DOCSLIB.ORG

HAYASHI FUMIKO, YUKIO MISHIMA and JAPAN James Mcroy POPULATION and DEMOGRAPHICS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HAYASHI FUMIKO, YUKIO MISHIMA and JAPAN James Mcroy POPULATION and DEMOGRAPHICS HAYASHI FUMIKO, YUKIO MISHIMA AND JAPAN James McRoy POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS • Population: 126,919,659 • Plurality of the population is between 25-54 • Shintoism 72.9%, Buddhism 66.8% • Only 1.5% Christian • Japanese is the dominant language HISTORY OF JAPAN 4-5th Century: Japan is introduced to Chinese Characters as well as technologies from the continent of Asia In 607 Horyuji Temple, the oldest wooden structure still standing on earth is constructed In 1274 Japan is attacked by the Mongols In 1549 Francis Xavier introduces Christianity to Japan 1590 Japan is unified by Toyotomi Hideyoshi In 1639 Japan completely closes itself off to the world In 1853 US Navy Comodore Matthew Perry arrives to open up Japan In 1889 Constitution of the Empire is issued In 1945 two nuclear bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki In 1946 the first Constitution of Japan is introduced JAPANESE CULTURE • They are very conscious of the age of everyone around them • They hold very highly to the concept of Wa, or group harmony and value the needs of the collective over the needs of the individual • They also stress social-ranking and status, which play important roles in the lives of many Japanese people • Family is considered paramount and the shame and dishonor of one family member negatively affects the entire family • Japan has the highest rate of suicide of any Asian country on Earth at roughly 30,000 a year • Japanese people love food and are famous for a wide variety of foods including Sashimi and Sushi as well as cooking techniques including Tempura JAPANESE LITERATURE • Japanese Literature is considered one of the major world literatures • Japanese literature is complicated and favors the ambiguous, which makes it hard to figure out what the author is saying with a particular work • Due to Japan’s long period of isolation, a large chunk of literature is region specific and unintelligible to someone not from that region • Characterized by a preference of emotion over ideas • Japanese language does not feature a stressed accent and all words in the same 5 vowels • Japanese literature also tends to lack the kinds of rigid structures found in western literature • Famous Japanese writers include Ki Tsurayuki, Futabatei Shimei and Yosano Akiko HAYASHI FUMIKO • Born: December 31, 1903 or 1904 (Japanese scholars disagree about the exact year of her birth) • Died: June 28, 1951 • Place of Birth: Shimonoseki, Japan • Education: She graduated high-school in 1922 • Politics: N/A • Religion: N/A • Relevant Literary Movement: Gender • Main Themes: She is well-known for her feminist themes and most of her works revolve around free-spirited women and troubled relationships • Style: Conveys humanity with a level of clarity that is universal • Genre: short stories, novels • Examples: Late Chrysathamums, gives a very vivid portrayl • Other: Her novel Horoki became the basis of the anime Wandering Days YUKIO MISHIMA • Real name: Kimitaka Hiroaka • Born: January 4th, 1925 • Place of birth: Sjinjuki, Japan • Died: November 25, 1970 • Education: at age 6 he enrolled in Gakushuin, an elite Peers school in Tokyo. After six years in school, he became a member of its literary society. • Politics: In 1970 he and four other members tatenokai, attempted to start a coup that would put the Emperor back in power in Japan. It failed and he committed a ritual suicide as a result of its failings. • Genres: Novels, plays, serial novellas, short stories and literary essays • Relevant Literary movements: • Main Themes: Sexuality, death and political carnage • Style: His works feature lots of metaphors and aphorisms, as well a blending of modern and cultural asthetics • Examples: “His wife Rekio, followed him, stabbing herself to death • Other: He is believed to have been a closeted homosexual WORKS CITED • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html • http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/ • http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring01/Newsome/culture.html • https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/minority-report/201406/asian- honor-and-suicide • http://www.japan-zone.com/culture/dishes.shtml • http://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-literature/Modern-literature • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Hayashi_(author) • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima IMAGE CITATIONS • http://japanmap.facts.co/japanmapof/JapanCitiesMap.png • http://www.mapsofworld.com/images/world-countries-flags/japan-flag.gif • https://files.tofugu.com/articles/japan/2013-03-25-shinto-native-religion-of-japan/ male-and-female-priests-at-a-ceremony.jpg • http://www.onmarkproductions.com/assets/images/autogen/amida-big-buddha- kamakura-photo-by-mark-schumacher-3.jpg • http://www.badassoftheweek.com/hideyoshi2.jpg • http://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/newscms/2015_32/1153821/150803-hiroshima- aftermath-12p_7b60cbe2619912a12592539c8b2895c8.nbcnews-ux-2880-1000.jpg • http://www.foodlve.com/pictures/5991150503.jpg • http://www.japantimes.co.jp/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/p7-rob-suicide- g-20110626.jpg • http://veryasian.weebly.com/uploads/3/6/1/0/3610797/650076_orig.jpg • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Yukio_Mishima.jpg • https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/30/67/6e/ 30676e528815b908c4e157f35f140364.jpg.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Yukio Mishima, the Unambiguous, and Myself: Living Through a Writer’S Legacy*
    Advances in Literary Study 2013. Vol.1, No.4, 50-53 Published Online October 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/als) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/als.2013.14012 Yukio Mishima, the Unambiguous, and Myself: Living through a Writer’s Legacy* Larry Johnson Department of English, Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC, USA Email: [email protected] Received July 21st, 2013; revised August 25th, 2013; accepted October 14th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Larry Johnson. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attri- bution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The recent release by Criterion on DVD of Paul Schrader’s film Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) and Mishima’s own film Patriotism (1965) has caused the author of this essay to reconsider his relation- ship with the late Japanese writers’ books and literary legacy. Believing that these fine films’ presence on DVD will stimulate much renewed discussion of Mishima both in the US and Japan, the author recalls his first discovery of Mishima’s existence shortly after his famous suicide in 1970, reading and responding to his literary output, and prodding famous authors such as Tennessee Williams and Cormac McCarthy for their thoughts on Mishima’s influence. The author’s two poems about Mishima are included to illustrate his changing inner perceptions of the internationally famous writer and the (now-fading) adverse reaction to his work in Japan caused by his politics and his virtually public suicide. Keywords: Mishima; Japanese Literature Many readers probably remember that Yukio Mishima (1925- girls (Piven, 2004: p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tokyo Ballet “M” the 50Th Anniversary of Yukio Mishima's Death Saturday, November 21, 2020 15:00 (Doors Open at 14:00)
    The Tokyo Ballet “M” The 50th Anniversary of Yukio Mishima’s Death Saturday, November 21, 2020 15:00 (Doors open at 14:00) Kanagawa Kenmin Hall (Main Hall) Running Time: About 1 hour and 40 minutes without intermission. Choreography / Decor and Costume Concepts: Maurice Béjart Music : MAYUZUMI Toshiro, Claude Debussy, Johann Strauss II, Richard Wagner and others *There will be no intermission. Please make sure to arrive at the venue in good time, as latecomers will not be permitted to take their seats. *Accompaniment will consist of live piano performance by KIKUCHI Yoko and recorded music. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Even today, the writer MISHIMA Yukio is internationally acclaimed for his unique and striking ideas. When master choreographer Maurice Béjart was commissioned to create a ballet on the theme of "Japan" for the Tokyo Ballet in 1993, he chose Mishima as his subject. As indicated in Béjart's comment that he "created this piece for the love of a poet", this was a bold attempt to create a ballet that would not simply tell the story of Mishima's life and writings, but would incorporate the entirety of his life, literature, thought and aesthetics into a single ballet. The work begins with the sea, a motif that often appears in Mishima's works. A young boy, Mishima, appears amidst the sound of the waves, and embarks on a journey, which appears to follow the pilgrimage of his own soul. The boy has four alter egos, and the fourth one is revealed to be " Death". A dizzying array of images from Mishima's masterpieces including "Kyoko's House," "Forbidden Colors," "Rokumeikan," "The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea," and "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion," as well as Saint Sebastian – a kind of aesthetic motif running through his various works – unfold one after another on the stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Alienation in the Novels of Yukio Mishima
    Alienation in the Novels of Yukio Mishima David W. Atkinson, The University of Lethbridge Few novelists dominate twentieth-century Japanese fiction as does Yukio Mishima. Born on January 14,1925 to an upper middle-class family in Tokyo, Yukio Mishima distinguished himself early as a brilliant student, graduating from Gakushuin or Peers' School in 1944. While still in school, Mishima pub­ lished his first significant work Hanazakari no Mori (1941; The Florest in Full Flower), which expresses many of the ideas and influences that had a continu­ ing impact on Mishima's writing throughout his life. While Mishima produced over twenty-five pieces of major fiction, as well as short stories, plays, and criti­ cal works, it was not his writing that initially drew him to the world's attention. Frustrated by the lack of spiritual values in Japanese society, as well as a gen­ eral erosion of Japanese influence and strength, Mishima committed seppuku or ritual suicide on November 25,1970.1 For a time, Mishima's literary works were the subject of intense psycho­ analysis, as critics looked to find reasons for his extraordinary final act. To ap­ proach Mishima only in this way, however, is to do him a disservice, for Mishima stands as a major spokesman for a Japan experiencing immense so­ cial and cultural dislocation. In this regard, Mishima very often seems divided, as he at once celebrates the glory of the past and condemns the stagnation and meaninglessness of traditional values. In one way, however, Mishima is very clear: he sees a Japanese society that is stultifying to individual freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Runaway Horses, 1977, Yukio Mishima, 0140041672, 9780140041675, Penguin Books, Limited, 1977
    Runaway Horses, 1977, Yukio Mishima, 0140041672, 9780140041675, Penguin Books, Limited, 1977 DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/1uwFHgi http://goo.gl/R3tzH http://www.amazon.com/s/?url=search-alias=stripbooks&field-keywords=Runaway+Horses DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/1nU7pBW http://avaxsearch.com/?q=Runaway+Horses http://bit.ly/1oOCQez 1929 - 1961 , Van C. Gessel, Tomone Matsumoto, 1985, Literary Criticism, 428 pages. Ao no jidai , Yukio Mishima, 1971, Fiction, 187 pages. д»®йќўгЃ®е‘Љз™Ѕ , 三島由紀夫, 1949, Japanese language, 279 pages. 太陽と鉄 , 由紀夫·三島, 2003, Fiction, 107 pages. This is the personal testament of Japan's greatest novelist, written shorty before his public suicide in 1970. Through Mishima's finely wrought and emphatic prose, the mind and. Homemade Love , J. California Cooper, 1986, Fiction, 175 pages. Offers a collection of stories full of wonder at the mystery of life, the hardness of fate, and the whimsical humor the Lord indulges in. 三島由紀夫зџз·Ёй›† Seven Stories, 由紀夫·三島, 2002, Literary Collections, 205 pages. Here are seven stories of psychological insight and eroticism from Japan's most famous writer. Other works by Yukio Mishima which are published by Kodansha include 'Sun and. Ai no kawaki , Yukio Mishima, 1989, Fiction, 237 pages. The Buddha Tree A Novel, Fumio Niwa, 1966, Fiction, 380 pages. Unmapped Territories New Womens's Fiction from Japan, Yukiko Tanaka, 1991, Fiction, 163 pages. "Gracefully translated stories here are Japanese women in infinite and fascinating variety". -- New York Times Book Review. Japan sinks , SakyЕЌ Komatsu, 1976, Fiction, 184 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Decay of Mishima's Japan: His Final Word Alice H. Hutton, Hillsborough Community College
    Decay of Mishima's Japan: His Final Word Alice H. Hutton, Hillsborough Community College Japan's Yukio Mishima gave a clue as to his reasons for his seppuku (samurai ritual suicide) five years before his death, when in 1965 he announced his plan for a tetralogy of novels tracing Japan's history in the twentieth century, after which he would have nothing left to say. That series of novels, The Sea of Fertility, in­ dicts the West with its democratizing, commercializing influence for the erosion of traditional Japanese culture and morality. Mishima alerted Japan to his intent in his stage play Madame de Sade, appearing the year he started his tetralogy. Just as the democratizing French Revolution, the background of the stage play, hastens the erosion of traditional society and culture in the European West, so too the democ­ ratizing revolution in Japan, starting with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, erodes traditional society and culture in Japan, with what were, for Mishima, unaccept­ able results. His tetralogy covers four crucial periods in twentieth-century Japan, during each of which there is a declension of social leadership. In the first novel, the leaders of society are still the Emperor, his court nobility, and the newly made aristocrats, who were promoted for fighting to establish the authority of the Em­ peror over the feudal shogun dictators, their daimyo, and their samurai. But the feudal aristocrats suffer from displacement, while the newly made aristocrats cor­ rupt court morality. The second novel shows Japan's social leaders to have be­ come the commercially successful, whether as aristocrats or crass provincials.
    [Show full text]
  • NMUN KOBE TIMES Kobe City University of Foreign Studies
    VOL. 1, No. 7 NOVEMBER 22, 2016 THE NMUN KOBE TIMES Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Autumn Foliage Greets Delegates in Kyoto and Hiroshima Left: Delegates smiling before Kinkaku-ji in Kyoto. Right: Delegates listening to Keiko Ogura, hibakusha in Hiroshima. Surrounded by curtains and carpets of KYOTO crimson leaves of maple trees and yellow The group of delegates to Kyoto left Port leaves of Ginko trees, some 250 delegates and Island where their hotels are located by buses their faculty members immersed themselves that took them to the old city in two hours. in the Japanese autumn in the ancient capital They first visited the Fushimi Inari Shrine in of Kyoto, and also in the resurrected city of Fushimi Ward, about two kilometers from Hiroshima and its neighboring Island of Gods Kyoto Station. Fushimi Inari is an important across the Seto Inland Sea: Miyajima. About Shinto shrine in southern Kyoto that famous 100 of NMUN visitors participated in a tour of for its thousands of vermilion torii gates, Kyoto and 150 others in a tour of Hiroshima which stand in two rows behind its main and Miyajima on Monday, which were put buildings. The delegates walked along the 70- together by the students’ organizing meter paths along the tori, the main landmark committee at Kobe City University of Foreign of the shrine that was built almost 1300 years Studies (KCUFS). The participants will switch ago. The Fushimi Inari Shrine is the grand destinations on Tuesday. Each group is head shrine of several thousands of shrines accompanied by some 50 student volunteer around Japan dedicated to Inari, the protector guides who have been preparing for this of grains, (to be continued to the next page) occasion since this summer.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis on the Consciousness of Death Between Patriotism and Sinking
    Hope and Destruction: A Comparative Analysis on the Consciousness of Death between Patriotism and Sinking Chow Hoi Ching, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2019 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract Sinking (沉淪, 1921), the renowned Chinese novel by Yu Dafu was often compared with a Japanese novel, Melancholy in the Country (田園の憂鬱, 1919), given that both are categorized as I-novel. Nevertheless, another Japanese novel, Patriotism(憂 国, 1961) by Mishima Yukio actually shares more similarities with Sinking in the aspects of content and the core theme behind. Both Yu Dafu and Mishima Yukio were obsessed with death as a theme, especially when it is linked with sex. Yet, they reflected two totally different attitudes toward death. The paper presents a further discussion on the consciousness of death shown in these two works. Firstly, it focuses on how the core theme of Patriotism is actually the beauty of death instead of patriotism, and Sinking is the one that talks about patriotism. Then, the differences in the roles played by death in these two works are discussed. It ends with the analysis of the cultural reasons why there is such kind of differences between the Japanese and the Chinese novel. The paper aims to provide a brand new angle for the current academic discussion about Sinking by comparing with a rarely compared Japanese novel. Keywords: Yu Dafu; Mishima Yukio; death; sex; patriotism iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction Except the studies of independent text analysis, most of the research compared Yu Dafu(郁達夫, 1896-1945) 's Sinking (《沉淪》,1921) with Haruo Satō (佐藤春夫, 1892-1964)’s Melancholy in the Country (《田園の憂鬱》, 1919).
    [Show full text]
  • “Yukio Mishima Suicide” FACT SHEET
    Web: www.mexicanradioband.com Mail: [email protected] “Yukio Mishima Suicide” FACT SHEET KEY INFORMATION Song title: Yukio Mishima Suicide Album title: Destruction / Reconstruction Band name: Mexican Radio Release date: 6 September, 2019 Band : Nathaniel Fregoso (vocals, keys, effects) Dyan Valdés (vocals, keys) Hannes Neupert (vocals, drums) Production: Mischkah Wilke (production, engineering and mixing) Arne Ziemann (mastering) Artwork: Timm Hartmann (artwork and layout) Petra Valdimarsdóttir (photography) Studios: Studio B, Kaulsdorf (recording) Kozmic Sound, Weißensee (mixing) Oakfield Mastering, Regensburg (mastering) Label: R.I.P. Ben Lee Records LYRICS written by Nathaniel Fregoso Human life is short But I wish to live forever Human life is short But I wish to live forever Yukio Mishima suicide Tatenokai, tatenokai Yukio Mishima suicide On the border of life and death 1 Web: www.mexicanradioband.com Mail: [email protected] A man’s head on a carpet On the border of life and death A man’s head on a carpet Yukio Mishima suicide Tatenokai, tatenokai Yukio Mishima suicide Brutality, elegance, brutality Don’t hesitate, don’t hesitate Yukio Mishima suicide Tatenokai, tatenokai Yukio Mishima suicide FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS answered by Dyan Valdés Who was Yukio Mishima? Yukio Mishima was an extremely prolific Japanese author who lived from 1925 until his suicide in 1970. He formed a civilian militia called the Tatenokai (Shield Society) that was dedicated to traditional Japanese imperial values and the code of the samurai. They attempted a coup in 1970 that was a monumental failure, ending in Mishima committing ritual suicide. What is “Yukio Mishima Suicide” about? The song focuses primarily on the moments leading up to Mishima’s suicide rather than his extensive body of work.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterology and Fascism in the Writings of Georges Bataille, Yukio Mishima, and Henry Miller
    Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos. 11 • 2 ( 1193), pp. 19-38 A DEADLY FASCINATION: HETEROLOGY AND FASCISM IN THE WRITINGS OF GEORGES BATAILLE, YUKIO MISHIMA, AND HENRY MILLER CAROLINE BLINDER King's College, London Why Bataille? In 1929 André Breton could have had severa! reasons for being angry at Georges Bataille. While Breton had proclaimed his own supreme leadership of the French Surrealist movement, Bataille wasjust one ofthe «original» members who was airead y beginning to move away from Breton in search of a less dogmatic approach to the surrealist credo. In 1928 Breton had rejected Bataille on the grounds of espousing a revolt so extreme that even the Surrealists were frightened at the prospect and Bataille was dismissed as a proper revolutionary philosopher in Surrealist terms. More specifically Breton, in «The Second Surrealist Manifesto,» condemned Bataille's embrace of the heterogeneous. Breton had acutely observed that a certain glorification and deification of the heterogeneous was at the core ofBataille's philosophical thesis. M. Bataille 's misfortune is to reason: admittedly, he reasons like someone who «has a fl y on his nose,» which allies him more closely with the dead than with the living, but he does reason. He is trying with the help of the tiny mechanism in him which is not completely out of order, to share his obsessions: this very fact proves that he cannot claim, no matter what he may say, to be opposed to any system, Iike an unthinking brute. (p. 184 Breton, Manifestoes of Surreafism, U. ofMichigan Press 1969.) 20 Caroline Blinder Breton 's conclusion, that the attempt to reason about what is simply unreasonable, seemed to him in surrealist terms to be invalid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Samurai in Postwar Japan: Yukio Mishima's “Patriotism”
    The Samurai in Postwar Japan: Yukio Mishima’s “Patriotism” Rachael Hutchinson Department of East Asian Languages & Literatures Colgate University [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Audience and Uses 3. Student Reading 4. Discussion Questions and Classroom Exercises a. Samurai as Constructed Figure b. Western Appropriation of Japanese Figures c. The Text-Context Relationship d. Close Reading Exercise e. Critical Standards Exercise 5. Further Reading and Online Resources Introduction See also “The Place of the Samurai in 20th Century Japan” on the ExEAS website. This unit addresses the role of the samurai as an icon by examining Yukio Mishima’s short story “Patriotism,” which can be read as a proclamation of sorts written to promote traditional Japanese values, aesthetics and the honor of the samurai’s “warrior code” (bushidô). The unit also offers exercises for teaching students about the close reading of texts, critical standards, and the text-context relationship. Audience and Uses This unit could be useful in a wide variety of courses, including but not limited to: • Nationalism and Patriotism • Military history • World history • East Asian History • Representation and image • Gender studies (masculinity) • Gender and Nationalism • Modern Asia/Japan • Japanese history • Japanese literature • English This unit can be taught alone, as a single class exercise, or together with the accompanying unit “The Samurai in Japan and the World, c. 1900.” Taken together, the two units provide an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the place of the samurai in twentieth-century Japan and the world. The two units could be used in successive class sessions to make up a week-long study, or if time permits, spread over more sessions for a longer study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of Tradition & Civilization: Mishima and the West
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press Kansas State University Undergraduate Research Conference Spring 2019 The Decline of Tradition & Civilization: Mishima and The West Suan Sonna Kansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/ksuugradresearch Part of the Comparative Philosophy Commons, Esthetics Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, Other Philosophy Commons, Political Theory Commons, and the Theory and Philosophy Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Recommended Citation Sonna, Suan (2019). "The Decline of Tradition & Civilization: Mishima and The West," Kansas State University Undergraduate Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/ksuugradresearch/2019/ panels2/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas State University Undergraduate Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Decline of Tradition & Civilization: Mishima and the West – Suan Sonna Introduction We are often tempted to think our place in history is unique and somehow culturally isolated. I think this is false. In the Live Ideas Journal, I wrote a short story titled “Mishima in Love” as a tribute and examination of his work and philosophy. Now, I do not endorse everything Mishima advocated. I want to focus on Mishima’s life, his philosophy, and its relevance to the West. My main argument is that the current struggles and anxieties of the Western world parallel the state of Post-World War II Japan. I shall use Yukio Mishima as my object of inquiry.
    [Show full text]
  • Yukio Mishima Martin Humphreys, Henry Scott Stokes
    Smith & Craddock 10 Cuellar AK, Johnson SL, Winters R. Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar 17 Smith DJ, Ghaemi SN, Craddock N. The broad clinical spectrum of bipolar depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2005; 25: 307–39. disorder: implications for research and practice. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 11 Mitchell PB, Goodwin GM, Johnson G, Hirshfeld RM. Diagnostic guidelines for 22: 397–400. bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 144–52. 18 Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, 12 Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic–Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Gyulai L, et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for Recurrent Depression (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, 2007. bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1711–22. 13 Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. Cade’s disease and beyond: misdiagnosis, 19 Horwitz AV, Wakefield JC. The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed antidepressant use and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2007. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47: 125–34. 20 Rasmussen KG. Attempts to validate melancholic depression: some 14 Hirshfeld RM, Lewis L, Vernik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: observations on modern research methodology. Bull Menninger Clin 2007; how far have we really come? Results of the National Depressive and Manic– 71: 150–63. Depressive Association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 161–74. 21 Owen MJ, Craddock N. Diagnosis of functional psychoses: time to face the future. Lancet 2009; 373: 190–1. 15 Ghaemi SN, Rosenquist KJ. Is insight in mania state-dependent? A meta- analysis.
    [Show full text]