Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 14 Issue 3 - March 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Melese Lema DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555918 Crop Wild Relatives of the Hordeum L. Genus in Georgia (South Caucasus) Maia Akhalkatsi*, Tamar Girgvliani and Lamar Mazanishvili Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Ilia State University, Republic of Georgia Submission: December 07, 2017; Published: March 07, 2018 *Corresponding author: Maia Akhalkatsi, Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Ilia State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia, Tel: +995 599193529; Email: Abstract The Hordeum L. has several species which will be crop wild relatives (CWRs) in Georgia. Hordeum wild species of barley are widespread in Georgia and there are total 10 species as CWRs represent the same species or direct ancestor of crop plants (GP-1B/TG-1B). Georgia other crops are remains from 1990 years and now are in Meskheti and Svaneti. The following species were in 1941 years as this Georgian Flora made 8 species on Hordeum. We have found 10 species of Hordeum in Georgia as accepted name and 15 species are synonyms from Georgian and Species has a low chromosome number 2n=14, 28, 42 and one 70. Cultivates Hordeum is for crop breeding and evaluation with GP-1B and TG-1B itCaucasian is for distributed floras. Clipping in as CWRs. the plants Barley are is 10the and name 70 ofcm, the respective breed, and on CWRs 28 February has many and names 30 and for 120 provided. cm resulted Crops in have shorter two-row, plants four-row 15 March and years. six- coordinates. CWRs of barley are widespread in Georgia. roads of barley, which are cultivars. These species are located on high forest zones and on subalpine meadows at elevations of 2446 min different Keywords: CWRs; Hordeum crops; Gene pool/Taxon group; Accepted; Synonyms Introduction contributions to improving food production through the useful The crop wild relatives (CWRs) are taxa related to species genes that they contribute to new crop varieties. They have of direct socio-economic importance, which includes the provided resistance to pests and diseases in a wide range of progenitors of crops. Georgia is located in the South Caucasus crops. The genes that come from CWRs and other wild plants and owns very old agricultural traditions that have preserved make a direct contribution to increased human wellbeing through to our time. Georgian territory covers both mountain ranges improving agricultural production and maintaining sustainable between west 39°59’’; east 46°36’’; south 41°01’’ and north agroecosystems. Therefore, the effective conservation and sustainable use of CWRs and all wild plants are essential its population is almost 3.718 million. The Caucasus mountain 43°29’’. Georgia officially covers a territory of 69,700km2 and elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty and system was formed ca. 28.5-23.8 million years ago as the result maintaining a healthy environment. of a tectonic plate collision between the Anatolian and Arabian plate moving northward and the Eurasian plate [1]. The name According to modern concept of wild relatives, under CWR of the country is “Sakartvelo” in the Georgian language but it we should understand all species related to any cultivated is common name “Georgia” is semantically linked to Greek. plants, as well as to wild species of ornamental, food, fodder and Archaeological data clearly show that Georgian nation was forage, medicinal plants, condiments, forestry species and plants settled in the Caucasus and Asia Minor areas from prehistoric time and the origin of ancient crop varieties and landraces in used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibers i.e. to all Georgia coincides with early Neolithic epoch. of CWR is restricted only to species related to cultivated crops, plants of economic importance. Although, “classical” definition The importance of CWRs in their ability to exchange genes including such important field crops as barley. Wheat, barley from 300 to 2160m a.s.l. only in Svaneti and Meskheti [3]. Barley that natural crosses between crops and their wild relatives and rye fields were planted throughout Georgia at elevations with the crops was first emphasized by NI Vavilov [2]. It is evident was cultivated mainly in many species are in high mountain have occurred since the beginnings of agriculture. Human has regions of Georgia (1800-2200m a.s.l.). The agrarian lands used CWRs germplasm is used to improve production and food of these varieties were in other period in different hectares quality of cultivars originated previously due to domestication of crop ancestor species. CWRs have already made substantial of the meadows. Many species are not correct and have other and these hectares were decreased from 1970s with grazing Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 14(3): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555918 (2018) 0085 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal and the last time they are in other names and only H. bulbosum production of wine [4]. Lowlands called Bari (0-1300m a.s.l.) names now. Agricultural regions in Georgia have classified by are oriented on wine production and high mountainlands called compatibility and annual habit. L. is an accepted name by fixation of genes controlling self- MTA (1300-2200m a.s.l.) produce beer from barley. Winemaking We have found several Hordeum species in Georgia and we was main business of agriculture in Georgia. Winemaking was have much more species of this genus. It is assumed that H. main business of agriculture in Georgia. Barley cereals are the spontaneum K. Koch and it is an accepted name [9]. H. secalinum second most important in Georgia after barley and main crop in Schreb. species is in Kakheti and v. Shilda, which has been high mountain regions used for bread, forage and production of introduced in the 1890s by the American by adding Zea mays beer, as well as an attribute of religious rituals and in the folk and several species added. Different views, however, have been medicine. expressed with respect to the place, time and mechanisms of the Cultivated species (Poaceae) of barley (Hordeum distichon L. origin of different forms of cultivated barley, particularly six-row and H. vulgare L.) are in Georgia other crops are remains from forms. We have other species as well for Georgia in now years. 1990 years and now are in Meskheti and Svaneti. Javakhishvili [4] is on crops of barley in 1930 years: H. tetrastichum L. var. Materials and Methods pallidum Ser. - Svaneti, Racha, Liakhvi River, Tusheti; H. sativum Plant material subsp. polystichon Döll and H. tetrastichum L. var. nigrum Willd. CWRs of Hordeum are total 10 species and cultivated of - Enguri, Liakhvi River; H. pallidum var. nigrum Willd. – Racha; H. districhon L. and H. distichon var. nutans Schöll. - Svaneti, Racha, These species are synonyms and some are an accepted name. Liakhvi River, Tusheti; H. hexastichon L. - Imereti; H. colchicum barley were sampled in natural habitats and agrarian fields. Many species are difference and have other name from these R.E.Regel etc. Two different names used for barley in Georgian periods. Many species are difference and have other name from language - ‘Krtili’ and ‘Keri’. ‘Krtili’ denotes six-row winter barley these periods. All these species has different names for Latin (H. vulgare subsp. hexastichon [L.] Celak. is a synonym of H. as synonyms and subspecies. Plant height is different in other vulgare L.), which is sowed in autumn. ‘Keri’ refers to two-row summer barley ‘Akhaltesli’ (H. vulgare subsp. distichon [L.] species are synonyms. However, these names are remained Körn. is a synonym of H. distichon L.), which is sowed in spring species. They according to other classification systems and these in Caucasian and Georgian Flora [10]. Distribution sites with [5]. Other three cultivars are as two-row barley: ‘Akhaltesli’ (H. coordinates and elevation data have been determined for all vulgare var. nutans is a synonym of H. nutans Alef.); ‘Kershveli’ (H. species. Chromosome numbers are known for all publications. sativum nigrum Willd. is a synonym of H. vulgare Methodology var. nudum (L.) Vilm. is a synonym of H. distichon L.) and L.) and all the cultivars are distributed up to 2100m a.s.l. in all ‘Dzveltesli shavpkha’ (H. Genus Hordeum involves the comparison of ‘total’ natural high mountain areas. Four-row spring are two cultivars of barley CWR species diversity as already actively conserved either in (H. vulgare subsp. tetrastichum (Stokes) Celak. is a synonym of H. situ or ex situ. This is the basis for gap analysis, which can be vulgare L.) and other is rare ‘Tetri Keri’ and the spring cultivar (H. divided into four consecutive steps [3]. vulgare var. pallidum Ser. is a synonym of H. vulgare L.). ‘Tetri Keri’ occurs only in the high mountain region of Meskheti, Tusheti, Step 1: Circumscription of target taxon and target area: First, and Svaneti up to 2130 m a.s.l. These cultivars persist today only the taxonomic (e.g. genus, section or species) and geographical in high mountain regions [6]. However, their distribution has (e.g. global, regional, country or province) breadth of the analysis been seriously diminished. At present, introduced varieties of must be established. barley are widely cultivated in the lowlands and their names are Step 2: Assessment of natural diversity: The level of unknown to the local population. One of the most important threats to the diversity of CWRs the taxonomic, genetic or ecogeographical levels, i.e. how many diversity occurring within the target taxon must be defined at is genetic erosion and pollution. The threat of genetic pollution taxa occur in the circumscribed taxon, but also the inherent genetic diversity within those taxa.