Teratology Primer Birth Defects Research LOGY SO to C a IE R T
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EQUINE CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT – a MINI REVIEW Maria Gaivão 1, Tom Stout
Gaivão & Stout Equine conceptus development – a mini review EQUINE CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT – A MINI REVIEW DESENVOLVIMENTO DO CONCEPTO DE EQUINO – MINI REVISÃO Maria Gaivão 1, Tom Stout 2 1 - CICV – Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; ULHT – Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias; [email protected] 2 - Utrecht University, Department of Equine Sciences, Section of Reproduction, The Netherlands. Abstract: Many aspects of early embryonic development in the horse are unusual or unique; this is of scientific interest and, in some cases, considerable practical significance. During early development the number of different cell types increases rapidly and the organization of these increasingly differentiated cells becomes increasingly intricate as a result of various inter-related processes that occur step-wise or simultaneously in different parts of the conceptus (i.e., the embryo proper and its associated membranes and fluid). Equine conceptus development is of practical interest for many reasons. Most significantly, following a high rate of successful fertilization (71-96%) (Ball, 1988), as many as 30-40% of developing embryos fail to survive beyond the first two weeks of gestation (Ball, 1988), the time at which gastrulation begins. Indeed, despite considerable progress in the development of treatments for common causes of sub-fertility and of assisted reproductive techniques to enhance reproductive efficiency, the need to monitor and rebreed mares that lose a pregnancy or the failure to produce a foal, remain sources of considerable economic loss to the equine breeding industry. Of course, the potential causes of early embryonic death are numerous and varied (e.g. persistent mating induced endometritis, endometrial gland insufficiency, cervical incompetence, corpus luteum (CL) failure, chromosomal, genetic and other unknown factors (LeBlanc, 2004). -
Secretion and Immunolocalization of Retinol-Binding Protein in Bovine Conceptuses During Periattachment Periods of Early Pregnancy
Journal of Reproduction and Development, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2002 —Original— Secretion and Immunolocalization of Retinol-Binding Protein in Bovine Conceptuses during Periattachment Periods of Early Pregnancy Kaung Huei LIU1) 1)Department of Veterinary Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi , Taiwan 300, Republic of China Abstract. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the secretion of RBP by bovine spherical, elongating and filamentous conceptuses, and to identify the cellular location of RBP in developing conceptuses by immmunocytochemistry. Bovine conceptuses were removed from the uterus between days 13 and 22 of pregnancy. Events of early bovine embryonic development were observed. The conceptuses underwent a transformation from a spherical to a filamentous morphology during the periattachment period of placentation. Isolated conceptuses were cultured in a modified minimum essential medium in the presence of radiolabeled amino acids. Presence of retinol-binding protein (RBP) in culture medium was determined by immunoprecipitation using bovine placental anti-RBP serum. Presence of immunoreactive RBP in detectable quantities in spherical blastocyst (day 13) culture medium was evident. Increased amounts of RBP were clearly detected in cultures on days 14 and 15, the time of elongating conceptuses. RBP was abundant in cultures on day 22, when the conceptuses were filamentous. Cellular sources of RBP in day 15 and 22 conceptuses were determined by immunocytochemistry with anti-RBP serum. Strong immunoreactive RBP was localized in trophectoderm of day 15 conceptuses, and in epithelial cells lining the chorion and allantois of day 22 conceptuses. RBP originating from the conceptus may serve to transport retinol locally from the uterus to embryonic tissues. -
Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Teratology (DBGT) Branch NICHD
The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Teratology (DBGT) Branch NICHD Report to the NACHHD Council September 2006 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Institute of Child Health and Human Development The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. Cover Image: The figures illustrate several of the animal model organisms used in research supported by the DBGT Branch including: the fruit fly, Drosophila (top, left); the zebrafish, Danio (top, middle); the frog, Xenopus (top, right); the chick, Gallus (bottom, left); and the mouse, Mus (bottom, middle). The human baby (bottom, right) represents the translational research on human birth defects. Drawings by Lorette Javois, Ph.D., DBGT Branch The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1 BRANCH PROGRAM AREAS .......................................................................................................... 1 BRANCH FUNDING TRENDS.......................................................................................................... 2 HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH SUPPORTED AND BRANCH ACTIVITIES.............................................. 3 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE DBGT BRANCH .......................................................................... -
Genomic and Physiological Responses to Strong Selective
Bozinovic et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:779 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/779 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genomic and physiological responses to strong selective pressure during late organogenesis: few gene expression changes found despite striking morphological differences Goran Bozinovic1,5*, Tim L Sit2, Richard Di Giulio3, Lauren F Wills3 and Marjorie F Oleksiak1,4 Abstract Background: Adaptations to a new environment, such as a polluted one, often involve large modifications of the existing phenotypes. Changes in gene expression and regulation during critical developmental stages may explain these phenotypic changes. Embryos from a population of the teleost fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, inhabiting a clean estuary do not survive when exposed to sediment extract from a site highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) while embryos derived from a population inhabiting a PAH polluted estuary are remarkably resistant to the polluted sediment extract. We exposed embryos from these two populations to surrogate model PAHs and analyzed changes in gene expression, morphology, and cardiac physiology in order to better understand sensitivity and adaptive resistance mechanisms mediating PAH exposure during development. Results: The synergistic effects of two model PAHs, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist (β-naphthoflavone) and a cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) inhibitor (α-naphthoflavone), caused significant developmental delays, impaired cardiac function, severe morphological alterations and failure to hatch, -
Sem – VI (UG) CC-13: Developmental Biology C13T: Unit -5, Implications of Developmental Biology Prepared by Anindita Das
Sem – VI (UG) CC-13: Developmental Biology C13T: Unit -5, Implications of Developmental Biology Prepared by Anindita Das Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic development Teratogenesis: Teratogenesis or teratogenicity is the process by which congenital birth defects occur by some biological infections (viral, protozoan etc.), physical agents (ionizing radiations, excessive heat etc.), pharmacological drugs (thalidomide, corticosteroids, antiepileptic or antimalarial drugs etc.), industrial pollutants (toluene, cadmium etc.), tipsiness of mother (alcohols, nicotine etc.), maternal health problems (diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.). Teratology is the science that investigates the congenital malformations and their causes (how environmental agents disrupt normal development). Teratogenic Agents: The agents which are responsible for causing congenital malformations are called Teratogenic Agents. 1) Infectious agents: Some infections during pregnancy are teratogenic like viral infections (e.g. rubella, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus), spirochetal infections (e.g. syphilis), and protozoal infestations (e.g. toxoplasmosis). First trimester maternal influenza exposure is associated with raised risk of a number of non- chromosomal congenital anomalies including neural tube defects, hydrocephalus, congenital heart anomalies, cleft lip, digestive system abnormalities and limb defects. 2) Physical agents: Radiation is teratogenic and its effect is cumulative. The degree of ionizing radiation needed for health -
The Allantois and Chorion, When Isolated Before Circulation Or Chorio-Allantoic Fusion, Have Hematopoietic Potential
Dartmouth College Dartmouth Digital Commons Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty Faculty Work 11-2006 The Allantois and Chorion, when Isolated before Circulation or Chorio-Allantoic Fusion, have Hematopoietic Potential Brandon M. Zeigler Dartmouth College Daisuke Sugiyama Dartmouth College Michael Chen Dartmouth College Yalin Guo Dartmouth College K. M. Downs University of Wisconsin-Madison See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, and the Genetics Commons Dartmouth Digital Commons Citation Zeigler, Brandon M.; Sugiyama, Daisuke; Chen, Michael; Guo, Yalin; Downs, K. M.; and Speck, N. A., "The Allantois and Chorion, when Isolated before Circulation or Chorio-Allantoic Fusion, have Hematopoietic Potential" (2006). Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty. 734. https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa/734 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Work at Dartmouth Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty by an authorized administrator of Dartmouth Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Brandon M. Zeigler, Daisuke Sugiyama, Michael Chen, Yalin Guo, K. M. Downs, and N. A. Speck This article is available at Dartmouth Digital Commons: https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa/734 RESEARCH ARTICLE 4183 Development 133, 4183-4192 (2006) doi:10.1242/dev.02596 The allantois and chorion, when isolated before circulation or chorio-allantoic fusion, have hematopoietic potential Brandon M. Zeigler1, Daisuke Sugiyama1,*, Michael Chen1, Yalin Guo1, Karen M. Downs2,† and Nancy A. -
Embryology and Teratology in the Curricula of Healthcare Courses
ANATOMICAL EDUCATION Eur. J. Anat. 21 (1): 77-91 (2017) Embryology and Teratology in the Curricula of Healthcare Courses Bernard J. Moxham 1, Hana Brichova 2, Elpida Emmanouil-Nikoloussi 3, Andy R.M. Chirculescu 4 1Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom and Department of Anatomy, St. George’s University, St George, Grenada, 2First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University Prague, Albertov 4, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic and Second Medical Facul- ty, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 00 Prague 5 , Czech Republic, 3The School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous str, 2404 Engomi, P.O.Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus , 4Department of Morphological Sciences, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, C. Davila University, Bucharest, Romania SUMMARY Key words: Anatomy – Embryology – Education – Syllabus – Medical – Dental – Healthcare Significant changes are occurring worldwide in courses for healthcare studies, including medicine INTRODUCTION and dentistry. Critical evaluation of the place, tim- ing, and content of components that can be collec- Embryology is a sub-discipline of developmental tively grouped as the anatomical sciences has biology that relates to life before birth. Teratology however yet to be adequately undertaken. Surveys (τέρατος (teratos) meaning ‘monster’ or ‘marvel’) of teaching hours for embryology in US and UK relates to abnormal development and congenital medical courses clearly demonstrate that a dra- abnormalities (i.e. morphofunctional impairments). matic decline in the importance of the subject is in Embryological studies are concerned essentially progress, in terms of both a decrease in the num- with the laws and mechanisms associated with ber of hours allocated within the medical course normal development (ontogenesis) from the stage and in relation to changes in pedagogic methodol- of the ovum until parturition and the end of intra- ogies. -
Genetic Study of Congenital Heart Defects In
8585 JMed Genet 1994;31:858-863 Genetic study of congenital heart defects in Northern Ireland (19741978) J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.31.11.858 on 1 November 1994. Downloaded from E Jennifer Hanna, Norman C Nevin, John Nelson Abstract echocardiography, have been able to diagnose Congenital heart defects are a major con- lesions more accurately by non-invasive means. genital abnormality and are assuming The aim of this study, which allowed a follow increasing importance. A study was up period of 6 to 10 years (1979-1984), was to undertaken to estimate the incidence of obtain an accurate estimate of the incidence of congenital heart defects in Northern CHD in Northern Ireland. It included the total Ireland over a five year period (1974-1978), live- and stillbirth population over a five year to determine the age at diagnosis and to period (1974-1978) but unfortunately echocar- assess the risk of recurrence in sibs. An diography was not available for all patients incidence rate of 7-3 per 1000 total births during the period of study. was found. This reduced to 3-1 per 1000 Previous studies346"' 1-14 have shown a recur- total births if only invasive methods of rence risk in sibs varying from 1 4% to 3 4%. diagnosis (catheter studies, surgery, or To ascertain the recurrence risk in Northern necropsy) were considered. The overall Ireland, selected families identified by the risk of recurrence for sibs (excluding in- incidence study were examined in greater de- dex patients with chromosomal abnor- tail. In addition it was decided to look at the age malities and syndromes) was 3-1%. -
Study of the Murine Allantois by Allantoic Explants
Developmental Biology 233, 347–364 (2001) doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0227, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Study of the Murine Allantois by Allantoic Explants Karen M. Downs,1 Roselynn Temkin, Shannon Gifford, and Jacalyn McHugh Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison Medical School, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 The murine allantois will become the umbilical artery and vein of the chorioallantoic placenta. In previous studies, growth and differentiation of the allantois had been elucidated in whole embryos. In this study, the extent to which explanted allantoises grow and differentiate outside of the conceptus was investigated. The explant model was then used to elucidate cell and growth factor requirements in allantoic development. Early headfold-stage murine allantoises were explanted directly onto tissue culture plastic or suspended in test tubes. Explanted allantoises vascularized with distal-to-proximal polarity, they exhibited many of the same signaling factors used by the vitelline and cardiovascular systems, and they contained at least three cell types whose identity, gene expression profiles, topographical associations, and behavior resembled those of intact allantoises. DiI labeling further revealed that isolated allantoises grew and vascularized in the absence of significant cell mingling, thereby supporting a model of mesodermal differentiation in the allantois that is position- and possibly age-dependent. Manipulation of allantoic explants by varying growth media demonstrated that the allantoic endothelial cell lineage, like that of other embryonic vasculatures, is responsive to VEGF164. Although VEGF164 was required for both survival and proliferation of allantoic angioblasts, it was not sufficient to induce appropriate epithelial- ization of these cells. -
Embryology Text Books: Implications for Fetal Research Dianne N
The Linacre Quarterly Volume 61 | Number 2 Article 6 May 1994 "New Age" Embryology Text Books: Implications for Fetal Research Dianne N. Irving Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Irving, Dianne N. (1994) ""New Age" Embryology Text Books: Implications for Fetal Research," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 61 : No. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol61/iss2/6 "New Age" Embryology Text Books: Implications for Fetal Research by Dianne N. Irving, M.A., Ph.D. The author is Assistant Professor, History ofPhilosophy/Bioethies at De Sales School of Theology, Washington, D. C. As outrageous as it is that so much incorrect science has been and still is being used in the scientific, medical and bioethics literature to argue that fetal "personhood" does not arrive until some magical biological marker event during human embryological development, now we can witness the "new wave" consequences of passively allowing such incorrect "new age" science to be published and eventually accepted by professionals and non-professionals alike. Once these scientifically erroneous claims, and the erroneoliS philosophical and theological concepts they engender, are successfully imbedded in these bodies of literature and in our collective consciousnesses, the next logical step is to imbed them in our text books, reference materials and federal regulations. Such is the case with the latest fifth edition of a highly respected embryology text book by Keith Moore - The Developing Human. 1 This text is used in most medical schools and graduate biology departments here, and in many institutions abroad. Several definitions and redefinitions of scientific terms it uses are incorporated, it would seem, in order to support the "new age" political agenda of abortion and fetal research. -
Teratology Transformed: Uncertainty, Knowledge, and Cjonflict Over Environmental Etiologies of Birth Defects in Midcentury America
Teratology Transformed: Uncertainty, Knowledge, and CJonflict over Environmental Etiologies of Birth Defects in Midcentury America TV Heather A. Dron DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History of Health. Sciences in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO Copyright 2016 by Heather Armstrong Dron ii Acknowledgements Portions of Chapter 1 were published in an edited volume prepared by the Western Humanities Review in 2015. iii Abstract This dissertation traces the academic institutionalization and evolving concerns of teratologists, who studied environmental causes of birth defects in midcentury America. The Teratology Society officially formed in 1960, with funds and organizational support from philanthropies such as the National Foundation (Later known as The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation). Teratologists, including Virginia Apgar, the well-known obstetric anesthesiologist and inventor of the Apgar Score, were soon embroiled in public concerns about pharmaceutically mediated birth defects. Teratologists acted as consultants to industry and government on pre-market reproductive toxicology testing for pharmaceuticals. However, animal tests seemed unable to clearly predict results in humans and required careful interpretation of dosage and animal species and strain responses. By the late 1960s, amidst the popular environmental movement, teratologists grappled with public claims that birth defects resulted from exposure to industrial pollutants in water or air, or from food additives, pesticides, and industrial waste or effluent. In a crowded field of professionals concerned with pharmaceutical or chemical exposures during pregnancy, teratologists proved adaptive and resilient. Despite influences from the environmental movement, teratologists at times tried to contain the substances and outcomes considered relevant and called for greater vetting of chemical claims, amidst rampant journalistic and public accusations about iatrogenic or industrial harm. -
EUROCAT Syndrome Guide
JRC - Central Registry european surveillance of congenital anomalies EUROCAT Syndrome Guide Definition and Coding of Syndromes Version July 2017 Revised in 2016 by Ingeborg Barisic, approved by the Coding & Classification Committee in 2017: Ester Garne, Diana Wellesley, David Tucker, Jorieke Bergman and Ingeborg Barisic Revised 2008 by Ingeborg Barisic, Helen Dolk and Ester Garne and discussed and approved by the Coding & Classification Committee 2008: Elisa Calzolari, Diana Wellesley, David Tucker, Ingeborg Barisic, Ester Garne The list of syndromes contained in the previous EUROCAT “Guide to the Coding of Eponyms and Syndromes” (Josephine Weatherall, 1979) was revised by Ingeborg Barisic, Helen Dolk, Ester Garne, Claude Stoll and Diana Wellesley at a meeting in London in November 2003. Approved by the members EUROCAT Coding & Classification Committee 2004: Ingeborg Barisic, Elisa Calzolari, Ester Garne, Annukka Ritvanen, Claude Stoll, Diana Wellesley 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Definitions 6 Coding Notes and Explanation of Guide 10 List of conditions to be coded in the syndrome field 13 List of conditions which should not be coded as syndromes 14 Syndromes – monogenic or unknown etiology Aarskog syndrome 18 Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (all types) 19 Alagille syndrome 20 Alport syndrome 21 Angelman syndrome 22 Aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome, WAGR 23 Apert syndrome 24 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 25 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (EMG syndrome) 26 Blepharophimosis-ptosis syndrome 28 Branchiootorenal syndrome (Melnick-Fraser syndrome) 29 CHARGE