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The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes Vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications

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The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes Vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications 04_09032_Rosatte.qxd:CFN 123(2) 1/31/11 11:51 AM Page 215 The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications RICK ROSATTE 1, 2 and MIKE ALLAN 1 1Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Research and Development Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada 2Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Rosatte, Rick, and Mike Allan. 2009. The ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes , in metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: disease management implications. Canadian Field-Naturalist 123(3): 215 –220. During 1989 –1992, 33 Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) were fitted with radio-collars in metropolitan Toronto to study their behaviour which would provide data to assist with the design of a rabies control strategy for urban areas of Ontario. Annual home range size for adult foxes ( – = 325 ha, SD = 207) was significantly larger than that of juvenile foxes ( – = 165 ha, SD = 176) , but χ χ we could not detect any seasonal differences in home range size for foxes. Mean (SD) nightly ranges were 38.3 ha (48.3) in spring , 97.4 ha (115.4) in summer , 26.8 ha (28.5) in fall, and 16.3 ha (13.6) in winter. Movements by foxes during the period from June to November averaged 3.5 km (2.89). Eleven of the foxes were known to have dispersed ( 3 km from their home ≥ range) , but we could not detect a mean direction of dispersal. Thirty-six percent (4/11) of the foxes dispersed in December and 18% (2/11) dispersed in August , with the remainder dispersing between February and November. Average dispersal distance was 19.3 km (15.6) , and a significant negative correlation was detected between initial home range size and dispersal distance of foxes. Mortality of radio-collared foxes was caused by collisions with automobiles, predation , and shooting. Foxes made extensive use of ravines and other greenbelt areas , such as parks and golf courses. Residential areas were also used by some foxes. Knowledge of the habitats frequented by foxes as well as their movement potential assisted researchers in determining where vaccine baits should be placed for the control of rabies in Red Foxes in metropolitan Toronto. Key Words: Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes, home range, movements, metropolitan Toronto, Ontario. Rabies was prevalent in Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) residential, industrial, commercial, and greenbelt areas in rural habitats of Ontario (Voigt 1987) as well as in [see Rosatte (1986) and Rosatte et al. (1992) for com - some urban complexes such as metropolitan Toronto, plete description and habitat maps]. The urban com - Ontario, during the 1960s through the 1980s (Rosatte plex was intersected with a number of ravine systems et al. 1992). During the 1970s, Voigt (1987) used radio- associated with waterways , including the Credit River, telemetry to study the ecology of Red Foxes in south - the Humber River, Etobicoke Creek, the Don River, ern Ontario. That ecological data assisted researchers Highland Creek , and the Rouge River [see Rosatte et in developing an aerial vaccine-baiting system for the al. (1992) for a map of river systems]. control of rabies in rural habitats of the province (MacInnes et al. 2001). This control program , which Methods used Twin Otter aircraft to distribute vaccine baits over During 1989 –1990, a total of 33 Red Foxes were large contiguous areas , was not feasible for urban land - live-captured from 13 different areas in metropolitan scapes with high human population levels and very frag - Toronto using humane Novak foot snares and Toma - mented fox habitat. A radio-telemetry study of urban hawk #108 double door cage traps (Tomahawk, Wis - fox ecology was initiated in metropolitan Toronto in consin). Traps were placed in habitats wherever fox 1989 to provide data to help design a rabies control sign (e.g., tracks, scat) was evident. The procedure strategy for urban foxes. following capture included chemical immobilization using a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride and acepro - Study Area mazine and vaccination with an intramuscular injection The study area consisted of a 1000 km 2 urban com - (1 mL) of Imrab inactivated rabies vaccine (Merial Inc., plex known as metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Athens, Georgia). The fox was fitted with a VHF radio - centred at 43 °42' N, 79 °26' W [see Rosatte et al. (1992) collar (148 –152 MHz, Lotek, Newmarket, Ontario) and for a map of the study area ]. At the time of the study, released at the point of capture. Animals were locat - this urban complex consisted of the cities of North ed on the ground as well as from Cessna aircraft with York, Etobicoke, Scarborough, Toronto, and York and Lotek SRX 400 receivers and Yagi antennae during the borough of East York. The study area also included the period 1989 to 1992. Locations of foxes were cal - the city of Mississauga. The human population at the culated by the intersection of two or three compass time (circa 1989) was estimated at approximately 2.5 bearings (triangulation) from the observer to the fox million (about 4200 people/km 2) and the landscape location and were plotted on topographical maps. was composed of multiple land-use classes , including Foxes were located during the day as well as at night. 215 04_09032_Rosatte.qxd:CFN 123(2) 1/31/11 11:51 AM Page 216 216 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 123 Home ranges using a kernel estimator were calculated (Table 1) during the study. However, no differences using Ranges IV and V software. An estimate is pro - were found between annual home ranges of males and vided for annual and seasonal ranges of foxes using females (P = 0.89), adult males and adult females the total number of fixes. A minimum of 25 fixes were (P = 0.59), or juvenile males and juvenile females required for annual home range analysis (using area- (P = 0.23) (Table 1). We could not detect any differ - observation curves), and at least three months of track - ences in seasonal home ranges of foxes ( P > 0.05) ing data were required for seasonal range calculations. (Table 1). Dispersal fixes were not included in home range cal - A juvenile male fox (T9017) was collared and culations and were defined as a movement of 3 km released in Warden Woods Park, Scarborough, on 3 ≥ from the home range ; this distance was considered a August 1990. It spent the fall and winter in a confined significant movement , given the small home ranges area , then dispersed (> 4 km from its home range) in reported for urban foxes in previous studies (Trewhella March and April 1991. He then settled down in one et al. 1988). area for the summer of 1990. Overall, the annual [18 Home ranges were determined for the following 285 ha (182 .9 km 2)], spring [13 984 ha (140 km 2)], seasons: spring (March –May), summer (June –August) , and summer [1677 ha (17 km 2)] ranges were excep - fall (September –November) , and winter (December – tional; however, the fall range was more comparable February). Foxes were tracked continuously during the to an urban fox [18.1 ha (0.18 km 2)]. evenings during each month to obtain an estimate of Nightly ranges: Twenty-two foxes were monitored nightly range. The number of continuous tracking loca - between 1 and 19 nights (4 to 8 hours/night) (1989 tions varied , from one location every 20 minutes to one and 1990) when they were active (total of 54 nights location every 2 hours. Timing of dispersal of foxes for all foxes). Mean (SD) nightly ranges were 38.3 ha was also determined in order to provide data on family (48.3) in spring (n = 7 nights ); 97.4 ha (115.4) in unit separation. summer (n = 11 nights ); 26.8 ha (28.5) in fall (n = 35 This study occurred during a three-year period from nights ); and 16.3 ha (13.6) in winter (n = 4 nights ). July 1989 to July 1992. Adkins and Stott (1998) doc - Summer ranges were significantly larger than fall umented some of the movements of seven of these fox - ranges ( P = 0.001). es over a three-month period during the summer/fa ll of 1990 as part of a graduate student program at Queen ’s Nightly movements : Nightly movements during June University, Kingston, Ontario. Those data are included to November, 1989 and 1990, for 21 of the above in our study. noted foxes [an adult female (T8905) with kits was Data were analyzed using Statistica 6.0 software. excluded from these calculations ] averaged 3.5 km A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine (SD = 2.89, range 0.3 –11.1 km ; n = 35 nights). No whether there were age (adults vs . juveniles) and sex significant differences ( P = 0.09) were detected between nightly movements in the summer ( – = 4.7 (males vs . females) differences in home range. A Stu - χ km, SD = 3.1 ; range 0.9 –11.1 km) vs . the fall ( – = dent ’s t-statistic was used to examine the data for sex χ and age differences in dispersal distances and nightly 2.9 km, SD = 2.7 ; range 0.3 –9.9 km). Sample size movements of foxes during spring and fall. Rayleigh’s was too small to compare nightly movements during Test of Uniformity was applied to the movement data winter and spring. One of the foxes, an adult female to determine whether the circular distribution of dis - with kits (T8905), was monitored for 19 nights (1800 persal angles was uniform (Zar 19 99). to 0600) between 21 March and 13 December 1990. Nightly movements ranged from 0.3 km to 5.4 km (Figure 1).
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