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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Understanding the Nature of Institutionalization for Children in Russia STEPANOVA, EVGENIA How to cite: STEPANOVA, EVGENIA (2014) Understanding the Nature of Institutionalization for Children in Russia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10641/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Understanding the Nature of Institutionalization for Children in Russia Evgenia Stepanova PhD This Thesis is submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University May 2014 ABSTRACT There is an ongoing debate in contemporary international literature about how state care provision is ‘failing’ children and young people in care. In Russia, institutional care is the most widespread with this type of child care placement representing 98 per cent of all out-of- home care facilities for children after kinship care (Groark et al., 2008; Human Rights Watch, 1998). However, since Soviet times institutional care in Russia has rarely been the focus of research or welfare policy debates aiming to explore and potentially improve the existing infrastructure of the child care system. Clear cut gaps in understanding of how institutional care in Russia operates include unawareness of basic everyday experiences of children and young people. This fact severely hinders the development of effective changes in policy and practice. Since Russia is currently facing record numbers of children and young people entering care, it is easy to see how the topic of institutionalization has become one of the pressing priorities on the national agenda (Philanthropy, 20111). This thesis aims to improve the understanding of institutionalization in Russia through a systematic exploration of a range of experiences within institutional care as well as an in-depth investigation of key factors and characteristics which define institutional being. Drawing on the philosophical underpinning of critical realism, this research challenges the global conceptualization of the institutional care focusing on how the institutionalization comes to be as it is. The data is obtained from a combination of two methods namely questionnaires with care leavers and care givers followed by ethnographic participant observation conducted in four child care institutions in Russia. The results of the study suggest that the process of institutionalization plays a role of a large family for children in care as well as for those who left care. Having both positive and negative experiences of care, institutionalization is informed and shaped by the factors of power, collectivism, distance and intimacy in relationships, suppressed individuality and wider society. Developed in response to provision of protection and safety of children, the imbalance in these practices often contributes to the bleak picture of care. This study addresses the substantial gap in the literature providing an in-depth portrait of institutional care and institutionalization in Russia. The thesis highlights that institutional being is the 1 Philanthropy is the largest non-governmental organisation in Russia working with children and young people in care. Between 2000 and 2010 based on information provided by the official centre of national statistics in Russia, ten interviews conducted with leading experts in out-of-home childcare in Russia and limited research on institutional care available the Philanthropy organisation published a special issue on the nature of institutions and its residents in Russia. i product of a complex interplay among individuals and a network of contextual, cultural, organisational, social and individual factors and characteristics. These factors and aspects need to be acknowledged and addressed where possible to support institutional being of children and young people. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... xi STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Section 1.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 1 Section 1.2 Rationale for the Study ........................................................................................ 2 Section 1.3 Personal Interest in the Research ........................................................................ 4 Section 1.4 Glossary ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 The terms ‘looked after children and young people’, ‘children in care’ and ‘orphans’ ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2 The terms ‘residential care’ and ‘institutional care’ .................................................. 7 1.4.3 Other terminology...................................................................................................... 8 Section 1.5 Structure of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUALIZATION OF CARE: FAMILY, INSTITUTIONAL CARE AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION ......................................................................................... 12 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12 Section 2.1 Family as a Parent ............................................................................................. 13 Section 2.2 Institutional Care as a Parent ............................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Institutional Care ..................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 ‘Institutionalization’ and ‘Institutional Being’ ........................................................ 17 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 3: INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CARE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................. 20 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 20 Section 3.1 Crises of Institutional Care Provision in the International Context .................. 21 3.1.1 Western Europe ....................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Eastern and Central Europe ..................................................................................... 22 Section 3.2 Research on Institutional Care Provision: Theoretical Developments.............. 23 3.2.1 Attachment Theory .................................................................................................. 24 3.2.2 Concept of Resilience .............................................................................................. 26 iii 3.2.3 Relationships and Interactions ................................................................................. 27 3.2.4 Total Institutions ...................................................................................................... 29 3.2.5 Other Research ........................................................................................................ 30 Section 3.3 Outlining the Gaps in Institutional Child Care Research: a Weak Body of Research ............................................................................................................................... 33 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 4: CONTEXT AND NATURE OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CARE IN RUSSIA ................................................................................... 36 Introduction .........................................................................................................................
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