Jonathan Bradshaw on Social Policy Selected Writings 1972–2011 Jonathan Bradshaw on Social Policy Selected Writings 1972–2011 Edited by Richard Cookson, Roy Sainsbury and Caroline Glendinning © J R Bradshaw, R A Cookson, R Sainsbury and C Glendinning 2013 Copyright in the original versions of the essays in this book resides with the original publishers, as listed in the acknowledgements. Published by University of York. Edited by Richard Cookson, Roy Sainsbury and Caroline Glendinning. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, adapted, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. The rights of J R Bradshaw, R A Cookson, R Sainsbury and C Glendinning to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-907265-22-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-907265-23-5 (epub) ISBN 978-1-907265-24-2 (mobi) Cover design by Richard Cookson and Clare Brayshaw Prepared and printed by: York Publishing Services Ltd 64 Hallfield Road Layerthorpe York YO31 7ZQ Tel: 01904 431213 Website: www.yps-publishing.co.uk Contents Notes on the editors Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The taxonomy of social need 1 2. Legalism and discretion 13 3. The family fund: an initiative in social policy 35 4. Energy and social policy 71 5. Evaluating adequacy: the potential of budget standards 81 6. Policy and the employment of lone parents in 20 countries 105 7. Absent fathers? 125 8. Preface to “Poverty: a study of town life, centennial edition” 151 9. Overlaps in dimensions of poverty 195 10. How has the notion of social exclusion developed? 215 11. An international perspective on child benefit packages 241 12. An index of child well-being in Europe 263 13. Trends in child subjective well-being in the UK 323 Notes on the editors Richard Cookson Reader, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK [email protected] Richard’s main research interests are in equity in health and health care. He worked alongside Jonathan in the Department of Social Policy and Social Work from 2006-11. Roy Sainsbury Professor, Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, UK [email protected] Roy’s main research interests are in social security, employment and welfare. He has been a research colleague of Jonathan for over 25 years and co-edited the series of books arising from a conference to mark the centenary of Seebohm Rowntree’s first study of poverty in York (held in 1998). Caroline Glendinning Professor, Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, UK [email protected] Caroline’s main research interests are in the fields of ageing, disability and care. She is a long-term colleague of Jonathan’s and worked with him for some 15 years following the establishment of the Family Fund Research Project in 1972. Acknowledgements We – the editors of this book – would first of all like to thank Jonathan Bradshaw for his help in the preparation of this book and, in particular, for helping us select the essays and for providing copies of original publications, producing biographical material for the introduction and checking the typesetting decisions made in our first draft manuscript.We sought Jonathan’s advice at all stages of the project but all the final editorial decisions were our own and we take full responsibility for any errors or omissions. Some of the material reproduced in this volume was jointly authored or edited. In Jonathan’s own words, “I hope that colleagues will not feel that in reproducing it here we are implying that it is all my own work. On the contrary, one of the most enjoyable aspects of my academic life has been to work in teams and to write with others. It must be so with big research projects. The joint work remains joint work and many thanks to the co-authors for their collaborations”. We are also especially grateful to Anne Burton for her sterling work in completely overhauling our untidy early version of the manuscript and handling numerous sub-editing, proof reading and production issues so carefully and with such patience and good humour; to Clare Brayshaw from York Publishing Services (YPS) for her prompt and accurate typesetting of this complex manuscript – including one chapter with no less than 22 figures and 10 tables – and her kindness in handling our mountain of time- consuming further correction requests after the first proof stage; to Jessica Stephens and Matthew Herring for their persistence with the copyright clearance work; to to Rachel McAllister, Matthew Peers and Sally Pulleyn in the Social Policy Research Unit for their help with marketing the book, providing ISBN numbers, digging out references, and updating Jonathan’s website with his full list of publications – and to all of the above for the painstaking care and attention they devoted to this book project. We are also grateful to Duncan Beal, Cathi Poole and Paula Charles at YPS for their excellent publication services and to Liz Ingham for her help in managing the book project finances. We would also like to thank the following organisations for supporting this project through financial and in-kind contributions, and the corresponding senior decision makers who authorised those contributions: the Joseph Rowntree Foundation and its Director of Research and Policy, Emma Stone; the Foundation for International Studies of Social Security and its President, Peter Saunders, the University of York Digital Library Digitisation Programme and its Director, Julie Allinson; the University of York Social Policy Research Unit and its Director, Gillian Parker; and the University of York Deputy Vice-Chancellor’s Office and its former office holder, Trevor Sheldon. Finally, we would like to thank and acknowledge the publishers of all the publications listed below for their kind permission to reproduce these original publications in a re-typeset format. We have made every effort to obtain all the appropriate authorisations from all the relevant copyright holders. Chapter 1: Bradshaw, J.R. (1972) ‘The taxonomy of social need’, in McLachlan, G. (ed), Problems and Progress in Medical Care, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Chapter 2: Bradshaw, J. (1979) ‘Legalism and Discretion’ in Jones, K., Brown, J. and Bradshaw, J.R. Issues in Social Policy, Routledge and Kegan Paul: London. Chapter 3: Bradshaw, J.R. (1980) The Family Fund: An Initiative in Social Policy, Routledge and Kegan Paul: London. Chapter 2. Chapter 4: Bradshaw, J.R. and Harris, T. (eds) (1983) Energy and Social Policy, Routledge and Kegan Paul: London. Introduction. Chapter 5: Bradshaw, J.R., Mitchell, D. and Morgan, J. (1987) ‘Evaluating adequacy: the potential of budget standards’, Journal of Social Policy, 16, 2, 165-181. Chapter 6: Bradshaw, J.R., Kennedy, S., Kilkey, M., Hutton, S., Corden, A., Eardley, T., Holmes, H. and Neale, J. (1996) Policy and the Employment of Lone Parents in 20 Countries, European Commission-Social Policy Research Unit: York. Introduction. Chapter 7: Bradshaw, J., Stimson, C., Skinner, C. and Williams, J. (1999) Absent fathers?, Routledge: London. Introduction and Conclusion. Chapter 8: Bradshaw, J. (2000) ‘Preface’, In Rowntree, B.S., Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Centennial ed., The Policy Press: Bristol, pp xix-xxxii. Chapter 9: Bradshaw, J. and Finch, N. (2003) ‘Overlaps in Dimensions of Poverty’, Journal of Social Policy, 32, 4, 513-525. Chapter 10: Bradshaw, J. (2004) ‘How has the notion of social exclusion developed in the European discourse’, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 14, 2 168-186. Chapter 11: Bradshaw, J. (2009) ‘An international perspective on child benefit packages’, In Kamerman, S., Phipps, S. and Ben-Arieh, A. (eds) From Child Welfare to Child Well-being: An international Perspective on Knowledge in the Service of Policy Making, Springer: Dordrecht. pp 293-308. Chapter 12: Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009) ‘An index of child well-being in Europe’, Journal of Child Indicators Research, 2, 3, 319. Chapter 13: Bradshaw, J. and Keung, A. (2011). Trends in child subjective well-being in the UK, Journal of Children’s Services, 6, 1, 4-17. Introduction Roy Sainsbury, Richard Cookson and Caroline Glendinning How this book came about The stimulus for this volume was the ‘retirement’ of Jonathan Bradshaw in 2011 after 46 years as a student, teacher and researcher in social policy at the University of York. Most readers working in academic institutions will recognise the need for those inverted commas. ‘Retirement’ rarely means people actually packing their bags and leaving their offices to pursue whatever pleasures they had been denying themselves for years. And so it is that retirement for Jonathan means that he continues to teach, research and write but just on a part-time basis and certainly not so well paid. Nevertheless, as colleagues of many years we did want to mark his ‘official’ retirement with something more enduring and tangible than the traditional wine, nibbles and speeches. Thus the idea of this book was born. But what sort of book? In reflecting on this question we realised that Jonathan’s writing on social policy, covering nearly five decades, was scattered over a vast number of books, journals and reports which, even in the digital age, were often difficult to access. We therefore decided to collect together the best of his contributions to serve not only as a celebration and recognition of a lifetime’s achievement but also, and perhaps more i importantly, as an introduction to his wide-ranging scholarship and thinking for future generations of social policy students and scholars, that could inform and hopefully inspire them.