DOCSLIB.ORG

Representation in the Transition from the Articles of Confederation to the 1787 Constitution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Representation in the Transition from the Articles of Confederation to the 1787 Constitution REPRESENTATION IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION TO THE 1787 CONSTITUTION A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Business and Public Affairs Morehead State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Public Administration by Stephanie Ramsey Davis August 2011 CAMDEN-CARROLL LIBRARY MOREHEAD, KY ,4()351 rnsu rl-/ fSf 5 3 Lf').. 730d 9 o 'J (o4 r Accepted by the faculty or the College or Business and Public Affairs. Morehead State Uni ,crsil). in partial fulfi llment or the requirements for the Master of Public Administration degree. r -~l/vil;f-t Director or rhcsis Date REPRE'E TATlO I, 1111_: !R,\;-.,; ·1TIO1\ l·RO/\I IHEARTICLE'O~­ CO FEDERATION ro TI IE 1787 co S rrrtrT1ON Stephanie Ramsey Davis. MP/\ Morehead , tale University.1011 Director or rhesis: Jvv/41 w.s!f-1 The Articles or Confederation and the 1787 Constitution \\ere both fo unded on the principles or a Republican go,ernrnent. l he 1787 Constitution contains much of the same ,,·ording as the Anicles. and it relie:--. on the Article · as its background. As a result. representation under both governing documents should not change in the transition of the documents. To determine whether representation changed or remained constant. the , Oles or 19 men "ho sen ed both as delegates in the ,\nicks Congre and senators in the First Congress are co mpared using similar legislation under each governing document. Their, otes regarding the lmpost Acts of 1781 and 1783 in the Articles Congress an.: compared \\'ith the votes for provision for . debt and a um pt ion or state debt under the First Congress. In addition. their votes regarding standing armies in times or peace in the Articles Congress were compared to those in the First Congress. The votes were recorded from the Journals 0/,/11! Continental Congress and The Dornme'mwy HistOJ:r olthl! First Federal ( 'ongrn,: Se11a1e Legislati,1e Journal fro m Johns I lopkins University. An analys is or the ,·01es sho,, representation changed in the transition from the Aniclcs 10 the 1787 Constitution, which \\'as unexpected because of the similar foundation and wording of each document. Upon further examination. despite the simi larit ies, state so,·ereignt: \\·as ,,eakened under the 1787 Constitution. When state sovereignty was v\eakened. represe ntation was altered. because sra1c sovereignty is an important element to representation in a Republic. Accepted by: ~ l,,v"M- Chair Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 19 Methods, Data, and Approach .................................................................................... .26 Presentation of the Findings ....................................................................................... .48 Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut. ................................................................................. 57 William Samuel Johnson, Connecticut .................................................................... 61 George Read, Delaware ........................................................................................... 65 William Few, Georgia .............................................................................................. 65 Charles ( of Carrollton) Carroll, Maryland ............................................................... 69 John Henry, Maryland .............................................................................................. 70 John Langdon, New Hampshire ............................................................................... 73 Paine Wingate, New Hampshire .............................................................................. 74 Philemon Dickinson, New Jersey ............................................................................ 76 Jonathan Elmer, New Jersey .................................................................................... 76 Rufus King, Massachusetts (Articles Congress) and New York (First Congress) .. 79 Philip John Schuyler, New York .............................................................................. 83 Benjamin Hawkins, North Carolina ......................................................................... 85 Samuel Johnston, North Carolina .......................................................... 88 Robert Morris, Pennsylvania ............................................................... 89 Pierce Butler, South Carolina ............................................................... 89 Ralph Izard .................................................................................... 90 William Grayson, Virginia .................................................................. 92 Richard Henry Lee, Virginia ............................................................... 94 Analysis .......................................................................................... 97 Analysis: Imposts and Provision for and Assumption of Debts ........................ 97 Analysis: Standing Armies in Times ofPeace .......................................... 101 Analysis: The Senatorial Elections ...................................................... 102 Analysis: State Sovereignty versus National Authority ............................... I 05 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 110 INDEX OF FIGURES Figure 1: Comparison of Votes in Favor of National and State Government .......... .107 INDEX OF TABLES Table 1: Delegates in the Articles Congress/Senators in the First Congress ................ .3 Table 2: Federalists versus Anti-Federalists ................................................................ 17 Table 3: Similarities in the Articles of Confederation and the 1787 Constitution ...... 18 Table 4: First Congress Senators and Years as a Delegate in Articles Congress ........ 28 Table 5: First Congress Legislation, Provision for U.S. Debt, Assumption of State Debt. ............................................................................................................................ .31 Table 6: Articles Congress Legislation, Impost Acts of 1781 and 1783 .................... .32 Table 7: Articles Congress Legislation, Impost Acts of 1781 and 1783 .................... .33 Table 8: Articles Congress Legislation Imposts Acts of 1781 and 1783 .................... 34 Table 9: First Congress Legislation. Standing Armies in Times of Peace ................. .35 Table 10: Articles Congress Legislation, Standing Armies in Times of Peace .......... .36 Table 11: Articles Congress Legislation, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ........... 37 Table 12: Articles Congress Legislation, Standing Armies in Times of Peace .......... .38 Table 13: Articles Congress Legislation, Standing Armies in Times of Peace .......... .39 Table 14: State Senatorial Elections ........................................................................... .44 Table 15: Ellsworth Votes, Imposts and Provision and Assumption of Debt ............. 58 Table 16: Ellsworth Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ................................ 60 Table 17: Johnson Votes, Imposts and Provision and Assumption of Debts .............. 63 Table 18: Johnson Votes, Standing Armies in Times ofPeace ................................... 64 Table 19: Few Votes, Imposts and Provision for Assumption of Debts ..................... 67 Table 20: Few Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ......................................... 68 Table 21: Henry Votes, Imposts and Provision for Assumption of Debts .................. 71 Table 22: Henry Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ...................................... 72 Table 23: Wingate's Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ................................ 75 Table 24: Elmer Votes, Imposts and Provision for Assumption of Debt .................... 77 Table 25: Elmer Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ...................................... 78 Table 26: King Votes. Imposts and Provision for Assumption of State Debt.. ........... 80 Table 27: King Votes. Standing Armies in Times of Peace ........................................ 82 Table 28: Schuyler Votes, Imposts and Provision for and Assumption of Debts ....... 84 Table 29: Hawkins Votes, Imposts and Provision for and Assumption ofDebt.. ....... 86 Table 30: Hawkins, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ............................................ 87 Table 31: Izard Votes, Imposts and Provision for and Assumption ofDebt.. ............. 91 Table 32: Izard Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace ........................................ 92 Table 33: Grayson Votes, Standing Armies in Times of Peace .................................. 94 Table 34: Lee Votes, Imposts and Provision for and Assumption of Debt ................. 96 Table 35: Delegate/Senator Vote Analysis .................................................................. 98 Introduction Representation was important to America's Founding Fathers, and it is an essential element to a Republican government. More importantly, representation was a foundational component of both the Articles of Confederation (Articles) and the 1787 Constitution. Many debates that occurred under the Articles were taken up again under the 1787 Constitution: treaties, commerce, slavery, western territories in North America, peace and trade
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trenton's Top Ten Preservation Opportunities
    Trenton’s Top Ten Preservation Opportunities September 28, 2016 Broad Street Bank Building East State Street Trenton The Program Welcome Overview of the Top Ten Historic Preservation Opportunities Successes Lost Progress Presentation of the Top 10 Announcement of other THS Programs Closing Remarks www.trentonhistory.org Trenton’s Top Ten Historic Preservation Opportunities Success Stories The Top 10 Broad Street Bank Mercer County Court House Golden Swan Trenton Saving Fund Society Roebling Mansion Higbee School The Hermitage Lost Horsman Doll Factory Trenton Central High School Trenton Psychiatric Hospital Junior High School #1 In Transition Skelton Library East Trenton Library Alexander Douglass House Prospect Presbyterian Church/ Delaware Inn The Residence Complex D&R Canal Houses Mercer County Court House South Broad and Market Streets Soon after the formation of Mercer County in 1838, steps were taken for the erection of a courthouse. Built at the corner of Broad and Market Streets, the original Greek Revival structure served the public until 1903. Trenton and Mercer County had grown enormously since its founding, and the current grand, classical Beaux Arts structure was built to accommodate that growth. This impressive sandstone building, with its pediments, columns and arches, occupies an important downtown gateway. Not only a Trenton Landmark, the 1904 Court House is perhaps one of the best known buildings in Mercer County. Current Status: The building is vacant. The Court House Annex is under renovation, but there are no plans for the renovation of the original Court House. Non-court uses are being considered but appear to be a number of years away.
    [Show full text]
  • New Jersey Officeholders, 1787–1788
    New Jersey Officeholders, 1787–1788 GOVERNOR TREASURER William Livingston James Mott ATTORNEY GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE STATE Joseph Bloomfield Bowes Reed SUPREME COURT David Brearley (Chief Justice), Isaac Smith (Second Justice), John Cleves Symmes (Third Justice), William Churchill Houston (Clerk of the Court) MEMBERS OF CONGRESS (November 1786–October 1787): Lambert Cadwalader, Abraham Clark, James Schureman; (November 1787–October 1788): Abraham Clark, Jonathan Dayton, Jonathan Elmer DELEGATES TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION David Brearley, William Paterson, William Churchill Houston, John Neilson (resigned), Abraham Clark (resigned), William Livingston, Jonathan Dayton LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL BERGEN COUNTY SALEM COUNTY Peter Haring John Mayhew ESSEX COUNTY CAPE MAY COUNTY John Peck Jeremiah Eldredge MIDDLESEX COUNTY HUNTERDON COUNTY Robert-Lettis Samuel Randolph Hooper MONMOUTH COUNTY Vice President Asher Holmes MORRIS COUNTY SOMERSET COUNTY Abraham Kitchel Ephraim Martin CUMBERLAND COUNTY BURLINGTON COUNTY Samuel Ogden Joseph Smith SUSSEX COUNTY GLOUCESTER COUNTY Mark Thomson Joseph Ellis Clerk: Bowes Reed [132 ] ASSEMBLY BERGEN COUNTY SALEM COUNTY Peter Wilson Thomas Sinnickson Adam Boyd Edward Hall John Outwater Benjamin Holme ESSEX COUNTY CAPE MAY COUNTY Henry Garritse Matthew Whilldin Jonathan Dayton Elijah Townsend Jonas Wade Richard Townsend MIDDLESEX COUNTY HUNTERDON COUNTY John Combs Benjamin Van-Cleve James Bonney Joab Houghton James Douglass John Anderson MONMOUTH COUNTY MORRIS COUNTY Joseph Stillwell Ellis Cook Thomas Little Aaron Kitchel James Rogers John Starke SOMERSET COUNTY CUMBERLAND COUNTY Edward Bunn John Sheppard Ephraim Harris, Robert Blair Speaker David Kelley John Burgin BURLINGTON COUNTY SUSSEX COUNTY Joseph Biddle Aaron Hankinson Richard S. Smith Charles Beardslee Robert-Strettle Christopher Jones Longstreet GLOUCESTER COUNTY Thomas Clark Franklin Davenport Clerk: Maskell Ewing Joseph Cooper Cite as: The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution Digital Edition, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION Ror,RECOGNITION of the FLORIDA TRIBE Or EASTERN CREEK INDIANS
    'l PETITION rOR,RECOGNITION OF THE FLORIDA TRIBE or EASTERN CREEK INDIANS TH;: FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS and the Administra­ tive Council, THE NORTHWEST FLORIDA CREEK INDIAN COUNCIL brings this, thew petition to the DEPARTMENT Or THE INTERIOR OF THE FEDERAL GOVERN- MENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and prays this honorable nation will honor their petition, which is a petition for recognition by this great nation that THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS is an Indian Tribe. In support of this plea for recognition THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS herewith avers: (1) THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS nor any of its members, is the subject of Congressional legislation which has expressly terminated or forbidden the Federal relationship sought. (2) The membership of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS is composed principally of persons who are not members of any other North American Indian tribe. (3) A list of all known current members of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEK INDIANS, based on the tribes acceptance of these members and the tribes own defined membership criteria is attached to this petition and made a part of it. SEE APPENDIX----- A The membership consists of individuals who are descendants of the CREEK NATION which existed in aboriginal times, using and occuping this present georgraphical location alone, and in conjunction with other people since that time. - l - MNF-PFD-V001-D0002 Page 1of4 (4) Attached herewith and made a part of this petition is the present governing Constitution of THE FLORIDA TRIBE OF EASTERN CREEKS INDIANS.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Report of Gifts (133 Pages) South Caroliniana Library--University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons University South Caroliniana Society - Annual South Caroliniana Library Report of Gifts 5-19-2001 2001 Report of Gifts (133 pages) South Caroliniana Library--University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/scs_anpgm Part of the Library and Information Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Publication Info 2001. University South Caroliniana Society. (2001). "2001 Report of Gifts." Columbia, SC: The ocS iety. This Newsletter is brought to you by the South Caroliniana Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University South Caroliniana Society - Annual Report of Gifts yb an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The The South Carolina South Caroliniana College Library Library 1840 1940 THE UNIVERSITY SOUTH CAROLINIANA SOCIETY SIXTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA Saturday, May 19, 2001 Dr. Allen H. Stokes, Jr., Secretary-Treasurer, Presiding Reception and Exhibit . .. 11 :00 a.m. South Caroliniana Library Luncheon 1:00 p.m. Clarion Townhouse Hotel Business Meeting Welcome Reports of the Executive Council and Secretary-Treasurer Address . Genevieve Chandler Peterkin 2001 Report of Gifts to the Library by Members of the Society Announced at the 65th Annual Meeting of the University South Caroliniana Society (the Friends of the Library) Annual Program 19 May 2001 South Carolina's Pivotal Decision for Disunion: Popular Mandate or Manipulated Verdict? – 2000 Keynote Address by William W. Freehling Gifts of Manuscript South Caroliniana Gifts to Modern Political Collections Gifts of Pictorial South Caroliniana Gifts of Printed South Caroliniana South Caroliniana Library (Columbia, SC) A special collection documenting all periods of South Carolina history.
    [Show full text]
  • The State Records of South Carolina Journals of the HOUSE OF
    The State Records of South Carolina Journals of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1790 MICHAEL E. STEVENS Editor CHRISTINE M. ALLEN Assistant Editor Published for the South Carolina Department of Archives and History by the University of South Carolina Press Columbia, SC 8557 Copyright ©1984 by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History First Edition Published in Columbia, SC by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America ISBN 0-87249-944-8 20 JANUARY 1790 (page) 363 thereto, Our Committee are Mr. Hugh Rutledge, Major Pinckney & Mr. Deas. By order of the House, Jacob Read, Speaker Ordered That the Message be sent to the Senate and that Mr. Hugh Rutledge and Mr. Deas do carry the same. The House proceeded to the Second reading of a Bill to Incoporate the Baptist Church on Hornes Creek in Edgefield County, State of South Carolina, when a Motion was made and Seconded that the Bill be changed into An Ordinance, which was agreed to -- the Ordinance then read through and agreed to Ordered That the Ordinance be sent to the Senate and that Mr. Simpkins and Colonel Anderson do carry the same. And then the House Adjourned 'til to morrow Morning 10 o'Clock. WEDNESDAY JANUARY 20TH 1790 Read The Journals of Yesterday’s proceedings. Mr. Speaker Administered the Oath to Support the Constitution of the United States to Mr. Robert Patton, a Member of this House. A Motion was made and Seconded, that a Message be sent to the Senate informing them that this House propose to Ratify such Acts and Ordinances as are Engrossed, and the Great Seal of the State affixed thereto at 1 o'Clock this day, and then to Adjourn to Saturday the Twenty Seventh day of November 1790, which being agreed to, the following Message was accordingly prepared Vizt.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Bowl 2020
    Notice: study guide will be updated after the December general election. Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 High School Study Guide Sponsored by the Challenge Bowl 2020 Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-30 2. Muscogee Forced Removal ........................................................................................... 31-50 3. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 51-62 4. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 63-76 5. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 77-79 6. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 80-81 7. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 82-83 8. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 84-85 9. Chronicles of Oklahoma ............................................................................................... 86-97 10. Legends & Stories ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A TUB to the WHALE": the FOUNDING FATHERS and ADOPTION of the FEDERAL BILL of RIGHTS Kenneth R
    "A TUB TO THE WHALE": THE FOUNDING FATHERS AND ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL BILL OF RIGHTS Kenneth R. Bowling Seamen have a custom, when they meet a whale, to fling him out an empty tub by way of amusement, to divert him from laying violent hands upon the ship. Jonathan Swift, Tale of a Tub (1704) Like a barrel thrown to the whale, the people were to be amused with fancied amendments, until the harpoon of power, should secure its prey and render resistance ineffectual. [Samuel Bryan], ''Centinel NO. 19, ' ' (Philadel- phia) Independent Gazetteer, October 7, 1788 The constitutional role of the federal Bill of Rights has been monu- mental. This fact would surprise most members of the First Federal Congress, the body which reluctantly proposed to the states the con- stitutional amendments later called the Bill of Rights.' The Federalist Mr. Bowling is a member of the First Federal Congress Project at George Wash- ington University, Washington, D.C. This article is based upon a chapter in his "Politics in the First Congress, 1789-1791" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin 1968). Additional research was conducted under a grant from the National Endow- ment for the Humanities. ' Although much has been written about the Bill of Rights, very little of it re- lates to the legislative history of its adoption. This is particularly true about the polit- ical aspects, most of which are contained in previously unstudied manuscripts. Robert A. Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791 (Chapel Hill 1955), which focuses on the background of the amendments, aptly summarizes its passage through the First Federal Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • The Creek "Migration Legend"
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qm3x2bd Author Koons, Ryan Abel Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 © Copyright by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community by Ryan Abel Koons Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Tara Browner, Chair This dissertation presents an ethnography utilizing a multispecies perspective of the "busk" ritual cycle as performed by the southeastern Muskogee Creek American Indian community, Pvlvcekolv (Apalachicola). Humans construct humanity and personhood partially via interactions with other-than-human persons, such as animals, plants, and objects. I examine ritualized interactions between humans and others-than-human in a southeastern Indigenous "natureculture," exploring the intersections of ontology, personhood, and performance practice. Pvlvcekolv, an animistic Florida-based tribal town with a ceremonial Fire that pre-dates European Contact, maintains a centuries-old ritual tradition, the busk. Sometimes known as "Green Corn Ceremonialism," many Native communities share this tradition, including ii Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole, Yuchi, and other Creek peoples historically and in the present day. Performing the songs, dances, and ritual actions of the busk places participants into dialogue with other-than-human persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Perspectives on Its Purpose from Published Accounts Preston E
    SOME PERSPECTIVES ON ITS PURPOSE FROM PUBLISHED ACCOUNTS PRESTON E. PIERCE ONTARIO COUNTY HISTORIAN DEPARTMENT OF RECORDS, ARCHIVES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ERVICES CANANDAIGUA, NEW YORK 2019 (REPRINTED, UPDATED, AND REVISED 2005, 1985) 1 Front cover image: Sullivan monument erected at the entrance to City Pier on Lake Shore Drive, Canandaigua. Sullivan-Clinton Sesquicentennial Commission, 1929. Bronze tablet was a common feature of all monuments erected by the Commission. Image from original postcard negative, circa 1929, in possession of the author. Above: Sullivan-Clinton Sesquicentennial Commission tablet erected at Kashong (Yates County), Rt. 14, south of Geneva near the Ontario County boundary. 1929. Image by the author. 2004 2 Gen. John Sullivan. Image from Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. v. I. 1860. p. 272. 3 Sullivan-Clinton Campaign monument (front and back) erected in 1929 in Honeoye. Moved several times, it commemorates the location of Ft. Cummings, a temporary base established by Sullivan as he began the final leg of his march to the Genesee River. Images by the author. Forward 4 1979 marked the 200th anniversary of the Sullivan-Clinton expedition against those Iroquois nations that allied themselves with Britain and the Loyalists during the American Revolution. It is a little-understood (more often misunderstood) military incursion with diplomatic, economic, and decided geo-political consequences. Unfortunately, most people, including most municipal historians, know little about the expedition beyond what is recorded on roadside markers. In 1929, during the sesquicentennial celebrations of the American Revolution, the states of New York and Pennsylvania established a special commission that produced a booklet, sponsored local pageants, and erected many commemorative tablets in both states.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidebook: American Revolution
    Guidebook: American Revolution UPPER HUDSON Bennington Battlefield State Historic Site http://nysparks.state.ny.us/sites/info.asp?siteId=3 5181 Route 67 Hoosick Falls, NY 12090 Hours: May-Labor Day, daily 10 AM-7 PM Labor Day-Veterans Day weekends only, 10 AM-7 PM Memorial Day- Columbus Day, 1-4 p.m on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday Phone: (518) 279-1155 (Special Collections of Bailey/Howe Library at Uni Historical Description: Bennington Battlefield State Historic Site is the location of a Revolutionary War battle between the British forces of Colonel Friedrich Baum and Lieutenant Colonel Henrick von Breymann—800 Brunswickers, Canadians, Tories, British regulars, and Native Americans--against American militiamen from Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire under Brigadier General John Stark (1,500 men) and Colonel Seth Warner (330 men). This battle was fought on August 16, 1777, in a British effort to capture American storehouses in Bennington to restock their depleting provisions. Baum had entrenched his men at the bridge across the Walloomsac River, Dragoon Redoubt, and Tory Fort, which Stark successfully attacked. Colonel Warner's Vermont militia arrived in time to assist Stark's reconstituted force in repelling Breymann's relief column of some 600 men. The British forces had underestimated the strength of their enemy and failed to get the supplies they had sought, weakening General John Burgoyne's army at Saratoga. Baum and over 200 men died and 700 men surrendered. The Americans lost 30 killed and forty wounded The Site: Hessian Hill offers picturesque views and interpretative signs about the battle. Directions: Take Route 7 east to Route 22, then take Route 22 north to Route 67.
    [Show full text]
  • His Policy Was WHAT?!?...Thomas Jefferson and the Native Americans
    His Policy was WHAT?!?...Thomas Jefferson and the Native Americans Summary Description: Thomas Jefferson was a unique and very influential individual in our nation’s history. I have had the opportunity to examine and explore Mr. Jefferson while at this NEH Seminar. I have studied at great length both his writings and his character. I discovered that Jefferson was a man of very conflicting styles and ideals. He would write or say one thing, and would then carry out something different. I believe you will discover this in the lesson concerning Thomas Jefferson and his communications concerning Native Americans. Intended Audience: The materials and topic are best suited for a high school classroom. Unites States History, Sociology, Cultural Studies, or Native American Studies would be the appropriate class settings. This lesson is formulated for a class of 5-6, 50 minute class periods. Block scheduling, or a different length class period will require modifications. The lesson could also be modified for a middle school setting. The Purpose: Many would argue that Thomas Jefferson was one of the most important presidents of the United States. During his life, the United States was encountering issues with the Native Americans, both good and bad. I believe that our students and our society can be enhanced by understanding the role and the issues surrounding the Native Americans throughout history. One aspect of this role is to understand the relationship and ideas that Jefferson portrayed towards Native Americans before, during, and after his presidency. Learning Objective: Students will be able to: Explain the attitude of Thomas Jefferson towards Native Americans as expressed in his writings prior to his presidency.
    [Show full text]
  • Its Stories, People, and Legacy
    THE SCRIPPS SCHOOL Its Stories, People, and Legacy Edited by RALPH IZARD THE SCRIPPS SCHOOL Property of Ohio University's E.W. Scripps School of Journalism. Not for resale or distribution. Property of Ohio University's E.W. Scripps School of Journalism. Not for resale or distribution. THE SCRIPPS SCHOOL Its Stories, People, and Legacy Edited by Ralph Izard Ohio University Press Athens Property of Ohio University's E.W. Scripps School of Journalism. Not for resale or distribution. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701 ohioswallow.com © 2018 by Ohio University Press All rights reserved To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax). Printed in the United States of America Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper ™ 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 5 4 3 2 1 Frontispiece: Schoonover Center for Communication, home of the school, 2013–present. (Photo courtesy of Ohio University) Photographs, pages xiv, xx, 402, and 428: Scripps Hall, home of the school, 1986–2013. (Photo courtesy of Ohio University) Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-8214-2315-8 Electronic ISBN: 978-0-8214-4630-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945765 The E.W. Scripps School of Journalism is indebted to G. Kenner Bush for funding this project through the Gordon K. Bush Memorial Fund. The fund honors a longtime pub- lisher of The Athens Messenger who was a special friend to the school.
    [Show full text]