DOCSLIB.ORG

Audio) • Unceasing Customer Service

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Audio) • Unceasing Customer Service Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 14 Issue 3 - March 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Melese Lema DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555918 Crop Wild Relatives of the Hordeum L. Genus in Georgia (South Caucasus) Maia Akhalkatsi*, Tamar Girgvliani and Lamar Mazanishvili Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Ilia State University, Republic of Georgia Submission: December 07, 2017; Published: March 07, 2018 *Corresponding author: Maia Akhalkatsi, Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Ilia State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia, Tel: +995 599193529; Email: Abstract The Hordeum L. has several species which will be crop wild relatives (CWRs) in Georgia. Hordeum wild species of barley are widespread in Georgia and there are total 10 species as CWRs represent the same species or direct ancestor of crop plants (GP-1B/TG-1B). Georgia other crops are remains from 1990 years and now are in Meskheti and Svaneti. The following species were in 1941 years as this Georgian Flora made 8 species on Hordeum. We have found 10 species of Hordeum in Georgia as accepted name and 15 species are synonyms from Georgian and Species has a low chromosome number 2n=14, 28, 42 and one 70. Cultivates Hordeum is for crop breeding and evaluation with GP-1B and TG-1B itCaucasian is for distributed floras. Clipping in as CWRs. the plants Barley are is 10the and name 70 ofcm, the respective breed, and on CWRs 28 February has many and names 30 and for 120 provided. cm resulted Crops in have shorter two-row, plants four-row 15 March and years. six- coordinates. CWRs of barley are widespread in Georgia. roads of barley, which are cultivars. These species are located on high forest zones and on subalpine meadows at elevations of 2446 min different Keywords: CWRs; Hordeum crops; Gene pool/Taxon group; Accepted; Synonyms Introduction contributions to improving food production through the useful The crop wild relatives (CWRs) are taxa related to species genes that they contribute to new crop varieties. They have of direct socio-economic importance, which includes the provided resistance to pests and diseases in a wide range of progenitors of crops. Georgia is located in the South Caucasus crops. The genes that come from CWRs and other wild plants and owns very old agricultural traditions that have preserved make a direct contribution to increased human wellbeing through to our time. Georgian territory covers both mountain ranges improving agricultural production and maintaining sustainable between west 39°59’’; east 46°36’’; south 41°01’’ and north agroecosystems. Therefore, the effective conservation and sustainable use of CWRs and all wild plants are essential its population is almost 3.718 million. The Caucasus mountain 43°29’’. Georgia officially covers a territory of 69,700km2 and elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty and system was formed ca. 28.5-23.8 million years ago as the result maintaining a healthy environment. of a tectonic plate collision between the Anatolian and Arabian plate moving northward and the Eurasian plate [1]. The name According to modern concept of wild relatives, under CWR of the country is “Sakartvelo” in the Georgian language but it we should understand all species related to any cultivated is common name “Georgia” is semantically linked to Greek. plants, as well as to wild species of ornamental, food, fodder and Archaeological data clearly show that Georgian nation was forage, medicinal plants, condiments, forestry species and plants settled in the Caucasus and Asia Minor areas from prehistoric time and the origin of ancient crop varieties and landraces in used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibers i.e. to all Georgia coincides with early Neolithic epoch. of CWR is restricted only to species related to cultivated crops, plants of economic importance. Although, “classical” definition The importance of CWRs in their ability to exchange genes including such important field crops as barley. Wheat, barley from 300 to 2160m a.s.l. only in Svaneti and Meskheti [3]. Barley that natural crosses between crops and their wild relatives and rye fields were planted throughout Georgia at elevations with the crops was first emphasized by NI Vavilov [2]. It is evident was cultivated mainly in many species are in high mountain have occurred since the beginnings of agriculture. Human has regions of Georgia (1800-2200m a.s.l.). The agrarian lands used CWRs germplasm is used to improve production and food of these varieties were in other period in different hectares quality of cultivars originated previously due to domestication of crop ancestor species. CWRs have already made substantial of the meadows. Many species are not correct and have other and these hectares were decreased from 1970s with grazing Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 14(3): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555918 (2018) 0085 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal and the last time they are in other names and only H. bulbosum production of wine [4]. Lowlands called Bari (0-1300m a.s.l.) names now. Agricultural regions in Georgia have classified by are oriented on wine production and high mountainlands called compatibility and annual habit. L. is an accepted name by fixation of genes controlling self- MTA (1300-2200m a.s.l.) produce beer from barley. Winemaking We have found several Hordeum species in Georgia and we was main business of agriculture in Georgia. Winemaking was have much more species of this genus. It is assumed that H. main business of agriculture in Georgia. Barley cereals are the spontaneum K. Koch and it is an accepted name [9]. H. secalinum second most important in Georgia after barley and main crop in Schreb. species is in Kakheti and v. Shilda, which has been high mountain regions used for bread, forage and production of introduced in the 1890s by the American by adding Zea mays beer, as well as an attribute of religious rituals and in the folk and several species added. Different views, however, have been medicine. expressed with respect to the place, time and mechanisms of the Cultivated species (Poaceae) of barley (Hordeum distichon L. origin of different forms of cultivated barley, particularly six-row and H. vulgare L.) are in Georgia other crops are remains from forms. We have other species as well for Georgia in now years. 1990 years and now are in Meskheti and Svaneti. Javakhishvili [4] is on crops of barley in 1930 years: H. tetrastichum L. var. Materials and Methods pallidum Ser. - Svaneti, Racha, Liakhvi River, Tusheti; H. sativum Plant material subsp. polystichon Döll and H. tetrastichum L. var. nigrum Willd. CWRs of Hordeum are total 10 species and cultivated of - Enguri, Liakhvi River; H. pallidum var. nigrum Willd. – Racha; H. districhon L. and H. distichon var. nutans Schöll. - Svaneti, Racha, These species are synonyms and some are an accepted name. Liakhvi River, Tusheti; H. hexastichon L. - Imereti; H. colchicum barley were sampled in natural habitats and agrarian fields. Many species are difference and have other name from these R.E.Regel etc. Two different names used for barley in Georgian periods. Many species are difference and have other name from language - ‘Krtili’ and ‘Keri’. ‘Krtili’ denotes six-row winter barley these periods. All these species has different names for Latin (H. vulgare subsp. hexastichon [L.] Celak. is a synonym of H. as synonyms and subspecies. Plant height is different in other vulgare L.), which is sowed in autumn. ‘Keri’ refers to two-row summer barley ‘Akhaltesli’ (H. vulgare subsp. distichon [L.] species are synonyms. However, these names are remained Körn. is a synonym of H. distichon L.), which is sowed in spring species. They according to other classification systems and these in Caucasian and Georgian Flora [10]. Distribution sites with [5]. Other three cultivars are as two-row barley: ‘Akhaltesli’ (H. coordinates and elevation data have been determined for all vulgare var. nutans is a synonym of H. nutans Alef.); ‘Kershveli’ (H. species. Chromosome numbers are known for all publications. sativum nigrum Willd. is a synonym of H. vulgare Methodology var. nudum (L.) Vilm. is a synonym of H. distichon L.) and L.) and all the cultivars are distributed up to 2100m a.s.l. in all ‘Dzveltesli shavpkha’ (H. Genus Hordeum involves the comparison of ‘total’ natural high mountain areas. Four-row spring are two cultivars of barley CWR species diversity as already actively conserved either in (H. vulgare subsp. tetrastichum (Stokes) Celak. is a synonym of H. situ or ex situ. This is the basis for gap analysis, which can be vulgare L.) and other is rare ‘Tetri Keri’ and the spring cultivar (H. divided into four consecutive steps [3]. vulgare var. pallidum Ser. is a synonym of H. vulgare L.). ‘Tetri Keri’ occurs only in the high mountain region of Meskheti, Tusheti, Step 1: Circumscription of target taxon and target area: First, and Svaneti up to 2130 m a.s.l. These cultivars persist today only the taxonomic (e.g. genus, section or species) and geographical in high mountain regions [6]. However, their distribution has (e.g. global, regional, country or province) breadth of the analysis been seriously diminished. At present, introduced varieties of must be established. barley are widely cultivated in the lowlands and their names are Step 2: Assessment of natural diversity: The level of unknown to the local population. One of the most important threats to the diversity of CWRs the taxonomic, genetic or ecogeographical levels, i.e. how many diversity occurring within the target taxon must be defined at is genetic erosion and pollution. The threat of genetic pollution taxa occur in the circumscribed taxon, but also the inherent genetic diversity within those taxa.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Analysis of Native and Introduced Populations of Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae (Poaceae): Implications for Biological Control
    Genetic analysis of native and introduced populations of Taeniatherum caput-medusae (Poaceae): implications for biological control S.J. Novak1,2 and R. Sforza3 Summary Genetic analysis of both native and introduced populations of invasive species can be used to exam­ ine population origins and spread. Accurate delineation of an invasive species’ source populations can contribute to the search for specific and effective biological control agents. Medusahead, Tae- niatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski, a primarily self-pollinating Eurasian annual grass that was introduced in the western USA in the late 1800s, is now widely distributed in California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington. The goal of our current research is to assess introduction dynamics and range expansion of this grass in the western USA, and to identify source populations in the native range to facilitate the search for potential biocontrol agents. Across introduced populations, nine multilocus genotypes were detected, and we suggest a minimum of seven separate introduction events of T. caput-medusae in the western USA. Although range expansion appears to have occurred primarily on a local level, several introduced populations appear to be composed of admixtures of introduced genotypes. None of the native populations analysed to date possess the exact multilocus genotypes detected in introduced populations. We have recently begun screening Eurasian popula­ tions using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) genetic markers to determine whether this polymerase chain reaction–based technique can provide a higher degree of resolution for the identification of source populations. Keywords: invasive grass, multilocus genotypes, multiple introductions. Introduction (Novak and Mack, 2001, 2005; Lavergne and Molof­ sky, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Cereal Remains from Archaeological Sites 2Nd Edition 2006
    Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites 2nd edition 2006 Spikelet fork of the “new glume wheat” (Jones et al. 2000) Stefanie JACOMET and collaborators Archaeobotany Lab IPAS, Basel University English translation partly by James Greig CEREALS: CEREALIA Fam. Poaceae /Gramineae (Grasses) Systematics and Taxonomy All cereal species belong botanically (taxonomically) to the large family of the Gramineae (Poaceae). This is one of the largest Angiosperm families with >10 000 different species. In the following the systematics for some of the most imporant taxa is shown: class: Monocotyledoneae order: Poales familiy: Poaceae (= Gramineae) (Süssgräser) subfamily: Pooideae Tribus: Triticeae Subtribus: Triticinae genera: Triticum (Weizen, wheat); Aegilops ; Hordeum (Gerste; barley); Elymus; Hordelymus; Agropyron; Secale (Roggen, rye) Note : Avena and the millets belong to other Tribus. The identification of prehistoric cereal remains assumes understanding of different subject areas in botany. These are mainly morphology and anatomy, but also phylogeny and evolution (and today, also genetics). Since most of the cereal species are treated as domesticated plants, many different forms such as subspecies, varieties, and forms appear inside the genus and species (see table below). In domesticates the taxonomical category of variety is also called “sort” (lat. cultivar, abbreviated: cv.). This refers to a variety which evolved through breeding. Cultivar is the lowest taxonomic rank in the domesticated plants. Occasionally, cultivars are also called races: e.g. landraces evolved through genetic isolation, under local environmental conditions whereas „high-breed-races“ were breed by strong selection of humans. Anyhow: The morphological delimitation of cultivars is difficult, sometimes even impossible. It needs great experience and very detailed morphological knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae (L.) Nevski (= Elymus Caput-Medusae L
    A WEED REPORT from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States This WEED REPORT does not constitute a formal recommendation. When using herbicides always read the label, and when in doubt consult your farm advisor or county agent. This WEED REPORT is an excerpt from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States and is available wholesale through the UC Weed Research & Information Center (wric.ucdavis.edu) or retail through the Western Society of Weed Science (wsweedscience.org) or the California Invasive Species Council (cal-ipc.org). Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (= Elymus caput-medusae L. [Jepson Manual 2012]) Medusahead Family: Poaceae Range: Arizona, California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington; a few locations in the northeastern states. Habitat: Disturbed sites, grassland, rangeland, openings in chaparral, oak woodlands, and rarely in agronomic fields. Generally in areas that receive at least 9 inches of rain per year, so not common in the low desert. Grows best on clay soils or where deep soil moisture is available late in the growing season. Origin: Native to the Mediterranean region. Impact: Dense stands displace desirable vegetation and reduce livestock and wildlife carrying capacity. Unpalatable to livestock except during the early growth stages. The stiff awns and hard florets can injure eyes, nostrils, and mouths of grazing animals. Birds and rodents usually avoid feeding on the seeds. Senesced plants form a dense layer of thatch that takes a couple of years to decompose. The thatch layer changes the temperature and moisture dynamics of the soil, reduces seed germination of other species, and creates fuel for wildfires.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 CREATING A WILDLIFE FRIENDLY YARD ......................................................................2 With Plant Variety Comes Wildlife Diversity...............................................................2 Existing Yards....................................................................................................2 Native Plants ......................................................................................................3 Why Choose Organic Fertilizers?......................................................................3 Butterfly Gardens...............................................................................................3 Fall Flower Garden Maintenance.......................................................................3 Water Availability..............................................................................................4 Bird Feeders...................................................................................................................4 Provide Grit to Assist with Digestion ................................................................5 Unwelcome Visitors at Your Feeders? ..............................................................5 Attracting Hummingbirds ..................................................................................5 Cleaning Bird Feeders........................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae) Using Timely Sheep Grazing
    Invasive Plant Science and Management 2008 1:241–247 Research Control of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Using Timely Sheep Grazing Joseph M. DiTomaso, Guy B. Kyser, Melvin R. George, Morgan P. Doran, and Emilio A. Laca* Medusahead is among the most invasive grasses in the western United States. Selective control of this noxious winter annual grass is difficult in California grasslands, as many other desirable annual grasses and both native and nonnative broadleaf forbs are also important components of the rangeland system. Intensive grazing management using sheep is one control option. This study was designed to determine the optimal timing for sheep grazing on heavily infested medusahead sites, and to evaluate the changes in species composition with different grazing regimes. Midspring (April/May) grazing reduced medusahead cover by 86 to 100% relative to ungrazed plots, regardless of whether it was used in combination with early spring or fall grazing. Early spring (March) or fall (October to November) grazing, alone or in combination, was ineffective for control of medusahead. In addition, midspring grazing increased forb cover, native forb species richness, and overall plant diversity. At the midspring grazing timing, medusahead was in the ‘‘boot’’ stage, just prior to exposure of the inflorescences. The success of this timely grazing system required high animal densities for short periods. Although this approach may be effective in some areas, the timing window is fairly narrow and the animal stocking rates are high. Thus, sheep grazing is unlikely to be a practical solution for management of large medusahead infestations. Nomenclature: Medusahead, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski ELYCA.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Prosperity Initiative
    USAID/GEORGIA DO2: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth October 1, 2011 – September 31, 2012 Gagra Municipal (regional) Infrastructure Development (MID) ABKHAZIA # Municipality Region Project Title Gudauta Rehabilitation of Roads 1 Mtskheta 3.852 km; 11 streets : Mtskheta- : Mtanee Rehabilitation of Roads SOKHUMI : : 1$Mestia : 2 Dushet 2.240 km; 7 streets :: : ::: Rehabilitation of Pushkin Gulripshi : 3 Gori street 0.92 km : Chazhashi B l a c k S e a :%, Rehabilitaion of Gorijvari : 4 Gori Shida Kartli road 1.45 km : Lentekhi Rehabilitation of Nationwide Projects: Ochamchire SAMEGRELO- 5 Kareli Sagholasheni-Dvani 12 km : Highway - DCA Basisbank ZEMO SVANETI RACHA-LECHKHUMI rehabilitaiosn Roads in Oni Etseri - DCA Bank Republic Lia*#*# 6 Oni 2.452 km, 5 streets *#Sachino : KVEMO SVANETI Stepantsminda - DCA Alliance Group 1$ Gali *#Mukhuri Tsageri Shatili %, Racha- *#1$ Tsalenjikha Abari Rehabilitation of Headwork Khvanchkara #0#0 Lechkhumi - DCA Crystal Obuji*#*# *#Khabume # 7 Oni of Drinking Water on Oni for Nakipu 0 Likheti 3 400 individuals - Black Sea Regional Transmission ZUGDIDI1$ *# Chkhorotsku1$*# ]^!( Oni Planning Project (Phase 2) Chitatskaro 1$!( Letsurtsume Bareuli #0 - Georgia Education Management Project (EMP) Akhalkhibula AMBROLAURI %,Tsaishi ]^!( *#Lesichine Martvili - Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried) MTSKHETA- Khamiskuri%, Kheta Shua*#Zana 1$ - GNEWRC Partnership Program %, Khorshi Perevi SOUTH MTIANETI Khobi *# *#Eki Khoni Tskaltubo Khresili Tkibuli#0 #0 - HICD Plus #0 ]^1$ OSSETIA 1$ 1$!( Menji *#Dzveli
    [Show full text]
  • Report of a Working Group on Forages: Eighth Meeting
    European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic 2525 Report of a Working Resources Networks ECP GR Group on Forages Eighth Meeting, 10 –12 April 2003, Linz, Austria B. Boller, E. Willner, L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers <www.futureharvest.org> IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic 2525 Report of a Working Resources Networks ECP GR Group on Forages Eighth Meeting, 10 –12 April 2003, Linz, Austria B. Boller, E. Willner, L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers ii REPORT OF A WORKING GROUP ON FORAGES: EIGHTH MEETING The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Improving Livelihoods in Commodity-based Systems.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 the Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps
    Pažoutová S. (2002) Evolutionary strategy of Claviceps. In: Clavicipitalean Fungi: Evolutionary Biology, Chemistry, Biocontrol and Cultural Impacts. White JF, Bacon CW, Hywel-Jones NL (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, pp.329-354. 11 The Evolutionary Strategy of Claviceps Sylvie Pažoutová Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic 1. INTRODUCTION Members of the genus Claviceps are specialized parasites of grasses, rushes and sedges that specifically infect florets. The host reproductive organs are replaced with a sclerotium. However, it has been shown that after artificial inoculation, C. purpurea can grow and form sclerotia on stem meristems (Lewis, 1956) so that there is a capacity for epiphytic and endophytic growth. C. phalaridis, an Australian endemite, colonizes whole plants of pooid hosts in a way similar to Epichloë and it forms sclerotia in all florets of the infected plant, rendering it sterile (Walker, 1957; 1970). Until now, about 45 teleomorph species of Claviceps have been described, but presumably many species may exist only in anamorphic (sphacelial) stage and therefore go unnoticed. Although C. purpurea is type species for the genus, it is in many aspects untypical, because most Claviceps species originate from tropical regions, colonize panicoid grasses, produce macroconidia and microconidia in their sphacelial stage and are able of microcyclic conidiation from macroconidia. Species on panicoid hosts with monogeneric to polygeneric host ranges predominate. 329 2. PHYLOGENETIC TREE We compared sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region for 19 species of Claviceps, Database sequences of Myrothecium atroviride (AJ302002) (outgroup from Bionectriaceae), Epichloe amarillans (L07141), Atkinsonella hypoxylon (U57405) and Myriogenospora atramentosa (U57407) were included to root the tree among other related genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia
    The Churches of Mtskheta: Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia Samantha Johnson Senior Art History Thesis December 14, 2017 The small town of Mtskheta, located near Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia, is the seat of the Georgian Orthodox Church and is the heart of Christianity in the country. This town, one of the oldest in the nation, was once the capital and has been a key player throughout Georgia’s tumultuous history, witnessing not only the nation’s conversion to Christianity, but also the devastation of foreign invasions. It also contains three churches that are national symbols and represent the two major waves of church building in the seventh and eleventh centuries. Georgia is, above all, a Christian nation and religion is central to its national identity. This paper examines the interaction between incoming foreign cultures and deeply-rooted local traditions that have shaped art and architecture in Transcaucasia.1 Nestled among the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, present-day Georgia contains fewer than four million people and has its own unique alphabet and language as well as a long, complex history. In fact, historians cannot agree on how Georgia got its English exonym, because in the native tongue, kartulad, the country is called Sakartvelo, or “land of the karvelians.”2 They know that the name “Sakartvelo” first appeared in texts around 800 AD as another name for the eastern kingdom of Kartli in Transcaucasia. It then evolved to signify the unified eastern and western kingdoms in 1008.3 Most scholars agree that the name “Georgia” did not stem from the nation’s patron saint, George, as is commonly thought, but actually comes 1 This research addresses the multitude of influences that have contributed to the development of Georgia’s ecclesiastical architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Report No: ISR6658 Implementation Status & Results Georgia Secondary & Local Roads Project (P086277) Operation Name: Secondary & Local Roads Project (P086277) Project Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 16 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: 07-Aug-2011 Country: Georgia Approval FY: 2004 Public Disclosure Authorized Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Implementing Agency(ies): Roads Department of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure (RDMRDI) Key Dates Board Approval Date 24-Jun-2004 Original Closing Date 31-Oct-2009 Planned Mid Term Review Date 31-Jul-2007 Last Archived ISR Date 07-Aug-2011 Public Disclosure Copy Effectiveness Date 21-Oct-2004 Revised Closing Date 30-Jun-2012 Actual Mid Term Review Date 03-Nov-2006 Project Development Objectives Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) The Project Development Objectives are to: (i) upgrade and rehabilitate the secondary and local roads network; and (ii) increase Roads Department of the Ministry of regional development and Infrastructure's (RDMRDI's) and local governments' capacity to manage the road network in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Yes No Public Disclosure Authorized Component(s) Component Name Component Cost Rehabilitation of Secondary and Local Roads 118.50 Strengthening the capacity of the Road Sector Institutions 2.70 Designing and Supervising Road Rehabilitation 6.30 Overall Ratings Previous Rating Current Rating Progress towards achievement of PDO Satisfactory Satisfactory Overall Implementation Progress (IP) Moderately Satisfactory Satisfactory Public Disclosure Authorized Overall Risk Rating Implementation Status Overview The implementation progress and overall safeguard compliance of the project is Satisfactory.
    [Show full text]
  • Hotel and Chalets Investment Opportunity at Shaori Lake Racha
    PICTURES OF HOTELS Investment teaser - Hotel and Chalets investment opportunity at Shaori Lake Racha–Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia 06 January 2016 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RACHA-LECHKHUMI AND KVEMO SVANETI REGION, GEORGIA .......................... 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RACHA–LECHKHUMI AND KVEMO SVANETI REGION.................................................................................. 5 2 HOTEL INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 SHAORI LAKESIDE HOTEL AND SPA AND CHALETS ........................................................................................................... 8 Investment teaser – Hotel investment opportunity at Shaori Lake Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia Page 2 1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RACHA-LECHKHUMI AND KVEMO SVANETI REGION, GEORGIA Investment teaser – Hotel investment opportunity at Shaori Lake Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia Page 3 1.1 Introduction and Limitations . Upon receipt of a signed copy of the Confidentiality Agreement signed for Partnership Fund, the current leaflet is to represent potential hotel investment opportunity at Shaori Lake in Racha–Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region. This document contains information in a summarised form and is therefore intended
    [Show full text]
  • National Statistics Office of Georgia
    NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE OF GEORGIA 30.03.2021 1 www.geostat.ge [email protected] NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE OF GEORGIA 30.03.2021 SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS (BIRTHS, DEATHS, MARRIAGES, DIVORCES, 2020)1 BIRTHS The number of live births equaled 46 520 in 2020 (24 289 boys and 22 231 girls), registering a 3.7 percent decrease from the previous year. TABLE №1 NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS BY SEX YEAR BOTH SEXES MALES FEMALES SEX RATIO AT BIRTH 2019 48 296 25 029 23 267 107.6 2020 46 520 24 289 22 231 109.3 In 2020, the largest number of live births was recorded in Tbilisi (15 271) while the smallest – in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Region (259). TABLE №2 NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS BY REGIONS REGION 2019 2020 48 296 46 520 GEORGIA 16 022 15 271 Tbilisi 5 703 5 599 Adjara A.R. 1 174 1 075 Guria 6 040 5 873 Imereti 3 872 3 828 Kakheti 946 926 Mtskheta-Mtianeti 284 259 Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti 3 473 3 286 Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 1 904 1 912 Samtskhe-Javakheti 5 845 5 530 Kvemo Kartli 3 033 2 961 Shida Kartli 1 Not including occupied territories 1 www.geostat.ge [email protected] NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE OF GEORGIA 30.03.2021 Compared to 2019, in 2020 the share of the first order births in total live births remained almost unchanged and equaled 38.0 percent. The share of the second child decreased from 36.5 percent to 35.8, while the share of the third and next order births increased from 24.7 percent to 25.8 percent.
    [Show full text]