will be hard to achieve in the presence of the financial crunch.

Through adoption of proper strategy following objectives could be achieved:  Fish and shrimp hatcheries could be formed in suitable places.  Improvement and facilitation of marketing fish and fish products.  Establishment of ice factories and refrigeration unit along the coast.  Encouragement of private sector and joint ventures with the private sector for investment in fishing sector.  Commissioning of ferry service between the coastal town and Karachi.  Start of community development programme, literacy and vocational training in the fishing communities.  Establishment of capacity Building Institutions and awareness raising.  Introduction of integrated programme through Coastal Development Authority.  Feasibility study be carried out for direct export of fish through export to potential importing countries.  Replacement of small boots by modern fishing vessels through private public partnership, availability of easy loan and formation of cooperatives.  Encouragement of investment in production, transport, processing, preservation, packing and marketing by providing incentive for investment.  Formation of rules and regulations for prohibition of plastic net, which are environmentally harmful for juvenile shrimp and fish.  Public sector investment for providing fishing infrastructure like harbour, jetties and link road.  Improvement of hygienic facilities and environmental conditions at international standards.

FUTURE PLAN: There is a dire need to chalk out proper plan which mainly includes; the construction of infrastructures, capacity building and skill development of fishermen, improvements in marketing facilities, and provision of modern equipments & fishing vessels to fishermen.

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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Technical assistance may be requested from donor countries especially European Union for implementation of the aforementioned plan.

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REFERENCES

- Asia Foundation & University of Balochistan, National Seminar “Balochistan Economic Development Forum” Islamabad, 2009 - FAO Yearbook of fisheries statistics: catches and landings. Rome: FAO; 2003. - FAO Strategies for increasing the sustainable contribution of small-scale fisheries to food security and poverty alleviation. Committee on Fisheries (Twenty-Fifth Session) 24–28 February, Rome, 2003 (Mimeo) - FAO Report of the workshop and exchange of views on fiscal reforms for fisheries—to promote growth, poverty eradication and sustainable management, 13–15 October, Rome, 2003. - Government of Balochistan (2008) Directorate of Fisheries - Government of Balochistan (2009) Fisheries Department Civil Secretariat Quetta - Government of Pakistan (2001) Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Policy Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad - Government of Pakistan (2001) Ten Year Perspective Plan and Three Year Development Program Planning Commission, Islamabad. - Hassan, Arif (Pro-Poor Growth and Governance in South Asia, Case Profiles. Oxford University Press - Hussain, Akmal (1994) Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan Vanguard Books, Lahore - Hussain, Akmal, (1999). Employment Generation, Poverty Alleviation and Growth in Pakistan’s Rural Sector: Policies for Institutional Change. Report prepared for the ILO/CEPR (Mimeo). - Hussain, Akmal (2000). “Poverty, Growth and Governance” Chapter in: V.A. Pai Panandiker (ed.) Problems of Governance in South Asia. Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. - Hussain, Akmal, et al. (1997). Overcoming Poverty: The Report of the Task Force on Poverty Eradication - Ibarra AA, Reid C, Thorpe A. The political economy of marine fisheries development in Peru, Chile and Mexico Journal of Latin American Studies 2000; 32(2):503–28.

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- Planning & Development Department “9th Five Year Plan 1998/9- 2002/3” Balochistan., Quetta 1998. - Petersen EH, Economic policy institutions and fisheries development in the Pacific Marine Policy 2002; 26:315–44. - S.M. Arif. T.M. Faiz. Overview of economics position of Balochistan. - S. M. Arif (1991) “The Agricultural Economy of Balochistan” Quetta Printing Press. - Thorpe A. Mainstreaming fisheries into national development and poverty reduction strategies: current situation and opportunities, FAO fisheries circular 999. Rome: FAO; 2004. - Thorpe A, Ibarra AA, Reid C. The new economic model and marine fisheries development in Latin America World Development 2000; 28(9):1689–703.

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

SWASTIKA: IN THE LIGHT OF FACTS

History

Ghulam Farooq Baloch* ABSTRACT As every one know about a historical and traditional symbol of Swastika. It is being used throughout world from thousands years to date. According to Indians, Germans and other Arian races, that this is their traditional, national, military and cultural symbol. Remember, the Arians occupied the northern India, Punjab and Sindh during 16th and 15th centuries B.C., they also entered in Balochistan during above mentioned period. Arians mostly used it for military purpose, but nowadays this is a religious symbol in India. During 2nd world war the German Nazis used it as a military symbol on their uniforms. The objectives behind this study are to research the real fact of Swastika and to find out the solution of this question, that, is Swastika an Arian symbol or the fact is some thing else? The study is descriptive in nature and archaeological objects, primary and secondary resources will be helpful for the purpose.

KEY WORDS: Africa, Arabs, Arians, Asia, Baloch, Balochistan, Bolan (pass + river), Brahvi, Buddhism, Dravidians, Europe, Germany, Hinduism, Hitler, India (north+south) , Jainism, Khuzdar (Soneejee), Lasbela, Mehrgarh, Mein Kamph, Nazi (ism+party+symbol), Persia, Punjab, Rakkh (Protection), Sapth Sindu, Sasanids, Sindh, Swastika

INTRODUCTION: Commonly which country called Balochistan, covers a huge area, nearly 340,000 square miles. (Baloch: 1987) This is divided among three countries Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, (Baloch: 1987) but every part separately called Balochistan. The Pakistani part of Balochistan consists on 1,

* Assistant Professor (History), Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta- Pakistan.

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34050 sq. miles, (Iqbal Ahmed: 1992) which is two fifth of the whole Pakistan. (Iqbal Ahmed: 1992) Balochistan is like a piece of earth, which has every kind resource. It is full of mineral resources, which is necessary for country wealth. It has every season fruits and vegetables and different kind agriculture resources. It is a mostly mountainous area, like upper highland and lower highland. It has plain and deserts too. It has also natural parks for example, Hazarganji, Dureji, Zarghoon and Hingol, and a long sea shore nearly 470 miles. (Iqbal Ahmed: 1992) The water resources are scanty, but these are enough for a small population. There are many rivers in the area, like Bolan, Moola, Hingol, Bado, Rakhshan, Hub, Pub, Porali, Koshk, Kech Khaur, Shadi Khaur, Narri, and many others. But, some of them are favorite for Agriculture and drinking, and mostly rivers flow during rainy seasons. According to 1981 censes, population of Balochistan is nearly 4.4 millions. (Government of Balochistan, Housing and Population Censuses of Pakistan 1980-81: 1982) the majority of population are settled in valleys and villages. The all big cities are situated in the valleys like, Quetta, Mastung, Kalat, Soorab, Khuzdar, Panjgoor, and Kech Turbat. Balochistan has a big pre-historic and historical background, which is described in many historical and anthropological books.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES: Balochistan is the mother land of ancient civilizations. The world most ancient archaeological site “MEHRGARH” is situated here near the Bolan River in the end of Bolan Pass. According to experts these are nearly 9000 to 11000 years old ruins. (Jarriage: 1974-85, George Weber: article) it was a most develop settlement of its time. They were farmers’ industrialists and traders. Not only in Bolan or Kachhi Districts, while other areas of Balochistan are also having a big heritage. Thousands of mounds which are nearly 7000 to 3000 BC old are situated in the different parts of the area of Balochistan. Some of them are very famous and excavated by the experts, like, mound of Killi Gul Mohammad, Pir Syed Balo, Kechi Baig and Damb- e-Sadat in Quetta, mound of Sampur , Sped Bulandi and Damb-e-Behman in Mastung, Pariano Ghundi in Zhob, Dabar Kot and Soor Jungle in Loralai, Sia Damb, Nighar Damb, Meeri Kalat and other sites in Kalat and Soorab. Shahi Tump, Meeri Kalat and many other sites in Makran, Bala Kot and other sites in Lasbela. As like above sites the other areas of Balochistan have also big number of mounds, like Khuzdar, Kharan, Kachhi etc. in short, the Balochistan is the most richest area for archaeology in the world and very attractive for archaeologists. These mounds and ruins explain the pre-historic Balochistan and

- 39 - prove it, that the area of Balochistan was the home land of ancient primary settlement of mankind. These mounds are also described the social, political, fiscal, religious, cultural and anthropological information about the ancient society of the area. Any big city like Harrapa and Mohenjodaro in Punjab and Sindh not discovered here, but all mounds are correspondent the ancient and beginning village system. No doubt the village system began from Balochistan, than extended in other countries. Moreover, there are some other kind archaeological sites are present like, forts castles, dams’ graveyards, Karezes (underground water channels), tombs, shrines, sculptures, and more.

SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF PRE-HISTORIC BALOCHISTAN The pre-historic ruins explained a long story, but this story is not well defined by the experts, because the lack of resources. In other countries the ruins of big cities with a large number of objects have discovered in which all the society defined very well. So, every one has all information about them, like ruins of Mohenjodaro, Harrappa, Kali Bhangan, (Wheeler: 1997) ruins of ancient Byblonia, ruins of Jordan and many other international sites. But the information about the mostly ruins of Balochistan are scanty, because of many reasons, like, i. These ruins are most ancient than neighbor countries ii. The lack of research and excavation iii. The all research done by foreign experts iv. On national and regional basis people have no information about these, and many other reasons So, in the light of above facts, it is not possible to define the pre- historic Balochistan. But, there are some informative resources in which pre- historic Balochistan’s society and culture has been explained. In the light of these resources, the society and culture of Balochistan was the developed society of its time. The people were lived in mud houses and some times in bricks and stone made houses. They had their own industry and agriculture systems. Their pottery industry was most developed industry, which they export out side from their dynasty. They introduced import export trade and made their life more comfortable. They were live together in the combined family system. They had live stock and had large number of sheep, goats and other pets. They had their tribal, social and political and also had their religious thoughts (George Weber: article).The Medical Science of the Mehrgarh was surprisingly developed. According to George Weber, “Mehrgarh farmers of Period 3 could have their dental problems treated by experimental dentists with drills as early as 6000 years before the present. One hopes that the earliest dentists used herbal drugs to reduce the

- 40 - suffering of their patients. Mehrgarh dental technology has been used on only 11 teeth out of a total of 3880 examined. The experiment was abandoned around 6500 years ago.” George Weber: Article) These ruins defined pre-historic society of Balochistan very well, but the lack of research many facts are still in dark, because of the lack of research and awareness. According to experts and archaeologists the ancient society of Balochistan was formed a political state and government and they were ruled on a huge area. (Dehwar: ND) They had their own language and written skills (Dehwar: ND), and in large number of stamps and talismans prove it, which discovered from the different archaeological sites of the area. But still their language and the meaning and purpose of these stamps and their language are unknown. May be these are not only stamps. They can be other things like “talisman”. Because, this kind talisman are still use in the tribal areas and nomad tribes. These stamps and talisman were made by mud, stone, wood and copper. (Dehwar: ND) Some of these have whole, which are the place of thread entering. These wholes prove it that these are talisman, and not stamps and these were used for religious and spiritual purpose. Mehrgarh is the main site, which is excavated by the French archaeologist, ‘Professor Jean Francuis Jarriage and his team. Mehrgarh is situated in the start of Bolan Pass from Sibi side near the same name river, 10 miles from the town of Dhadar on Sunny Shoran road. Professor Jarriage and his team started excavation in 1974 and they spent 11 years on the field. This is the longest work in Balochistan in the field of archaeology. They work in a big area and discovered many more mounds. They found many kind objects from these sites. In which the different kind potteries, statues, dead bodies, constructions, different kind of seeds, toys, animal statues, expensive stones, weapons, different kind instruments, jewelry, stamps, talisman and many other objects are include. (Jarriage: 1974-85) These objects are 7000 BC to 3000 BC ancient, because according to historians and experts mostly mounds (ancient settlements) of Balochistan perished out after 3000 BC. In a small number of mounds were remains during the Arian’s invasion. And some towns and villages were alive during the Sasanid of Iran and Arab periods. But, this is true that the Arians did not stay here because the lack of resources. So, they moved forward into the dynasties of Sindh, Punjab and northern India, because these areas were most greenish and had rivers and other water resources. In Balochistan they had not such like facilities and water resources, so, they just used this dynasty as a cross road between east and west. The settlement of Mehrgarh was ended during 3000 BC to 2000 BC

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(Dehwar: 1990) then the town of Mehrgarh changed into ruins slowly, and Arians entered in this dynasty during 1600 BC and 1500 BC.,1500 to 2000 years after the death of ancient Mehrgarh. Which stamps found from Mehrgarh have some amazing pictures and symbols, and these are also present on some potteries. These very famous symbols and pictures are dancing girls with wearing a round shape dress, rising sun, wild animals, pets, fishes and very famous and historical symbol of Swastika.

WHAT IS SWASTIKA? Swastika is known as a military and religious symbol of ancient Arian tribes. According to Holocaust Encyclopedia through internet resources, “The swastika has an extensive history. It was used at least 5,000 years before Adolph Hitler designed the Nazi flag. The word swastika comes from the Sanskrit swastika, which means “good fortune” or “well-being." The motif (a hooked cross) appears to have first been used in Neolithic Eurasia, perhaps representing the movement of the sun through the sky. To this day it is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Odinism. It is a common sight on temples or houses in India or Indonesia. Swastikas also have an ancient history in Europe, appearing on artifacts from pre-Christian European cultures” (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article) This source of internet more define, that, “The symbol experienced resurgence in the late nineteenth century, following extensive archeological work such as that of the famous archeologist Heinrich Schliemann. Schliemann discovered the hooked cross on the site of ancient Troy. He connected it with similar shapes found on pottery in Germany and speculated that it was a “significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors.” In the beginning of the twentieth century the swastika was widely used in Europe. It had numerous meanings, the most common being a symbol of good luck and auspiciousness. However, the work of Schliemann soon was taken up by völkisch movements, for whom the swastika was a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. This conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people is likely one of the main reasons why the Nazi party formally adopted the swastika or Hakenkreuz (Ger., hooked cross) as its symbol in 1920. The Nazi party, however, was not the only party to use the swastika in Germany. After World War I, a number of far-right nationalist movements adopted the swastika. As a symbol, it became associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state. By the time the Nazis gained control of Germany, the

- 42 - connotations of the swastika had forever changed. In Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler wrote: “I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the swastika.” The swastika would become the most recognizable icon of Nazi propaganda, appearing on the flag referred to by Hitler in Mein Kampf as well as on election posters, arm bands, medallions, and badges for military and other organizations. A potent symbol intended to elicit pride among Aryans; the swastika also struck terror into Jews and others deemed enemies of Nazi Germany. Despite its origins, the swastika have become so widely associated with Nazi Germany that contemporary uses frequently incite controversy”. (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article)

According to historians, the Arian tribes entered in Balochistan during 1600 and 1500 BC., (District Gazetteer of Balochistan (Bolan): 1997), they left Afghanistan and central Asia after 2000 BC. (Dehwar: 1990, E.Morsden:2006 & Chankia: 1991) and destroyed the remaining settlement of Balochistan and, moved to Sindh, Punjab and northern India. In the west they attacked upon Persia (Iran). They defeated ancient kingdom of Persia and occupied the all their territories. (Mohammad Hayat: 1994) The historians say that, these tribes migrated from Syberia, (Mohammad Hayat: 1994) which they called Aria Varzth in their literature. (Dehwar: 1990) According to historians, these tribes continued their journey towards east and west for many centuries, (Dehwar:1990) and million of people entered in above said areas. History says these tribes occupies northern India, Plains of Punjab and Sindh and province of Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa (KPK) and gave this huge area the name of “Sapth Sindhu” (Dehwar:1990) or the land of seven rivers. The Balochistan was not the part of this dynasty. So, it’s proved that the Arians did not stay here for a long time; they just used Balochistan, and especially the Bolan Pass as a cross road lead to east. History says that they were barbarians and horsemen, they had many kinds’ weapons and they were great warriors. They destroyed the all ancient civilizations of the all areas. Than they stable their governments and kingdoms in the east and west. After a long time when the Arians of Persia conquered a huge area of Asia, Africa, Mid East and Europe, Balochistan became a part of Persian Empire. This dynast was mostly internally independent and was a trade and military route among east, west, north and south.

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According to historians, the Arians used this mark or symbol of Swastika, as a military and religious symbol. Historians, anthropologists, religious and secular scholars, archaeologists even every educated person dedicated this mark to the Arians. Still, this mark use in Hindu Mandir, and during World War II the German Nazis used it as their ethnic and military symbol. (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article) According to internet resources: “The swastika (Sanskrit: विक) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing (卐) form or its mirrored left- facing (卍) form. Earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India as well as Classical Antiquity. Swastikas have also been used in other various ancient civilizations around the world. It remains widely used in Indian religions, specifically in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, primarily as a sacred symbol of good luck. Following a brief surge of popularity in Western culture, the swastika was adopted as a symbol of the Nazi Party of Germany in 1920. After Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s, a swastika was incorporated into the Nazi party flag, which was made the State Flag of Germany. As a result, the Swastika became strongly associated with Nazism and related ideologies such as Fascism and White Supremacism since the 1930s in the Western world and is now largely stigmatized. It has notably been outlawed in Germany if used as a symbol of Nazism. Many modern political extremists and Neo-Nazi groups such as the Russian National Unity use stylized swastikas or similar symbols”. (http:// en/ wikipedia.org/wiki/cross- symbol)

SWASTIKA IN BALOCHISTAN: As described in above pages the historians dedicated this symbol of Swastika to the Arians, but it is very amazing that this symbol is present in Balochistan before the Arians invasion. History says that the Arians left their birth place (Aria Verzth) after 2000 BC. (Chankia: 1990) and across this dynasty during 15th and 16th centuries B.C. (Chankia: 1990), a major part of ancient civilization of Balochistan was mostly perished and Sindh Punjab culture was on peak before Arian invasion. (Wheeler: 1997) The city of Mehrgarh was ended during the time of Arians. The civilization of Balochistan before Arians was a developed and advanced society of its time. Thousands years before Christ the

- 44 - civilization and industry of this area ruled upon a huge dynasty. Historians say that many potteries and statues found from the ruins of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Iran and Mesopotamia (Iraq), were imported from Balochistan. (Yahya Amjab: 1989) The ancient society of the area had a compact system of government. They had their socio-political, cultural, religious and traditional institutes. In short, that they were on peak of their time and had every facility of life. As mentioned in above pages that, many kind archaeological sites and objects are discovered form Balochistan, with the symbol of Swastika. This symbol can see on the potteries, stamps and talisman which found from the site of Mehrgarh, (Jarriage: 1974-85) these are most ancient then Arian’s invasion, and belong to the era of 3000 BC to 7000 BC. For Sketehes, Photos and further details contact with the book, “MEHRGARH” excavation and reports from 1974 to 1985 by Prof Dr. Jean Francuis Jarriage, Mrs. Catherine Jarriage, published by Department of Tourism, Government of Sindh- Pakistan and French Foreign Department, Karachi, ND -pages, 121-31, 147- 172, 226-27, 267, 349-60,393-404. This symbol is also present in other parts of Balochistan near Pub Naka, Lasbela district; this symbol is present on stone in written shape. These are many words in which Swastika is included. A historian says that, these are Greek words. (Shahwani: 1983) but he does not give any reference when he dedicated them to the Greeks. These words are copied by many authors. From the book of A. W Hughes, these are given as under:-

“ ” (Hughes: 2002)

He says, “These he believed to be curious and supposed them to be Buddhist symbol. The first character of the left he considered was the Swastika, or sanctified gross, but what the others referred to he was unable to tell, but thought they might possibly be literal combinations of mystical or secular import”. (Hughes: 2002) Moreover, a piece of pottery with a symbol of Swastika found from the mound of Sonijee, a town of Khuzdar, by the research team of Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta. This small piece of pottery is preserve in the museum of Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta. This symbol may be available in other pre- historic sites of Balochistan, but it depends on more research and excavation. These strong arguments prove it that, the symbol of Swastika was in use in the pre-historic settlement of Balochistan from thousands years before the invasion of Arians.

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Moreover, there is another solid and strong argument it may be prove that this symbol is belonging to the pre-historic civilization of Balochistan. Baloch Brahvi tribes of Balochistan have a traditional symbol which especially use during the birth of a child for spiritual purpose. Its shape is some like this . It’s a cross with four dots. In native language Balochi and Brahvi, it’s called “Rakkh”, mean protection, or “Rad-e-Bala”. As described in above lines that this symbol uses during the birth of a child for forty days especially, the objective of this symbol is to protect the mother and baby from evils and monsters. According to Sir Bray, “There is a deal of fuss made over the mother and babe in the birth chamber. As soon as the child in born, they paint a mark in indigo on all four walls after this fashion that on evil spirit may venture nigh” (Bray: 1982) The tribes believe that this symbol can protect the mother and his baby, and when baby born a senior and old lady made this symbol on four sides on the walls of a room in which mother and baby stay. This symbolic cross and such kind more symbols use in nomad and rural tribes of Balochistan yet for spiritual purposes. These can see commonly in nomad and rural tribes. The above argument proves it the symbol of Swastika was belonging to the ancient culture of Balochistan. And it was traditional symbol of the ancient tribes of the area, and was their most holy spiritual and religious symbol. The time of use of this symbol in Balochistan was before the Arian’s invasion. When Arians captured this area and moved to east than they may be theft this symbol from this area.

CONCLUSION: As discussed about Swastika in above pages, the historians dedicated it to the Arians, which they were mostly used for military and religious purpose. But, the evidence and arguments proved that, it is not an Arian symbol. The discovered archaeological objects of Balochistan describe another interesting story about this symbol. As described in above pages that the ancient civilization of Balochistan perished out after 3000 BC, except some areas. But, the remaining parts of past culture were not on such condition that they stopped or resist against any invader. During 1700 BC the ancient culture destroyed by the Jhukkar culture of Sindh, but after a short time Arians conquered the remarkable area of sub-continent. So, the ancient civilization and pre-historic culture of this area was ended, but, history says that the civilization of Balochistan was alive in many areas up to the advent of Islam Now, the interesting question is this that, if it is an Arian symbol, so,

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i. How it’s found from Mehrgarh? ii. How it’s found from Sonijee Khuzdar? iii. Why it is still used in the Baloch and Brahvi tribes of the area? Remember, the Arians entered in this dynasty after 1600 BC., while the major part of ancient culture of Balochistan was ended, and up to 1700 BC the remaining part were destroyed by Jhukkars of Sindh. And which objects found from the site of Mehrgarh, are 5000 to 9000 years ancient, so, in the light of these facts, how it can be possible that this is an Arian symbol? The other question is this that, is it a symbol or a word? It may be a word with a conceptual meaning. In Baloch tribes it has a big meaning. They think this is a shelter of God against evils, and it can protect them against every kind evil. This symbol also use in Baloch nomads and rural tribes as talisman in above meaning. Those objects which have symbol of Swastika, found from Mehrgarh, are potteries, stamps and talisman. May be this symbol was use in Mehrgarh for religious and spiritual purposes, and may be its meaning is “God”. Because, the shape of Swastika is like a wheel moved in a circle and can see the four sides and it also can true that the rising sun is the most develop shape of swastika, it can see in the different objects of Mehrgarh. The arguments, evidence, research excavated objects prove it that; it was a holy symbol of pre-historic Balochistan, which had a top value in the religious, culture and the all activities of life. May be the Arians adopted it from here during their invasion towards sub-continent,. As a researcher in my opinion, that this symbol was used in the society of pre-Arian Balochistan. About those people who were living in Balochistan before Arians entry in sub-continent, mostly experts, historians, archaeologists and anthropologists used the word Dravidian. The Dravidians live in Southern India and Sri Lanka and still they use this symbol for holy and religious purpose. According to many authors, including Sir Danes Bray and George Weber, the clans of Brahvi in Baloch nation belong to the Dravidian family. This important question needs more research on true basis. May be the research highlight some other facts about Swastika?

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REFERENCES: - Baloch, Inayatullah, 1987, The Problem of Greater Balochistan, A Case Study of Baloch Nationalism, Stainer Varlag Weibaden GMBH, Stuttgart, Germany, P-19. - Bray, Danys, Sir, 1982-IInd Edition, The life history of a Brahui, Nisa Traders, Quetta. P-21. - Chankia, 1991, Arth Shaster, Urdu and English Translation by: Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh, Texas Printers, Karachi, Pp-42-43 - Dehwar, Muhammad Saeed, N.D., Balochistan Ma Qabl-e-Tarikh, Kalat Publishers, Quetta, Pp-133, 289-90, 339-41, 373 - Dehwar, Mohammad Saeed, 1990, Tarikh-e-Balochistan, Nisa Traders, Quetta, Pp-138-58. - E. Morsden, 2006, History of India, Urdu, Translation by: Lala Jia Ram/ Khalifa Imdad-ud-Din (Tarikh-e-Hind), Book Home, Lahore, Pp-20-22. - Hughes, A.W., 2002, reprint, The Country of Balochistan, Gosha-e- Adab, Quetta, Pp-150. - Iqbal Ahmed, Syed, 1992, Balochitan; Its Strategic importance, Royal Book Company, Karachi, Pp-1, 19. - Jarriage, Catherine Jarriage, Jean Francois, N.D, MEHRGARH, field report,, 1974-85, from Neolithic time to the Indus civilization, The Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh, Karachi; in Collaboration with Frehch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Karachi, Pp-58-95, 121-31, 147-172, 226-27, 267, 349- 60,393-404. - Muhammad Hayat, Sheikh, 1994, Tarikh-e-Islami, Jamhooria Iran, Maktabe-e-Tameer-e-Insaniat, Lahore, P-15. - Shahwani, Raheem Dad, Mir, 1983, Tarikh-e-Kalat, Balochi Academy, Quetta, Pp-304-06. - Wheeler, Mortimer, Sir, 1997, The Indus Civilization, Sang-e-meel Publication, Lahore, Pp-21-23, 121-31, 147-72, 226-27,267,349- 60, 393-404. - Yahya Amjad, 1989, Tarikh-e-Pakistan; (Qadeem Daur), Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, P-196. Government Record: - District Gazetteer of Balochistan (Bolan District), 1997 reprint, Gosh-e- Adab, Quetta, P-10. - Government of Pakistan, 1982, Housing and Population Censuses of Pakistan 1980-82, Provincial tables, Balochistan, Islamabad, Printing Corporation of Pakistan Press, P-1.

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Websites: http://www.andaman.org/Book/F1-/Indus Civilization/indus.htm# Megrgarh: by George Weber. http:// en/ wikipedia.org/wiki/cross-symbol. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

THE EMERGENCE OF TALIBAN AND ITS IMPACT ON IRAN, AFGHAN AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS

History

Kaleem Ullah Bareach* ABSTRACT:

Afghanistan, a country with its alarming and tragic history has most of the time remained in very difficult time, mainly due to the involvement of regional and global powers in shaping the affaires of the Country suitable for securing their own interests. The post Afghan Sour revolution period experienced such external involvement in a large extent which further increased the internal conflicts among different communities living in Afghanistan. There had been great hopes when the Soviet troops withdrew and Dr. Najeeb resigned in April 1992, that a broad based Afghan Government would be established and that there would be at least peace after years of conflicts. But period after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and after resignation of Dr, Najeebullah, can be considered the most unfortunate one because of the rigid attitudes of the Mujaheedin who characterized themselves by a total inability to agree between themselves on any lasting political settlement and their readiness to neighboring countries, especially Pakistan and Iran to fight each other at the slightest provocation underlying their persistent divisions were not only clashes of personal ambition, but also ethnic, tribal and religious antipathies..

INTRODUCTION: Afghanistan and Iran, the two neighboring countries played important role in the regional politics. Most of the time in the course of the history, the relations between the two countries remained fluctuated. The two countries

* Assistant Professor & Chairperson, Department of History, University of Balochistan, Quetta-Pakistan.

- 50 - being regional powers either confronted directly or used other to combat against each other. The Afghans who ruled Indian subcontinent for centuries were defeated by Mughal in 1526 in the battle of Pani pat. However the support of Iranian to Mughals was evident, later on when the second Moghals Emperor Hamayun was defeated by Afghan King Sher Shah Suri, so, Hamayun was given shelter in Iran and was supported to take back Delhi from Afghans. The arrival of British in India changed the administrative structure and the British had India in their control, however was afraid from the strength of Afghan, so, British instigated Iran to rise against Afghans in the border areas of Afghanistan. In the post world wars periods the relations between both the countries remained cool, however, in the end of 1970s, Iran and Afghanistan witnessed revaluations. The post revolutionary period was fully influenced by global powers. Iran stood against the Afghan revolution and participated in the war against Afghanistan. The Afghan war ended with collapse of Afghan revolution and with the establishment of Afghan Mujaheedin Government which was failed and could not coup with the circumstances. The emergence and ruling period of Taliban in Afghanistan was a phenomenon for whole the World. However, Iran was in very complex position and her relations with Afghanistan during this period remained very tense and unfriendly. In this paper, I will try to find out the reasons for such tense relations between Iran and Afghanistan.

ORIGIN OF TALIBAN: As far as the origin of Taliban is concerned that whether it was an indigenous movement or foreign backed, the circumstances were made fully ready for such movement to be emerged in Afghanistan. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil Ahmad in October 1996 gave the following reasons for the emergence of Taliban. That after the resignation of Najeebullah the Afghan Mujaheedin came to power in 1992, the Afghan people thought that peace would prevail in the country; however, the leaders began to fight over power in Kabul, some local leaders, in al over Afghanistan, particularly in Qandahar, formed armed groups that fought each other. There was wide spread corruption and theft and there were road blocks everywhere, women were being attacked, rapes became common killings were often. Therefore, after these incidents, a group of students from religious schools decided to rise against these leaders in order to alleviate the sufferings of the residents of Qandahar Province. (Peter Marsden, 1998:66) However, the failure of Mujaheedin Government, and their division and intensive fighting with each other could be traced with divergent interests of the external factors who wanted to secure and enhance their interests in

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Afghanistan. By early 1994, it became evident that Burhanuddin Rabbani regime was not very friendly to Pakistan, so Pakistan, therefore, looking for alternatives in Afghanistan. (Samay Ram, 2004:113) Pakistan’s such initiatives was not liked by Iran as she considered Pakistan’s motives in Afghanistan a threat for sabotaging Iran’s interest in Afghanistan, including the welfare of its Shiite population. This was clearly expressed during Benazir Bhutto visit to Iran in November 1995. The Iranian President Rafsanjani warned her that if Islamabad were to pursue its policy of installing a client Government in Kabul, Tehran might go to force and to exercise a military option to resolve the issue (Angelo Rasanayagam, 2007:147), but Pakistani Government ignored the Iranian threat, probably Pakistan did not want to waste its everlasting efforts played as frontline State in the Afghan war. The Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan had enough links in Afghan Mujaheedin, who could replace the Rabbani regime. A prime mover in it was the then Pakistani Interior Minister, General (Retd.) Naseerullah Babar, who seems to have decided that irrespective of any views that the Rabbani regime might have, he should open up an overland trade route to Central Asia, which following the Soviet departure, had become a major objective of Pakistan policy. General Nasserullah Babar’s Southern route project required the cooperation of the Herati administration of Governor Ismail Khan. Babar visited Heart in September 1994 with some six ambassadors of Western countries; to secure Ismail Khan’s assistance in return for economic and political gains he could obtain through the opening of the Southern route. This was followed by Benazir Bhutto, the Prime Minister of Pakistan’s visit to Ashakabad, Turkmenistan, where she met with General Rasheed Dostum and Ismail khan, and secures their cooperation. (Rashid:2001:46) On 29th October 1994, Nasserullah Babar led a Convoy of thirty trucks of National Logistic Cell (NLC) from Quetta to Afghanistan guarded by Taliban fighters across the borders towards Qandahar. The convoy was accompanied by 80 military personnel, Colonel Imam, an ISI Field Officer in South Afghanistan, who is considered to be the real founder of Taliban was with the convoy along with Taliban Commander Mullah Borjan and Mullah Turabi. When their way was blocked by Afghan commanders Amir Lallay, Mansoor Achakzai and Ustad Haleem, the Taliban commander proceeded to deal with the Militia responsible for blocking the convoy and went on immediately to seize Qandahar and subsequent conquest of Helmand, which to their own surprise and of that everyone else, they took in a matter of days and in minor casualties. (Martin :2001:183)

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Thus the ruling period of Taliban started in Afghanistan who in very short period of time fulfilled occupation of major cities of Afghanistan including Kabul. A Pakistani back was therefore evident at the outset of the Taliban’s emergence, and despite their denial, their complicity in Taliban’s subsequent success is also beyond any reasonable doubt. However, the most common and reported story made public by Taliban or by their supporters regarding the emergence of Taliban is that Taliban emerged from amongst the disgruntled young Afghan refugees studying in Deeni Madrassas around Quetta and Peshawar. The Taliban first came as a force under the leadership of Mullah Omar, when in spring of 1994, war lord commanders abducted teenage girls and were raped repeatedly, and 30 Taliban freed the girls and hanged the commander from the Tank. Following this incident, two war lords’ commanders killed civilians while fighting for the right to take the young boy to marry him. The Taliban freed the boy and punished the war lords. Later on the people of the area requested to Mullah Omar to free them from the atrocities of local war lords and commanders. (Rashid:2001:33) Behind the scene, somewhat passive US acquiescence in an eventual Taliban’s takeover, experienced by its Pakistani and Saudi allies, laid the UNOCAL game plan. UNOCAL was a consortium of US oil companies formed to explore the hydrocarbon reserves of Central Asia. UNOCAL staff acted for a time as an unofficial lobby for the Taliban and was regularly briefed by the CIA and Pakistani ISI. In the US eyes the most important function of the Taliban would have been to provide security for the roads and potentially for the Gas and Oil pipelines that would link the Central Asian states to the international market through Afghanistan rather than Iran, (Richard Mackenzie: 2007), even the US Secretary of State for South Asian affairs, Robin Raphael, went so far as to state that, the Taliban capture of Kabul was a positive step but later on US policy took a fresh direction with the appointment of Madeleine Albright as Secretary of State in early 1997, clarified that the Washington objective in Afghanistan was an Afghan Government that is multi-ethnic broad based and that observes International norms of behaviour. ( Richard Mackenzie: 2007) The heavy Pakistani involvement in arming, training and even providing logistical support to Taliban field operations was no secret to informed observers as early as 1995. The generous Saudi funding was also well known. The chief influence on the ideological make up of the Taliban was by both the factions of Jamiat-Ulema-Islam (JUI) of Maulana Fazlur Rahman and Molvi Sami-ul-Haq, which run the network of Madrassas in Pakistan. Maulana Fazlur Rrahman established close links with the Army, the ISI, and his party was to become the most vocal advocate for Taliban in

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Pakistan after this appearance on the Afghan scene and mobilizing financial and other assistance to Taliban. The religious Madrassas were and still basically the recruitment centres for the Taliban. Thousands of the students in Pakistani Madrassas used to be sent there in Afghanistan for participating in war for Taliban. The Taliban movement begun and largely remained a military organization, initially composed of students’ volunteers and defectors from the Mujaheedin and war lords’ Militias and later enlarged by conscription. The Taliban standing army had never numbered more than 25,000 to 30,000 fighters, although this would have been increased before new offensives, such as those that led to the capture of Kabul in 1996 and Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998. Madrassa students from Pakistan, who by 1999 had made up some 30 percent of the Taliban military men power. (Angelo Rasanayagam, 2007:139) The Taliban thus had social and ideological links to institutional elements within Pakistani society that provided much support during their rise to power. They also had sources of support in Pakistan that lay outside the official structure of the Government and the military and from agencies such as ISI and unlike the Mujaheedin of the Afghan resistance during the 1990s, whose likes with Pakistan were exclusively with the ISI and Peshawar based Afghan parties. For Taliban links were developed with Madrassas, who had an extensive campaign not only for increasing the strength of Taliban but also for collecting funds for Taliban. The important sources for financing the Taliban movement were the private commercial truckers and transporters in the two border provinces who had developed a thriving business after the departure of Soviet troops, moving food and other commodities to needy Afghan cities and smuggling contraband on their return trips. The Taliban would receive fee of $ 150 (6,000 rupees) on a single truck. These levies become one of the financial sources of revenue for Taliban. They become more important when the Taliban imposed taxes both on poppy production and on the transport of opium and heroin. (Rashid: 2001:191) The production of the poppy as well as the production of its derivatives had been outlawed by Afghan Government before 1978. But situation changed after the Afghan Saur revolution, the poppy cultivation increased in the areas close to Pakistani borders. In the ensuing of civil war, after the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the drug trade serves to finance the war lords and during the reign of Taliban it became a major activity when the Taliban extended their control over the country. It gave a clear boost to the agricultural economy based on poppy cultivation. Opium production in Pakistan reached 4,600 tones in 1999, 97

- 54 - percent crop was produced in Taliban controlled areas. In 1999 opium harvest had an estimated value of some $ 183 million. Farmers paid usher an Islamic agricultural tax of 10 percent to local Taliban commanders and Mullahs. Taliban also imposed a separate tax of 20 percent on drug dealers, transporters and refining laboratories in the name of Zakat but this went directly in to the Taliban war chest. These taxes were an essential source of income for the Taliban. The business had grown to Rs. 150 billion (Pakistani Currency) in 1996-97. Poppy growing becomes the favourable crop. (Rashid: 2001:191) The Taliban help provided a golden opportunity to international drug peddlers for enhancing heroin smuggling. The mafia kept the Taliban happy by giving them huge amount for looking after their administrative affairs,12 (Ahmad Rashid, 2001) however, Taliban did not seem to be interested in assuming the responsibilities of Government for providing day to day facilities to the masses, they were remarkably effective in exercising the monopoly on the use of force. When the Taliban captured Kabul in September 1996, the Governmental infrastructure of institutions and municipalities functioning chiefly at the lower administrative levels collapsed, their subsequent replacement of senior bureaucrats with inexperienced one resulted in ceasing the different departments from effectively functions. Their exclusion of teachers especially women from employment also meant that schools ceased to operate. Their genders policies likewise surely affected the health services as the Taliban barred all women from attending general hospitals, schools and in other such departments of government or non government. The Taliban way of ruling in Afghanistan was not only unique but was difficult to understand and not easy to handle. Their implacable rule was based on old traditional values. Their rigid policies became the cause of their isolation from the rest of the world; even the only three states namely Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emeritus, who recognized Taliban Government, could not convince the rest of the states to recognize Taliban Government. The isolation of Taliban Government from the rest of the world and its de-reorganization from states other than three, and UN and OIC refused to accept Taliban as the legitimate Governing body of Afghanistan. This situation paved the way for all such Islamic fundamentalist organizations to take shelter in Afghanistan and to make it their base camp for launching and continuing their activities in their concerned countries or any where they wish to do. Afghanistan during the regime of Taliban became a safe heaven for banned and terrorist organizations, for instance, anti Government Islamic Movement in Central Asia received ready sanctuary on Taliban territory. In

- 55 - may 1999, Tahir Yuldashev, the leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) who was wanted on charges in connection with an assassination attempt on President Karimov in Tashkent on February 16, 1999 that killed 16 people and injured 128 others, was authorized to set up military training camp near Mazar-i-Sharif. Yaldashev trained Islamic militants from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan even the Chinese Islamic fundamentalist from Xing jiang. The Taliban also maintained close links with Shamil Basavey, the leader of the independence movement and in February 2000 Taliban recognized the Chechen rebel Government and authorized the opening of mission in Kabul. (Peter Marsden, 1998:71) The Wahabi movement in Saudi Arabia has also possibly influenced the Taliban. Its founder Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab (1703-87), was concerned at the superstition prevalent in Arabian society and the observance of Islamic rites and practices. His followers armed themselves and launched a Jihad against those they deemed guilty of idolatry, injustice, corruption and adultery, regarding themselves to be the true believers. They also imposed an unprecedented degree of Puritanism on the community banning music, dancing, poetry and the use of silk, gold, ornaments, jewelry. (Peter Marsden, 1998:73) One can see many similarities between the Taliban and the Wahabi movement. Both mobilized men to martyr themselves with the aim of conquering a Country, overthrowing a Government regarded as un-Islamic and establishing a so called Islamic state. Both also insisted that their interpretation (Ijtehad) of Islam was the only correct one. In their rejection of criticism leveled by the Islamic Government of Iran and many others, that their belief system is not consistent with Islam. Taliban have insisted that their interpretation of Islam has a greater validity and purify than that of the Iranian concept. Osama Bin Laden, who was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is the son of Muhammad Bin Laden, who had a number of marriages and had more than two dozen children. Osama is the only son from his mother. Following the Soviet invasion, Osama bin Laden participated in war against Afghan Revolution and established camps for Arab and other Mujaheedin in Afghanistan in 1986. He established a base in the area of Paktia, and in 1989, he formed the Al-Qaeda Organization but shortly thereafter in the Wake of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, he returned to Saudi Arabia. After leaving Saudi Arabia, he revisited Afghanistan and Pakistan before making his way to Sudan. In April 1994 he was deprived of Saudi citizenship. In May 1996, he left Sudan for Afghanistan. Taliban provided shelter to him and to his companions, so he decided to live permanently in Afghanistan and to run

- 56 - his activities all around the world. (Rashid: 2001:63) The arrival of Osama bin Laden and his presence in Afghanistan at a time when Taliban regime was not recognized by any western state including UNO, was of course a sign of danger not only for Afghanistan but for other neighbouring countries, in a broader sense for the whole globe. The United States and her allies shared key responsibilities for what happened to Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops. In the unthinking zeal of cold war, USA and her allies fully supported the Afghan Mujaheedin for years in their struggle to evict the Soviet Union from the Afghanistan; the USA then withdrew from the scene leaving the Afghan factions in the hands of neighbouring countries and Saudi Arabia to fight among themselves. It was then, during the gulf war and the deployment of US forces in Saudi Arabia as a part of operations “ Desert Shield” and “Desert Storm” that a raged scenes to have tripped him. The western deployment seems to have struck him as the vary violation; he called upon to resist. Osama bin Laden and members of his net work - Al Qaeda, had been implicated in the simultaneous bombing of US embassies in Dares Salaam- Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya, on 7th August 1998, killing 235 people including 13 Americans. (Rashid: 2001:63) The US asked Taliban to hand over Osama Bin Laden to them and to destroy the Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. The refusal of Taliban to compel Osama Bin Laden to leave Afghanistan irked Washington, Laden had called upon the US and other countries to pull their armies from Arab lands without any further delay. In reply, the UN’s Security Council imposed economic sanctions including a ban on international flights to and from Afghanistan. The sanctions were to be effective in thirty days if the Taliban did not extradite Osama Bin Laden, for trial in the US court. The US retaliated on August 28th 1998 by firing Cruise Missiles from ships in the Arabian Sea and Missiles from Aircrafts on Afghanistan at Bin Laden’s alleged terrorist bases. A year later, Bin Laden was again implicated in the suicide bombing attack on the US harbour in Aden, Yemen in September 1999. On 19th December 2000, the UN Security Council imposed new sanctions on Afghanistan, expanding the list to include the closure of terrorist camps, the freezing of Taliban assets abroad and an embargo on the import of arms and chemicals required for the production of heroin.(Angelo Rasanayagam,2007:183) However, these various pronouncements had no effect on the Taliban, as Taliban Government and Mullah Omar who was probably more interested in Osama and his team and had shown less interest to pull out the Afghan territory from the saver crisis. He stated unequivocally that “We will never hand Osama over to any

- 57 - one and will protect him with our blood at any cost”. (Barnett R. Robin, 1998)

CONCERNS OF IRAN: The experience of Taliban and its subsequent occupation of Afghanistan’s more than 90 percent area created great concerns for Iranian government for a number of reasons. Firstly, the Rabbani regime in Afghanistan was more friendly to Iran, secondly the protection of fellow shia and their share in any future set up of Afghanistan, Thirdly, Iran also stood to gain economic benefits and to convene the newly established Central Asian states to have trade route trough Iran, which would be more secure then Afghanistan. Iran even offered port facilities at Bandar Abbass and transit facilities by road and her soil for exporting Iranian goods and services to central Asian Republics. Indo-Iranian joint venture has created apprehension in Pakistan and in other western countries. To counter this move, Pakistan sent in 1994, a convoy of goods by road to Central Asia via Afghanistan under the leadership of Nasserullah Babar, when the convoy was stopped, so it was secured by Taliban, thus Taliban emerged. To be more realistic, the war in Afghanistan was for the advancement of economic interest. Practically Iranian policy towards Afghanistan underwent a sea-change at the end of the cold war. Lastly, ideological considerations during the Khomeini period gave way to the pursuit of State and Persian national interests. Iran became very active in Afghanistan cultivating contact with the parties and different groups in Afghanistan to counter the anti-Iran elements. The coalition and the broad based Government that took powers from Dr. Najeebullah in April 1992, pre- empting a scheduled transfer of power to a UN selected neutral team of Afghans, represented a major diplomatic triumph for Iran.(Peter Marsden, 1998:130) Actually Iran was vociferous in its criticism of the Taliban, on 7th October 1996, Ayatollah Ali Khomeini, in a Friday sermon said, “In the neighborhood of Iran, something is taking place in the name of Islam and a group whose knowledge of Islam is unknown has embarked on action having nothing to do with Islam. He regarded the actions being taken in Afghanistan were what be described as clear examples of reactionary and fanatical moves and of an ignorance of human rights. Iran also accused the Taliban of receiving support from the USA; on the contrary it has been supporting the Taliban in its suppression of its rivals. In fact, Iran which had tense relations with USA and other western states, did not want any such development in its neighbouring country

- 58 - especially in Afghanistan which may jeopardize its political, ideological and economical interest. Following Taliban takeover of Kabul, Iran’s foreign Minister, Ali Akbar Velayati, toured Central Asian states and also to India to stress the need for a ceasefire and for the establishment of a broad based Government in Afghanistan, in which all the nationalities and different religious groups should have opportunities to serve the Country because the military operations between the warring Afghan factions would destabilize the situation in the region. During the Taliban drive to power, Iranian strategy towards Afghanistan took a new shape. Iran wanted Taliban to be engaged in the areas away from Iranian border but the fall of Herat to the Taliban in 1995 was perceived by Iran as a direct threat to her national security because the Taliban Government had reached near the boarder of Iran. Moreover, majority of the population of Heart are Shia and Persian speaking, Ismail khan along with his commanders took shelter in Iran, and both Ismail khan and Afghan President Burhanuddin Rabbani, blamed Pakistan’s ISI and its military for helping Taliban. (Rashid: 2001:63) Iran in reply, developed an airlift from Mashed in its Khurasan Province to the Bagram airbase, where it flew in arms supplies for Ahmad Shah Masood forces and Iran also established a number of training camps near Mashed led by exiled Governor of Heart, Ismail khan. Iran high profile involvement continued after the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, in her consistent support to the anti-Taliban forces. The equally consistent support to the Taliban regime by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia was seen by Iran as a conspiracy to isolate Iran in the region. Taliban on the other side, made displeasure towards Iran by accusing Tehran of supplying arms to the forces of Rabbani in Kabul and allowing them to use airbases inside Iran to strike at Taliban controlled areas of Afghanistan, in this connection Taliban presented Iranian made weapons to Tehran consulate in Herat, claiming that these were the proof of support to Tajik dominated “ Persian speaking Government in Kabul” however, Iran denied the charges and explained “ that these were supplied at the time of Afghan war with Russia. (Angelo Rasanayagam, 2007:163) One of the major setbacks for the Shia population in Afghanistan and for Iran was the killing of Abdul Ali Mazari, a known political leader of Hezb-i- Wahad, a Shia (Hazara) political Party that was formed from a coalition of several political Parties after the Soviet withdrawal. The government of Iran is believed to have played a key role on its formation. Abdul Ali Mazari of Mazar-i-sharif wished a stable, prosperous Afghanistan with a kind of Federation, where every ethnic group should have equal constitutional rights. In the course of the civil war in Afghanistan after the

- 59 - fall of Najeeb's Government, Abdul Ali Mazari played key role in securing the rights of Hazara and was ready to form an alliance with any such group, who may be beneficial for Hazara’s interest. Mazari had formed an alliance with Gul Badin Hikmatyar and Dostum and began to negotiate with Taliban as soon as Hikmatyar retreated from Kabul; he did not want to have confrontation with Taliban and hoped that the war between Taliban and Rabbani Government would provide him an opportunity for survival. Mazari invited Taliban to occupy the frontline in west of the Kabul held by his fighters but things suddenly turned and Taliban started to disarm Mazari’s men, which resulted in clashes between the Taliban and followers of Mazari while Mazari was captured by Taliban on March, 12, 1995 and on March 13th, 1995 along with his nine other leaders of Wahdat were tortured and murdered by Taliban. Mazari was threw out of helicopter, and on the death of Mazari, there came a strong reaction from Shia population in Afghanistan, specially Iran’s reaction was so harsh that Foreign Ministers of Iran Ali Akber Velayati condemned the Mazari’s murder and blamed the Taliban for the continuation of bloodshed in Afghanistan. (Rashid: 2001:55-57) The Iranians have also been concerned at the Taliban’s rapid successes, as in September 1996 when Taliban entered Kabul and captured it by killing large number of people. The fall of Kabul coincided with the brutal execution of Dr. Najeebullah along with his brothers Ahmadzai at the sprawling UN compound, where he had taken a shelter, in the wake of his resignation under UN sponsored peace plan. On the peaceful down of 26 September 1996, Dr. Najeebullah along with his brother was killed in brutal way and their bodies were hanged on electric pole at the Aryana Square which sent shock waves across the whole world, (The Frontier Post, 27th September, 1996) but execution of the Dr. Najeebullah proved to be a great strategic blunder on their part as it greatly undermined, their standing among war affected masses, who had pinned high hopes from them. Most importantly, Dr. Najeebullah’s brutal killing sent shock waves among the common people in Afghanistan, and particularly in Iran who had tense relations since their emergence. The period from 1996 to the fall of Taliban in October 2001, had left the country in a very critical situation as their started a severe civil war between the Taliban and the forces of Ahmad Shah Masood, Abdur Rasheed Dostum, Ismail khan, Abdul Malik Pehlawan and with the forces of Hazara community. Taliban in order to occupy Northern provinces of Afghanistan had to face a very strong opposition; both the opponent groups did not hesitate to massacre those who they defined as enemies.

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Iran relations with the Taliban deteriorated further after 1997, when Taliban occupied Mazar-i-Sharif, a strong hold of Abdur Rasheed Dostum who left Afghanistan for Turkey after his commander Abdul Malik Pehlawan had joined hands with Taliban. The joint forces of Uzbek Commander Abdul Malik Pehlawan and Taliban defeated the forces of Dostum. The fall of Mazar-i- Sharif at the hands of Taliban on 8th August 1998 resulted in three days massacre which can be described as genocidal in its ferocity. Taliban even did not hesitate to fight against the forces of Abdul Malik Pehlawan who were their ally against Dostum forces. Pakistan soon after the occupation of Mazar announced its formal reorganization of Taliban Government and Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates also followed Pakistan by officially recognizing the Taliban as the legitimate Government of Afghanistan. (Kamal Matinuddin, 1998:141) The occupation of the Mazar-i-Sharif by the Taliban was considered as a big victory by Pakistan and demanded from the world to recognize Taliban Government and the political and military leadership insisted that the victory of Taliban is actually the victory of Pakistan by the occupation of the Mazar-i-Sharif. In such a way the influence of Iran over Afghanistan will be ended and the Central Asian States will have trade with Taliban through Pakistan rather Iran. Iran, who had never been happy with Taliban and had usually blamed Pakistan for supporting Taliban, now was on peak of diplomatic displeasure with Pakistan’s decision of formally recognizing Taliban Government. Iran objected Pakistan of her decision regarding the reorganization of Taliban Government, and Iran Government even asked Central Asian States and India to do everything possible to stem the crisis in Afghanistan and to replace the Taliban Government by Broad based Afghan Government. Taliban in reaction to these statements, close the Iranian embassy in Kabul and asked the diplomats to leave the country. (Kamal Matinuddin, 1998:141) During the course of Taliban occupation of Mazar-i-Sharif, a very tragic event occurred, the succeeded Taliban forces entered the Iran consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif and they captured the Iranian diplomats along with other officials who were serving there, and all these diplomats were killed. Iran had showed a severe reaction to this event, and asked the International Community to put pressure on Taliban. Taliban fully ignored the Iranian reaction and also did not pay any weight age to the concerns of international community, so they attacked the historical city of Bamyan, mostly populated of Shia Hazara Community in September 1998, and killed hundreds of people. During this course of time, Taliban also destroyed the historical statues of Buddha, which were made 2000 years before and which were declared by UNESCO as International archeological heritage.

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Following the murders of Iranian diplomats and the occupation of Bamyan by Taliban, tension between Taliban and Iran rapidly rose to the extent that the supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei warned that a very big war shall be started which will engulf the whole region, Iranians again blamed Pakistan for her consistent support in the course of occupation of Mazar-i-Sharif and Bamyan. Some 70,000 Iranian revolutionary guards were moved to the Frontier and large scale exercises were held. A war like situation was created as in response to the brutal murder of Iranian diplomats, Iran military forces gathered on Afghan borders. Taliban immediately began gathering and recruiting large number of men along the border with Iran. Iran gathered two lakh regular army at the border of Afghanistan, (Martin Ewans,1998) however, the Security Council of UNO realized the severity of an attack of Iranian military on Afghanistan, so UNO diplomat Lakhdar Ibrahimi was sent to Iran and Afghanistan as a special representative of Secretary General of UNO, he met Mullah Omar on 14th October 1998 and helped minimizing the tension between both the countries. (Rashid: 2001:111) Intervention by the UN Security Council, prevented an imminent Iranian invasion. Although later on relations with Taliban remained tense but Iran in order to avoid direct clash, followed a strategy to put pressure through International Community on Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and UAE, as these three states have not only recognized the Taliban Government but were considered to be the real forces beyond the Taliban. Tension between Iran and Afghanistan in particular with Pashtoon speaking Community has deep historical roots, and it would be surprising if it were now to be disappearing. Apart from the religious divide and ancient legacy of invasion and counter invasion, the problem of Helmand waters has been also a longstanding bone of contention. The cultural affinities between two countries have also been more of a hindrance that an aid to a closer relationship. The drug trafficking and the expansion of terrorism in whole the world through Taliban ruled area, were the key points for Iran, who accused Taliban for its production and its transferring to the rest of the world. The mafia in drug trafficking along the Pak-Afghan border flourished in a very huge quantity, illicit business grown to Rs. 150 billion Pakistani in 1996 to 1997. (Samay Ram: 2004:115) Poppy growing became the favourite crop, the Taliban help provide a golden opportunity to international drug peddlers for enhancing heroin smuggling, although Islam has strongly prohibited the cultivation and the use of drug in any shape but Taliban did not stop the cultivation of poppy with the reason that the income from the poppy and other crops cultivation is beneficial and a major source for Taliban

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Government and for the people. It was estimated that approximately one million people are involved in cultivating the drugs, which used to get one billion dollars annually. (Samay Ram, 2004:115) while Taliban used to get reasonable amount annually as tax. The route for drug smuggling was through Iran; however, Iranian Government has always remained very much against the drug and its use or trafficking. Since 1980, about 2500 personnel from security forces died in the campaign against the drug trafficking. In September 1998, due to clashed and war like situation with Taliban, Iran closed its border with Afghanistan, so Iranian security forces captured about 5 tones heroin in few weeks, later on airways was used for trafficking. (Rashid: 2001:164) The cultivation of poppy and other kind of drugs in such a large quantity and its trafficking to the rest of the countries through the route of Iran was a matter of great concern for Iran. However Pakistan was not as rigid as Iran against the use of heroin but despite of these actions it was estimated that till 1998 approximately, Three million people, were the addict of Heroin in Iran while the number of drug user in Pakistan is much higher than Iran. The drug trafficking remained one of the main reasons for ill relations between Iran and Taliban Government. Although Mullah Omar and Osama bin Laden’s public statement indicated, to oppose the use of Drug but in real they even tried to recruit chemists to develop a super heroin, with a high quality to export to the West, there was stronger evidence that Bin laden served as a middle man between the Taliban and Arabs drug smugglers from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, using kickbacks to fund his terrorist camps. (Gretchen Peter, 2009:87) Private jets were constantly used by rich Saudi and UAE sheikhs apparently for the purpose to hunt the housbara bustard, an endangered species of migratory desert bird but US and British intelligence officials came to believe that at least some of these flights transported weapons and material to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and flew heroin out, even with Mullah Omar’s approval, Bin Laden hijacked the State run Ariayana Airlines, turning it into a macro terror charter service carrying Islamic militants timber weapons, cash and heroin to the Emirates and Pakistan. (Gretchen Peter, 2009:87)

CONCLUSION: In this modern Era with its sophisticated atmosphere, each and every State has to find friends and create good relations with the rest of the states. Political relations among nations cover a range of activities which include diplomacy, war, trade, relations, alliances, cultural exchanges, participation in International organizations and so forth, however, conflict and

- 63 - international conflict will always exist in such conflict bargaining plays an important role to develop capabilities that give them leverage to obtain more favourable outcome than they could obtain without such leverage, and in international politics, the ultimate outcome of the bargaining process is a settlement of the particular conflict. So, any state or government who lake such capability finds difficulty to survive. Taliban who catapulted to power in 1996 through a spectacular victory in Afghanistan over their opponent were defeated in an equally spectacular way, the reason for their failure could be summarizes by some of these points. Their ideology of Islam gave a different meaning to the Islam. No proper leadership and overdependence on the Jehadi groups and on Islamic political parties of Pakistan. The Taliban leadership who had less political vision and administrative experience, the main part of the problem in this context was the Taliban leadership in general and mullah Omar in particular, who were mostly inaccessible, used to conduct their offices in an atmospheres of exceptional secrecy. The Taliban hallmark to say total refusal to compromise, not merely with the International community, especially with neighboring country of Iran, but also with the Mujaheedin parties and other elements, ethnic, political, religious or intellectual, which exist within Afghan society, its rejection of liberal political and social concept including notably the electoral process. The emancipation of women who were never recognized as human beings by Taliban, was also one of the key point in isolating from the rest of the world, almost every right was snatched from them. Women were not allowed to work. Schools for girls were closed, widows turned to bagging to feed their children, and the veil (burqa) was made compulsory for Afghan women. The stricter dress code for men, ban on music, Television and photography styled Afghanistan more or less a prison for the people, where no such activity could be found which can energize the life of the masses. However, the presence of Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan with his entire network of Al-Qaeda along with such other groups from different states, providing a secure base from where they could carry out terrorist activities across the world become the key cause of their failure and ending of their government in Afghanistan, in this connection the most historical and tragic event of the 11th September 2001, the day when the two towers (Twin Towers) of the world Trade centre in New York USA and the building of pentagon, Washington were attacked by Airplanes hijacked by some suicide attackers, killing thousands of the people and demolishing the world trade

- 64 - centre brought a very rapid changes in the world particularly in Afghanistan and Let the Taliban’s days numbered. So, the external and foreign policy of Taliban Government could not achieve success. Thus relations with the rest of the world, especially with Iran remained never cordial. Taliban were not able to find friends even Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates left Taliban after the incident of 9/11.

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REFERENCES: 1. Ahmad Rashid, Taliban, Oil and the new great game in Central Asia, Lahore: Mashal, 2001. 2. Angelo Rasanayagam, Afghanistan a modern history, London: I.B Tauris, 2007. 3. Barnett R. Robin, Afghanistan: Persistent crises challenges the UN system, London: Writer net, 1998. 4. Gretchen Peter, Seeds of terror, the Taliban, the ISI and the new opium wars, Hachette India, 2009. 5. Kamal Matinuddin, The Taliban phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994-1997, Karachi: Oxford University, 1999. 6. Major General Samay Ram, The Afghanistan Pawn of America, New Delhi: Manas publications, 2004. 7. Martin Ewans, 2001. 8. Peter Marsden, The Taliban war, Religion and the new Orders in Afghanistan, London: Zed books Ltd, 1998. 9. Richard Mackenzie, The United States and the Taliban, in Maley (Ed) Fundamentalism Reborn. 10. .The Frontier Post, 27th September, 1996.

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

A BRIEF SKETCH OF BRAHUI DIALECTOLOGY

Language & Literature

Liaqat Ali Sani‡ ABSTRACT

The study of dialect and dialects is called dialectology. But what exactly is a dialect? In common usage, obviously, a dialect is a substandard, low- status, often rustic form of language, generally associated with the peasantry, the working class, or other groups missing in prestige. Dialect is also a term which is often applied to forms of language, particularly those spoken in more isolated parts of the world, which have no written form. And dialects are also often regarded as some kind of deviation from a norm – as aberrations of a correct or standard form of language. It is very often useful to regard dialects as dialects of a language. Dialects, that is, can be regarded as subdivisions of a particular language. In this paper we will talk of the Saravanic, Jahlavanic and Raxshanic (Rekí) dialects of Brahui.

This distinction, however, presents us with a number of difficulties. In particular, we are faced with the problem of how we can distinguish between a language and a dialect, and the related problem of how we can decide what a language is? One way of looking at this has often been to say that ‘a language is a collection of mutually intelligible dialects’. This definition has the benefit of characterizing dialects as subparts of a language and of providing a criterion for distinguishing between one language and another. This characterization of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’, however, is not entirely successful, and it is relatively simple to think of two types of apparent counterexample.

‡ Lecturer Department of Brahui University of Balochistan, Quetta.

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Language, Dialect and Accent; The term ‘language’, then, if from a linguistic point of view a relatively non-technical term. If therefore we wish to be more exact in our use of descriptive labels we have to utilize other terminology. One term we shall be using is variety. We shall use ‘variety’ as a neutral term to apply to any particular kind of language which we wish, for some purpose, to consider as a single unit. The term will be used in an ad hoc manner in order to be as specific as we wish for a particular purpose. More particular terms will be accent and dialect. ‘Accent’ refers to the way in which a speaker pronounces, and therefore refers to a variety which is phonetically and/or phonologically different from other varieties. ‘Dialect’, on the other hand, refers to varieties which are grammatically (and perhaps lexically) as well as phonologically different from other varieties. If two speakers say, respectively, Í kárem kaning aŧí uŧ. and Í kárem karsa uŧ. we can say that they are speaking different dialects. The labels ‘dialect’ and ‘accent’, too, are used by linguists in an essentially ad hoc manner. This may be rather surprising to many people, since we are used to talking of accents and dialects as if they were well- defined, separate entities: ‘a southern accent’, ‘the Somerset dialect’. Usually, however, this is actually not the case. Dialects and accents frequently merge into one another without any discrete break. There are many parts of the world where, if we examine dialects spoken by people in rural areas, we find the following type of situation. If we travel from xalk(village) to xalk (village), in a particular direction, we notice linguistic differences which distinguish one village from another. Sometimes these differences will be larger, sometimes smaller, but they will be increasing. The further we get from our starting point, the larger the differences will become. The effect of this may therefore be, if the distance involved is large enough, that (if we arrange villages along our route in geographical order) while speakers from village 1 understand people from village 2 very well and those from village 3 quite well, they may understand village 4 speech only with considerable difficulty, and that of village 8 not at all. Villagers from 4, on the other hand, will probably understand village 3 speech quite well, and villagers from 1 and 8 only with difficulty. In other

- 69 - words, dialects on the outer edges of the geographical area may not be mutually intelligible, but they will be linked by a chain of mutual intelligibility. At no point is there a complete break such that geographically adjacent dialects are not mutually intelligible, but the cumulative effect of the linguistic differences will be such that the greater the geographical separation, the greater the difficulty of comprehension.( J.k, harmers & P. Trudgi)

This type of situation is known as a geographical dialect range. The rural dialects of Brahui language, however, from part of the Sáráwání dialect (spoken in the north) continuum which stretches to Ðáhðar of district Bolan to the centre of Kalat division and from there to the north of Quetta,. The Jáhlávání dialect(spoken in the southeast) continua include the south district Xuzdar, which includes all Jahlavan aria Khuzdár, Nál, Karkh, Bela, Uthal, Hub Caokí, and those districts of Sindh where the Brahui speekers are living, like, Mehaŕ, Farídábád, Karachi, Jecabábád, Nawábshah and Haidarábád. And the Raxşání (Rekí or Noşkeí) dialect (spoken in the northwest and west), continuum, comprising dialects of Western part of Sárwvání dialect, which starts from, Kirdgáp, Panjpáí, Nuşkí, Ðálbanden, Naokundí, Girdíjangal, Taftán and Whole Cháģi division although there are a considerable number of speakers in Southern Afghanistan and Iranian Balochistan. While it does contain many similar words as the Iranic Baloch language, it also has many loan words from Indo-Aryan languages as well as the Dravidian words of its own. According to a survey it has about 2,000,000 speakers in Pakistan (1998), 200,000 speakers in Afghanistan (Dupree: 89:62) and 20,000 speakers in

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Iran, which would amount to 2,220,000 in the world (District Census Report Kalat: 1998:7). But due to its isolation, the exact number of Brahui speakers is not countable. Being a neighboring language 15% vocabulary of Dravidian, while the remainder is dominated by Perso-Arabic, Balochi, and Indo-Aryan, Brahui is generally written in the Perso-Arabic script and there is a orthography Brolikva (Brahui Roman Likvarh) that has been developed since 2008.

Brahui Dialects:

It is natural phenomena that every language in the world has more than one dialect and accent. It causes that a language spread or spoken in a country, where national frontiers are less well established, dialect continua can cause political difficulties, social behaviors ethical manners, or due to the marketability of that language precisely because people are used to thinking in terms of discrete categories rather than in ad hoc or continuum-type terms. These social changes of a language cause to born dialect and accent. In this way the Brahui language has three major dialects (Sabir: 90:12).

Saravanic dialect of Brahui

This is the first major dialect of Brahui which is spoken in the north part of Balochistan, where this Saravanic dialect is being spoken in Quetta, Mastung, Drengarh, Mungchar, Kalat, few parts of Bolan, Kachee, Naseer Abad and Jafar abad. Saravanic dialect is most literary usable dialect of Brahui, this is how this dialect of Brahui is called standard dialect. Almost Saravanic dialect has been used for all literary works. Even this accent of Brahui is being used in print and electronic media too. Saravanic dialect is affected by its adjacent, English, Urdu and Pashto language.

Mutual intelligibilities of Saravanic dialect:

Followings are some intelligibilities of Saravanic dialect, by which it can be, distinguished between in brahui dialects.  The first syllable of Saravanic dialect is not stress able as it may delight in Jahlavanic dialect. Like, Adá. [Saravanic], Addá. [Jahlavanic]

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 A new amendment has been noted in Saravanic dialect, while making present continuous sentence, the verbal case of Brahui language “ŧí” is missing in new usage of present continuous sentence. Like, nan bázár á ining aŧí un. [Old usage], nan bázár á ining un. [New usage]  Another new usage of negative present continuous sentence has been noted in those areas where the Non-Brahui speakers are in majority. In those communities the new learners expressed unjustified way to make a negative verb. Like,

Positive sentence Negative sentence Usage

o cá kuning e. o cá kuning aŧí aff. Justified ------o cá kuning aff ------o cá kunpańg e. Unjustified

Ali banning e. Ali banning aŧí aff. Justified ------Ali banning aff. ------Ali bafańg e Unjustified

Jahlavanic dialect of Brahui

The dialect which is spoken in the southeast of Balochistan known as Jahlavanic dialect, which spread over all Jahlavan ( Khuzdár, Nál, Karkh, Bela, Uthal, Hub Caokí), Jahalmagsi, Naseerabad, Jafarabad and some arias of Sindh (Mehaŕ, Farídábád, Káráchí, Jecabábád, Nawábşhah and Haidarábád). And this dialect is known as the most affected Brahui dialect, Sindhi accent has been noted in huge and an undersized effectiveness of Balochi language is also noted.

Mutual intelligibility of Jahlavanic dialect:

 A huge usage of aspirated voices of Brahui language is found in Jahlavanic dialect instead of Saravanic and Raxshanic dialect.like, Bh (bholú), ph (phullí), nh (nhok), mh (mholo), dh (dhoxuár).  Usually stress is found on the first syllable in this dialect. Like, addí, addá

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 The following consonants are not usable in this dialect, /D.d/ and /T.t/. when in a consonant cluster the first consonant is /D/ or /T/ and the second is /R/, so the consonants will be replaced as such, /D/ in /Ð/ and /T/ in /Ŧ/.

/D/ and /R/ [Saravanic] changes /D/ and /R/ [Jahlavanic] Draxt changes in to Ðraxt Droí changes in to Ðrohí Drust changes in to Ðrust ------Rust* *(in a few usages when the consonant cluster /D/ and /R/ comes together so the /D/ is automatically omitted and the word will be start with the second consonant /R/)

/T/ and /R/ [Saravanic] changes /Ŧ/ and /R/ [Jahlavanic] Trán changes in to Ŧrán Trońguŕ changes in to Ŧrońguŕ Mostly /T/ changes in to /Ŧ/ and in this dialect it never seems that any word has started with the cluster [D.Ŕ] and [T.Ŧ]  The possessive pronoun “kaná” which has two syllable [ka-ná] in Saravanic and Raxshanic dialect but in the Jahlavanic only the first syllable [ka] is used to give the same meaning like,

Saravanic Jahlavanic Dú kaná (My hand) Dú ka Ílum kaná (My brother) Ílum ka

 When the suffixes of (pak) and (fak) come at the end of Brahui verb it replace the (ang, ing, eng) singe of verb which changes in to a negative verb in the Saravanic and Raxshanic dialects but the same verb become a imperative verb and (of) comes instead of (pak) and (fak).

Negative verb (Saravanic) imperative verb Negative verb (Jahlavanic) Kunpak (He/she not eats) Kun kunof Bafak (He/she not comes) ba/bar barof Mafak (May not be) ma/mar marof

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Rakhshanic dialect of Brahui

Rakhshanic dialect is also known as Rekí or Noşkeí dialect which is spoken in the northwest and west of Balochistan, the speakers of Raxshanic dialect are speared in the whole Chaghi division although there are a considerable number of speakers in Southern Afghanistan, Iranian Balochistan and in Turkmenistan. A special usage of long vowels creates dulcet expression in this Raxshanic dialect there foe this is known as the pleasing manners in Brahui dialects. However this dialect is affected by Balochi Afghani Iranic Persian.

Mutual intelligibility of Raxshanic dialect:

This dialect of Brahui has more intelligibility points then the Saravanic and Jahlavanic dialect. A few of them are following,  Raxshanic dialect has less or no usage of aspirated voices such as, Bh, ph, nh, mh, dh etc.  Some times short vowels (a, i, u) of Brahui language will be pronounced as long vowel and particularly the usage of Brahui diphthong are more common then the Saravanic and Jahlavanic dialect are. This special use of vowels makes the Raxshanic dialect much dulcet then the other dialects. And creates some affective expression, like, abbúú, oohoo, paoo, allae, yáae.  The less use of retroflex voices /Ŧ/, /Ð/, /Ŕ/ is noted in Raxshanic dialect. And these voices replaced as such, /Ŕ/ changes in to /R/ and /Ð/ changes in to/D/.

 /Ŕ/ and /R/ [Saravanic] changes [raxshanic] Eŕe changes in to ere Oŕe changes in to Ore Dáŕe changes in to dare

 /Ð/ and /Ŕ/ [Saravanic] changes [raxshanic] boð changes in to boŕ goð changes in to goŕ

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 Addition of a suffix (ak) is added to the end of a word with the future sentence in Raxshanic dialect. Like,

Common word (Saravanic) suffix (ak) (Raxshanic) Barek (Comes/will come) barekak Marek (be/will be) marekak  Imperative verbs of Brahui language which usually ends with short vowel (a), but in the Raxshanic dialect that short vowel will be omitted. Like,

Saravanic imperative verb Jahlavanic imperative verb Sala (stop walking/doing) sal Ata (Bring) at

 The omitting of short vowel is common in Raxshanic dialect it specially noticed in adjectives. Adjective with short vowel (Saravanic): nanikán, (in the evening) Adjective with out short vowel (Raxshanic): nankán

 Some cases of changing and replacement is found in Raxshanic dialect. This changing is very obvious in usage of preposition. “Á” is the preposition it changes in to “ģá” or “ģae”. Á (Saravanic) changes in to ģá/ģae (Raxshanic)

Kursí á (in the Chair) ---- kursí ģá/ģae Urá á (at home) ---- urá ģá/ģae

Besides this a huge number of vocabularies have deferent meaning in each dialect of Brahui.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 J.K, Harmers and Peter Trudgi, “Dialectology”, 2nd addition, 2044, Cambridge University Press.  “Dupree” 1989: Afghanistan.  Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan, 1999, 1998 district census report of Kalat.  Sabir, Abdul Razzaq “Brahui Likwarh”, Brahui Adbi Society Quetta 1993.

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

DEHEE-A CASE STUDY OF DEHEE-CLASSICAL POETRY OF BALOCHI LANGUAGE

Language & Literature

Ghulam Nabi Sajid* Wahid Bakhsh Buzdar§ ABSTRACT:

ڈکھا ں میں رب نہ داثی Dukhaan men rab na daasee دوستے ار گھٹیں روش ِء Doste ar ghaten roshe چی اے شے منیگاں گوں داثی .Chee ae she mengaan gon dasee (Lohar Kalu:Feb, 12, 2010)

(May Allah keep safe my beloved from all worries and if her days of life even come short, add my remaining days of my life to her life). This study will be focused on the importance of classical Balochi poetry in general and usage of Balochi Dehee in special. Folklorists are agreed that the folk and classical poetry is the foundation of expression. Although Dehee is not some epic poetry but there are so many characteristics of epic in Dehee as well. Dehee can tell long tales and stories relating the early past of Baloch people. In this study some Dehees of ancient age will be included with English translation, telling the migration rote and different war events of Baloch migration from Halab to Seestan.

INTRODUCTION:

.are very near to each other﴿ زہیروک) Dahee and Zaheerook Same as Zeerook, Dehee also expresses the feeling of lovers whom are very far away from their beloveds.

* Research Officer (Balochi) Balochistan Study Centre University of Balochistan Quetta- Pakistan. § Assistant Professor (Balochi) NIPS, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.

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Some time there is sigh and moaning of lovers when wishing to see one glance of their beloveds. As Example: Burzen Kandhee shall thu de Dhahaa se ڈکھا ں میں رب نہ داثی Men nazaan logha zurthu oodhar dase .منی ناذاں لوغا ُزڑتھو اوڈھر داثے The high mountain may you fell down You are a barrier between me and my beloved’s home. Dehee is not only the poetry of love songs but there are prays for heavy rains in drought and famine. Dahee plays some time the role of social codes by tautening, the member of that society to act on the rules established by the society. Dahee reminds that people which are no more with us and also addresses the death angle in very hatred way on killing of some very near and respected persons. ارزیل تھو کھنڈاں پنداثے Arzeel thu khudaan panda se زیثے منی ناذاں Zee se men nazzan شل جوایں روشاں مہ گنداثے.Shall joaa aen roshaan mah ginda se O death angle may you beg from door to door You have snatched my beloved May you never see good days. About the general introduction of Dehi, Muhammad Sardar Khan Baloch says, “The Caravan song Dehi to the nomads was their favourite muse and in their estimation, the first form of singing. The Balochies of the classical age used as their principal instrument the square tambourine “dap” in Arabic (daff), the reed pipe “Nar” and Saroz or Sarundaw. The Dehi are the choicest productions of the common mind. Some of the ballads in the form of Dehi show all that is best in nomad vein, but less admirable in the high and cultured society of the Balochs. The Dehies are a rough and ready expression of romance expressed by the rough and rude mind of the nomad folk. Many of these songs and ballads were composed in the vulgar dialect and without regard or heed to the rules of classical prosody, and none of the authors of folksongs endeavored to raise the so called Dehis to literary rank. We seldom find in this form of poetry, any reference to the beauties of nature, but a faint feeling that sometimes anticipates the attitude of medieval chivalry. The dehies are mainly composed by minstrels, the Loris who occupy a low place in the social scale. The Lories are the gypsies of Balochistan and are found throughout the length and breadth of the country. They are

- 79 - handicrafts men, rather the mechanics of the Balochs, for they make all the instruments and implements needed for agricultural and domestic purpose. Moreover, the Loris are the musicians and composers of musical songs and tunes. Their women function as midwives, and sing ballads and other songs at the time of marriage ceremonies and celebrations on the birth of a male child. We shall quote here the true picture of their life and code of conduct by their own words. “Wanderers we were born. Wanderers we live and Wanderers we shall die, When our bellies are stocked, We pray, when bellies are empty, We cheat, for are we. Not the rightful sharers in The food and the drink of you all, No birth place or home or burying ground is Ours Our birth is in the jungle And the desert The desert and the jungle are our home and our grave.” The dehi, form of song prevalent in the Baloch society is perhaps, the outcome of the laxity of life introduced by the levity and luxury of the western culture, planted and propagated by the British rule over Balochistan”. (M.S.K.Baloch:1984:472) As it is agreed that Dahee is a kind folk poetry so before going onward the folk poetry need to be discussed.

Folk: The poetry of old time when the authorship in unknown and had been preserved and adapted through oral tradition. Folk songs usually have an easily remembered melody and a simple poetic form. A song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms of their culture. Dr. Abdul Haq Mehr says, “The folk music and literature is a common effort of the people. (Buzdar Wahid:) Muhammad Sardar Khan says, “Folklore is the body of the traditions, customs, beliefs, tales and songs that are transmitted from tribe to tribe, territory to territory and hut to hut by word of mouth from one generation of a society to the next. On the other hand, we should also note that many tales and traditions are actually the product of a single man singularly famous in his time to frame and propagate tales and traditions. The Baloch race is among those historic nations whose history and origins go back thousands of

- 80 - years, and, therefore the search for identity is not difficult and tradition is the main ingredient in any identification. The Baloch people are a traditional race and tradition in most countries is based to a great extent in folklore, history and geography. By tradition, folklore is the traditional knowledge of the folk. Literally “folk” are small groups of families living in isolation, and live and thrive in their isolated world, taking pride in their limited usages, customs, opinions and information. It is therefore, that folklore material has no known and definite author or source. The wisdom, imagination, spirit and superstition of the Balochis, more or less can be judged in the folklore songs and traditions. Variations, progress evolution are not among the laws that a nomadic people readily obeys. Deprived of all the comforts and benefits of civilization the nomadic Baloch is not immune to the invasion of exotic ideas and aims. Though contented in tents of goat’s and camel’s hair, yet to his heart and mind, the occupations worthy of his blood are hospitality swordsmanship and romance. All other varieties of trade, skill, art and education are beneath his dignity. The monotony, simplicity and dryness of the mountain habitat are truly reflected in the nomad Baloch physical and mental makeup. Anatomically he is a firm from and figure of strong veins and fine chiseled bones. The hardihood of their profession and mountain life is fully displayed by his physique, displaying his fantastic forbearance, tenacity and temerity. A nomad Baloch is seldom able to raise himself to the state of a social being of the civilized man, but is always devoted to the common good and tradition of his tribe. Discipline and development are foreign to the ideals of his simple life. His daily prayer to the providence would be “O God, have mercy upon me, my family and the herd of sheep.” However, horrible as an enemy he may be, yet with in the laws of friendship, he is a most sincere, reliable and a generous friend. In the ballads and folksong, we note on the one hand, the nomad Baloch’ courage, resolution, contempt of death and fear of dishonor, his tender regard and affection for the men of his own flesh and blood, on the other hand, his relentless temper, his heedless ferocity and traitorous cruelty towards his foe. In fact, the folksongs and ballads are the mirror of the mind and occupation of the common folk. (S.K.Baloch:1984:470)

1. A song belonging to the folk music of a people or area, often existing in several versions or with regional variations. 2. A song composed in the style of traditional folk music.

The most prominent categories are the love‐song, but the term also covers the social values and norms as well. Generally it is believed that folk

- 81 - is passing the cultural information on from one generation to the next by storytellers. The forms of oral tradition include classical poetry (often chanted or sung), folktales, and classical poetry, as well as magical spells, religious instruction, and recollections of the past. Music and rhyme commonly serve as both entertainment and aids to memory. Epic poems concerning the destiny of a society or summarizing its myths often begin as oral tradition and are later written down. In oral cultures, oral tradition is the only means of communicating knowledge. The prevalence of radio, television, and newspapers in Western culture has led to the decline of oral tradition, but in the east especially in eastern Balochistan (Sulemani Baloch) it survives among old people and some minority groups as well as among children, whose games, counting rhymes, and songs are transmitted orally from generation to generation. Same is with Dehee people do remember old Dehees and their generating factor as well. In case of Dehee there are two different kind of end rhyme. In very classical Dehee there are three lines in one complete Dehee. The end rhyme of first line will necessarily match with the end rhyme of third line. See example. ڈوڈو بنانی, Dodo banaani .1 بالں دہ کرانکی Bilaan deh Karanki استیں میں الل وطنانی Ashen men lal wataani تھرا سوکھا ساءیں کھاں Tharaa sokha saaeen kaan .2 الل تھی کہنیں ُخلقاں laal thai kahnen khulqaan روحڑی میں ولر داءیں کھاں Roohrhi men wallar daaeen kaan

روشا مناں را نیں گالواری Roshaa manaan raa nen galwaari ِ تو وثی بابا بچھ ِء thu wasi babaa bache یگھا ُگڈا سوگوہ کن داری Begaa gudaa sogo kaan daari (Shahir Saed Khan:Feb,21, 2010) موال منی ہوراں گوارینی ,Mula men horaan guaaren nee وسیث ڈہڑی ,wasee dehrhee ناذاں منی گورکھاں چارینی .Naazaan men guarkaan chaaren nee نازاں تھو دیر کھنے کھاءے ,Naazaan thu der kane kaa aey گوں ہمے بازین دیراں Go hame baazen deraa روشے الل ایکھو سر کھاءے Roshe laal aekau sar kaa aey

Dehee As Folklorist As the Dehee is poetry of singing and mainly it is composed by shepherds on heights of mountains or by lories or young people in wedding

- 82 - ceremonies so the length and meter of the stanza is given keen attention, so that the rhyme may be same and beautiful. Some time the first line is constructed only to create a rhyme and has no meaning and concern with the body and message of main Dehee. As,

ڈو ڈو بنانی Do do banaanee بالں دہ کرانکی Belaan de karaankee استیں مین الل وطنانی Atseen men lal watanaanee

Allah Bakhsh Buzdar a well-known Baloch poet says about the rhyme of Dehee, “If someone considers Dehee as beginning of Balochi poetry, to me it is not wrong. I have never felt so enthusiasm and excitement by hearing any poetry, which real pleasure gives the Dehee. I am poet (if I am) of Poem and I also wrote some Dehee to express my inner feelings”. As, گو لکھ ُمراذاں تھی لوغا کھاتکاں Go lakh murazaan man thi logha kaatkaan گنداں ڈنگے ماری درداں Gandaan Dhange mare dardaan walar wartaan ولرواڑتھاں

I thought throughout a long night of winter about my sorrow and worries at last came to your home with countless hopes but there the enemies has bitten me like snake and pain kept moving in my heart. The real beauty of Dehee is its shortness. The Dahee covers all those ideas in very short (two or three lines) which can only be expressed in a long poem (Nazam/dastanag). Dehee is unique form poetry. Its form, its rhyme, its calculated meter, its depth and its musical sweetness are different then the other forms of poetry” (Buzdar: 2010)

Symbol: in general terms, anything that stands for something else. Obvious examples are flags, which symbolize a nation; the cross is a symbol for Christianity; Uncle Sam a symbol for the United States. In literature, a symbol is expected to have significance. Keats starts his ode with a real nightingale, but quickly it becomes a symbol, standing for a life of pure, unmixed joy; then before the end of the poem it becomes only a bird again. In Balochi Dehee the symbol is used to express the feeling of poet and the situation of that age. As, داہاں مسکینی کھالں ,Dahaan Maskeenee khilaan الل تھی مونجھاں چوشاں ,Lal thi monjaan choshaan چکے چو ماث مری چالں Chuke chon maas merree chilaan

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(I do cry like an orphan or a men without any relation in journey of desert, O my beloved I am so grieved in your absence as the baby who’s mother had died within early forty days of his/her birth). The miserable condition and difficulties of some orphan baby especially in early childhood is symbol of grieve ness to the poet. There are so many symbols used in Balochi Dehee, as for the beauty of beloved, moon, zuhraa, flowers, light of morning, rain in desert, flowers, deer’s eyes hoors/fairies of heaven and so many other things. There is great love for human being in Dehee and folk poetry. Manaan dosten makhlook aeshaan pedaash Rabe. مناں دوستیں مخلوق ایشاں پیدایش ربء Same Sakhi Sultan Bahoo a ever popular saint of Saraaiki literature says. ُکج بغض دی ریت وچ نیں ملداkujh bughz di reet wich nai melda“ او ہار تہ جیت وچ نین ملداO. haar te jeet wich nai melda مخلوق اے خدا نال پیار تہ کرMakhlooq-e- khuda naal peyar te kar رب صرف مسیت وچ نین ملدا.Rabb sirf maseet wich nai melda (You cannot find the divine content in enmity and hatred and nor in winning or losing from any opponent Please do love the people of God as the God is not only be traced or found in mosques)

CONCLUSION

Dahee is the most classical term of Balochi poetry. It is important and impressive form of poetry among Baloch of Eastern Balochistan. Dahee is the shortest way of impression which can convey its message in very impressive way and mostly in two lines or verse. In Dehee poetic form tells the historical events with true references can be narrated. Mostly, Dahee is the folk poetic form composed by the women folk but man has also composes dahees. Like all other poetic.forms Dahee is also mourning of lovers. Dahee is a famous Balochi poetic form which depects the social raelities of the society.

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REFERENCES:

1. Baloch Muhammad Sardar Khan, Literary history of the Balochis 1984, Balochi Academy Quetta, 2. Buzdar Allah Bakhsh, personal interview on Feb 21, 2010 at Tounsa Shareef Buzdar, Wahid Bakhsh, Dehee e Darosham, Balochi Academy. 3. Shahir Saed Khan, personal interview Feb,21, 2010 at Tounsa Shareef. 4. .Lohar Kalo, personal interview on Feb, 12, 2010 Koh e Suleman, Musakhail.

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- BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

KHAN ABDUL SAMAD KHAN ACHAKZAI SHAHEED. (HIS PERSONALITY AND VISION ON REGIONAL POLITICS)

Politics

Muhammad Usman Tobawal** ABSTRACT A lot of literature is available on the work and biography of Abdul Samad Khan Shaheed, but through this article an attempts is made to bring out all those unexplored aspects of his life which are yet not discussed, such as his contribution towards knowledge dissemination. Khan Shaheed’s contribution in the field of knowledge dissemination is the reflection of his teachter- Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad thoughts. Khan Shaheed is not only influenced by Azad’s philosophy in the field of education dissemination but his political life was under the influence of his teacher’s thought too. These characteristics have not only made Khan Shaheed as one of the greatest leaders but his these unique characteristics brought very positive changes in all aspects of life of the people of Southern Pakhtoonkhwa. Although many authors have enlightened the biography/life style of Khan Shaheed but in this paper an attempt is made to bring out his contribution with special reference to literary work in the prevailed circumstances of that era in Southern Pakhtoonkhwa. This paper also elaborates the effects and impact of Khan Shaheed’s literary work on the Pashto Literature as well as his views about literature development in the light of the views of great scholars of the region. This paper also includes his vision on regional politics, specially related to Afghanistan and Iran.

Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai Shaheed was a great Leader of freedom moment of Sub Continent. He was a progressive, truthful, dauntless,

** Assistant Professor Pakistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

- 86 - committed person. His qualities included steadfastness and the truth and never surrendering to falsehood. Birth and family Background: “Khan-i-Shaheed Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai was born in the Gulistan Tehsil of Colonized south pashthoonkhwa in 1907. This part of land was still resounding with the songs of heroic deeds in defense of defending the motherland against the British aggressors. It was the time when all the patriotic people were constantly struggling for the emancipation of the motherland from the grip of the British colonialist exploitation, but this struggle of their was lacking the guidance of such a political organization which according to the needs of the time could provide the befitting leadership” (Roona 2nd December 1984:01). “Khan Abdul Samad Khan according to his autobiography “Zama Zhwond” was born in a literary family in 7th July 1907, my father’s name is Noor Muhammad Khan and My grand father, Sultan Muhammad Khan, who was the son of Inayatullah Khan, who was the son of Bostan Khan and grandson of Barkhurdar Khan” (Ghano:2004:67-68) . Barkhurdar Khan was an army general of Ahmed Shah Abdali, playing key role in strengthening Afghanistan’s position against Marhata of India and also countered Iranian designs towards Afghanistan. Education: Khan-i-shaheed was born in a patriotic and religious family and started his basic education at home. Under the supervision of his father, and teachers. With the areas of study being Persian, Arabic, Pashto, jurisprudence (Fiqha), Hadith and other Islamic field. He was admitted to school 1920 where he got first position at primary level in the competitive examination and passed the middle examination in 1925. “After being imprisoned by the then British rules then, late khan shaheed continued his education in prison and passed, matriculation, intermediate, graduate, specialization in Pashto and LLB from there (Razia: :2009:51). Academic and literary services, Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai kept fighting at several fronts, he had dedicated his whole life for the people. Being an educated and Literary person him self, he gave a lot of importance to education, therefore he never ignored this field and stressed on the central Government of Delhi with Sir Mian Afzal Hussain as the education Minister for establishment of a college in Quetta, that finally resulted in the establishment of a college in Quetta in 1942 despite the opposition by the local Administration.

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He new the British rulers, with the help of their local puppets were running certain educational institution that could serve their own interest only, therefore he wanted that the people should be provided with such educational institutions that wouldn’t engender crop for the British masters but give births to the sons of the soil who could serve their motherland and be educated in the true sense and use it for the uplift and betterment of their nation. “In prison in 1948, Khan Shaheed started writing his autobiography, beside that he started translating Mulana Abul Kalam Azad’s commentary of the Holy Quran in Pashto. He also translated “Horizon of freedom” by Dyson Carter’s in Pashto. His other writings are included translation of Gulistan by Sheikh Saadi Sherazi, translation of Kimiyae-saadat by Imam Ghazali and Pashto Likh dood.” (Kakar:1994:354). Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai served pashtoons throughout his life and gave them a new out look in accordance with the needs of the time. His services came to light in multifarious spheres. He played an active role in politics and journalism and at the same time he was politic prose writer, translator and philologist. His full command over the following eight languages i.e. Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Balochi, Sindhi, Arabic, Brahui and English shows his mental caliber. “He was the author of following books and essays” 1. Pashto Zhaba au Likdood (Pashto Language and Scripts) 2. Zama Zhond Au Zhwandoon (My Life Autobiography) 3. Samad-ul-Lughat (Samad Khan Dictionary) 4. Azadi-ka-ufaq (Translated by Khan Shaheed, “Future of Freedom” by Canadians authors Charlet and Dicorson into Urdu) 5. Da Azadi Pahi (Translated by Khan Shaheed into Pashto) 6. Gulistan-i-Saadi (Translated by Khan Shaheed into Pashto) 7. Torjuman-ul-Quran (The exegesis of the holy Quran Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Shaheed Translated in Pashto) 8. Sirat-un-Nabil (By Shibli Numani Khan Shaheed Translated into Pashto Language) 9. Chemya-i-Saadat (This book was written by imam Ghazali, Khan Shaheed translated it into pashto) 10. Statement of Khan Shaheed Lahore High court in 1956. (Kakar:1983:351)

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Political Services: Basically Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai was a literary teacher and thinker, however, he came in the political field in order to safeguard the interest of the public of the sub-continent entry into politics was greatly welcomed by the people of the British Baluchistan, Baluchistan State Union and sub-continent where a true worthy companions of the Bacha Khan, Nawab yousaf ali Magsi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Gandhi G were badly needed. Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai proved a great political leader and reliable companions of the sub-continent. He awakened the people of the sub-continent with his stirring verses to demand a freedom. He led the people of every step and rendered great services in the accomplishment of freedom for sub-continent. “Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai’s his life was greatly influenced by certain incidents that took place in the second decade of the twentieth century. These incidents included, the first world war which started on 1st August 1914 , Russian revolution of 25th October 1917, Khalafat Movement and assassination of Habibullah Khan, the king of Afghanistan on 20th February 1919, and his son Amir Amanullah Khan who challenged the British Government” (Mandokhail:1991). “These factors put deep in prints and impacts on the personality of Samad khan and he left his business and personal interest as a whole and started struggling for his rights of the people of sub-continent. “Akhtar Ali Khan Baloch wrote about the Abdul Samad khan Achakzai in those days taking part in the politics against the British was a difficult task, even talking against them was like calling far your own death, but khan Abdul Samad khan Achakzai took up the challenge and started the struggle for freedom in Baluchistan, he showed vigor, zeal, energy and encourage the people and created political awareness in them.” (Baloch:1994:71). Actually, Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai was much conscious about the British colonial policy regarding Afghanistan because Afghanistan at that very time was in such difficult position that on the on side British had designed to occupy even more territories of Afghanistan while Iran’s relations with Afghanistan was also tense due to territorial and other disputes. Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai inspired by several revolutionary movements formed Anjuman-e-watan along with his companions in June 1938 and started taking part in politics practically with revolutionary vigor. He did not limit his ideologies to talks and books only but started taking active part in the politics and struggle for independents. He spent a major share of his life in jails, especially after formation of Anjuman-e-watan but

- 89 - that did not put an end to his struggle. In prison he always struggled for the rights of prisoners demanding that they should be treated like human beings. In his an article written in the District Jail, Lahore, on 25th October 1956, he writes. “ I have spent the best portion of my life in the British and Muslim regimes jails. No human being can tolerate this willingly. If my purpose is true, my endeavors shall certainly be fractured. God willing the verdict of time shall certainly be in my favour. True intentions seldom fail because of the paucity of allies. Even if I am no more in this world, others will come into existence to raise this banner high in exaltation, the caravan of life moves on for ever.” (Roona Dec, 02 1984:7). Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai founded Anjuman-e-Watan in June 1938, Waror Pashtoon in 1954, and Pakistan National Awami Party in 1957 and Pashthoonkhwa National Awami Party in 1970. He was elected the member of Provincial Assembly of Balochistan from the platform of Pashtoonkhawa National Awami Party, playing active role in the proceeding of the Assembly. He chaired the First ever meeting of Balochistan assembly. Print Media Services: In 1938 Khan Shaheed requested for issuance of approval for news paper application which was rejected, later in 1935 Press Act was promulgated in Baluchistan and finally Khan Shaheed requested for the approval of news paper which was accepted and Aziz Press was formed with that the publication of Istiqlal started that has a Pashto section besides the Urdu material. “He establishes a Press at Quetta financed by contributions from the patriotic people to convey the aims and objects of his revolutionary struggles of Pashtoon and Baloch masses and the people of the sub-continent and after words issued the news paper Istiqlal from Quetta.” (Roona:Dec, 2 1984:7). “First of all when I sought permission to publish a news paper, I was told that there was a ban on the publication of all political and social and communicational activates accept the news of visits of officers, race courses etc. So in the absence of a Press Act I was to take permission under executive orders, which I thought to be tedious and useless, consequently I started a struggle for the issue of Press Act.” (Ghanoo:1990:38). A weekly news paper “Istiqlal” was started by Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai from Aziz Press in June 1938 Pashto poems and articles were also used to be published in it. It was the month piece of the Anjuman-e-Watan and the Indian national congress, Two Thousand and five hundred copies of Istiqlal used to be published weekly. “For publication and communication of the news paper a Jirga was formed having Muhammad Ayub Khan Achakzai, Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd, Mir

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Atta Muhammad Marghzani, Muhammad Hussain Anqa, Mir Shehbaz Khan Nausherwani, Muhammad Amin Khosa, Muhammad Hussain Nizami, Mir Gul Khan Naseer, Muhammad Hassan Talwi, Qudoos Batai, Azam Jan Achakzai and Abdul Samad Durrani.” (Roona 2nd December, 1985). Istiqlal remained the messenger and representative of the masses till 1950 after the Muslim league Government banned it in 1950. After Istiqlal, Khan Shaheed started publishing weekly Paigham-e-Jadeed with Abdul Samad Durrani as the editor and monthly Pashto with Kamal khan sherani and Dr. Khudayedad Khan as the editors but both the papers were banned in 1954, however, the commitment and dedication of Khan-i-Shaheed could not be shattered and with consistency he started publishing monthly Pashto news paper Gulistan, which again could not survive due to being representative of the masses, not that of the government. Martyrdom: Finally at the age of 67, the true leader of the masses and intellectual and literary politician was martyred in his house at Jamaluddin Afghani Road Quetta at 4:00am with hand Grenade attacks on December 2, 1973.

CONCLUSION:

Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai Shaheed was a freedom fighter. He was not only anti-British but also an enemy of all sorts of colonizers. Political Philosophy of Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai Shaheed firmly believed in the freedom of nations from the yoke of British imperialism. He hated the slavery of his people. He remained in prison for about 32 years but continued his fight for freedom of Sub-continent’s soil. After the independence Khan Shaheed carried on his struggle for a democratic Pakistan in which all the oppressed nations living in Pakistan should have equal opportunities for progress and prosperity. His visits to Afghanistan and participation in Academic and other meetings showed his interest for Afghanistan and stressed Pakistan not to interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. However, later on such interference from Pakistan in the internal affairs of Afghanistan brought many problems for both the countries. Finally he was martyred and his death was the greatest loss for the people of oppressed nation of the country.

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REFERENCES:

 Baloch, Akhtar Ali “Balochistan Ke Namwar Shakhsihat”, Royal Book Company, Sadar Karachi, Paksitan. Vol I, 1994.

 Ghano, Abdul Ghani ”Autobiography by Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai”. Pashtoonkhwa Adabbi Sanga, complied by Prof. Abdul Ghani Ghanoo, Vol 1, 2004.

 Ghano, Abdul Ghani Professor Abdul Ghani Ghano, Baba-e- Pashtoon & Pashthoonkhwa (Volume 1), Kalat Press Quetta 1990, Page-38.

 Kakar, Sayal “Da Kassi Da Lhmuni Pashtana Likwal” Vol-ll Bolan Book Corporation 1983.

 Mandokhail, Abdul Raheem, Khan Shaheed” paper presented in the International Seminar at Kabul in 1991.

 Razia Gul” Khan Abdul Samad Khan Shaheed” Research Journal “TAKATOO” published by the Department of Pashto, University of Balochistan, Quetta Jan-June, 2009.

 The Statement of Khan Shaheed, Lahore High Court 1956.

 Weekly newspaper “Roona” Dec 02 1884.

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN BALOCHISTAN: DEPICTION, DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT

Psychology

Neelam Firdous*

ABSTRACT: This research paper is an attempt to identify and highlight historical perspective of psychology with depiction, dynamics and development of psychology in Balochistan. It would be the firs effort to inflate the existence and importance of the discipline of psychology in the province. Hence, the research study would provide relevant information about the discipline of psychology already existing and would be an endeavor for further expansion and growth of the subject. Balochistan is one of the largest province of Pakistan with varied population i.e., mainly Bloch, Pashtoon, Brahvi, Persian, Punjabi and, Sindhi etc. Balochistan is a mountainous place, the nature of land is mostly barren so most of the population dwells near costal areas or in big cities where there are more opportunities other than the profession of agriculture. It is a common myth that Balochistan is aback in education than other provinces of the country but it has rich Bloch and Pashtoon heritage. However, the province is on the way to progress and also becoming a strong place of education and learning. The number of educational institutes such as schools, colleges and universities has increased rapidly within last decade which is the hallmark of different governing bodies. During this period IT, Management Sciences, Environmental Sciences and many other new disciplines have been introduced at graduation and post graduation level in various cities of the province. For this research study, people from different walks of life and students from colleges and universities of all districts of Balochistan were taken as population of the study. A sample of n = 100 was taken

* Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

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randomly. The data was collected through structured questionnaire by survey method. The findings of the study revealed that there is need to inflate the discipline of psychology at colleges and universities level for boys and girls and as well as to have the services of psychologists at different settings in the province.

INTRODUCTION: Depiction: The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words, “psyche’ and “logos” soul and study literally translated as the study of the soul and later on as the study of mind. In broader perspective it is concerned with the study of organism’s behavior: overt and covert; observable and unobservable behavior, eventually becoming the discipline of humanity. Psychology has been of immense interest and importance for people all over the world. Almost everyone tries to understand why people act the way they do, and every culture has developed a “folk psychology” to try to explain people’s feelings and actions. Much of folk psychology is a least good enough to be useful, and common sense is usually more accurate about psychology. A layman to a learned person, uneducated to educated person use psychology in everyday activities even a beggar uses psychological techniques and tricks to get money from people by exploiting their status. Psychological researchers collect systematic data to try to improve upon common sense. Simply psychology deals with living beings including human beings and animals, their behavior, thinking, feelings, learning and emotions etc. Technically it is scientific study of mental processes and human behavior of organisms i.e., human beings and animals. Feldman, S. Robert (2000) defined it as “Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes” (Feldman, S. Robert 2000). This definition seems straightforward but its simplicity is deceptive because it not only includes what people do, but their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, reasoning, memories and even the biological activities that maintain bodily functioning. Gray Peter (1999) defined; that “psychology is the science of behavior and the mind” Behavior refers to the observable actions of an individual person or animal. Mind refers to individual’s sensation, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives, emotional feelings, and other subjective experiences” (Gray Peter 1999). Kassin Saul (2001) defined psychology as “the scientific study of behavior and the mind” Kassin Saul 2001). However, psychology endeavors to answer to questions through the systematic collection and logical analysis of objectively observable data. The data in psychology are always based on observation of behavior, because

- 95 - behavior is directly observable and mind is not; but psychologists often use these data to make inferences about the mind. In a broader perspective psychology attempts to explain, predict, modify, and ultimately improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. By using scientific methods, psychologists are able to find answers to questions about the nature of human behavior that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from more intuition and speculation. However, for understanding the general behavior and attitude of people, psychologists usually utilize psychoanalytical approach introduced by Sigmund Freud, which facilitates psychologists to understand unconscious motives and problems of people. In case of Balochistan, the expansion of the subject of psychology and the role of psychologists would be beneficiary and bring positive change in attitude and behavior of people of the province.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGY: Psychology has been said to have a long past but a short history. Kassin Saul (2001) documented that “the great philosophers Socrates (470- 399 BC) and his followers Plato, and Aristotle wrote extensively about human nature. They wrote about pleasure and pain, five senses, imagination, desire and other aspects of the “psyche”. They also speculated about whether human beings were innately good or evil, rational or irrational, and capable of free will or controlled by outside forces” (Kassin Saul 2001). However, the behavior of human beings is constituted by both forces that are free will and control by outer forces. Sometimes the behavior is exploited by external forces which would take the form of negative attitude, prejudice, biased or anti-social behavior. The roots of psychology can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and although philosophers have argued for several hundred years about some of the same sort of questions that psychologists grapple with today, the formal beginning of psychology is generally set at 1879 by Willhelm Woundt in Leipzig, Germany. The contribution of eminent philosophers, Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates and many others paved the way for modern psychology. The innovative contribution of these philosophers made the way for psychology to spread and flourish in various parts of the world. After a great contribution of Greek and Roman philosophers the discipline traveled towards Europe, Russia, America and Asia; here the nature of psychology became more scientific. In Europe the topics of interest were “inheritance, intelligence, memory, learning, motivation and perception

- 96 - etc”. In Russia the concepts of “classical-conditioning and association” were of great concern. In America the discipline of psychology became more research oriented and applied, where research publications were initiated and research journals were started and American Psychological Association (APA) was formed. Here the main emphasis was on “cognitive psychology” which is the extension of experimental psychology. European findings in anatomy and physiology shifted psychology towards Asia. In Asia, the discipline of psychology was embraced by Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Hergenhahn B. R, (2001) has also highlighted the influence of Muslim era on the discipline of psychology. Within 100 years after the death of Holy Prophet Hazrat Mohammad (May Peace be Upon Him) the Muslim empire extended over an era larger than that of the Roman. This expansion brought the Muslims into contact with ancient works long lost to the Western’s World. Arab philosophers translated, studied, and expanded on the ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome, and the writings of Aristotle were of special interest. By utilizing this wisdom the Arabs made great studies in medicine, science, and mathematics etc. The eminent figures of Arab’s are Avicenna whose contribution is not only in the field of medicine but also in the field of psychology (Hergenhahn B. R, 2001). Michal J. Stevens, Wedding Danny, Dr. Nosheen Khan Rehman and Taylor and Francis (2004) described that having two universities in 1947, the department of psychology was established in 1887 in the University of Punjab, Lahore (West Pakistan); in1921 at Dhaka (East Pakistan). In 1946, University of Karachi, Sindh was established and 1951 the department of psychology was started. In 1950 at Peshawar and in 1953 at Rajshahi (East Pakistan) the departments of psychology were formed. The oldest psychological laboratories in Pakistan are at Punjab University, Government College University Lahore (Pakistan) and Dhaka University (Former East Pakistan) and now Bangladesh. During 1960’s only academic and theoretical side of psychology was in practice but no major concern of experimental psychology. In 1964, only 250 teachers were on role, there were no national psychological association and no research journal. But later on applied psychology was started at Punjab University, Lahore with psychological laboratory; experimentation and research in psychology was encouraged at universities level further more psychological research journals were started publishing Michal J. Stevens, Wedding Danny, Dr. Nosheen Khan Rehman and Taylor and Francis (2004) .

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGY IN BALOCHISTAN In the beginning the subject of psychology was taught at inter and graduate level only at Government Degree College for Girls, Quetta Cantt. The founder chairperson in this college was Nargis fazal Din who was a graduate in Applied Psychology from Department of Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Later on, the subject of psychology was initiated at different degree and inters level colleges such as Kawari Road Girls College, Quetta, Satellite Town Girls College, Jinnah Town Girls College Quetta. In 1989, the department of psychology was established in university of Balochistan under the chairmanship of Dr. Wasim (retired professor from Karachi University) and pioneer teaching faculty of the department included Mrs. Neelam Firdous, Azam Tahir and Rfique Lodhi (late). Then the department was expanded with the joining of Ms. Mehreen Siddiqui, lecturer, Ms. Mussrat Jabeen (late) lecturer, Syed Azizuddin Agha, lecture, Ms. Nasreen Ali, lecturer, Ms. Sara Durrani, lecturer (on study leave for M.S leading to PhD), Ms. Ambreen, lecturer (on study leave for M.Phil leading to PhD), Ms. Samreena Rose, lecturer and Ms. Arfa, lecturer. Later on the teaching faculty enhanced their qualification by PhD degree by Azam Tahir, Assistant professor and M. Phil degree by Mrs. Neelam Firdous, Assistant professor. Miss. Mahreen Siddiqui, lecturer has also earned her M. Phil Degree while Ms. Samreena Rose, lecturer has submitted her thesis of M. Phil, result awaited). Initially supporting staff included Mr. Qudrat Ullah Steno typist, Mr. Naveed, Lab Incharge, Mr. Ashar, Lab Assistant, Mr. Akhtar Mohammad, Naib Qasid, and Mr. Shah Mohammmad, Naib Qasid. Presently the supporting staff is extended by Mr. Haji Pir Jan, Seminar Departmental Librarian, Mr. Anwar, Office Assistant and Mr. Alam clerk. Since 1989, after the establishment of the department of psychology in university of Balochistan, hundred of students have passed out by earning Master degree in psychology and are serving at different governmental and non governmental organizations with dignified cadres and positions such as teaching at universities, colleges; as psychologists in army, and international organizations such as, UNICEF, USAID, UNICEF etc.

DYNAMICS OF PSYCHOLOGY: At least since Aristotle (384-322), philosophers and fiction writers have debated why people act the way they do, why they have the experiences they do, and why one person is different from another. Without discounting the importance of these great thinkers, several 19th century scholars wandered whether a scientific approach would be fruitful. They were impressed by the great strides made in physics, chemistry, and biology; they believed that

- 98 - similar progress could be made in psychology if evidence were collected and evaluated scientifically. The origin of scientific psychology is generally dated 1879, when medical doctor and sensory researcher Wilhelm Woundt set the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany. Woundt and others had conducted psychological experiments before, but this was the first time anyone had established a laboratory exclusively for psychological research. Myers G. David (1993) also yielded that psychology began as the science of mental life just over a century ago when Wilhelm Woundt’s basic research tool was “introspection (self-examination) of one’s own emotional states and mental processes. His focus was on inner sensations, feelings, and thoughts”. Thus, until the 1920s, psychology was defined as “the science of mental life”. From the 1920s into 1960s, American psychologists led by John Watson redefined psychology as “the science of observable behavior”. After all, they said, science is rooted in observation. In 1960’s psychology began to recapture its initial interest in conscious and unconscious processes through studies of how our mind processes and retain information. To encompass psychology’s concern both with overt and covert thoughts and feelings, we define psychology as “the science of behavior and mental processes” (Myers G. David 1993). The dynamics of psychology reflected various fields of interest for further research, experimentation, and progress. According to Shultz P. Duane & Shultz E. Sydney (1996), gradually afterwards, the discipline of psychology needed to develop more precise and objective ways of dealing with its subject matter (Shultz P. Duane & Shultz E. Sydney 1996). Much of the history of psychology, after its separation from philosophy, is the story of continual refinement of tools, techniques, and methods of study to achieve increased precision and objectivity in the questions psychologists asked and in the answers they obtained.

DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY: Once this new field of psychology had been launched, it developed and grew rapidly, particularly in the United States, which assumed and maintains a position of dominance in psychological world. More than half the world’s psychologists work in U.S. The major share of the world’s psychological literature is published in United States. The field of psychology is broad and has different dimensions. It encompasses different branches and specialties practiced in variety of settings, with new branches arising and coming to prominence all time. Furthermore, within the various branches of the field; it is possible to adopt

- 99 - several different approaches including biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic perspectives. The psychology has main concern with many scholarly fields such as social sciences: The science of society and the individual’s relationship to society including sociology, anthropology, political science and economics now mainly titling as Humanity.

Psychology bridges the natural and social sciences; it also has strong connections to humanities. In this sense it lies in the center of the academic pursuits of the university. However, there are many other fields of specialization in the discipline of psychology as under:

Major Specializations in Psychology

Specialization General Interest Research topic

Bio-psychologist Relationship between Body signals, hunger, brain and behaviour and satiety etc Clinical psychologist Emotional difficulties To help people to overcome severe anxiety Cognitive psychologist Memory, thinking etc Kinds, factors of memory

Community Organization and social Decrease psychological psychologist structure distress Counseling psychologist Helping people to make Changing, selecting important decisions careers Developmental Changes in behavior or Appearance and reality psychologist age

Educational Improvement of Testing student’s psychologist learning in educational knowledge institutes Environmental How noise, heat, crowd Building design can psychologist etc affect behavior maximize productivity of people Evolutionary Evaluating history of Why do men generally psychologist behaviour show sexual jealousy

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than women Industrial & People at work Challenges in jobs organizational psychologist Personality psychologist Personalities Some people shy & differences some gregarious Psychometrical Measuring intelligence, Use of IQ tests some psychologist personality interests more better tests Social psychologist Group behavior, social Persuasion, propaganda, influence Prejudice, attitudes, opinions etc * Kalat W. James (2005). Introduction to Psychology, Seventh Edition

There are also some other branches of psychology which are facilitating people such as, Engineering Psychology: it includes the use of psychological principles to help people design machines for safe and efficient use (for example, an easy to use ATM machine), Forensic Psychology deals with legal issues, often working in courts and correctional systems. They evaluate whether a rehabilitation program is achieving its goals, or whether an accused criminal has lied, deserves “insanity defense”, or is likely to give false testimony, and Health Psychology determines how life style changes can improve health. They devise techniques for helping people avoid medical and psychological problems. Kalat W. James (2005) highlighted various roles of psychologists by mentioning that they work in many occupational settings: The most common settings are:

Private Hospital / Prectice Clinic 17% Business Government 32% 11% Other Educational Colleges & 06% Universities 34%

* Kalat W. James, 2005.

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PSYCHOLOGISTS AROUND THE WORLD: About 60 % of U.S. psychologists are men and about 40 % are women. By the year 2000 these percentages are expected to be equal, and by the year 2010 the number of women in the field is expected to exceed the number of men. Feldman S. Robert (2000) described that “although today most psychologists are found in the UNITED States, the field extends well beyond U.S. borders. About one third of the world’s 500,000psychologists are found in other parts of the world. Psychologists out side the United States are increasingly influential in adding to the knowledge base and practices of psychology, which in the last half-century have been shaped by U.S. psychologists” (Feldman S. Robert 2000). The active efforts of psychologists motivated other psychologists of the world to make the discipline of psychology more practical and applicable. The tree of psychology is trying to be rooted firmly and deeply all over the world including Pakistan. As it is said that psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind so the role of a social psychologist would be more appropriate and required to deal social problems of people in Balochistan. Because social psychologists study how an individual influences other people and is influenced by them. Within a given culture, though, individual acquire different behaviors because of people around them. The discipline of psychology is emerging with new zeal and zest in Balochistan by starting the subject of psychology at colleges in different cities for boys and girls at inter and graduate level such as Loralai, Sibi, Panjgoor, Bolan, Zhob, and Poly Technique, Quetta. With the change of increased urbanization and industrialization, there has been a corresponding rise in social problems in Balochistan. For example, depression among youth, drug abuse has become a difficult problem with heroin addiction on the rise. Most evidence of this addiction is vivid in the center of the city beside the main drain of Quetta city. Furthermore, there is an increase in the suicide rate among young people due to unemployment in the province. So it is the right of people of Balochistan to avail the facility of psychologists in their own province, therefore, it is the need of the time to expand and encourage the students of psychology as psychologists to facilitate the people of the province.

PSYCHOLOGISTS IN PAKISTAN: According to Dr. Nosheen K. Rahman at present, the primary occupations available to Pakistani psychologists include teaching at undergraduate level (60 %) and graduate (15 %) level, conducting

- 102 - psychological assessment for personnel selection (7 %) in the civil services and armed forces, delivering psychotherapy services in various clinical settings (7 %), working in research centers and special education institutions (4 %), and the “other” category (7 %), which includes working in NGO’s.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Population / Universe: People from different walks of life and students from colleges and universities of all districts of Balochistan were taken as population of the study. Sample: A sample of n = 100 respondents (respondents: people and students of colleges and universities of all districts) was taken as purposive random sample. Tool: A structured questionnaire with hypothetical statements was used to collect the data i.e., “Yes” “No” Responses. Data Collection: By using survey method the questionnaires were distributed personally to the respondents and were collected after one day.

Data Analysis: The collected data was analyzed statistically and presented with simple percentage tables.

Table showing mean, standard deviation and “t” value of “Yes” responses and “No” responses

S. No Responses Mean Standard Deviation 1 Yes 5 7.63 2 No 3.33 5.50

The mean of “Yes” responses is = 5 and the mean of “No” responses is = 3.33; while standard deviation of “Yes” responses is = 7.63 and the standard deviation of “No” responses is = 5.50.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The findings of the study revealed that there is strong need of the expansion of the discipline of psychology at colleges and universities level for boys and girls equally in the province and as well as the services of psychologists at different settings are needed to deal with the psychological and social problems of people of Balochistan.

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Tables showing responses with simple percentage: 1. Respondents according to the “subject of psychology is of great importance”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 79 79 % 2 No Responses 21 21 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * Above table reflects that 79 % respondents think that the subject of psychology is of great importance; and 21 % of the respondents were not of the same view.

2. Respondents according to “the subject of psychology would help in solving psychological problems”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 91 91 % 2 No Response 09 09 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table shows that 91 % of the respondents think that the subject of psychology would help them in solving their psychological problems and only 9 % respondents said no.

3. Respondents according to “the discipline of psychology should be expanded all over Balochistan at colleges and university level”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Response 1 Yes Responses 97 97 % 2 No Responses 03 03 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table indicates that 97 % respondents want the discipline of psychology to be expanded all over Balochistan in colleges and universities; Whereas only 3 % respondents opposed the idea that the discipline of psychology to be expanded all over Balochistan in colleges and universities.

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4. Respondents according to “that male and female students should get equal chance of studying the subject of psychology”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 87 87 % 2 No Responses 13 13 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table describes that 87 % respondents were of the view that male and female students should get equal chance of studying the subject of psychology; and 13 % respondents said that male and female students should not have equal chance of studying psychology.

5. Respondents according to “that the subject of psychology would help people in their better adjustment at home”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 89 89 % 2 No Responses 11 11 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table illustrates that 89 % respondents think that the subject of psychology would help them in their better adjustment at home; and only 11 5% respondents were of the view that the subject of psychology would not help them in their better adjustment at home.

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6. Respondents according to “that the subject of psychology would help them in their better adjustment in the society”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 86 86 % 2 No responses 14 14 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table denotes that 86 % respondents agreed that the subject of psychology would help them in their better adjustment in the society; and 14 % respondents said that the subject of psychology would not help them in their better adjustment in the society.

7. Respondents according to “that the subject of psychology would help in better understanding of other people”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage responses 1 Yes Responses 81 81 % 2 No Responses 19 19 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table shows that 81 % respondents think that the subject of psychology would help them in better understanding of other people; whereas 19 % respondents were of the view that the subject of psychology would not help them in better understanding of other people.

8. Respondents according to “that the services of a school psychologist are the need of the day in province”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 95 95 % 2 No Responses 05 05 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table reflects that 95 % respondents think that people need the services of a school psychologist in the province; and 05 % respondents were not of the view that the services of a school psychologist are the need of the day in the province.

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9. Respondents according to “the services of a social psychologist would facilitate the people of Balochistan”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage responses 1 Yes Responses 83 83 % 2 No Responses 17 17 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table highlights that 83 % respondents think that the services of a social psychologist would facilitate the people of Balochistan; and 17 % respondents didn’t think so. 10. Respondents according to that “the subject of psychology would bring positive change in the behavior and attitude of people of Balochistan”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage responses 1 Yes Response 81 81 % 2 No responses 19 19 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table denotes that 81 % respondents think that the subject would bring positive change in the behavior and attitude of people of Balochistan; whereas 19 % respondents don’t agree with the statement.

11. Respondents according to “the study of the subject of psychology would help in promoting and maintaining smooth social relationships”

S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 73 73 % 2 No Responses 27 27 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table shows that 73 % respondents think that the study of the subject of psychology would help in promoting and maintaining smooth social relationships; and 27 % respondents didn’t think so.

12. Respondents according to “the study of the subject of psychology would help in maintaining mental health”

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S. No Denotion Obtained Percentage Responses 1 Yes Responses 93 93 % 2 No Responses 07 07 % 3 Total Responses 100 100 % * The above table reflects that 93 % respondents think that the study of the subject of psychology would help in maintaining mental health; and only 07 % respondents did not agree with the statement.

DISCUSSION: Manipulation of psychology is every where by every one but mostly people don’t know that that they are using psychology or applying psychological techniques to influence others, maintaining smooth social relations, or solving their daily life problems by using their intelligence. For example leaders utilize psychological techniques to command and lead their group, even beggars who are not educated or not gone through the subject of psychology also use psychological methods already mentioned in introduction; when beggars see a young boy or a girl the beggars pray for their marriage or coupling, when the beggars are near by any examination center they ask for money by praying success in exams and old or aged people are exploited by the pray of Hajj / pilgrimage. The aim and objective of psychology is to help others, in broader perspective serving humanity and bringing positive change in human behavior and attitudes; psychologists are doing indeed by helping others through the delivery of mental health services in clinics; there are also many settings where psychologists are rendering their services such as air force, selection of candidates after competitive examination for different posts, military and industry etc. Gray peter (1999) who also believed that psychology is “the science of behavior and mind” behavior refers to social nature of behavior including observable attitudes about social issues i.e., prejudice, racial discrimination, ethnic issues and exploitation by leaders etc. where as mind reflects the inner part of behavior i.e., thinking, using intellectual abilities to operate behavioral activities in a particular pattern. However social psychologist relies heavily on experimental procedures, often conducted in university laboratories by taking sample from society by using research methods such as surveys for inferences. Gray peter (1999) further described that Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) an eminent psychologist believed that powerful influence of social environment,

- 108 - for good or ill, on the thinking and behavior of the individuals. He suggested that each human being, at any given moment, exists in a psychological “field” made up of forces that tend to push or pull the person in various directions. These forces include the person’s own goals and values and the person’s beliefs about what others expect him or her to do. In case of Balochistan, as for as the need of the subject of psychology and the role of psychologist is concerned the social psychology would be more appropriate to address social issues because it is the science of society and the individual’s relationship to society including sociology, anthropology, political science and economics. Lefton A. Lester (1997) believed that it is generally observed that psychology attracts many college students who like the idea of understanding human behavior and helping others. These students are intrigued by the causes and implications of behavior; they realize that psychology is part of the fabric of daily life. Psychology is the second most popular undergraduate major subject-- -after business administration all over the world. In United States almost all of the approximately 3,600 recipients of PhD in psychology each year find jobs related to their training. There are 120, 000 psychologists in the United States. It encourages and initiates the idea to expand the subject of psychology in Balochistan which will not only facilitate the general population of the province but also would provide jobs opportunities to young boys and girls of Balochistan. It is a pleasing fact that unemployment among psychologists is low according to Lefton. A. Lester (1997). He commented that most experts agree that employment opportunities will continue to improve and grow; psychology is often cited as one of the top 10 growth areas for jobs. Furthermore, expansion for psychologists is good; training, of course, is the key to employment. As per findings of the study 97 % respondents have approved the expansion of the subject of psychology all over Balochistan in colleges and universities and 87 % respondents were of the view that boys and girls should get equal chance of studying the subject of psychology.

JOB MARKET OF THE SUBJECT OF PSYCHOLOGY: Lefton A. Lester (1997) further provided the information that a psychologist who obtains a PhD in Clinical Psychology from an accredited university does internship on a state hospital and becomes licensed would have a wide variety of job in both private and public sectors. They can also opt teaching at many universities as a profession, “Psychologists with PhD’s

- 109 - provide more than 50 million hours of service annually to 4 to 10 million people in the United States” then why not in Balochistan. Most psychologists employed by hospitals spend their time in the direct delivery of human services, including individual and group therapy. About 4% of psychologists are employed by business, government and industry. The practice of psychologists in United States supports the demand of psychologists in Balochistan for their services in respective fields like other developed nations of the world. About 30% of APA (American Psychological Association) members are employed by universities, nearly half of them in psychology departments. University psychologists spend most of their time researching and teaching. About 63% APA members are involved in the delivery of mental health services as clinical, counseling, and school psychologists and other human services providers. The remaining 37 % focus on research, teaching and application in university settings, government and business (Data provided by American Psychological Association, 1995). The people of Balochistan also have the right to avail such facilities provided by psychologists at different settings. Individuals with master’s degree can function in a variety of settings by opting teaching at colleges and university level and those even with bachelor’s degree can play role in delivering psychological services. Salaries, responsibilities, and working conditions tend to be commensurate with level of training in the discipline. In Balochistan, social psychologists can render his or her services to the people significantly, because social psychologists attempt to explain the causes of aggression in society by addressing psycho-social abnormalities and irrationalities prevailing in the society, as well as examining the human compassionate efforts of those who provided assistance during the incident. The general myth provides the evidence that the people of Balochistan are neglected or not given equal rights which develops the sense of deprivation leading to aggression.

CONCLUSION: Psychology is concerned with the study of humanity’s highest potential, recognition, understanding, self-realization, personal integrity, spiritual, and transcendent states of consciousness. Hence, there is strong need of the subject of psychology in the province for boys and girls at college, and university level and the services of psychologists at various settings to lessen the psychological problems of the people of Balochistan.

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Psychology has grown not only in terms of its practitioners, researchers, scholars and literature, but also in its impact on our daily lives. Whatever the age or occupation is, or interests’ life is likely to be directly affected in some way by psychology.

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REFERENCES: - Feldman, S. Robert (2000). Essentials of Understanding Psychology, Fourth Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-5,473 - Gray Peter (1999). Psychology. Third Edition, Worth Publishers, Inc, 3, 21 - Kassin Saul (2001). Psychology, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc, 4 - Lefton A. Lester (1997). Psychology, Sixth Edition, Allyn & bacon, USA, 8-9 - Marcuse L. F, (1990), Edited. Areas of psychology, Harper & Brothers, United States of America, 1.36,81,119,148,180,241, 280,333, 372,409, & 446 - Michal J. Stevens, Wedding Danny, Dr. Nosheen Khan Rehman (Chapter 15), Taylor and Francis (Edited) (2004). Handbook of International Psychology, Brunner-Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 243,247, 251,253 - Myers G. David (1993). Exploring psychology, Second edition, Worth Publishers, Inc, 2 &16 - Shultz P. Duane & Shultz E. Sydney (1996). A History of Modern Psychology, Sixth Edition, 1,3,5,7, & 9 - Kalat W. James (2005). Introduction to Psychology, Seventh Edition, Wadsworth, 3, 10, 17 - Hergenhahn B. R, (2001). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, Fourth Edition, Wadsworth Publishers, 1,3,68,231 & 295 Net Sources www.wikipedia online encyclopedia www.apa.com

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BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174”, BALOCHISTAN STUDY CENTRE, UOB, QUETTA (PAK) Vol. XXIII No. 2, 2010

STATUS OF EDUCATION AND LEVEL OF ANXIETY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN BALOCHISTAN

Social Sciences

†† MAHREEN SIDDIQUI

ABSTRACT:

Balochistan is least populated province of Pakistan with lack of resources and insufficient infrastructure. Objective of this study is to assess the risk factors in adolescent’s mental status and anxiety due to lack of education. Total 80 adolescent were selected through selective random sampling technique. Understandably, there is no any organized plan with the concerned quarters to cope with adolescent anxiety.

INTRODUCTION: Young generation is an important part of every society and responsible to meet the future challenges and performs for coping with the demands of the modern era. They require staying with new realities and attempt to face new challenges and quickly emergence developments of the scenario. Adolescence is the period of biological, psychological, emotional, cognition, chemicals and genetics combination and changes. Adolescent psychology is a major discipline of psychology which deals with scientific study of adolescent’s behavior, mental activity and different other psychological problems and disorders while adolescent psychology is directly associated with significant changes in mood, feeling, emotions and performance. According to Blos (1979) & Masterson (1967) most adolescents experience emotional and conflicting situations at some points in their life. Mild to serious emotional disorders occurrence frequently seems during adolescence. These range from depression to being overly anxious about health to suicidal thoughts attempts (Slavin; 1998). G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) who was known as the father of the scientific studies on adolescence, describing adolescence says “Adolescence is the period from 12

†† Lecturer Department of Psychology University of Balochistan, Quetta.

- 114 - to 23 years of age and is filled with storm and stress”. The storm and stress view is Hall’s concept that adolescence is turbulent time changed with conflict and mood swings. (Santrock: 2001) Youth population in Pakistan is estimated at 41.84 million forming 27.16% which is one-fourth of the total inhabitants composed with the population between 15-29 years of age as defined in the National Youth Policy, consistent with the definition of youth taken by the Commonwealth while in Balochistan, this proportion becomes 22.46% of the total population of the province. The total official projected population of Balochistan in 2005 was 7.602967 million against the 6.565885 million quoted in the population census figures of 1998. These figures make youth as one of the important segment of Balochistan society, and concerns about their mental health would make this study more significant not only to find out the actual risk factors and causes behind the psychological disorders among this population but also to suggest remedies. Anxiety is one of the significant discomforts found among adolescents. According to Kowalski, (2000) anxiety involves a vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. (Santrock; 2006) Occasionally, anxiety varies due to appearance, feelings of being frightened and threatened. One common psychological problem can easily be mark out as Anxiety, which narrates feelings of uneasiness and worries and it also disturbs belief and attitude. In Adolescence, there are different ways of anxiety which are associated with emotion, fear and nervousness. The adolescents should have to realize new goals of the present situation and the time to approach where they want to become emotionally, socially and psychologically stable, and well aware about their life planning and achievements. All these achievements and awareness can be created by education. Education is involved with the world of ideas and the world of practical activity; good ideas can lead to good practices, and good practices can lead to good ideas. (Ozmon & Craver; 1995) Whenever human beings face difficulties in achieving their targets they become worried and feel stress and due to lack of education the situation becomes more worsening. The same situation is exists in Balochistan, because there are deficient resources for education especially in rural areas of the province. Education is the structuring of the situations in ways that help students change, through learning in intentional and sometimes unintentional ways. (Johnson; 1979) Learning refers to the changes in a subject’s behavior to given situation brought about by his repeated experiences in that situation. (Hilgard & Bowers; 1975) Educational theory and practice are built include the patterns of physical, mental, emotional and social development. (Crow

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&Crow; 2000) Many individuals and groups are playing a part to socialize the adolescents by their capacities throughout the world. Educators have been concerned that deprivation from formal education always initiates psychological and social discomforts. Most social scientists believe that populations can be classified within a number of social-class groups, which differ in their economic, social and political interests and characteristics. (Ornstein &Levine; 1985) Balochistan has different cultures and ethnic groups with different living standards. Human beings like to believe that their behavior is based not upon emotional vagaries but upon the operation of intellectual factors that induce self-controlled activity superior in its functioning to emotionally stimulated responses. (Crow& Crow: 2000) According to a report by Plowden Committee (1967) Children and their primary schools “Conformed the findings of research studies undertaken in the previous twenty years or so that there was statistically significant association between parental interest and encouragement of their children at school and educational performance in academic tasks. (Meighan & Siraj; 2003) Many of our problems derive from an inability to deal with cognitive demands made on us these problems are being exacerbated by the “information explosion” and the technological evolution we are presently experiencing. (Anderson; 2000) Communication skills are not only important at the beginning of your career. Communication is vital to the development to the whole person (Pearson; 2003) Youth face a number of psychological and social problems due to slow process of infrastructure learning and socialization in Balochistan.

LITERACY LEVEL AMONG YOUTH IN PAKISTAN: According to the Population Labour Force Survey 2006, the literacy level in the year 2006 describes the number of literate and illiterate youth among all the three age-groups 26.28 million literate and 15.58 million illiterate. An interesting fact of the figures from this survey is that the number of rural literate youth is 13.99 million while the urban literate youth are 12.29 million which shows 1.70 million rural youth are higher than their urban counterparts but if we see the figures of illiterate youth, the rural youth are higher in number with 12.27 million while there are 3.31 million urban who are illiterate that means the comparative low literacy number of youth in urban areas form a group of youth engaged in labor work while in rural areas, youth do not do labor due to less opportunities and are more focused on engaging themselves in education.

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The group-wise data about the literacy level shows in the first group i.e. 15-19 years forming the major group of youth population reveals that the total number of both rural and urban literate and illiterate male and female youth is 17.68 million. Among these, the rural population is 11.16 million while the urban 6.52 million. The rural and urban, male and female literate youth are numbered 11.98 million while the illiterate are 5.70 million. The number of male rural and urban literate youth is 7.01 million while female rural and urban literate youth are 4.97 million. Similarly, the male rural and urban illiterate youth are 2.26 million while the females are numbered at 3.44 million. The rural literate male and female youth are 6.66 million, urban male and female literate youths are 5.32 million; and the rural illiterate male and female youth are numbered 4.50 million while the urban male and female illiterate youth become 1.20 million. The second group covering youth between 20-24 years of age is numbered as 13.81 million in all areas including rural 8.50 million and urban youth with 5.31 million. The rural and urban, male and female literate youth are numbered 8.56 million while the illiterate are 5.25 million. The number of male rural and urban literate youth is 5.01 million while female rural and urban literate youth are 3.55 million. Similarly, the male rural and urban illiterate youth are 1.78 million while the females are numbered at 3.47 million. The rural literate male and female youth are 4.36 million, urban male and female literate youths are 4.20 million; and the rural illiterate male and female youth are numbered 4.14 million while the urban male and female illiterate youth become 1.11 million. The third group of youth aging between 24.29 years, the smallest among the three, becomes 10.37 million with rural youth both male and female as 6.60 million and urban 3.77 million. The Labor Force Survey describing the breakup of the data in this group shows rural and urban, male and female literate youth as 5.74 million while illiterate male and female youth in rural and urban areas are 4.63 million. The number of male rural and urban literate youth is 3.50 million while females are 2.42 million. There are 1.41 million male illiterate youth in both rural and urban areas while the females are 3.22 million. The number of rural literate male and female youth becomes 2.97 million and urban literate male and females is 2.77 million; and finally the rural illiterate male and female youth are numbered to 3.63 million and the urban illiterate male and females are 1.00 million among the total youth population of third group. Break-up of the youth literacy level-2006 in individual age-groups and all youth-age groups is given in the table-1 and table-2 below:

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Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education: In the “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October 2006, the overall percentage of youth population is 13.23 among the age- group of 15-19 with the bifurcation of illiterate as 4.26% while those of literate 8.96%, the highest among the three age-groups. The second highest proportion is among the second age-group i.e. 20-24 years is 10.32% rating 3.92% illiterate and 3.47% literate. Of the youth falling in the third age-group of 25-29 years, the ratio of population of both is 7.76% with illiterate youth 3.47% and the literate 4.29% described in Table-3

In the rural areas of Pakistan, the overall ratio of literate and illiterate youth population falling into first group i.e. 15-19 years of age is 12.7% with 7.58% literate and the illiterate 5.12%. The total ratio of literate and illiterate youth population forming the second group i.e. 20-24 years becomes 9.66% with the proportion of literate 4.96% and illiterate 4.7%. Similarly, youth falling in the third group i.e. 25-29 years of age form a total of 7.51% proportion of youth population with a breakup of 4.13% illiterate and 3.38% literate quoted in Table-4.

In the Urban areas of Pakistan, the overall percentage of youth population is 14.23 among the age-group of 15-19 with the bifurcation of illiterate as 2.62% while those of literate is 11.61%, the highest among the three age-groups. The second highest youth population percentage both in illiteracy and literacy is among the second age-group i.e. 20-24 years which is 11.59 rating 2.42% illiterate and 9.17% literate. Of the youth falling in the third age-group i.e. 25-29 years, the ratio of both is 8.24% with illiterate youth 2.19% and the literate 6.05%. The detailed breakup is given in Table-5.

LITERACY LEVEL AMONG YOUTH IN BALOCHISTAN: In Balochistan, the overall ratio of literate and illiterate youth population among first age-group of 15-19 is 11.22% bringing the illiterate to 5.39% and literate 5.82%. The ratio of population among second group of 20- 24 years is 7.78% while literate youth are 3.32% and illiterate 4.45%. In the youths’ third age-group of 25-29, the proportion is 7.37% formed from 4.99% illiterate and 2.38% literate youth. (See Table-6)

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The percentage distribution of the literacy in the rural parts of Balochistan reveals that the overall ratio of population among youth ageing between 15-19 years is 10.71% with 6.02% illiterate and 4.69% literate. Similarly, in the second age-group of 20-24, the total percentage of population is 7.61 covering 6.02% illiterate and 4.69% literate; and third group of youth i.e. between 25-29 years, makes a proportion of 7.35% with 5.55% illiterate and 1.79% literate, the lowest among all. (Table-7)

The highest ratio among youth population in Balochistan is formed by the youth of age-group 15-19 of urban parts which is 12.84%. The literate youth in this group are 9.42%, again the highest while the percentage of illiterate is 3.42. Among youth in second group i.e. 20-24 years of age, the overall proportion becomes 8.31% with 5.39% literate and 2.92% illiterate; and in the third-group of 25-29 years of age, the total ratio is 7.44% with 4.24% literate and 3.19% illiterate. (Table-8)

Demographic Context: The statistics’ percentage quoted in the Population Labour Force Survey 2006 describing the population of youth in the country in these three age- groups becomes 41.84 million forming 27.16% of the total population of the country. The salient features of the youth population between 15-29 years of age reveal that the proportion of males and females is about 50% each (13.77% males & 13.39% females) while 67% of the young population lives in the rural areas and 63% of the young population (26.27 million) is literate. Out of the 37% illiterate population (15.57 million) about 65% (10.13 million) are females.49% (20.32 million) of the population constitutes labour force while 51% (21.51 million) is "out of labour force". The "out of labour force" population comprises of 6.89 million students and 14.03 million (including 13.82 million females) as households. Labour force is engaged in agriculture (about 37% of L.F.), retail trade and restaurants etc. (about 15% of L.F.), community, social and personal services (about 11% of L.F.) and storage and communications (about 6%).

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YOUTH AFFAIRS IN PUBLIC SECTOR:

Federal Youth Affairs:

Definition of Youth: In the National Youth Policy 2008, Youth is defined as a period during which a person prepares himself/herself to be an active and fully, responsible member of the society. It is a period of transformation from family dependant childhood to independent adulthood and integration in the society as a responsible citizen. Various countries use different age groups for defining the population of youth. For Pakistan, the population in the age group of 15-29 years is taken as the young population. This age group is consistent with the definition of youth taken by the Commonwealth. According to Rules of Business, the Ministry of Youth Affairs deals with policy and legislation on all aspects of youth affairs, inter-provincial coordination, youth activities, youth exchange programs and non- governmental organizations dealing with youth. Again the definition of Youth in the National Youth Policy is a non-student youth between the ages of 15 and 29 years covering the major proportion of adolescents. The functions of the Ministry as assigned in the Rules of Business are policy on all aspect of Youth Affairs in conformity with national objectives and laws; legislation covering all aspects of Youth Affairs and matters ancillary thereto, in consultation with the concerned Ministries and Divisions; all international aspects of Youth Affairs including negotiations for bilateral and multi-lateral agreements for mutual assistance and cooperation; coordination of aid and assistance from foreign countries for Youth Affairs; Inter- Provincial coordination on all aspects of Youth Affairs; monitoring of the implementation of policies on all aspects of Youth Affairs; regulation of administrative, budgetary and other matters of organization dealing in Youth Affairs; youth activities and movements pertaining to youth outside educational institutions; Youth Exchange Program (External) Youth Centers; and all Youth Organizations and forums. (National Youth Policy: 2008)

OBJECTIVES: 1. To examine the status of education in Balochistan. 2. To analyze the level of anxiety cause of insufficient education among adolescent in Balochistan.

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SAMPLING: Sample comprised 80 adolescents (both boys and girls) between 15 to 20years of age. Selective random sampling technique was adopted for data collection. Information about adolescent was obtained from different schools and colleges all the 31 districts of Balochistan where included. Adolescent’s their parents, doctors, consultants, family members, and employers were considered for information collection.

CONTROLS: Age………………………………. Adolescent (15-20 years) Period of Anxiety………………… 6 month Marital status……………………... Unmarried Gender……………………………. Male/female

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: - Unmarried youth (15-20) of Balochistan; both boys and girls; and distressed due to Anxiety from last 6 months were included. - People representing rest of the age-groups suffering from different other medical and psychiatric problems, are excluded.

Measure: Zung 20 point Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) developed by William W.K Zung (1971) was applied with four answer choices.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: As a result of disappointment in achieving basic education and learning facilities Youngster faces different unrests, anxiety and frustration. All these unrests of adolescent make discussion and research on the adolescents’ issues more considerable and debatable. The education (Scotland) Act 1980 gives parents in Scotland the right to choose the schools which they wish their children to attend. (Bondi &Matthews; 1988) Sometimes student’s behaviors or characteristics vary so widely from norms that the students have difficulty learning in the regular class rooms. When this happened, the differences are called exceptionalities. (Seifert, L. Kelvin; 1991) In Balochistan exceptionalities are due to lack of resources and difficulties in thinking and ambiguous pictures about self and perception. Youth of Balochistan are deprived in term of education and economics. Illiteracy and poverty are interlinked in Balochistan .Adolescents need to observe with new realities of the challenge environment and the quickly

- 121 - growing developments of the changing world. To achieve new goals of the present era and the time to come they need to become emotionally, socially and psychologically strong, and well aware about their life objectives and plans. As a result of failure in achieving the desired targets due to the challenges of their existing environment youngster segment of the society faces different discriminating factors. All these risk factors make discussion and research on the adolescents’ issues more significant and debatable in Baluchistan’s perspective. Adolescent psychology means scientific study of adolescent’s behavior and mental activity while adolescent psychology is closely associated with considerable changes in performance. Occasionally mental status varies due to appearance of cognitive, emotional and attitudinal changes, which are attribution of adolescents’ psychology. Adolescent psychology is directly bond with developmental process of young generation. During the developmental process the conflict risk factors remain on high level because of various strong cognitive and physical changes adolescents’ experience for the first time in their lives. They may view their friends, their peer group as more important and influential as compared to their parents and guardians while due to the peer pressure they may, sometimes, involve in activities not deemed socially acceptable, although this may be more because of a social phenomenon than a psychological one. In Balochistan there is a large, and growing, population of adolescents, those who not receiving education due to different circumstances. Adolescent age begins from the period of physical growth and changes in cognition and emotions; and during this age their frequency of learning and socialization remains on high level different from their perception about the situations and things while they may keep on trying to shape their personality as a responsible person and to struggle for self-recognition. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) who was known as the father of the scientific studies on adolescence, describing adolescence says “Adolescence is the period from 12 to 23 years of age and is filled with storm and stress”. The storm and stress view is Hall’s concept that adolescence is turbulent time changed with conflict and mood swings. (Santrock: 2001)

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TABLES 1-8

Table-1: Literacy Level—2006 Individual Age-Groups (In millions) 15—19 years Rural Urban Gender Total Gender Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female All Areas Total Literate 4.16 2.50 6.66 2.85 2.47 5.32 7.01 4.97 11.98 Illiterate 1.70 2.80 4.50 0.56 0.64 1.20 2.26 3.44 5.70 Total 5.86 5.30 11.16 3.41 3.11 6.52 9.27 8.42 G. Total 17.68 20—24 years Rural Urban Gender Total Gender Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female All Areas Total Literate 2.71 1.65 4.36 2.30 1.90 4.20 5.01 3.55 8.56 Illiterate 1.31 2.83 4.14 0.47 0.64 1.11 1.78 3.47 5.25 Total 4.02 4.48 8.50 2.77 2.54 5.31 6.79 7.02 G. Total 13.81 25—29 years Rural Urban Gender Total Gender Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female All Areas Total Literate 1.97 1.00 2.97 1.53 1.24 2.77 3.50 2.24 5.74 Illiterate 1.08 2.55 3.63 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.41 3.22 4.63 Total 3.05 3.55 6.60 1.86 1.91 3.77 4.91 5.46 G. Total 10.37

Table-2: Literacy Level Grand Total of All Age-Groups (In millions) 15—29 years Rural Urban Gender Total Gender Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female All Areas Total Literate 4.16 2.50 6.66 2.85 2.47 5.32 7.01 4.97 11.98 2.71 1.65 4.36 2.30 1.90 4.20 5.01 3.55 8.56 1.97 1.00 2.97 1.53 1.24 2.77 3.50 2.24 5.74 Total 8.84 5.15 13.99 6.68 5.61 12.29 15.52 10.75 26.28 Illiterate 1.70 2.80 4.50 0.56 0.64 1.20 2.26 3.44 5.70 1.31 2.83 4.14 0.47 0.64 1.11 1.78 3.47 5.25 1.08 2.55 3.63 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.41 3.22 4.63 Total 4.09 8.18 12.27 1.36 1.95 3.31 5.46 10.14 15.58 Literate—Total 26.28 Illiterate—Total 15.58 Grand Total 41.86 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 5th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005– 2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 63

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Table-3: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06-Pakistan (Overall) Age Tota Illite Lite No Form Nur KG Primar Middle Matric Inter but Group l rate rate Form al sery but y but but but below (years) al Edu but belo below bellow below Degree Edu belo w Middl Matric Inter w Prim e KG ary 15-19 13.2 4.26 8.96 0.03 8.93 0.01 0.38 2.59 3.2 2.22 0.53 3 20-24 10.3 3.92 6.4 0.04 6.36 0.02 0.24 1.54 1.22 1.63 1.02 2 25-29 7.76 3.47 4.29 0.02 4.27 0.01 0.18 1.04 0.85 1.12 0.51 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

Table-4: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06-Pakistan (Rural) Age Total Illite Liter No For Nur KG Prim Middl Matric Inter Group rate ate Form mal sery but ary e but but but (years) al Edu but belo but bellow below below Edu belo w belo Matric Inter Degre w Prim w e KG ary Midd le 15-19 12.7 5.12 7.58 0.03 7.55 0.01 0.42 2.69 2.67 1.49 0.27 20-24 9.66 4.7 4.96 0.04 4.92 0.01 0.26 1.56 1.05 1.19 0.55 25-29 7.51 4.13 3.38 0.02 3.36 0.01 0.19 1.06 0.75 0.83 0.28 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

Table-5: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06-Pakistan (Urban) Age Tota Illit Lit No Formal Nurse KG Primary Middl Matric Inter Group l Formal Edu ry but but but e but but but (years) Edu below below below bellow below below KG Primar Middle Matric Inter Degre y e 15-19 14.2 2.62 11.61 0.03 11.58 0.01 0.28 2.41 4.22 3.63 1.02 3 20-24 11.5 2.42 9.17 0.04 9.13 0.03 0.21 1.5 1.55 2.46 1.91 9 25-29 8.24 2.19 6.05 0.02 6.02 0.18 1 1.03 1.66 0.97 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

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Table-6: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06—Balochistan (Overall) Age Total Illite Liter No Formal Nurs KG Primary Middle Matric Inter Group rate ate Formal Edu ery but but but but but (years) Edu but below below bellow below below belo Primar Middle Matric Inter Degre w y e KG 15-19 11.22 5.39 5.82 0.04 5.78 0.36 1.94 2.17 1.17 0.14 20-24 7.78 4.45 3.32 0.04 3.29 0.01 0.18 0.9 0.61 0.89 0.5 25-29 7.37 4.99 2.38 0.05 2.33 0.02 0.17 0.68 0.42 0.59 0.18 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

Table-7: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06—Balochistan (Rural) Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Age Total Illiterate Lite No Formal Nursery KG but Primary Middle Matric Inter Group rate Formal Edu but below but but but but (years Edu below Primary below bellow below belo ) KG Middle Matric Inter w Degr ee 15-19 10.71 6.02 4.69 0.05 4.64 0.36 1.86 1.62 0.76 0.05 20-24 7.61 4.94 2.67 0.04 2.63 0.02 0.22 0.93 0.52 0.65 0.26 25-29 7.35 5.55 1.79 0.05 1.74 0.03 0.16 0.7 0.35 0.39 0.08 Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

Table-8: Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex, Literacy and Level of Education 2005-06—Balochistan (Urban)

Age Total Illit Lite No Formal Nursery KG but Primary Middle Matric Inter Group erat rate Formal Edu but below but but but but (years) e Edu. below Primary below bellow below belo KG Middle Matric Inter w Deg ree 15-19 12.84 3.42 9.42 0.02 9.4 0.36 2.18 3.93 2.48 0.44 20-24 8.31 2.92 5.39 0.02 5.37 0.01 0.06 0.81 0.88 1.67 1.29 25-29 7.44 3.19 4.24 0.07 4.17 0.01 0.23 0.64 0.63 1.22 0.5 Source: “Percentage Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Area” in the 25th Issue of Labour Force Survey 2005–2006, Statistics Division, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan published in October, 2006. p. 69

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