Part a Tutorial Prof. Saifur Rahman Virginia Tech, USA PES ISGT Asia

Part A

Tutorial PES ISGT Asia Prof. Saifur Rahman 20 May 2014 Virginia Tech, USA Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

1 Part 1: Operational Issues for Wind Energy Technology

• Wind turbine technology • Global deployment of wind energy technology • Interactions between wind electricity output and electrical power demand

Part 2: Operational Issues for Solar Energy Technology

• Solar energy technologies – solar thermal and photovoltaics • Global deployment of solar energy technology • Interactions between solar electricity output and electrical power demand

2 (c) Saifur Rahman Part 3: Demand Response Technologies

• Demand response and demand side management (DSM) • Demand response technologies – supply side and demand side • Performance of demand response technologies

Part 4: Demand Response Planning and Operations

• Sample demand response programs in operation • Customer incentives and participation • Impact of demand response on the electrical load shape

3 (c) Saifur Rahman Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)

2007, 2010 and 2013 Key World Energy Statistics

** Others include solar, wind, geothermal, biofuels and waste, and heat 5/21/2014 4 ©Saifur Rahman WORLD 1971-2011* OECD 1971-2012* (Mtoe) (Mtoe)

Biomass and Wast

Hydro

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Oil Coal/Peat

* Includes aviation and international marine bunkers

Source: International Energy Agency 5/21/2014 5 * Includes aviation and interna ©Saifurelectricity Rahman trade 2014

(IEA) Key World Energytional Statistics marine 2013 bunkers, excludes 6 (c) Saifur Rahman Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro Tidal Power

Unique features & variability

7 (c) Saifur Rahman Wind Energy

Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K. 8 (c) Saifur Rahman Global Installed Wind Capacity (MW) 1996-2013 (Cumulative)

Source: Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind Statistics (2013)

World Wind Energy Association, World Wind Energy Report 2012

Rest of the World Denmark China Canada UK France Italy

India USA

Spain Germany

Source: Global Wind Energy Council (2011)

Source: Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind Statistics (2013)

LOCATION: Wildorado, TX 25 miles west of Amarillo in Oldham, Potter and Randall Counties SIZE: 161 MW COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS DATE: April 2007 UTILITY: Xcel Energy (Southwestern Public Service Company) TURBINE EQUIPMENT:

Source: http://www.nikkiphotography.c 70 Siemens 2.3 MW Mk II

http://www.cielowind.com/projects/completed-developments/wildorado-wind-ranc

om/category/environmental-issues/

Nysted Wind Farm Located in the Baltic Sea, it is one of the world’s largest wind farms.

Owner: DONG Energy, Denmark (80%) and E.ON Sweden (20%).

Layout: The wind farm is made up of 8 rows of 9 turbines, of which the nearest are placed some ten kilometers offshore.

Turbine: each can generate 2.3 MW. The combined effect is

Source: http://www.dongenergy.c 165.6 MW.

Commercially handed over: st om/Nysted/EN/Pages/index.aspx Dec. 1 , 2004

Opportunities:

 Generate electricity to replace fossil fuel and serve remote area loads.

Challenges:

 In-country technology base  Available manpower  Power system operatioin issues due to high penetration of wind turbines  Transmission line upgrades

Source: IISD Report, Clean Energy In Wind power in Egypt, October 2009

Tower: Tubular steel Height: 263 feet (80 meters) Weight: 100-150 tons

Blades: Length: 112 ft (34 m) Weight: 20 tons (for all three). Rotor Diameter: 231 ft (70.5 meters) (about 10% longer than the wingspan of a jumbo jet) Swept Area: 41,995 sq. feet per turbine

Colorado Green 162 MW Wind Project

Source: PPM Energy

17 (c) Saifur Rahman Wind Turbine Nacelle & Hub

(c)Source: Saifur General Rahman Electric 18 Inside the GE 1.5MW Nacelle

19 (c)Source: Saifur General Rahman Electric Wind Power ‐ Classification

Source: Z. Aljarboua, “The National Energy Strategy for S. Arabia”, 2009

20 (c) Saifur Rahman 20 Wind Output & Load Mismatch (PJM) (A peak day in June, 06/08/2011)

160,000 2,500

150,000 2,300

140,000 2,100

130,000 1,900 (MW)

120,000 1,700 Output

(MW)

110,000 1,500 Load

Power 100,000 1,300 PJM Wind 90,000 1,100 PJM 80,000 900

70,000 PJM Load ‐ a Peak Day in June 2011 700 Wind Power Output 60,000 500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (Hour) Data source: http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ops-analysis.aspx

21 (c) Saifur Rahman Wind Output & Load Mismatch (PJM) (A peak day in July, 07/22/2011)

160,000 1,800

150,000 1,600

140,000 1,400 130,000 (MW) 1,200

120,000

1,000 Output

(MW)

110,000 Load

800 Power 100,000 PJM Wind

600 90,000 PJM 400 80,000 PJM Load ‐ a Peak Day in July 2011 70,000 200 Wind Power Output 60,000 ‐ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (Hour) Data source: http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ops-analysis.aspx

22 (c) Saifur Rahman ERCOT (Texas) Load vs Actual Wind Output (10/11/2011 ‐ 10/18/2011)

Data source: http://www.ercot.com/gridinfo/generation/windintegration/

23 (c) Saifur Rahman ERCOT (Texas) Load vs Actual Wind Output (08/17/2011 ‐ 08/24/2011)

Data source: http://www.ercot.com/gridinfo/generation/windintegration/

24 (c) Saifur Rahman Minute‐by‐minute Variations in a Wind Farm

Wind output drops 43.7 MW in 1 minute

Source: NREL

25 (c) Saifur Rahman 10‐MinuteVariations in a Wind Farm

Wind output can drop 113 MW in 10 minutes, and increase 106 MW in 10 minutes

Source: NREL

26 (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Energy

 Solar Photovoltaics (PV)  Solar Thermal (CSP)

27 (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Photovoltaics

Central Station Solar Photovoltaics

Roof-top Solar Photovoltaics © Saifur Rahman

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 28 2012 Global Cumulative Installed PV Capacity (MW)

Source: EPIA Global Market Outlook for PV 2013-2017

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 29 Solar PV Applications

 Grid connected central station  Roof-top applications  Building Integrated PV (BIPV)  Remote area applications

30 (c) Saifur Rahman 600 kW Grid‐connected Project in Thailand

31 (c) Saifur Rahman 100 kW Grid‐connected Project in China

32 (c) Saifur Rahman 10 MW Solar PV at Masdar, Abu Dhabi

Source: www.ameinfo.com

33 (c) Saifur Rahman 2 MW Solar PV at KAUST, S. Arabia

Source: KAUST

34 (c) Saifur Rahman LehrterTrain Station, Germany

Number of module: 1,440 Total area: 3,311 m2 PV output: 325 kW Electricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr

Source: http://www.cler.org/predac/article.php3?id_article=511

35 (c) Saifur Rahman Building Integrated PV in Thailand

Source: Solartron, Thailand

36 (c) Saifur Rahman Roof‐top Solar PV in Virginia, USA

37 (c) Saifur Rahman Roof‐top Solar Photovoltaics in Bangladesh

38 (c) Saifur Rahman Roof‐top Solar Photovoltaics in Japan

Source: Energybiz Magazine

39 (c) Saifur Rahman 40 (c) Saifur Rahman Balance of System

41 (c) Saifur Rahman Transformer/Switchgear

42 (c) Saifur Rahman Grid Interconnection

43 (c) Saifur Rahman Concentrator PV Technology

Concept:

Provides the highest energy output and lowest cost of any solar technology available

Source: SolFocus Inc.

44 (c) Saifur Rahman 7‐Day Solar PV Output (Watts) Location: Manhattan, Kansas 500

400 (Watts)

300 Output

200 PV

Solar 100

0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

45 (c) Saifur Rahman A 24‐hour Solar PV Output (kW) Location: Manhattan, Kansas

Month: April 80% drop and increase in kW output in 5 minutes

46 (c) Saifur Rahman A 24‐hour Solar PV Output (kW) Location: Blacksburg, Virginia

Month: September

95% increase in kW output in 10 minutes

47 (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Thermal

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Source: Solarclipse

48 (c) Saifur Rahman Central Receiver Solar Power Plants

15 MWe Molten Salt Solar Thermal Power Plant, Almeria, Spain, 2008

Source: Platforma De Almeria, Annual Report 2007

49 (c) Saifur Rahman Central Receiver Solar Power Plants

11 MW PS-10 and 20 MW PS-20 Solar Tower Plant, Seville, Spain

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain

50 (c) Saifur Rahman 5MW Sierra SunTower CSP Plant, CA, USA

Source: http://www.esolar.com/l

The Mojave Desert has nine solar power plants in operation with a capacity of 354 MW.

Project: Mojave solar park (6000 acres) Location: California, U.S.A. Capacity: 553 MW (for 400,000 homes) No of mirrors: 1.2 million In service: 2012

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20068703/

53 (c) Saifur Rahman Details of Solar Heat Collection

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20068703/

54 (c) Saifur Rahman Point Focus Solar Collectors

DISTAL I, Dish/Stirling Engine System, Almeria, Spain

Source: Platforma De Almeria, Annual Report 2007

DISTAL II, Dish/Stirling Engine System, Almeria, Spain

Source: Platforma De Almeria, Annual Report 2007

56 (c) Saifur Rahman CSP Project in Spain

57 (c) Saifur Rahman CSP Technology

58 (c) Saifur Rahman Biomass Technologies

BAGASSE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL CELLULOSE SWITCH GRASS

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 59 Biogas from Bagasse

A bagasse-powered co-generation power plant at Porto Feliz in Brazil owned and operated by LANXESS, a chemical industrial plant producing iron-oxide pigments used for dying. The power plant produces 4.5 MW of electricity and steam at an efficiency of up to 90 percent. It is fueled by sugarcane bagasse, readily available in the area. The project started in 2008 and cost around EUR 8 million ($10.9m). Source:LANXESS.co m 5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 60 Biogas from Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste Land Fill An automatic grab transfers the Source: http://www.rise.org.a municipal solid waste (MSW) from the reception bin on to a conveyor that feeds the combustion plant. u/info/Res/waste/index.html 5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman ©Saifur Rahman 61 Landfill Gas Management for Electricity

Landfill gas collection well

Landfill gas power generation facility

Source: http://www.capitalregionlandfill.com/operations/

Source: LANXESS.com

Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station, Iceland 120 MWe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 64 Hydro Power Plant How Does It Work

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 65 Three Gorges Dam in China

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 6 26 x 700 = 18,200 MW

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 6 Hydro Power Plant Typical Costs

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman Environmental Impacts of Hydro Power Plants

FLOODING OF TREES AND OTHER BIOMASS FROM DAMMING OF RIVERS CAUSES SIGNIFICANT CO2 IMPACTS

FLOODED VEGETATION LOSES ITS ABILITY TO ABSORB CO2

THE ROTTING BIOMASS RELEASES SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF METHANE, A GREENHOUSE GAS.

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 6 Small-Hydro

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman Benefits of Small-Hydro

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 71 La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 72 La Rance Power Plant, France

Source: George Hagerman 5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 73 La Rance Tidal Power Plant Arrangement

Sea-side entrance to navigation lock

Powerhouse section (24 x 10 MWe units)

Sluice gates

Source: George Hagerman

21 May 2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 74 Tidal Power

Two-way generation The rate of water discharge can be varied to raise or lower the power level

5/21/2014 (c) Saifur Rahman 75 Thank you

Saifur Rahman

Email: [email protected] www.saifurrahman.org

76 (c) Saifur Rahman