DOCSLIB.ORG

Biological Nanowires

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biological Nanowires Biological Nanowires: Integration of the silver(I) base pair into DNA with nanotechnological and synthetic biological applications Simon Vecchioni Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2019 © 2019 Simon Vecchioni All rights reserved Abstract Biological Nanowires: Integration of the silver(I) base pair into DNA with nanotechnological and synthetic biological applications Simon Vecchioni Modern computing and mobile device technologies are now based on semiconductor technology with nanoscale components, i.e., nanoelectronics, and are used in an increasing variety of consumer, scientific, and space-based applications. This rise to global prevalence has been accompanied by a similarly precipitous rise in fabrication cost, toxicity, and technicality; and the vast majority of modern nanotechnology cannot be repaired in whole or in part. In combination with looming scaling limits, it is clear that there is a critical need for fabrication technologies that rely upon clean, inexpensive, and portable means; and the ideal nanoelectronics manufacturing facility would harness micro- and nanoscale fabrication and self-assembly techniques. The field of molecular electronics has promised for the past two decades to fill fundamental gaps in modern, silicon-based, micro- and nanoelectronics; yet molecular electronic devices, in turn, have suffered from problems of size, dispersion and reproducibility. In parallel, advances in DNA nanotechnology over the past several decades have allowed for the design and assembly of nanoscale architectures with single-molecule precision, and indeed have been used as a basis for heteromaterial scaffolds, mechanically-active delivery mechanisms, and network assembly. The field has, however, suffered for lack of meaningful modularity in function: few designs to date interact with their surroundings in more than a mechanical manner. As a material, DNA offers the promise of nanometer resolution, self-assembly, linear shape, and connectivity into branched architectures; while its biological origin offers information storage, enzyme- compatibility and the promise of biologically-inspired fabrication through synthetic biological means. Recent advances in DNA chemistry have isolated and characterized an orthogonal DNA base pair using standard nucleobases: by bridging the gap between mismatched cytosine nucleotides, silver(I) ions can be selectively incorporated into the DNA helix with atomic resolution. The goal of this thesis is to explore how this approach to “metallize” DNA can be combined with structural DNA nanotechnology as a step toward creating electronically-functional DNA networks. This work begins with a survey of applications for such a transformative technology, including nanoelectronic component fabrication for low-resource and space-based applications. We then investigate the assembly of linear Ag+-functionalized DNA species using biochemical and structural analyses to gain an understanding of the kinetics, yield, morphology, and behavior of this orthogonal DNA base pair. After establishing a protocol for high yield assembly in the presence of varying Ag+ functionalization, we investigate these linear DNA species using electrical means. First a method of coupling orthogonal DNA to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is explored for self-assembly into nanopatterned transistor devices. Then we carry out scanning tunneling microscope (STM) break junction experiments on short polycytosine, polycationic DNA duplexes and find increased molecular conductance of at least an order of magnitude relative to the most conductive DNA analog. With an understanding of linear species from both a biochemical and nanoelectronic perspective, we investigate the assembly of nonlinear Ag+-functionalized DNA species. Using rational design principles gathered from the analysis of linear species, a de novo mathematical framework for understanding generalized DNA networks is developed. This provides the basis for a computational model built in Matlab that is able to design DNA networks and nanostructures using arbitrary base parity. In this way, DNA nanostructures are able to be designed using the dC:Ag+:dC base pair, as well as any similar nucleobase or DNA-inspired system (dT:Hg2+:dT, rA:rU, G4, XNA, LNA, PNA, etc.). With this foundation, three general classes of DNA tiles are designed with embedded nanowire elements: single crossover Holliday junction (HJ) tiles, T-junction (TJ) units, and double crossover (DX) tile pairs and structures. A library of orthogonal chemistry DNA nanotechnology is described, and future applications to nanomaterials and circuit architectures are discussed. Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... xii Preface: Structure of this thesis ............................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 Introduction: Significance of DNA nanowire and nanostructure design ................................... 1 1.1. Mesoscale technologies for Earth- and space-based applications .................................................. 2 1.2. DNA as a building block ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Metallo-DNA: electrical potential in DNA ...................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 Biochemical Analysis of DNA Nanowires: A foundation for nanotechnology ........................... 9 2.1. Chemical analysis: a framework .................................................................................................. 10 2.2. Characterization of Ag+ intercalation .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.1. Analysis by molecular weight: reaction kinetics, sequence design and enzyme compatibility 14 2.2.2. NMR..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3. Single-molecule FRET via zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) ....................................................... 19 2.3. Stability of Ag+ intercalation ....................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1. Thermal denaturation and UV-Vis ........................................................................................ 23 2.3.2. Cluster analysis .................................................................................................................... 26 2.4. Best annealing protocol for Ag+ intercalation, devised by chemical analysis................................ 28 2.4.1. Buffer analysis using FRET quenching ................................................................................... 29 2.4.2. Protocol for high-yield DNA nanowire annealing and processing .......................................... 35 i 2.5. Synthetic biological integration of Ag+ intercalation .................................................................... 38 2.5.1. Enzyme compatibility ........................................................................................................... 38 2.5.2. Synthetic gene parts ............................................................................................................. 39 2.6. Discussion of Ag+ intercalation ................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 Finding the Spark: Electrical assay of silver(I) DNA nanowires .............................................. 48 3.1. Assay of DNA conductivity .......................................................................................................... 49 3.2. Nanofabricated molecular transistors ......................................................................................... 51 3.2.1. CNT linking chemistry—a route to SM leads ......................................................................... 51 3.2.2. Device nanofabrication ........................................................................................................ 57 3.2.3. Electrical assay, results, limitations....................................................................................... 60 3.3. STM break junction experiments: bridging the gap...................................................................... 62 3.3.1. Device design ....................................................................................................................... 63 3.3.2. Linking chemistry ................................................................................................................. 63 3.3.3. Atomically-flat gold surface preparation ............................................................................... 66 3.3.4. STM break junction assay and results ................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4 DNA by Design: De novo computational framework for DNA sequence design and nanotechnology .................................................................................................................................... 79 4.1. Use of Computational Modeling in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Differential RNA-Seq of Vibrio Cholerae Identifies the Vqmr Small RNA As a Regulator of Biofilm Formation
    Differential RNA-seq of Vibrio cholerae identifies the VqmR small RNA as a regulator of biofilm formation Kai Papenforta, Konrad U. Förstnerb, Jian-Ping Conga, Cynthia M. Sharmab, and Bonnie L. Basslera,c,1 aDepartment of Molecular Biology and cHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; and bResearch Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany Contributed by Bonnie L. Bassler, January 6, 2015 (sent for review October 30, 2014; reviewed by Brian K. Hammer) Quorum sensing (QS) is a process of cell-to-cell communication ther diversified the possible uses of RNA-seq. One such that enables bacteria to transition between individual and collec- technology is called differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq), tive lifestyles. QS controls virulence and biofilm formation in Vib- in which enrichment of primary transcript termini can be com- rio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. Differential bined with strand-specific generation of cDNA libraries to ach- V. cholerae RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of wild-type and a locked ieve genome-wide identification of transcriptional start sites low-cell-density QS-mutant strain identified 7,240 transcriptional (TSSs) (10). ∼ start sites with 47% initiated in the antisense direction. A total of In this study, we applied dRNA-seq to the study of QS in 107 of the transcripts do not appear to encode proteins, suggest- V. cholerae. We performed dRNA-seq on wild-type V. cholerae ing they specify regulatory RNAs. We focused on one such tran- under conditions of low and high cell density. We performed script that we name VqmR.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond DNA Origami: the Unfolding Prospects of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology Nicole Michelotti,1 Alexander Johnson-Buck,2 Anthony J
    Opinion Beyond DNA origami: the unfolding prospects of nucleic acid nanotechnology Nicole Michelotti,1 Alexander Johnson-Buck,2 Anthony J. Manzo,2 and Nils G. Walter2,∗ Nucleic acid nanotechnology exploits the programmable molecular recognition properties of natural and synthetic nucleic acids to assemble structures with nanometer-scale precision. In 2006, DNA origami transformed the field by providing a versatile platform for self-assembly of arbitrary shapes from one long DNA strand held in place by hundreds of short, site-specific (spatially addressable) DNA ‘staples’. This revolutionary approach has led to the creation of a multitude of two-dimensional and three-dimensional scaffolds that form the basis for functional nanodevices. Not limited to nucleic acids, these nanodevices can incorporate other structural and functional materials, such as proteins and nanoparticles, making them broadly useful for current and future applications in emerging fields such as nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, and alternative energy. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:139–152. doi: 10.1002/wnan.170 INTRODUCTION Inspired by nature, researchers over the past four decades have explored nucleic acids as convenient ucleic acid nanotechnology has been utilized building blocks to assemble novel nanodevices.1,10 by nature for billions of years.1,2 DNA in N Because they are composed of only four different particular is chemically inert enough to reliably chemical building blocks and follow relatively store
    [Show full text]
  • C. Elegans “Reads” Bacterial Non-Coding Rnas to Learn Pathogenic Avoidance
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.920322; this version posted January 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. C. elegans “reads” bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance Authors: Rachel Kaletsky#1, 2, Rebecca S. Moore#1, Geoffrey D. Vrla1, Lance L. Parsons2, Zemer Gitai1, and Coleen T. Murphy1, 2* Affiliations: 1Department of Molecular Biology & 2LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 *Corresponding Author: [email protected] # Equal contribution 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.920322; this version posted January 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract: C. elegans is exposed to many different bacteria in its environment, and must distinguish pathogenic from nutritious bacterial food sources. Here, we show that a single exposure to purified small RNAs isolated from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14) is sufficient to induce pathogen avoidance, both in the treated animals and in four subsequent generations of progeny. The RNA interference and piRNA pathways, the germline, and the ASI neuron are required for bacterial small RNA-induced avoidance behavior and transgenerational inheritance. A single non-coding RNA, P11, is both necessary and sufficient to convey learned avoidance of PA14, and its C. elegans target, maco-1, is required for avoidance. A natural microbiome Pseudomonas isolate, GRb0427, can induce avoidance via its small RNAs, and the wild C.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Interplay Between Small Rnas and Transcription Termination Factor Rho Lionello Bossi, Nara Figueroa-Bossi, Philippe Bouloc, Marc Boudvillain
    Regulatory interplay between small RNAs and transcription termination factor Rho Lionello Bossi, Nara Figueroa-Bossi, Philippe Bouloc, Marc Boudvillain To cite this version: Lionello Bossi, Nara Figueroa-Bossi, Philippe Bouloc, Marc Boudvillain. Regulatory interplay be- tween small RNAs and transcription termination factor Rho. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms , Elsevier, 2020, pp.194546. 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194546. hal-02533337 HAL Id: hal-02533337 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02533337 Submitted on 6 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Regulatory interplay between small RNAs and transcription termination factor Rho Lionello Bossia*, Nara Figueroa-Bossia, Philippe Bouloca and Marc Boudvillainb a Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France b Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France * Corresponding author: [email protected] Highlights Repression
    [Show full text]
  • Bioengineering Principal Investigators
    Bioengineering Principal Investigators June 2020 The virtual TU Delft Bioengineering Institute (BEI) strengthens the campus-wide collaboration of scientists who work on engineering solutions in, with and for biology and links them with external partners. In this booklet you can find profiles of BEI Principal Investigators who are looking for collaboration. Contact Nienke van Bemmel Coordinator Delft Bioengineering Institute E: [email protected] T: +31 (0)6 14 34 97 03 3 4 Contents Faculty page 3mE Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering 9 CiTG Civil Engineering and Geosciences 23 Electrical Engineering, Mathematics EWI and Computer Science 30 IO Industrial Design Engineering 35 LR Aerospace Engineering 36 TNW Applied Sciences 39 A-Z BEI PI index 76 5 BEI PIs 6 Dimitra Dodou Adhesion, soft-tissue grip and experimental methods expert looking for soft polymers, stimuli-responsive polymers, soft matter and soft robotics experts. Biomechanical Engineering Medical Instruments & Bio-Inspired Technology 3mE [email protected] About my work My research aim is to develop adhesives and adhesive methods that allow for the effective manipulation of soft and wet biological tissue. In other words, my research is concerned with the study of interfacial phenomena between two bodies, where at least one of the two bodies is living, wet, soft, and vulnerable. My main research interests Wet adhesion | Secure and gentle grip I am looking for Soft polymers | Stimuli-responsive polymers | Soft matter | Soft robotics My expertise and technologies to offer Adhesion | Soft-tissue grip | Experimental methods 7 Amir Zadpoor 3D/4D printing, biofabrication and metamaterials expert looking for microbiology, embedded printable electronics and big data.
    [Show full text]
  • Small RNA-Binding Complexes in Chlamydia Trachomatis Identified by Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques
    Small RNA-binding complexes in Chlamydia trachomatis identified by Next-Generation Sequencing techniques Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Maximilian Andreas Klepsch Koblenz Würzburg, 2019 Eingereicht am: …………………………………………….................... Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: …………………………………………….. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Rudel Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Dandekar Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: ……………………….................. Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: ………………………................ Eidesstattliche Erklärung für die Dissertation Eidesstattliche Erklärungen nach §7 Abs. 2 Satz 3, 4, 5 der Promotionsordnung der Fakultät für Biologie Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, die Dissertation: „Identifizierung von kleinen RNA-bindenden Komplexen in Chlamydia trachomatis mittels Hochdurchsatz- Sequenziertechniken“, eigenständig, d. h. insbesondere selbständig und ohne Hilfe eines kommerziellen Promotionsberaters, angefertigt und keine anderen, als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet zu haben. Ich erkläre außerdem, dass die Dissertation weder in gleicher noch in ähnlicher Form bereits in einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren vorgelegen hat. Weiterhin erkläre ich, dass bei allen Abbildungen und Texten bei denen die Verwer- tungsrechte (Copyright) nicht bei mir liegen, diese von den Rechtsinhabern eingeholt wurden und die Textstellen bzw. Abbildungen entsprechend den rechtlichen Vorgaben gekennzeichnet
    [Show full text]
  • Global Discovery of Small Rnas in Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Identi
    Global discovery of small RNAs in Yersinia PNAS PLUS pseudotuberculosis identifies Yersinia-specific small, noncoding RNAs required for virulence Jovanka T. Kooa, Trevis M. Alleyneb,1, Chelsea A. Schianoa, Nadereh Jafarib, and Wyndham W. Lathema,2 aDepartment of Microbiology-Immunology and bCenter for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611 Edited by Susan Gottesman, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, and approved June 7, 2011 (received for review January 28, 2011) A major class of bacterial small, noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) acts by environment. This regulation includes the adaptation of patho- base-pairing with mRNAs to alter the translation from and/or genic bacteria to the host and the coordination of expression of stability of the transcript. Our laboratory has shown that Hfq, the virulence determinants. sRNAs can regulate the expression of chaperone that mediates the interaction of many sRNAs with their virulence genes directly [e.g., RNAIII regulation of staphylo- targets, is required for the virulence of the enteropathogen Yersi- coccal protein A and the α-toxin gene mRNAs in Staphylococcus nia pseudotuberculosis. This finding suggests that sRNAs play aureus (8, 9)] or control global regulators [e.g., quorum regula- a critical role in the regulation of virulence in this pathogen, but tory sRNAs regulate the hemagglutinin/protease regulator hapR these sRNAs are not known. Using a deep sequencing approach, mRNA in Vibrio cholerae (10)]. The end result is the fine-tuning we identified the global set of sRNAs expressed in vitro by Y. of metabolic requirements of pathogenic bacteria to endure the pseudotuberculosis. Sequencing of RNA libraries from bacteria stress imposed by the host and the synthesis of virulence factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1902.03928V1 [Astro-Ph.CO] 11 Feb 2019 Keywords: Fine-Tuning, Multiverse, Fundamental Constants, Cosmology, Stellar Evolution, Nucleosynthesis, Habitability
    The Degree of Fine-Tuning in our Universe – and Others Fred C. Adams1;2 1Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 2Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Abstract Both the fundamental constants that describe the laws of physics and the cosmolog- ical parameters that determine the properties of our universe must fall within a range of values in order for the cosmos to develop astrophysical structures and ultimately support life. This paper reviews the current constraints on these quantities. The dis- cussion starts with an assessment of the parameters that are allowed to vary. The stan- dard model of particle physics contains both coupling constants (α, αs; αw) and particle masses (mu; md; me), and the allowed ranges of these parameters are discussed first. We then consider cosmological parameters, including the total energy density of the uni- verse (Ω), the contribution from vacuum energy (ρΛ), the baryon-to-photon ratio (η), the dark matter contribution (δ), and the amplitude of primordial density fluctuations (Q). These quantities are constrained by the requirements that the universe lives for a sufficiently long time, emerges from the epoch of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with an acceptable chemical composition, and can successfully produce large scale structures such as galaxies. On smaller scales, stars and planets must be able to form and func- tion. The stars must be sufficiently long-lived, have high enough surface temperatures, and have smaller masses than their host galaxies. The planets must be massive enough to hold onto an atmosphere, yet small enough to remain non-degenerate, and contain enough particles to support a biosphere of sufficient complexity.
    [Show full text]
  • Small RNA-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia Coli
    TILL MIN FAMILJ List of Publications Publications I-III This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text as Paper I-III. I *Darfeuille, F., *Unoson, C., Vogel, J., and Wagner, E.G.H. (2007) An antisense RNA inhibits translation by competing with standby ribosomes. Molecular Cell, 26, 381-392 II Unoson, C., and Wagner, E.G.H. (2008) A small SOS-induced toxin is targeted against the inner membrane in Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 70(1), 258-270 III *Holmqvist, E., *Unoson, C., Reimegård, J., and Wagner, E.G.H. (2010) The small RNA MicF targets its own regulator Lrp and promotes a positive feedback loop. Manuscript *Shared first authorship Reprints were made with permission from the publishers. Some of the results presented in this thesis are not included in the publications listed above Additional publications Unoson, C., and Wagner, E.G.H. (2007) Dealing with stable structures at ribosome binding sites. RNA biology, 4:3, 113-117 (point of view) Contents Introduction................................................................................................... 11 A historical view of gene regulation and RNA research ......................... 11 Small RNAs in Escherichia coli .............................................................. 13 Antisense mechanisms ............................................................................. 14 Translation inhibition by targeting the TIR ............................................. 15 Degradation versus translation inhibition ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Resolution Transcriptome Map Identifies Small RNA
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17348-5 OPEN A high-resolution transcriptome map identifies small RNA regulation of metabolism in the gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ✉ Daniel Ryan1, Laura Jenniches1, Sarah Reichardt1, Lars Barquist 1,2 & Alexander J. Westermann 1,3 Bacteria of the genus Bacteroides are common members of the human intestinal microbiota and important degraders of polysaccharides in the gut. Among them, the species Bacteroides 1234567890():,; thetaiotaomicron has emerged as the model organism for functional microbiota research. Here, we use differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) to generate a single-nucleotide resolution transcriptome map of B. thetaiotaomicron grown under defined laboratory condi- tions. An online browser, called ‘Theta-Base’ (www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/ bacteroides), is launched to interrogate the obtained gene expression data and annotations of ~4500 transcription start sites, untranslated regions, operon structures, and 269 non- coding RNA elements. Among the latter is GibS, a conserved, 145 nt-long small RNA that is highly expressed in the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as sole carbon source. We use computational predictions and experimental data to determine the secondary structure of GibS and identify its target genes. Our results indicate that sensing of N-acetyl-D-glucosa- mine induces GibS expression, which in turn modifies the transcript levels of metabolic enzymes. 1 Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Small RNA Regulators: Versatile Roles and Rapidly Evolving Variations
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 30, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Bacterial Small RNA Regulators: Versatile Roles and Rapidly Evolving Variations Susan Gottesman1 and Gisela Storz2 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 2Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Correspondence: [email protected] and [email protected] SUMMARY Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) have been identified in a wide range of bacteria and found to play critical regulatory roles in many processes. The major families of sRNAs include true anti- sense RNAs, synthesized from the strand complementary to the mRNA they regulate, sRNAs that also act by pairing but have limited complementarity with their targets, and sRNAs that regulate proteins by binding to and affecting protein activity. The sRNAs with limited comple- mentarity are akin to eukaryotic microRNAs in their ability to modulate the activity and stabil- ity of multiple mRNAs. In many bacterial species, the RNA chaperone Hfq is required to promote pairing between these sRNAs and their target mRNAs. Understanding the evolution of regulatory sRNAs remains a challenge; sRNA genes show evidence of duplication and hor- izontal transfer but also could be evolved from tRNAs, mRNAs or random transcription. Outline 1 Introduction 6 sRNAs with intrinsic activities 2 How many sRNAs are there? 7 Evolutionary considerations 3 True antisense sRNAs 8 Perspectives 4 Base pairing sRNAs with limited References complementarity 5 sRNAs that modify protein activity Editors: John F. Atkins, Raymond F. Gesteland, and Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Multifaceted RNA-Mediated Regulatory Mechanisms in Streptococcus Pyogenes
    Multifaceted RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in Streptococcus pyogenes Anaïs Le Rhun Department of Molecular Biology Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR) Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) Umeå University Umeå 2015 Responsible publisher under swedish law: the Dean of the Medical Faculty This work is protected by the Swedish Copyright Legislation (Act 1960:729) ISBN: 978-91-7601-304-5 ISSN: 0346-6612 New series: 1732 Cover picture: Anaïs Le Rhun, Thibaud Renault, Ines Fonfara; Streptococcus pyogenes and phage DT1 microscopy: Manfred Rohde (HZI, Braunschweig) Electronic version available at http://umu.diva-portal.org/ Printed by: Print & Media (Umeå University) Umeå, Sweden 2015 To my parents, family and friends, To everyone who encouraged me, “I have a perfect cure for a sore throat: cut it.” Alfred Hitchcock Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents i Table of Illustrations iii Abstract iv Abbreviations v Aims of the thesis vi List of publications vii Introduction 1 I. Regulatory RNAs in bacteria 1 I.1. The non-coding RNA world 1 I.2. Regulation by non-coding RNAs 2 I.2.1. cis-encoded antisense RNAs 2 I.2.2. Riboswitches 4 I.2.3. trans-encoded sRNAs 5 I.2.4. CRISPR 7 I.3. sRNA-binding proteins 9 I.3.1. The chaperone Hfq 9 I.3.2. RNases 10 I.4. How to find non-coding RNAs in bacteria? 11 I.4.1. In silico predictions 11 I.4.2. In vivo determination 12 I.5. How to find targets of trans-acting sRNAs? 13 I.5.1.
    [Show full text]