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Survey Results ………………………………………………………… ENERGY USE SURVEY REPORT December 2003 Prepared for Office for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies Department of Energy by Sokoveti Namoumou Energy Use Survey Table of Contents Page 1.0 Background ………………………………………………………………….. 3 2.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 3 3.0 Methodology ………………………………………………………………….. 4 4.0 Survey Time ………………………………………………………………….. 5 5.0 Questionnaire ………………………………………………………………….. 5 6.0 Survey Results ………………………………………………………….. 8 7.0 Un-electrified Rural Communities ………………………………………….. 8 7.1 General Community Information ………………………………….. 8 7.1.1 Surveyed Sites and Population ………………………….. 8 7.1.2 Community Halls ………………………………………….. 9 7.1.3 Place of Worship ………………………………………….. 10 7.1.4 Community Functions ………………………………………….. 10 7.1.5 Women Involvement ………………………………………….. 10 7.1.6 Health Centres and Nursing Stations ………………………….. 10 7.1.7 Education ………………………………………………….. 10 7.1.8 Road Infrastructure ………………………………………….. 11 7.1.9 Water ………………………………………………………….. 11 7.1.10 Housing ………………………………………………….. 12 7.1.11 Business ………………………………………………….. 12 7.1.12 Land Area ………………………………………………….. 12 8.0 Household Energy Information ………………………………………….. 12 8.1 Income and Expenditure ………………………………………….. 12 8.2 Energy Source and Use ………………………………………….. 14 9.0 Potential Rural Households for Solar Home Systems ………………….. 16 10.0 Electrified Rural Communities ………………………………………….. 17 10.1 Experiences with Electricity Services ………………………….. 19 Reference …………………………………………………………………………. 22 Annexes: Annex 1: Questionnaire Part A for Un-electrified Villages Questionnaire Part B for Electrified Villages Annex 2: Population of Un-electrified Villages Surveyed Annex 3: Accessibility of Un-electrified Villages Surveyed Annex 4: Information on Portable Generators for Un-electrified Villages Annex 5: LPG Information for Un-electrified Villages Annex 6: Kerosene Information for Un-electrified Villages Annex 7: Information on Benzene for Un-electrified Villages 2 Energy Use Survey 1.0 BACKGROUND A Chief rules in a typical Fijian village. A village headsman is responsible for the smooth running of village activities and is the link to government through the Ministry of Fijian Affairs. A village consists of households who are members of one or more clans. The smooth running of village activities such as village clean-up, housing, public health and projects is the responsibility of the village committee. The headsman represents the village in district meetings and advices the village on matters that will assist in improving their standard of living. To accomplish village projects, villagers collect money communally to build church, community hall, residence for the village nurse, village roads, electricity supply and kindergarten. These are long-term projects for them. Rural communities are typically subsistence farmers depending on crops for food security. Mixed crops are planted to cater for their daily diets and surplus food crops sold to meet their family needs. There is a big difference in subsistence living between a Fijian household and an Indian household in the rural area. The former depends on the food gardens for food and occasionally goes to the waters for fish, mussels and other seafood. The latter not only have food gardens that include pulses and vegetables they also raise poultry, goat and cattle. Not only are there differences in subsistence living amongst the two races, there are noticeable differences in subsistence living within a particular race as well. A typical Fijian household today differed from one three decades ago. In the 1970s a Fijian household had a big plantation of mixed crops, some cattle in particular a milking cow to provide milk for the family, and poultry to provide food for unexpected visitors and immediate family get together. This is hardly seen today. A reason could be due to Government providing “handouts” thus creating “dependency syndrome” where people depend on Government to provide for them. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The socioeconomic survey was carried out as part of the activity for the GEF/UNDP funded project on Promoting Sustainability of Rural Renewable Energy Service Companies and Renewable Energy Technologies. The initial thinking for this survey is based on the following issues outlined herein. DOE’s list of applications for rural electrification assistance indicated that about 18,000 rural households throughout Fiji could be served with solar home systems (SHSs) operated by Energy Service Companies; Ongoing SHS experimental phase in Bua Province indicated that sustainability is achievable if a monthly service fee of at least F$20 is charged per SHS that consists of 40W of fluorescent lights and a power point for a battery radio. This is used as the baseline or reference fee; 3 Energy Use Survey Renewable Energy Service Companies (RESCOs) with one field technician to service about 300 SHSs and one senior supervisor for each six to seven field technicians would be required; SHSs would be installed in phases with a target of about 2000 during the first phase; Preliminary assessment of private sector human infrastructure indicated that Viti Levu and Vanua Levu should be considered for the first phase with a target of about 1000 SHSs per island. In this regards the aim of the survey is to: [i] determine the number of potential clients that could substitute candles, kerosene/benzene lights and dry cell batteries for SHSs; [ii] assess the consumer’s ability-to-pay and willingness-to-pay the reference fee of at least F$20 per month; and [iii] explore the experiences of rural communities with electricity services It was expected that the survey must provide the following information : [i] number of rural households that are not likely to be included in FEA grid extension programme; [ii] representative sample of monthly expenditures for candles, kerosene/benzene for lights and dry cell batteries for indoor radios; and [iii] households with monthly expenditures greater or equal to the reference fee would be potential clients. Those with lower expenditures would have to be considered for subsidized or smaller systems. 3.0 METHODOLOGY Face-to-face interviews by survey field workers were conducted using structured questionnaires. The selection of villages and settlements that were surveyed was based on the following criteria. For villages and settlements without electricity : To use the list of applications for rural electrification assistance as the basis for selection (the list has about 900 applicants). With this list it was estimated that 18,000 rural households are without electricity and at least 10% of the households (or at least 40 villages) are to be surveyed; To survey remote rural locations that are unlikely to be connected to the FEA grid for the next ten years; The villages and settlements must be at least 10 km away from the nearest national grid 4 Energy Use Survey If possible, to have representation from each province in the survey; and To carry out detailed survey of 10 households or 10% of residential household which ever is greater from each site surveyed. The households to be surveyed are to be randomly picked either by the village headsman or the interviewer. They are to include the following: • High, average, and poor standard of living • Elderly couple • Woman-headed household • Household with extended families (3 generation) • New couple For villages and settlements with electricity provided through diesel generators: To survey rural communities with diesel generators that are maintained by the Department of Energy (i.e. those installed from 1999 onwards); To survey 2 - 4 villages per province; and To survey 10 household or 10% of residential household which ever is greater from each site surveyed. 4.0 SURVEY TIME The survey for rural villages and settlements without electricity commenced in May 2002 and was completed in February 2003. For communities that have access to electricity through diesel generators, the survey started in December 2001 and was completed in March 2002. 5.0 QUESTIONNAIRE Two questionnaires were developed. One was for rural communities that do not have access to any means of rural electrification and the other was for communities that have diesel generators for electrification. The questionnaires are attached as Annex 1. Figure 1.0 below provides a diagrammatic overview of the questionnaire used for the survey. The major difference between the two questionnaires is the inclusion of sections on experience with energy and project sustainability in the questionnaire for communities with diesel generators. A detailed description of the two questionnaires is provided below. Questionnaire One Refer Annex 1 Part A. Sections A – D are for villages and settlements that have applied to the Rural Electrification Unit (REU) for electrification but do not have any electrification scheme. 5 Energy Use Survey Figure 1.0 : Diagrammatic Overview of Questionnaire A.2 Public A.1 Geography Section A Infrastructure Village Background B.1 B.2 Enterprises Section B Demography Villages B.3 Community Facilities Section C Households C.2 Present C.1General C.3 Future Community Energy Details Energy Use Facilities & Sources & Use Enterprises Section D D2 D3 D1 Development Plans Community Local Environmental Community Member's Authorities' Concerns Leader's Views Views Views Section A : Geography Sections A is about the geography of the village that is surveyed. This include the access to the village, the type of transport used, travel time to the nearest town, name of town, infrastructure
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