E430 Volume 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

LiaoRiver Basin Project (LRBP)

Public Disclosure Authorized EnvironmentalAssessment SummaryReport

January2001 Public Disclosure Authorized

MONTGOMERY WATSONV LUlfCRPOUA

FILECOPY a Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

Liao River Basin Project quality required by its functional uses by 2005 and to achieve the sustainable utilization of water resources based

Environmental Assessment on their functions by 2010.

To meet these goals, the Plan calls for reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharge by 600,000 tons by 2000,

SUMMARY REPORT 140,000 tons by 2005 and additional 90,000 tons by 2010, making the total COD reduction of 830,000 tons over the 10-

1. INTRODUCTION year period. This would require the construction of 55 municipal wastewater treatments in the LRB (24 in Liaoning The Project consists of four wastewater treatment plants, province), as well as 225 industrial pollution source control industrial pollution control projects at two paper mills, urban projects (118 in Liaoning province). upgrading, institutional strengthening and several non- physical components related to environmental management. With the funding support of the European LUnion (EU), The wastewater plants are located in Shenyang (the Liaoning province launched the Liaoning Integrated provinicial capital), Jinzhou, Panjin and Yingkou. The paper Environmental Program (LIEP) in 1999. This is a mills are near Yingkou and Jinzhou. All except Jinzhou are comprehensive planning project to evaluate environmental located within the Liao River Basin (LRB), as shown in factors and develop strategies to redress the balance between Figure 1. the various demands for water in the LRB catchment and for sustainable environmental management in Liaoning The LRB, with a total catchment area of 220,000 kM2, has province. The LIEP has identified 15 municipal treatment four major rivers, the Liao, Hun, Taizi, and Daliao. One third plants in the basin as priority investments. of the Liao River catchment and the entire Hun-Taizi-Daliao network lie within Liaoning province, population 42 million The four municipal wastewater treatment plants, to be built people. The rivers drain through 11 industrial and population in LRBP are top of the lists of 15 priority municipal centers and rich agriculture areas in the province before treatment plants identified by the LIEP, and together with the discharging into the Bohai Sea. two paper mill pollution control projects, are part of the Plan of the State Council. As such, these treatment plants are a In 1997, the State Council of the Chinese central government pivotal part of the effort to meet the State and provincial announced "Decisions On Issues of Environmental goals for pollution control and sustainable water resources Protection" (the Decisions), which has since become a management. primary guide for the country's environmental protection and pollution control effort. One of the important initiatives An Environment Assessment (EA) was conducted for each under the State Council's Decisions is the "Three Lakes and physical component. A project wide environmental impact Three Rivers" pollution control program, referring to the six assessment (EIA) report and environmental management landmark and most sensitive water bodies and river basins in plan (EMP), collectively known as the EA documentation, China. The Liao is one of the three rivers and the LRBP is has been compiled by the Liaoning Provincial thus one of the highest priority pollution control programs in Environmental Research Institute, with the assistance from the country. the project DRA consultant, Montgomery Watson. This document is a summary of the EA documentation. The State Council approved in 1998 the Ninth Five-Year Plan and 2010 Program for Liao River Basin Pollution Control and Prevention (the Plan). The Plan sets a goal to eliminate below-Category V water quality from all LRB surface water bodies by the end of 2000, to recover the water ei Montgomery Watson/I,UCRPO

Figure 1: Map of Liaoning Province

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ASS W:~~~~LURP LIAORIVER BASIN ,> RGu < 24i 1 9 -' l LPROJECT(LRBP)

LIAONINGPROVINCE PR CHINA Localion of Project Ciiies

DPRCi NoithKC0 - tCNSiWi-V 5T

0 20 40 60 oIGUmetres

FIGURE2.I

2 Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

2. SURFACE WATER STANDARDS Project, with design provision for the more stringent

The most important assessment criteria and environmental ammonia-nitrogen criteria in future stages, target standards are the surface water quality classification of Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water, GHZB I - 1999. According to this standard, surface water quality has Other environmental discharge/emnission and ambient been divided into five categories depending on their environmental quality standards applied in the EA include: functional uses. These categories and key parameters within * Ambient Air Quality Standards, GB3095-1996; the standard are as follows: * Environmental Noise Standards for Urban Areas, GB3096-93; Table 2.1 Surface WaterQuality Classification * Standards for Noise at Boundaries of Constrmction Sites. GB 12523-90; and Category Description Key parameters (mg/f, except * Standards for Wastewater Discharge and Air Ermissions __ _ pH)

COO NO3-N pH in Liaoning Province, DB21-60-89. Applicabl to sources of <15 0.5 6.5-8.5 watcr bodies and 3. EA COVERAGE inational niaturereserves Applicable to Class A is 0.5 6.5-8.5 According to the project TOR, the EA covers the following water resource protecti(on areas: for drinking watcr or precious fish * Shenyang section of Hun river; Applicable to Class B 21 0.5 6.5-8.5 * Panjin section of Liao river; water resource and * Jinzhou section of Xiaoling river; general fishing or * Yingkou section of Daliao river and estuaries; swimming9 VGeneralindustrial wate* 30 1.0 6.5-8.5 Immediately adjacent areas surrounding the wastewater supply or secondary interceptors, pumping stations and treatment plant sites; recLeational use and v Agricultural water 4!) 1.5 6-9 * Impacts to the LRB and to the Bohai Sea by the project. resource or general amenity purposes 4. CURRENT SITUATION There are two existing wastewater discharge standards Available water resources in the Liao Basin are limited. applicable in Liaoning province for discharge into surface Average water resources in the Liao catchment are 20% of water~ bodies: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Aeag aerrsure i h La athen r 2%o water bodies: the national average. Water resources available for * The national Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge agriculture are 12% of the national average. River flows in Standards for discharge into Category IV and Category the LRB vary dramatically in different months and seasons. V water bodies (GB8978.96); and In a typical year, July and August flows amount to 60% of * The more stringent discharge standards adopted by the annual flow whilst the flow in the driest month Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau for the (February) amounts only to 0.1 % of the yearly total. In many province. rivers in Liaoning province, the dry season flow is mainly

wastewater discharged from various industrial and municipal The most important difference between these two standards sources. are COD (120 mg/e for the national standards versus 100 mg/' for provincial standards) and ammonia-nitrogen (25 Water resources in Liaoning province are seriously over- mg/e for the national standards versus 15 mg/f for the utilized. While over 81% of surface water resources and 43% provincial standards). LRBP will adopt the more stringent of groundwater resources are utilized, water supply still Provincial COD standard as the design criteria for the cannot meet the demand. At the present, annual water supply

3 3 is about 7.8 billion m while the demand is 8.3 billion in .

3 ff) -Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

3 leaving a 500 million m water supply deficit each year in exclusively, on shallow water wells as their primary the province. With the provincial priority set for the key state drinking water sources; industries, agriculture and municipal water supplies are often * Contamination of farm land and crops, as farmers in the sacrificed. The continued excessive exploitation of water LRB may have little choice but to use water with quality resources has caused significantly lowered groundwater exceeding irrigation water standards; and tables over a reported area of 389 square kilometers. * Adverse impacts on water quality and fisheries resources in the Bohai Sea, to which LRB rivers The Liaoning province is one of the most concentrated urban discharge; and and industrial areas in China. There is however only one * Adverse impacts on wetlands at the estuary. operating municipal wastewater treatment plant and limited industrial wastewater treatment capacity. In the meantime, The urgency for immediate improvement in the LRB wastewater from point sources in Liaoning province is environment is apparent. Not only has the province missed expected to reach a total 2.1 billion m3 containing over its year 2000 surface water quality and COD reduction goals, 643,000 tons of COD in the year 2000. Of this amount, the water quality in the LRB rivers is worsening. The LRBP approximately 70% of the wastewater and COD are from will start to reverse the trend of water quality deterioration industrial sources and 30% from municipal sources. With the and is an important first step in achieving the state and current lack of wastewater management infrastructure, most provincial environmental goals. of the wastewater is discharged to surface water bodies without treatment. Besides COD, other main contaminants 5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION discharged include BOD, ammonia-nitrogen, oil & grease, Major components of the LRBP are summarized in Table 5.1 and suspended solids. and plans showing the project conmponents in each of the project cities are included in this Sumnmary: The lack of proper water resources management in the LRB, particularly the lack of provision of treatment facilities for * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table5.1 Liao River Basin Project Components wastewater from various sources, compounded with the lack of dilution and assimtlative capacity in LRB rivers, has Components Description Scope of Service resulted in severe pollution of surface water in Liaoning Shenyang * 5 km interceptor pipeline * 44 industrial province. Standard WaeWastewater * 4 ncw and 4 upgraded discharges 2 province. Standard Water quality in LRB rivers is reportedly puumpingstations * 75 km urban area the worst among the seven largest river basins in China. * 40 km sewerage collection * 1.2 million pipeline population * a 400,000 Vd wastewater The severe pollution of LRB has had the following treatment plant Panjin * 15km interceptor pipeline * 21 industrial consequences: Wastewater * 2 new and 4 upgraded discharges 2 * Loss of beneficial use of LRB rivers, including pumpingstations * 40 km urban area t, r* a 100,000 t/d wastewater * 230,000 population industrial and municipal water supply sources (urban treatment plant and rural), aquaculture, irrigation, and groundwater lJinthou * 10 km interceptor pipeline * 30 industrial Wastewater * a 100,000 t/d wastewater discharges 2 recharge; treatment plant * 51 km urban area

* Extinction of fish andI other water borne species in most . 528,000populatios Yingkou * 17.5 km interceptor * 16 industrial rivers within the province and destructive effects to the Wastewater pipeline discharges 2 * 2 pump stations * 22 km urban area aquatic ecosystem; * sewerage system * 453,043)population * Pollution of shallow groundwater layers in the short extensions * a 100,000 Vd wastewater term and deep groundwater aquifers over the long term; treatmentplantewater

* Health risk of drinking water supply especially for rural Jincheng * processrelovatioii for * I industrial Paper Mill elimination ot mercury disctarge residents who rely heavily and, in many cases containing process

4 MontgomeryWatson/LUCRPO

Components Description Scope of Service Compost may also be used in the landfill as covering Yingkou * 3000 I/dred liquor * Industrial material. Considering the large quantity of compost to be Paper Mill treatment and rec(overy discharge produced and seasonal fluctuation in demand for such a * 60,000 rid white liquor and effluent treatmentplant product, a large storage area is reserved at the same site to Shenyang * linperial Palace renovation control the demand variation and provide for curing of the Urban * Beiling and Dongling Upgrading Parks Preservation compost. Studies are also planned to be undertaken on heavy Non-physical * Urhan rintnagemento metal content and suitability of sludge for agricultural use. Components geographicalinformation systemrs * Environmentalwater Figure 2: Proposed Shenyang wastewater treatment quality monitoring plant site * Environmenital revolving fund * Strategicstudies * Institutionalstrengthening and training * Coinstruction moanagemen_ti and supervision

The municipal wastewater treatment plants have a uniform _ ' . ,- design with some minor variations corresponding to the characteristics of influents and other conditions in each FJJI it1 project city. The uniform design compress screening and grit removal followed by a conventional activated sludge system and secondary clarification. The sludge produced will be thickened by belt thickener. Thickened sludge will then be chemically conditioned and finally dewatered by belt press Jinzhou - Jinzhou wastewater treatment plant will produce to produce sludge cakes with approximately 20% dry solid. 80 t/d sludge. An agreement has been reached with the city Final effluent will be discharged without disinfection. In the whereby dewatered sludge will be disposed of at the city's case of Shenyang. the sludge will in addition be digested sanitary landfill 12 km from the plant. anaerobically. Panjin - Panjin wastewater treatment plant will produce 80 t/d sludge. The city plan to use windrow technology for Disposal of sludge generated from the wastewater treatment composting the sludge at a site approximately I kmnfrom the plants represents a key component of the project. The sludge plant. Panjin has a large area of saline, sterile land and the management plans for each city are as follows: compost can be used as a soil conditioner for land

Shenyang- Phase 1 of the Shenyang wastewater treatment improvement and reclamation. Panjin has included the cost plant will produce up to 400 t/d sludge requiring disposal. of sludge composting into operating cost estimates and plan The city plans to convert its municipal solid waste site at to provide the compost product free of charge to local Laohuchong, approximately 32 km from the wastewater farmers and other landowners in the region. treatment plant, into a sanitary landfill but it will only have Figure 3: The wastewater treatment plant site of Panjin 500 tld capacity in its first phase. The city has agreed to absorb 150 t/d municipal sludge during its first phase and 300 t/d sludge when the landfill capacity increases to 1500 t/d. Shenyang plans to compost 260 tld sludge using the conventional windrow technology at a 10 ha. site near the wastewater treatment plant. The compost will be used for , l 11

landscape, forest land and other land application which do ,*- - ' not involve consumable crops or enter into the food chain.

5 a Montgomery WatsonI,UCRPO

Figure 4: Pangxie Ditch which will receive effluent from Figure 6: Yingkou Paper Mill outfall the wastewater treatment plant in Panjin_

Yingkou - Yingkou wastewater treatment plant will produce It is critical to the success of the LRBP that institutions and 80 tld sludge. An agreement has been reached with the city personnel responsible for implementing the proposed project for disposal of dewatered sludge at the city's sanitary landfill are equipped with the management skills and technical 2 km from the plant. Over the long term, Yingkou will ability to implement the project. For this reason an extensive introduce composting technology for sludge disposal, program of technical assistance (TA) has been recommended provided that a sustainable market for the compost product in the Feasibility Study Report and will form the basis for can be demonstrated. institutional strengthening for provincial and municipal PMOs, Provincial EPB and the proposed wastewater Yingkou and Jincheng Paper Mills - The Yingkou paper P mill wastewater treatment plant will generate 80 t/d companies. industrial sludge, to be disposed of in the city's municipal solid waste landfill. The Jincheng paper mill project will 6. ENVIRONMENTALBASELINE involve process renovation and will have no sludge. 6.1 GENERAL SETTtNG The Liao River Basin is located in the Liao River Plain. The Figure 5: Yingkou Paper Mill outfall general topography slopes from north to south and from east to west towards the Bohai Sea. The elevation of inland cities of Shenyang and Jinzhou is approximately 30-60 meters Zb ., aabove sea level while that of coastal cities Panjin and Yingkou is only 4-7 meters. Liaoning province has a rich and complex geology. The Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine and glacial sediments form the most important groundwater aquifers in the LRB. They include gravels, sands and silts up

- ; , 420;to meters in thickness which are intercalated with clays deposited during three marine transgressions.

6.2 CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND AIR QUALITY

The Liao River Basin is located in the temperate zone where a monsoonal climate dominates. The climate is characterized by distinct seasons and sharp temperature change. Average annual precipitation varies between 350 to 1200 nm. Within a typical year, some 80% of total annual

6 a - Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

precipitation occurs in the period from June to September. precipitation. The dry season typically occurs from Table 6.2 summarizes the main climatic characteristics of the November to February each year. Many sections of IRB project cities. rivers are completely dry or carry only wastewater discharged from various municipal and industrial sources. Table 6.2 Relevant Climate Indicators of Four Project The annual flows in LRB rivers can also change sharply Cities from year to year. River discharges in a high flow year are Parameter Shenyang Panjin Jinzhou Yingkou typically 2-3 times of that of a low flow year. Max.LMin. 39.3/-33.1 3(.2/-21.0 36.5/-30.0 28.51-14.5 Tempe-ature Annual 735 8(0 601 550-600 6.4 WATERDEMAND AND SUPPLY precipitationl (mm) In a typical year, the total water utilization in the province is Anniual 65 66 60 65 3 average 65 10.56 billion m , mostly of which (over 60%) is for huaidity3. agricultural applications followed by industrial (21%) and Annual 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 average wind municipal (16%) uses. Water supplies are mainly from speed (m/s) reservoirs rivers (pumped and gravity) and deep and shallow Prevailing SW (summerj SW (summer) SSW SW (summer) , wind (summer) = groundwater aquifers. Figure 7 shows the Water Use Freeze period 151 146 (36 130 Structure in Liaoning Province. (d) A_ _ __ _ Soil freeze 1.2 1.13 1.18 1.18

[dep(h~rm IFigure 7: Water Use Structure

All four proposed wastewater treatment plant sites are green Water use structure in Liaoning field sites. There are no industrial operations or urban activities near the sites. An air quality monitoring program conducted from July to November 1999 confirmedthe high Indra use air quality of these sites except Shenyang. At the Shenyang l site, monitored data on odor, NH3 and HŽSexceeded relevant Ag- Mnpa standards by as much as 9 times (odor), because the site is 7Mufl,Cru% near the Xi river which essentially conveys raw sewage. 5% Fr,esty, gra. n- and

2% 6.3 WATER RESOURCES AND HYDROLOGY _ I

The water resources of the LRB include rivers, reservoirs The most important water supply source is shallow water and groundwater. In a medium drought year, the total water wells, which account for approximately half of the water resource in surface streams in the LRB is 10.13 billion m3 . utilized. Although on a basin-wide basis, the estimated including 2.38 billion m3 in Liao river and 2.85 billion m3 in groundwater recharge is higher than estimated groundwater Tatizi river. The total amount of extractable groundwater is abstraction, in localized areas of the LRB over-extraction is 6.82 billion m3. There are a total of 904 reservoirs in the serious. In the Hun-Taizi river system where Shenyang is LRB; 28 of which have a capacity larger than 100 million located, groundwater abstractions are over 120% of the m3. The total designed capacity of the reservoirs in the LRB groundwater recharge in recent years. is 6 billion m3. Water demands have been based on per capita consumption Flows in LRB rivers vary significantly with the season, with for domestic and unit indtustrial output water consumption a pattern similar to that of annual precipitation. for industrial water demands. In general, except Shenyang Approximately 50% of the annual flow occurs between July where per capita water consumption is already high and will to September, when the area receives 80%7oof its annual remain steady, per capita water consumption is projected to

7 a) MontgomeryWatson/ILUCRPO

increase slowly along with increase of the standard of living. For specific sections of the rivers to be used by the LRBP as Unit industrial water consumption will decrease as efficiency receiving water bodies, existing water quality was monitored improves, although total industrial water demand shows a in April 2000 (Shenyang. Jinzhou and Panjin) and small increase as provincial industry expands. The projection September, 2000 (Yingkou). [Ihe result of this monitoring for total water supply through municipal systems has also program, expressed as an average of multiple samples and considered water recycling by industry, leakage and self summarized in Table 6.5, show extremely polluted surface water supply capacities that many industrial operations water in most of these rivers, especially at and downstream possess. The water demand projection is summarized in of the cities. Some had a water quality equivalent to raw Table 6.4. sewage.

Table 6.4 Municipal Water Demand and Supply Proi ction Figure 8 River Water Quality City Year Service Domestic Industrial Total

Population water water water 000 - -___i_vr_ (x 1000) demand demand demand

(x 1001 (x 1000 (x 106 3 3 3 i1 ) m ) i ) 400 - a

Shenyang 2000 3,075 1,070 750 1,667 'Cogo,

2010 3,080 1,183 1,121 2,200 X **4,Y *c** V 0 2025 3,090 1,217 1,153 2,278

JiUhou 2000 543 97.7 101 162.5 100

2010 550 101.7 108.6 0 1 o D X 14.

2025 596 119.2 1(N8.9 185.5 000 0401 R x 64 000o Panjin 2000 45(0 90 185.5 120.7 2010 550 121 182.7 151.7 Table 6.5 Surface Water Quality Near Project Cities 2025 691 172.8 189.9 217.2 (average values, mg/L except pH)

YingkOU 20 463 62.5 173.9 195 7 Yin 200 46 62. City1739 19.7Rivers Distance pH COD NO,-N Water 2010 520 88.4 234.1 285.0 to Quality proposed Category 2025 571 102.3 302.4 389.0 WWTP (km)

6.5 WATER QUALITY Shenyaotg Xi 1 7.4 24() 40.5 Below V .QHun 90 7.9 64 15.6 Below V

Of a total river length of 516 km, 362km do not achieve Jinzhou Xiaoling 3, 7.0 5 0.1)06 I

Category V surface water standards. This is particularly so upstream near urban centers where the water quality is among the Xiaoling 1 7.3 75 4.9 Below V worst. With a few exceptions where water quality may reach Xiaoling 2 7.3 58 3.1 Below V

Category II, water quality in most tributaries of LRB rivers Xiaoling 13 6.9 35 11 V are between Category IV and Category V, or below Category Paojin Shuangtaizi 6, 7.9 25 14 v

V. Figure 8 shows the water quality of the rivers covered by ouptrty _ the LRBP. Pangxie (12 7.7 98 lIt.l Below V

Shuangtaizi 45 8.1 69 6.1 Below V

Water quality of reservoirs in the LRB is better protected. A Yiiigkou Daliao 55, 7.7 55 8.1 Below V 1998 water quality survey showed that water quality in upstream of city major reservoirs in the LRB was, in general, equivalent to Daliao 14, 7.4 134 2.8 Below V

Category II water quality standards. UpsLreM I I

Daliao 2 7.4 I It3 2 3 Below V

Based on industrial output billions RMB

8 a Montgomery Watson/ILUCRPO

6.6 SEWERAGE volume and quantity in COD, is unknown.

All four project cities have combined sewer systems conveying both stormwater and sewage. Some large industrial operations, particularly those near receiving water Due to years of severe pollution and water shortage most fish bodies, may have their own sewer system and even their own and other water borne species have vanished from LRB wastewater treatment facilities. The sewerage characteristics rivers. Fresh water fish may only be found in reservoirs and of the project cities are presented in Table 6.6. fishponds in the LRB area.

Table 6.6 Sewerage Features of Four Project Cities Shuangtaizi wetland near the Daliao river estuary is an

Shenyang Panjin Jinzhou Yingkou exception. The 400 km2 area some 30 km away from Panjin Sewerage South Xinglongtai North West has been identified and designated as a national level Natural Zones West Shachang Protection Zone because of its significant ecological value. North Huaxian There are 321 kinds of resident and migrating wild life Donzhan Total 108 206 130 130 including 236 species of birds and diversified vegetation in length of the wetland. In particular, the Shuangtizi wetland is an sewer pipe important habitat for migratory birds and each year hundreds (km) of thousands of migrating birds stop and take up temporary Municipal 1 None None None residence at the Shuangtaizi wetland. wastewater operational treatment 2 in plant construction 6.9 BOHAI SEA Service 198 61) 45.8 37.5 area (kin2) The Bohai Sea is a semi enclosed water body and it would Service 3,300,000 230,000 566,000 265.00( take 3 to 4 years for a 50% water exchange with the outer population sea and 16 years for a complete turn over. In total, 37 rivers Total 1.637.00(1 80.000 2016.000 180.000 discharge to the Bohai Sea, including Daliao, Liao and wastewater 3 (m /d) Xiaoling rivers which are part of the LRBP. Collectively the Liao and Daliao rivers discharge 132 m3/s in April to 715 6.7 MAIN WATERPOLLUTION LOADS TO LRB m3/s in August into the Bohai sea, bringing a COD flux of 794 to 2385 tld and a N0 3-N tlux of 45 to 96 t/d. The LIEP In 1995, the LRB received a total of 1.68 billion m3 study has found that over 70% of the pollutants discharged wastewater. Of this amount, 1.04 billion m3 or 62% was into the Bohai Sea are from agricultural non-point pollutant from industrial sources while 0.64 billion m3 or 38% was sources. In particular, the nutrient contamination of the from municipal sources. The large volume and proportion of Bohai Sea, which has resulted in increased occurrence, industrial wastewater discharge reflects the fact that the duration and extent of red tide events in the last 20 years is middle to lower reaches of the LRB is China's most primarily from agricultural sources (over 90% by one concentrated area for large state-owned industrial estimate). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal enterprises. These were established mostly in the 1950's and wastewater alone. while important for the protection of 1960's with old technologies and litnited pollution control. receiving fresh water bodies and groundwater, would not

contribute significantly to the control of red tides in the The total organic load to the LRB environment in 1995 was Bohai Sea. Overfishing has been cited as the main reason for 561,500 tly, of which 309,074 t/y was from industrial depletion of fish stocks in the Bohai Sea. sources and 252,427 t/y, municipal sources. Another contributor to pollution is the surface runoff from agricultural fields. The exact contribution, both in terms of

9 a) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

6.10 ACOuSTic ENVIRONMENT environmental criteria. In terms of the environmental

All four proposed wastewater treatment plants will be assessment of alternatives, the primary objective was to located in green field sites. Besides farming and other identify and adopt options with the least adverse agricultural activities, there are no industrial or urban environmental impacts. The evaluation and comparison has facilities and operations, and thus no major noise sources, at included the following component options: or near the sites. A noise-monitoring program conducted * Sewageinterceptorsroutesandpumpingstationlayout" during the EA confirms the high acoustic quality of these * Number and configuration of wastewater treatment areas. Noise levels monitored at 4 to 5 locations at each of plants; the sites are in the range of 34 to 54 dB(A) during the day * Wastewater treatment plant sites and outfall discharge time and 25 to 49 dB(A) at night, far below their respective locations; standards of 65 and 50 to 55 dB(A). The noise levels at the * Treatment processes; proposed pumping stations were higher as they are in the * Sludge handling and disposal, including options for both urban areas. Although one location in Yingkou has night technologies to be used and sites for the final disposal of time noise the same as the standard (55 dB(A)), noise levels sludge; and at all other locations monitored were less than the standard * The scenario of with and without the project. for both day and night. Specific details of the wastewater treatment and wastewater

6.11 SocIo-EcoNOMIc CONDITIONS collection and conveyance alternatives considered for each city are set out below. The key socio-economic indicators of the LRB are summarized in Table 6. 11. 7.2 WASTEWATERTREATMENT PROCESS OPTIONS - UNIFORmDESIGN APPROACH Table 6.11 Key Socio-Economic Indir-ators of the LRB The priority for wastewater treatment in the basin is the Paraneters Indicatos removal of pollutants that impact adversely upon the surface Population * Urban population, 18.36million * total population, 33.02 million water quality. The most critical pollutant in this context is * populationdensity: 338/km 2 organic matter expressed as COD. The basis of the approach Land * agriculturalland, 59.4 millionmu 2 to wastewater treatment is therefore initially to concentrate * total land, 292 millionmu upon removal of COD, with removal of ammonia by Urbanization 0 municipalities:I I nitrification to be introduced in subsequent phases of

Agriculture a major crops: wheat, corn, vegetables,fruits, etc. development of wastewater treatment in the basin in the * total agriculturaloutput: RMB 47 billion pa longer term. Industry * major industries: metallurgy, petroleum, coal. power, chemicals,machinery, electronics, fahric & The Project has identified a preferred and least cost option garments, pulp & paper, construction materials. food & brewery,aet. for wastewater conveyance, treatment and sludge disposal in * total industrialoutput: RMB 305.3 billionpa each of the cities. For wastewater conveyance two to three alternative methods of conveying wastewater to the sites of 7. ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES the proposed wastewater treatment plants have been 7.1 INTRODUCTION compared and the least cost option chosen.

During project development, various alternatives have been screened and compared with technical, economic and For wastewater and sludge treatment and as required by the TOR, a Uniform Design Approach has been developed after consultation with the Design Institutes in each city. In

2Iha = 15mu

10 Montgomery WatsonI,UCRPO

accordance with World Bank requirements3, options were least cost fashion. considered against criteria which included complying with the required wastewater discharge standard of 100 mg/i Unstabilised (ie undigested) sludge is proposed to be co- COD, being appropriate in respect of local conditions, being disposed in cells with municipal refuse in a sanitary landfill. proven in operation at or close to the scale proposed, being In the medium to long term, anaerobic digestion may be capable of supporting competitive bidding and representing added as it is the best approach from an environmental the least cost option. perspective and enables the sludge to be reused or composted directly. Upon comrnissioning of the treatment In order to satisfy all of the World Bank criteria a phased facilities, more information will be available on the approach to wastewater treatment is recommended. The variations in wastewater and sludge temperature to further liquid stream process in the short to medium term is based assess the economic viability of anaerobic digestion. The on secondary treatment using a conventional activated introduction of digestion at a later stage should it prove to be sludge process treating raw wastewater, without primary feasible, does not result in significant redundancy of sedimentation. previously installed plant.

In the long term, when nitrogen removal may be a The recommended sludge treatment process therefore requirement, secondary treatment will be achieved using a comprises mechanical thickening followed by mechanical reaeration-denitrification-nitrification configuration. At this dewatering and safe disposal of unstabilised, semi-solid time, primary sedimentation will be added and additional sludge to a sanitary landfill. Chemical conditioning will be bioreactor capacity will be required together with minor necessary prior to both sludge thickening and sludge internal modifications within the existing tankage. There dewatering. In the special case of Shenyang, an anaerobic will not be a need to augment the capacity of the secondary digestion phase has been added in the Stage 1 project. sedimentation tanks. 7.3 JINZHOU As wastewater is treated, solids are removed and become For Jinzhou, two sites were considered for the 100,000 sludge that needs disposal. Sludge can be treated by a variety m3 /day wastewater treatment plant. The site selected by of~~~~~~~~~~~~simplestt ~ ~~isntthikein andemetods dewaterin Theewte byby of methods. The simplest is thickening and dewatering by least cost analysis is Dishuihu, south of the river. This site is means of belt press. More complex is digestion of the sludge slighfly elevated and wI require a river crossing. The in large vessels, either aerobically or anaerobically. altemative sire at Xiaoshanzi, is further downstream and on Thickening produces sludge with 3% solids content, which is the northern left bank of the river. This is a low-lying, flood still a liquid. Dewatering produces a semi-solid sludge with . . prone area, and additional costs associated with flood about 18% solids content, which can be handled by spade. It protection would be incurred. is this semi-solid product that can be mixed with household refuse and land filled. The prevailing slope of the land through JinzhoI is towards the river and along the river towards the east. The proposed A staged approach is recommended for sludge treatment. In terceptors wong the to river n intefceptors would be constructed following the river to Stage I of the Project, a conservative or precautionary allow the existing outfalls to be connected. There is approach to design has by necessity been taken because of sufficient slope for flows to gravitate towards the wastewater the lack of wastewater influent data. This approach treatment plant without the need for additional pumping. minimises capital expenditure and sludge treatment is miimsstrTheaptlxpnitreadlug major engineering issue will relate to the river crossing. recommended to be undertaken initially in the simplest and The site for the proposed wastewater treatment plant is on

vacant rural land. The preferred sludge disposal site is south 3World Bank, Aide, Me noire No 3, August 2000 so that transportation will avoid the city. Social and World Bank, Aide Meroitre No 3. August 000

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i a) Montgomery Watson/I,UCRPO

environmental issues have therefore been mninimised by the 7.5 SHENYANG selection of this site. A storm overflow chamber would be Included tnder the project is the construction of interceptor constructed before the proposed wastewater treatment plant. sewers and a 400,000 m31day wastewater treatment plant The excess flow will be discharged directly to the Xiaoling located at Yuliangpu to the southwest of Shenyang. River.

No other locations have been identified for the proposed 7.4 PANJIN wastewater treatment plant. The rural site southwest of the For Panjin, included under the project is the construction of city is adjacent to the Xi River and the effluent from the an interceptor sewer along the Panxie Ditch and a 100,000 plant will be discharged to the Xi River just upstream of its m3/day wastewater treatment plant located to the west of confluence with the Hun River. The natural drainage is Panjin just outside the urban area. Pumping stations that towards the southwest and so minirnising excavation for presently raise wastewater from the existing trunk sewers pipeline and culverts. The need for pumping will also be into the ditch will be modified to raise flows into the mininimised. proposed interceptor. During Phase One, it is proposed that improvements would Three sites were considered for the proposed wastewater be undertaken to the existing sewerage system within the treatment plant in Panjin, with site No.2 being preferred. In central urban area of Shenyang. The proposals include the addition, the possibility of combining wastewater treatment separation of wastewater and storm water systems, the for the Shuangtaizi District with the Xinglongtai proposals installation of new pipelines and culverts, replacement of was also considered but separate plants are preferred. existing pipelines and culverts, upgrading of existing pumping stations and the construction of new pumping The interceptor would be constructed immediately alongside stations. The proposed works are part of an ongoing the Panxie Ditch, this being the most suitable location to development programme for the Shenyang drainage system. intercept flows from the existing collection system. The The Shenyang Drainage Company has undertaken the major engineering issues will relate to constructing the identification of the potential project components. No interceptor alongside the ditch, the anticipated high alternatives have been proposed to the drainage system groundwater table, drainage ditch crossings and the need for improvements which are part of an ongoing improvement pumping from the existing collection system into the new programme for Shenyang drainage. interceptor. 7.6 YINGKOU At Phase One, the proposed wastewater treatment plant Included under the project is construction of a new would accommodate the current potential wastewater flows interceptor sewer and pumping station serving the southern from~~district. ~ ~ ~ ~ thee~Xinlotd ~ ~~~~~~mecpo srin tesothr from the Xinglontai district. and western areas of the city. A new wastewater treatment plant having a design capacity of 100,000 m4/day is also The site for the proposed wastewater treatment plant is on proposed f Yin th oposed location iscrly agricultural land adjacent to the Panxie Ditch and close to wased . The soor envionmentalrissues wasteland. There are no social or environmental issues the preferred sludge disposal site. While social and related to the site and there is sufficient room for future environmental issues have been tninimised with this location expansion. The proposed site has the advantage of being of the wastewater treatment plant and sludge disposal route. veryv close to the proposed sludge disposal site, which a considerable amount of resettlement will be required along located on the wasteland approximately 1.5 km to the north. the Panxie Ditch within the center of Panjin.

The interceptor sewer would be constructed along the south bank of the Daliao River collecting the wastewater from the

12 a) - Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

existing outfalls. The topography of Yingkou is low lying movement. land preparation, and materials handling. At and it will be necessary to provide some pumping along the 5 meters from such an activity, the dust concentration is route of the interceptor. The major engineering issues will expected to reach 10.1 mg/m3 while it will reduce to relate to the existing high groundwater levels, construction 0.86 mg/m3 100 meters from the site. Therefore, the of the interceptors along existing drainage ditches within the impact will be limited to residents located within 100 city center. Additional foundation costs are anticipated for meters from the construction sites and along both sides the major process units of the proposed wastewater treatment of construction transportation routes. plant. The route through part of the urban area may change * Noise, from construction equipment and vehicular depending on whether or not the proposed road construction movement. The noise, as high as 110 dB(A), could proceeds. Some resettlement issues have been identified travel a long distance in the open field around the along the interceptor but environmental issues have been source, affecting residents of nearby villages. minimized. Any overflow during wet weather will be able to * Traffic congestion, caused by pipeline construction in occur at the structures that connect the existing collection urban areas. Parts of streets will be closed during system with the new interceptor. The excess flow will be pipeline construction reducing the traffic-carrying discharged to the Daliao River. capacity of the streets. The impact will be greatest in Shenyang where part of the sewage interceptor is to be Two options were identified for serving the northern and built in the urban center. eastem districts of Yingkou. These have been evaluated by * Waste discharge from construction camps. The least cost analysis. One option would be to put a treatment discharge of sewage from construction camps will create plant in the north. The second option would be to convey all temporary pollution sources to the surface water the wastewater across to an expanded west treatment plant. environment. The construction camps will be sources of A least cost analysis has clearly indicated that the costs of other pollutants such as sediment-laden stormwater the pipelines and pumping from east to west far outweigh the discharges, solid waste and waste oil from machinery benefits of a single treatment facility. Therefore a treatmnent maintenance. plant in the north is proposed. * Earth materials. While pipeline construction will generate 100.000 m3 excavated material requiring Wastewater from the north and eastern districts of Yingkou disposal, the leveling, site preparation and construction would be pumped to the north along interceptors, to a of the treatment plants will need over 320,000 m3 of fill. wastewater treatment plant having a design capacity of Large quantities of fill will be needed from borrow pits 100,000 m3/d. The proposed site is on rural land and and will require transportation to the site. alongside the existing drainage channel leading to the Daliao * Land impact. A total of 2.48 million m2 of land will be River. temporarily occupied by construction activities. Of this amount, 740,000 m2 will be agricultural land, about The discharge point for the effluent from the north plant will 0.07% of the total land owned by the affected villages. be upstream of the city, which is less desirable than One crop will be lost in the temporarily occupied land. discharge downstream. No unusual resettlement issues are A total of 897,000 m2 of land will be permanently anticipated. occupied by the l.RBP, to be acquired from four villages near the wastewater treatment plants. The four villages 8. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS AND MITIGATION concerned will lose 7 to 20% of their total arable land to 8.1 IMPACTSDURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE the LRBP, a substantial impact on their agricultural

Project construction activities will generate the following activities and livelihood. adverse impacts: * Water impacts, caused by cross-river construction Aira borne dust, mainly due to construction vehicle activities. The Jinzhou wastewater treatment plant will

13 fff Montgomery WatsonILUCRPO

be built on the opposite side of the city to the sewage Figure 11: Taizi & Daliao River Baseline COD collection system and the river crossing construction Concentration

may give rise to sedimentation and possibly oil & grease - - - I m X 1 from construction machinery in the river. 1

8.2 WATER IMPACTS - PRIMARY POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THELRBP I

The LRBP will bring significant benefits to the water-3 environment of the LRB and other aspects of environment and life that depend on the quality of water environment. On a basin wide basis, a steady state water quality model has J 323 - predicted that implementation of the LRBP, together with Laioning provincial EPB plans to build wastewater treatment .. . . . ~~~~~~~~Figures9,10.] 1 show modeling results from the LIEP project plants in all major cities in the LRB, plus implementation of F an IPCAP4 for all major industries will substantially reduce showing projected COD concentrations in the Hun, Liao, the COD concentrations in LRB. Taizi and Daliao rivers. The modelling results show projected COD reductions for various pollution control Figure 9: Liao River COD Concentrations interventions, including the initial LRBP interventions, over the next 10-15 years.

Significant reductions in COD concentrations in these rivers will be achieved by the project. Based on average flows of the dry months April, May, October, November, the model predicts that COD will reduce by 58.4% in Shenyang, 57.8% in Jinzhou, 37.1% in Panjin, and 78% in Yingkou, respectively. The surface water quality in these river sections

'533W 20n 1(40 >° is expected to improve to Category V or even Category IV,

-(1a3CosA3,-s2F3d(:0)---F.O Hb0PliOly,wuIW Fa5OvWIAllFWWOnc> except in Panjin.

Figure 10: Hun River COD Concentration Since the LRB rlvers have limited natural flows and dilution I r,* r3 capacity in the November to April dry season, the model It _ _ 1 shows that the surface water quality in most sections of the LRB rivers will be similar to that of wastewater plant effluent (COD 100 mg/l) in the dry season, significantly

-2 t - °°= below the desired Category V standard (COD 4t)mg/1). (refer

;ll<1 0530 figure 12 below for projected COD concentrations in the Hun River)

350 L5 5- '253 During the rest of the year, the surface water quality is expected to approach Category V standard compliance. Although the LRBP cannot achieve the surface water quality targets alone (eliminating below Category V water bodies in the LRB), it will contribute significantly towards achieving IPCAP=fndustrial Pollution Control Action Plan

14 a) MontgomeryWatson/LUCRPO

this aim. has already indicated contamination in monitoring wells of the four project cities. Residents of villages near some of the Figure 12: Hun River Baseline and projected COD river ditches also complained to the EA team of strong Concentration nuisance odors in their groundwater supply. All signs

I I 200 indicate that groundwatercontamination can be attributedto polluted surface waters.

Ib3 e }4t Large areas of agricultural land in Liaoning are irrigated --t t _ _ ¢001 with wastewater which in many cases is the only available

irrigation water source. Based on a study by the Agricultural ...... X - Lw Environmental Protection Institute, wastewater irrigation has caused crop yield reduction by 21 0 kg per hectare per year in

coo 'jo0 150 ZNDoZ001011 50 0 paddy fields. Contaminants such as heavy metals and organics present in the wastewater may also enter the crops through irrigation. Fresh water fish farms and aquacultLre are also affected by poor irrigation water quality. All these In terms of pollutant loads to the LRB, the LRBP will reduce adverse effects will be alleviated to some extent as a result of COD load by 143,299 tons per year from the four cities and LRBP implementation. additional 20,500 tons per year from the Yingkou paper mill. In comparison, to completely eliminate the below-Category Other additional potential benefits to be brought by the V surface water bodies basin wide, the LRB needs to reduce LRBP inCILide: its COD discharge by 600.000 tons per year in the region. e Improved sanitation and hygiene for residents near LRB The LRBP will contribute about 27% towards the COD rivers; reduction targets, thereforc. * Increased property values for land and real estate along

LRB rivers; With regard to specific river sections downstream of the four Improved recreation and environmental aesthetics to the project cities, significant improvements in surface water communities of the project area; quality can be expected following the implementation of the IIncreased revenue from tourism; and LRBP. In all four cities and the two paper mills, mixed * Improved bio-diversity and ecosystem industrial and municipal wastewater and stormwater is currently discharged directly into the receiving water bodies 8.3 BOHAtSEA MARINE WATER IMPACTS through numerous outfalls along the cities' waterfront. The LRBP will intercept the majority of these direct discharges Impact on the marine environment in the Bohai Sea was and divert them towards the proposed wastewater treatment predicted using a mathematical model which takes into plants located downstream from the cities. The water quality consideration the hydrological characteristics of the marine in the sections of rivers flowing through the project cities is environment such as mixing. dilution and diffusion, but not expected to approach that of upstream from the cities, after its assimilative capacity. The modeling result indicated that interception of the wastewater discharges. marine water quality would reach Category I standard if the total COD discharge into the Sea was 184,507 tonnes per Quality of groundwater, a major domestic and industrial year or less from all rivers. After the implementation of the water source, is expected to improve. This is because LRB LBRP, improvement in the marine environment can be rivers are primary groundwater recharge sources and, in the expected as COD discharge to LRB rivers will be reduced by case of the dry season, the sole source. An earlier 140,000 tonnes per year. If a Category I marine water groundwater-monitoring program conducted during the EA standard were achieved, the model further indicated that

15 fft Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

COD concentration4000 meters from the shoreline into the total flow in the Liao river, the Panjin treatment plant is sea will be 0.7 mg/L, close to the backgroundconcentration expected to contribute up to 18%of the improvement in for organics in such an environment. water quality in the Liao river and will thus contributeto the improvementof the Reservethrough better waterquality. Another indicator of marine water pollution are the occurrenceof red tide events, caused primarilyby excessive Figure 13: Raw sewage dischargeto Shenyangcanal nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.Recorded red tide events have been an increasingconcern in the Bohai sea and their occurrence has increased from one in the 1950's to 34 in the 1990's. The extent and durationof the events has been rising as well. Fishery resources in the Bohai sea have also been affected. Over the last 10 years, the total available fishery resources have declined by 27% while sustainable resourcesdeclined from 130,000tons per year to 95,000 tons per year. The declining fish stock in the near-shore has driven fish catching activities into the deeper ocean. While general pollution of the marine water environment plays a role in the decliningfish stock in the Bohai sea, studies have found that the primary reason for the decline is over-fishing and red tide events. 8.5 AIR ANDODOR IMPACTS

The primary air emissions from the wastewater treatment An EU funded assessment has showed that the majority or over 90% of nutrient discharges into the Bohai sea are from plants will be odors generated from the operation of aeration tanks and sludge handling processes. The pumping stations agriclturlmarne-cltura an souces.Muniipal could also be a source of odors. The main constituents of wastewater discharge is responsible for less than 10% of the such odors are NH , H S, and methyl sulfide. total nutrients discharged into the sea. For this reason, the 3 2 first phase of the LRBP project will not include dedicated An air diffusion model was used in the EA to predict the nutrient removal processes, although the design makes concentrations of the air emission constituents which cause provision for such processesto be added in future phases. the odors. The modeling results (Table 8.1) indicate that the

distance required to achieve the residential area standards 8.4 WETLAND ANI) ESTUARY IMPACTS varies from about 100 m from the treatment plant in Panjin The ShuangtaiziNatural Protection Zone, about 30 km from to up to 400 m in Shenyang. Within this distance, there is no Panjin city, has suffered the adverse impact of human residential or other sensitive receptors surrounding the activitiesin recent decades. Vegetation,wild animals, birds, treatment plants, except at Shenyang. Xiaoyu village is bio-diversity and water storage and flood control capacity located 300 m from the Shenyangwastewater treatment plant have all been affected.Especially serious is consideredto be site. The current WWTP site is located in the opposite polluted water influx to the Zone from the Liao river. prevailing wind direction from the village. However, on the infrequent occasions when wind direction changes towards The impact of the LRBP to the Reserve will be positive. In the village,the residents may be able to smell odors from the particular the wastewater treatment plant in Panjin will treatmentplant. intercept and treat 100,000 m3/d raw wastewater currently discharged to the Liao river 30 km upstream of the Zone. There will howeverbe a significant positive impact in terms Although the treatment capacity is small compared with the of air quality improvementrelated to the project. Currently,

16 0 Montgomery WatsonlLUCRPO

tens of thousands of urban and rural residents live close to expected to be below the day time standards of 60-65 dB(A) open ditches or canals which essentially carry nothing but and night time standard of 55 dB(A). In Panjin, however, the raw sewage. The site investigation of these areas and night noise at the boundary will te up to 61 dB(A) for the discussions held with the residents have shown that there are treatment plant and 63 dB(A) for pumping stations, nuisance odors, as well as other health and hygiene concerns, respectively. These exceed the night day noise standard by from these open sewers. Particularly in the summer, such about 8 dB(A). For the wastewater treatment plants which odors and other concerns are bad. With the LBRP's sewer are located in suburb countryside, there is no sensitive upgrading and interception pipeline components, many of receptors although the incremental increase of noise against the open sewers will be converted to underground, properly- the currently quiet baseline noise is high. In the more engineered box culverts and sewers. The wastewater congested and built-up area in the city wherc the pumping treatment plants in the project will substantially improve the stations are to be located, any exceedance in noise standards water quality of the receiving waters. Both will substantially could be a concem. The two pumping stations in Panjin are reduce the odor from these sources, bringing significant located in an industrial area which is not considered noise environmental, health, sanitation and aesthetic benefits to the sensitive. project area and residents. 8.7 SLUDGE DISPOSAI.IMPACTS Table 8.1 Odor Standard and Protected Distance The four municipal and one industrial wastewater treatment

Items City NU3 H'S Methyl plants of the LRBP will generate a total of 880 tonnes/day of sulfide sludge containing 80% moisture. The Shenyang plant alone Smelling threshold 0.1 0.00 0.0021 will generate 560 tonnes/day sludge. This represents a large 3 (mg/m, ) 047 Bo/ndary Jniniit 1.5 0.06 0.007 and complex task for handling and final disposal of sludge in (mg/m3 ) a safe, proper and environmentally responsible manner. Residential 0.2 0.01 - Three miethods have beeni considered for sludge disposal standards (mg/mn) within the LRBP: Type of smell Acidulous Bad Acidulous eggsr Aui * Sanitary landfill disposal, in Shenyang, Jinzhou, egg~ sulfur Impacted distance Shenyang 200 100 400 Yingkou and for Yingkou paper mill; (M) Jinzhou 130 90 lO0 * Sludge composting, in Shenyang and Panjin. Jinzhou Panjin 102 98 91 and Yingkou will also consider the option of Yingke,u 110 o10 140 composting, subject to further feasibility studies for

composting technologies, the economics and the market 8.6 NOISE IMPACTS for the compost products in the regions; and Main noise sources during the operation phase includes the * Temporary sludge storage, in Shenyang because the sound of lifting pumps. sludge pumps and blowers in the amount of sludge generated is too large to be disposed wastewater treatment plant and submerged pump motors in of by the above first two options alone and because the the pumping stations. The noise at the source is 92-95 dB(A) compost produced cannot be absorbed by the users due for various equipment at wastewater treatment plants and 93 to seasonal demand for compost. dB(A) inside pumping stations. About 30 m from a pumping station, the noise level is attenuated to 61 dB(A). There are municipal solid waste disposal sites in Shenyang (Laohuchong), Jinzou (Nanshan) and Yingkou (Xipaotai). A fixed source noise attenuation model was applied in the All three cities have in place plans to upgrade and convert EA to forecast noise impacts. The modeling results show that these sites into sanitary landfills. The main upgrading except for Panjin, noise levels at the property boundary of nieasures will include installation of separation layers at the the wastewater treatment plants and pumping stations are all bottoms of the landfill to protect the groundwater, leachate

17 a) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

collection system, site drainage control, application of daily cover and other engineering and operation control measures Sludge hauling is another potential environmental concern. to minimize the impacts of the landfills to the surrounding Potential leakage from trucks, odors as well as heavy traffic environment. The relevant authorities in the municipality of of hauling trucks themselves would affect the environment Jinzhou and Yingkou have reached agreement with the and residents along the haul routes. In both Shenyang and wastewater treatment plants for each landfill to accept the 80 Jinzhou, where the hauling distance is significant (32 km and t/d of sludge for co-disposal with the cities' municipal solid 12 km, respectively), ring roads have been designated for waste. The case in Shenyang is more complex. After the first sludge transportation, to avoid heavily populated areas or phase of the landfill upgrading, the landfill will have a business districts. Special, water-tight hauling trucks will be limited daily capacity of 750 tons. After discussion, the used to avoid odors and leaking from contaminating the haul landfill will accept 250 t/d of sludge. routes.

Figure 14: Indiscriminate solid waste dumping Shenyang Windrow composting will be used to stabilize the sludge and produce a sanitary, nuisance-free, pasteurized, humus-like, nutrient-containing material which may be used as fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in the field. This technology is selected because of its reliability, economics and simplicity. In addition, in the countryside of Liaoning province, windrow composting has been used for hundreds of years to process night soil and animal waste for agricultural applications. An additive such as wheat straw will be added to the sludge before composting and the windrows will be turned manuaUly once or twice a week. Total composting time will be 4-6 weeks (shorter in the summer) and composted sludge will be stockpiled on site for another 4 weeks for curing. A drainage control system will A key potential environmental concern is contamination of be constructed and the leachate and surface runoff from the groundwater by leachate from the landfills. This will contain sludge processing area diverted back to the treatment plants high concentrations of organics and heavy metals present in less than 1 km from the composting sites in both Shenyang the sludge. The installation of impermeable layers and and Panjin. interception drains at the landfills will prevent the leachate from percolating into the ground and allow collection and An available market for compost products is the key for treatment of leachate. In Shenhyang and Jinzhou, a leachate sustainable operation of the composting process. Panjin is treatment plant is included as part of the landfill upgrading surrounded by saline land and compost will be used for soil while in Yingkou the leachate will be pumped back to the conditioning and land reclamation. In Shenyang, the municipal wastewater treatment plant since it is only 2 km compost product is to be used for the city's greening project away. of the city. Both cities plan to supply the compost product free of charge at the beginning. In view of concern at the There are no sensitive receptors in the areas surrounding the heavy metals in the sludge, neither city plans to use compost landfills. Furthermore, good landfill management techniques for agricultural application. However, all project cities plan will be adopted, including daily coverage of newly deposited to launch studies of the applicability of sludge for sludge with a 20-30 cm layer of clean soil to minimize odor agricultural application. The composting operation is and flies nuisance. planned to be expanded once agricultural use of the

lS Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

composted sludge has been proven safe and interest in the ConstructionPhase product in the local market has been developed. * Construction sites, transportation routes and materials handling sites will be water sprayed in dry, windy A large quantity of sludge will be generated in Shenyang. A conditions Lipto 4-5 times a day, especially if these sites site near the wastewater treatment plant has been set aside are near sensitive areas, such as villages and residential for temporary sludge storage. In particular, the need for areas. compost for landscaping may be seasonal and the compost L Construction activities will be scheduled carefully to product will need to be stored temporarily between minimize the impact of noise from construction application seasons. The temporary sludge storage facility machinery to the surroundingenvironment. Night time will allow the city time to undertakea feasibility study for a use of certain noisy plant such as pile-drivers, concrete safe, economic, environmentallyresponsible and sustainable vibrators,etc. will be prohibited. sludge disposal method. * In conjunctionwith the relevant authorities, traffic plans will be prepared ahead of construction in congested 8.8 Socio-ECONOMICIMPACTS urban centers, particularlyin areas where roads will be Resettlement and compensationplans have been prepared closed or sem-closed for construction. and are set out in a separate "Resettlement Action Plan" e Sewage and other waste from construction camps will (RAP). A summaryof land acquisition and people affected is be collected and diverted to municipal systems to avoid shownin table o.2. contaminationof the surroundingareas. 0 Temporary land occupation, particularly in the Table8.2 Project AffectedLand Statistics agricultural areas, will be planned well ahead of the construction. '[his will be undertaken in consultation Project City PermanentLand TemporaryLand with farmers and others affected to minimize loss of Acqluisition(ha) (ha) LAnduis Peoplea Land Peopcrops. At the end of the construction, land will be Land People Land People Acquisition______Affected ______Affected reinstated to its originalcondition. Shenyang 58.4 356 38 0 Panjin 8.2 1,300 6.1 ( OperationalPhase Jinzhou 6.0 36 7 21 * Operational procedures will be carefully followed, and Yingkou 8.0 24 2.4 238 plants and sludge disposal facilities will be operated as Total 80.6 1,716 53.5 259 designed. * Contingency plans will be developed for the discharge 8.9 ENVIRONMX1ENTALMITIGATION MEASURES of raw wastewater into the receiving environment.The Design Phase plans will anticipate power failure, overflows, * All project sites will be carefully selected to avoid or equipment malfunctionsand other conditions that may minimizepotential impactsto the environment. affect the proper functioningof the plants. * The Shenyangplant layout will be designed in such a * Regular consultation with residents in the nearby way that the source of noisc and odor will be located as communities will be undertaken. Prompt response to far away from Xiaoyu village as possible. any concerns with regard to operation of the facilities * Mitigation measures such as composting site drainage will be made. control, leachate collection and conveyance to the treatment plant will be incorporated into the design stage.

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9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 9.2 ENVIRONMENTIALMONITORING 9.1 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT In order to ensure that the project is implemented in Several organizations will take responsibility for compliance with relevant environmental standards and environmental management and monitoring. They are: regulations and in accordance with the EA, a comprehensive * Liaoning Provincial Construction Commission, will take monitoring program has been prepared for water, air and the ultimate responsibility for environmental protection noise. The plan covers both the construction and operation and management. This organization is the overall phases of the LRBP for all four project cities. The leading agency for project implementation; monitoring program is summarized in Table 9.1 and the * The Project ManagemiientOffice (PMO) of each project estimated cost of the monitorinig program is presented in city and LURCPO is the working group for project Table 9.2. management under the Construction Commission, will be responsible for day to day environmental management during the construction phase. Their Table 9.1 Environmental Monitoring Program responsibilities will include engagement of professional Environment Monitoring Construction Operation supervision and monitoring services, allocation of Category Items Phase Phase budget for environmental management, response to Watcr Parameters Oil, pH, SS. SS. pH, COD, environmental monitoring reports and the taking of wastewater BOD, appropriate mitigation actions. They will also handle flow wastewaterflow I.ocations Uipstrcamand Inlet and outlet any environmental events which may occur during downstream of each downstream of each construction. of the adjacent treatment plant; * Liaoning Provincial Environmental Bureau and its rivers upstream and municipal counterparts will be responsible for downstreamof enforcement of environmental regulations and standards adiacent rivers and review of environmental monitoring reports. Frequency 3 consecutive Inlct and outlet * Environmental monitoring stations operated by days a year monitoring Provincial and local EPB's will undertake twice a day; river monitoring environmental monitoring of air quality, noise, water twice a year. quality, and other impacts to the environment from the Groundwater Parameter Hardness, pH, COD, iron, E. coli, project construction and operations. Locations 100 m upstrcam, 100 m * The individual Wastewater companies will be downstream,and 5()( m responsible for day to day environmental management downstream during the operational phase. Frequency Twice a year, at high and low flows respectiv ly Air Parameter TSP Odor, TSP A training program, will be undertaken during project Locations I at treatment I at the nearest implementation for management and technical staff from the plant sites and village and I above mentioned organizations. Training course contents 3 at pipe sites near the plants will include environmental regulations, wastewater treatment Frequency 2 consecutive 3 days each in technologies, environmental monitoring, sludge handling days a year hot and cold and disposal, and handling and responses to environmental seasons for TSP incidents. In total, it is planned that 90 people will participate aindFH S. Daily 2in the in the domestic environmental training and 25 in overseas summerfor training courses. odor.

20 @) Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

Environment Monitoring Construction Operation third round was designed to ensure public awareness of the Category Items Phase Phase EA effort and final project definition and mitigation by Noise Paramctcr DB(A) dB(A) presenting a draft EA report to the public through Locations Construction Boundaryof the information disclosure procedures. As part of the process of sites plants Sensitive Nearnst villages public participation, telephone hotlines have been receptors maintained in each PMO to solicit public comments. Details Frequency Once a week Twice a year in of the three rounds of public participation undertaken are winter and presented in Table 10.1. summer

Table 10.1 Three Rounds of Public Participation

Table 9.2 Summary of Monitoring Cost Round Project Stage Main Objective

EnvironmentalMonitoring Cost First Project * Identify stakeholders Project City Estimates(RMB/Year) (screening) identification! * Sccure PMO commitment to Construction Operation Total Environmental public consultation phase phase screening . Agree on the extent and mode Shenyang 49.000 77,0(10 126,000 of consultation Panjin 34.000 48,00(1 82,000 * Initial public concerns about Jinzhou 37,000 57.000 94.000 the LRBP Yingkou 40,000 61,000 101.000 Second Before * Communicate project and Total annual cost 160,000 243.000 403.(0() finalization of impact information EA TOR * Invite public opinions and concerns

10. PUBLIC CONSULTATION * Prepare forthe TOR * Initial response on mitigation Community Stakeholders were consulted during the project measures EA, particularly those who will be directly affected by the Third After EA draft * CommunicateEA findings Project. These included urban and rural residents near rcport * Finalizingmitigation measures proposed pipelines, wastewater treatment plants, and sltdge * Overall public acceptance of the LA effort disposal sites. The primary methods applied to publict participation included public meetings/hearings, interviews, n ~~~~~~10.1 PUBLIC MEETINGS questionnaires, and use of public media such as newspapers. The EA team organized and chaired the public meetings In all three rounds of public participation, public meetings which were also attended by project planners, design were held. Public meetings allow direct communication with engineers, government officials from the project the public and allow semi-literate individuals the opportunity management offices and LURCPO. to participate. Details of these meetings are sumrnarized in Table 10.2. Consultation has been undertaken throughout project preparation. Each of the project cities have carried out at least three rounds of public participation. The first round focused on environmental screening to define public concerns and to assist identification of key environmental issues. The second round was designed to draw public response and comments on the initially developed mitigation measures for the potential adverse impacts identified. The

21 tm MontgomeryWatson/LUCRPO

10.2 PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY Table 10.2 Summarv of Public Meetings Public opinion surveys have been undertaken as one of the City Date Time Locations No. of key tools of public consultation. The questionnaires, participants prepared by the EA team, were widely distributed to the Shenyan 7/2/00 5 pm Yuliangpu 150 public. Details of public opinion surveys undertaken are g 8/4/00 village meeting 148 12/8! hall, Xiaoyu 149 summarized in Table 10.3 and Table 10.4. 2000 village mceting hall Table 10.3 Public Opinion Survey (No. of People Jinzhou 7/10/ 3 pm Dishuihuvillage 90 Surveyed) 20001 meeting hall 7/30/ Dishuihu 88 Background Item Shenyang Pan- Jinzhou YingkouTotal 20001 village meeting rotal 1668 681 665 673 4167 11/28/ hall 93 Sex Male 917 348 336 348 2207 2000 ._F emale 751 333 329 325 1960 Panjin 7/7/00 3 pm Wangjia village 9(1 Age 18-35 636 293 287 264 1134 8/6/0() meeting hall, 89 36-60 900 321 301 351 2135 12/10/ 9( >60( 132 67 77 58 370 2(000 Profession Cadre 504 202 166 298 1285 Yingkou 9/10/ 3 pm Yingkou Public 89 Framer 602 180 208 66 1236 2000 Utility Bureau Worker 334 176 180 196 1001 8/51() Yingkou 9( Student 126 87 76 85 422 Drainage Other 102 36 35 28 223 Education Primary 18 9 8 4 44 school 12/1ll Yingkou Public 96 Junior 639 214 288 248 1583 2000[) Utility Bureau middle school In addition, several smaller scale informal public meetings Senior 387 174 131 198 997 were held at the pumping station sites. Figure 13 shows middle school attendance at the public meeting held at Yuliangpu, Vocation 296 151 102 102 747

Figure 15: Yuliangpu Village public participation _University 328 133 136 121 796 meeting Table 10.4 Organizations Participated in the Survey

Entity Number No. of Peoplein the

- ______~~~~~~Organizations lDI1|11113*. hi iii lGovernmentalEU agencies 76 4560 Institutionsand NGO's 65 4615 =~_ mumiCorporations 89 400,501 5Villages 1(1 39,608

10.3 RESULTSOF CONSULTATION

While the overwhelming majority of the public strongly supported the objectives of LRBP, concerns were expressed at the potential impacts, both long-term and short-term, during the construction and operation phases of the LRBP.

22 Montgomery Watson/LUCRPO

For each of the concerns expressed during the public Other comments and recommendations received from the consultation, a corresponding mitigation measure has been public included: developed and communicated to the concerned public. Table * Rational planning and design should be undertaken to 10.5 summarizes the concerns and mitigation measures screen possible alternative options to achieve best cost- proposed. effectiveness: * Sufficient funds should be provided to the WwTP Table 10.5 Public Concerns and Responses Company to ensure sustainable operation; * Construction period should be minimized; Public Opinions * Adequate safety measuressuch as warning signals.

Po)tential Mitigatioln ____ Potential Meitigatire People Satisfatemporary road diversions and fences should be Impact Measure People Satisfactory ______surveyed(%) installed. Air-bornedust in . Periodicalwater 1100 100 constructionphase spray 10.4 INFORMATIONDISCLOSURE SSpeed timit for vehicles Advertisements have been placed in the most popular Noiseand . Rationalize 1100 100 newspapers in all four project cities at least twice to describe vibrationin cerdstrulctio the project and its potential impacts and to invite the public constructionphase schedule . Minimizcnight to express their concems about the project. In addition, the coilstructiota draft EA reports and other project related information Traffichold ups . Excavati(o 1080 98 including project environmental information have been during controlledat-id placed in both project management offices and constructionphase minimizedat any environmental institutes involved in the EA for public one location * Properdisposal of review and comments. The telephone hotline at the EA spoil teams manned by environmental specialists is another source * Goodplanning to, of information to the public about the project and potential relievetratfic congesti,n project impacts. Wastewatcrand * Use of septictank 1071 97 solidwaste * Disposesolid waste 11. CONCLUSIONS producedin in landfill The environmental assessment for the LRBP has drawn the construction cam4ps construcLioncamps ______~~~~~~~~followingconclusions: Odorin operation . Keep odorsources 1100 100 coveredor indoor * The LRB has been suffering acute water shortage and Noise in operation * Properinsulation of 1l()( 10() severe pollution in virtually all its rivers. The region has phase noisesources only limited industrial wastewater treatment and even Sludgehauling avoid.populated 1100 100 less capacity for municipal wastewater treatment. As a area, timing the areaulmgmtmrnug tresult of the direct discharge of contaminants into its hauling in mormng andnight tim_e waterways surface water pollution has been worsening Leachatcfrom . liningand leacbate 998 91 and has threatened the quality of groundwater and the sludgelandfill site collectionand Bohai sea. smallsizetreatieneti * The LRBP, to be partially financed by the World Bank, ~~~~~~~facilityat landfilts Compensationfosr * Compensate 679 85 fits well into the integratedenvironmental management farmland accordingto statc plan for the basin. This is one of the top state and acquisition policies provincial pollution control priorities. While the LRBP Competsationfor * Compensate 30 82 alone cannot resolve the problem and meet the housedemolition accordingto state policies government goal for surface water quality. it will be a key step and contribute significantly towards achieving the goal.

23 Montgomery WatsonlLUCRPO

* The benefits of the LRBP are large. It will cut the COD load to the basin by about 27%, improve surface water quality in the reaches of the rivers in the four project cities to be CategoryV or better and will improve water quality downstreamfrom the cities. It will help alleviatc contaminationof groundwater,the Bohai sea and the wetlands.Health risks related to contaminatedwater supply and odors will be reduced. * The LRBP will also cause some adverse impactsto the environment.During the constructionphase, dust, noise, constructioncamps, constructionmaterials extraction, traffic hold ups and cross river constructionwill be experienced.During the operationphase, noise, odors, sludgehauling, sludgedisposal and land acquisitionwill impact the villagesaround the project sites. With careful design and implementationof appropriatemitigation measures,however, these adverse impacts can be mitigated. * To further ensure environmentalprotection and proper implementationof mitigationmeasures, an environmentalmanagement plan has been developed. This includesgovernment and local organizations.

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