A Teacher's Introduction Toenergy and Energy Conservation: .Secondary

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tITIE --, A Teacher's Introduction toEnergy and Energy Conservation: .Secondary. INSTITUTION 'Battelle Memorial Inst.,Columbus, Ohio. Center'for. Improved Education.; Ohio StateDept. of Education, . Columbus.

SPONS AGENCY . Office of Education (DREW), Washington;D.C. PUB DATE 75 . NOTE 97p.; For related doctiment, seeSE02.1780; Photographs' may not reproduce well AVAILABLE FROM 'Division ofEducation Redepign and Renewal, Ohio( Dep. of Education, 65 South,Front/St.,Colnibus,:, . Ohio' (no price quoted) . EDBS-PRICE MF--10.83 C-$.4.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cutriculum; iEnergyv *Energy Conservatioi; . Instructional Materials;°*Physics;Science Education; Secondary Education; *SecondarySchool Science; . *Teaching"Guides IDENTIFIERS *'Ohio

. . ABSTRACT .. "Ilis.document is intended to give . the secondary f school teacher.backgroundinformation.and general suggestionsfor "teaching units and correlatedlearning activities rela-ted.toenergy and energy conservation. Sections are directed to A.Problem Shared by All, Causes,, What is Energy?,Energy Sources, -Searching for Solutions. Cbnservation: An Ethicfor Everyone, a'glossaryand extensive bibliograpW.MR) an . .

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. SECONDARY V S CICPARTIAE NT OF NEALYN. EOLICATIONILINELFtE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT ,HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AT ING.11 POINTS OF v .EV1 OR OPINIONS STATEDDONOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENERGY EDUCATION POSITION OR"CILKTt ENERGY ENERGY 4 \AF

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A Teachers introductionTo Energy and Energy Conservation

COLUMBUS. OHIO1975- OHIO DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

S STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

3 William H. Cossler, President YoungstoWn . Everett L JungN.D.. Vim-President Hamilton Martha B. Agler Columbus '. William M1 Baker Madison.' ,111113 Wallace E. Blake Zanesville Walter A. Builts, Jr. Cleveland Thaddeus Garrett, Jr. Akron Susan D. George Canton t Robert W. Grosser Strongsville Daniel Jankowski Maple Ileights William M. Judd Cincinnati, Robert A. Lyons, Sr' ayton Roy D. McKinley frb4on John R. Meckstrotp Cincinnati David M. Miller Portsmouth David R. Rittenhouse Toledo Anthony Russo . Mayfield Heights Ruth S.child'house Columblis Wayne E. Shaffer Bryan Cecil M. Sims fiqu4 Robert.W. Walker Adena - Robert E. Williams Xenia Martha W. Wise Elyria

Martin W. Esiex

Superintendent of Public Instruction .

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Franklin B. Walter Deputy Superintendent-of Public Instruction

Virginia t. Ktmlde Director, Division of Educational Redesign and Renewal

Prepared by.

, oeBateite Center for II-waved Edication 505 King Avenue Columbus. Ohio 43201

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. _ FOREWORD

Historically, American education hasbeen responsive to 'the demands placed upon it by its constituentsto resolve human pcnblerns: Curriculum . the what of learningis influencedby both societal, advancements and . problems

The'Worldwide,enerpy problem demandsthat priorit ybe placed upon seek- . ing solutidns -Hard-hitting shortages have brought'generalrecognition that the ,sources of energy are exhaustiblegrEnergyto turn the multitudinous 'wheels of American industry,to transport a highly mobile people, tosup- t part the conveniences of homes, andto make passible recreational activities is becorhing more and morescarce. A complexity of reasons con'- tkibute 'to this situation. finiteenergy sources; the demands of life styles resulting from the technologicalachievement by people throughout the world, comparatively limitedsupport to research, and waste.

The energy problem touches thelives of all people.'Hence, schsolsare involved in efforts affecting:bur destiny.Students of all ages must be Taught the energy conservation ethic,which means using energymore efficiently and with less waste. The significantunderstanding of iharing among nations and world dependency must .be actjuired.And as a primary goal, schools are .called upoii to provide crgative socialand scientific thinking, exploration, and problem-solving epenences. Itcould well be that some youths now inschool may discoveruntapped sourcesof energy, findnew ways lb adapt old sources, and inventnew mactimes capable of con- tributing. to lolutionsefor this complex problem.

So assist teachers in both the elementaryand secondary schools, these inservice guidelines on energy and energy conservation havebeen prepred. It is our hope that teachers willuse these materials as astarting point and .go far beyond in this necessary instruction. A broad effdrtis needed to help our society deal with a growing problem which affects all(fives and Axperica. ; itself.

-L. 'N Marti W. EStex Superintendent ofPublic instibctraii . - . r

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This inservice publication, A Teast!er's Introduction To Energy and Energy Conservation, has been prepared for)-teachersinthe. elementary and secondary schools a Ohio by the Battelle Center-for ImprOved 'Education 4n cooperation wrth the Ohio Department of Educaticrpratitude'is eiwressed. to Battelle's Colunibus Laboratories for theresearch contributioncontained. 'thi this timely and significam publieation.-

Appreciation is extended, MO, to Donald Frericks, assistant director of,the Departmint of Education's `Division of Teacher Education and Certification, and.. to Dermot Schn'ack, consultant with the Division of Guidance and Testing, for their work in preparing the lesxtensive.6ibliograj)hy which ap- companies this publication.

Permission to Use the included photography and graphics was gr'anted by The Federal En'ergy Administration, Region V, Battellefflemorpl Institute, Sohio, and Columbia Gas Company. Grateful recognition is made, of this contribution.

..The staff of the Division of Educational Redesign and Renowal expr.ess op- preciation to the members of the reaction panel for theraritique of draft .editions in terms of content, format and piacticality. David BetzToledo Board of Education, Toledo Diana ClassAnsonia Elententary School, Ansonia Audrey CoughlinSt. Mary School, Columbus . Bonnie punkBramble Primary School, Cincinnati Grape Hawkins.-Grant Junior High School, Steubenville Pauline Harper-Beallsville Elementary School, Beallsville 4. Al JuniorSouthviewfigh School, Lorain, . -r leanor Knight-,-Chester EletnentrySchool. Chester . Ralph4Locke---East Junior High School, East Liverpool . . Robert McBurneyT-Worthington HighSchopl, Worthington Fran PancopstEvergreen EastMiddle Schdol, Metamora John PetersL.-Ansonia Elementary School, Ansonia tiliehael SchaferAnsonia High School, Ansonia ' Clarissa SherardJqhn F. !Carmody High School. Cleveland

The a=nnty Is the suttect of thrs report wassupported to whole or in part by the U S Ofbx of ficlucatPon,Department of Heath Education and Welfare However opinions expressed-Serern do not necessarily reflect theposinon or policy tif the U S Once of Educautp, and no official endorse . mew by the U S Office of Education should be nferred

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TABLE'OF CONTENTS t ., ,: , INTRODUCTION - r .. VC/HAT'ISYOURE.Q.7 % 3 A'PROBLEM SHAREDBY Ad i, I 5

'CAUSES- g

WHAT IS ENERGY? 14

ENERGY SOURCES i , 16

SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS 32

, -OON$OV.ATION:.AN ETHIC FQ13EVERYONE 35

.. NSWEkS;t0 E.C120U-ESTIONS .,,, ., 39 GLOSSARY 1 . supGtfED JUNIOR HIGH AND MIDDLE. SCHOOL TEACHING :UNITS

SWGSTED SENIOR HldH. . TEACHING UNITS 4 V .. s .-BIBLIOGRAPHY r" 75

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INTRODUCTION,

At no other time in the history of our cOuniry.has there been a greater neW for a national commitment to conserving existing energy sources and seek- ing new ones. A united effort by all Americans is necessary to fulfill-this 4 commitment, There is no -better place or time to begin than in today's schools.-with students who will be tomorrow's adults. It is their lives which will beaffected by the energy practices and policies of the present. - . The teacher's responsibility is a critical one in teaching about the sources and uses of energy, the -multi-faceted 'problem, and the .energy conservation ,ethic. Attitudes, along with technology, are important in working toward solutions. . .. , .,. ThtztDivision of Educational Redesign and Renewal coordinates the Ohio D artment of Education's inservice center. Ond of the diiiision's major . reoonsibilities is the development and dissemination of INDIVIDUALIZED 114$ERVICE PACKETS, practical resources for independent studyor for the use of teacher-leaders working-with groups of colleafues. A Teacher's In- trpduction to Energy and Energy Conservation is another of these stand-,. feee inservice resburces. i . ..

This material is intended to give ;he teacher background inforrnation and, general suggestions for teaching units and correlated learning activities.

Sections are directed to: A Problem Shared by All, Causes, What Is. EAergy?, Energy Sources, Searching for SolUtions, Conservation: An Ethic ' for Everyone, a glossary, find an extensive bibliography. The background information has been written for all teachers from the kindergarten through the secondary school. Four teaching units pr9vide for the differentiation of astruction: kindergarten-primary, upper elementary, middle school, and high school level. . Z , In addition, a slide pocket is provided for examples of slides related to energy education. Teachers and students are encouraged to build a slide collection by taking picItires which show energy sources, uses, conservation practices and industries in the nearby community.

The major goal of this inservice publication is to give the teacher orienta- titin- to energy education and the encouragement to do -research and teaching beyond the initial, condensed content. Another goal is that the 4 materiats will stimulate school districts to build entrgy education into the curriculi561.I

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WHAT IS YOURE. Q.? Energy Quotient) 1. Why are our major fuels canedfossil fuels?

2. What are the three 'principalfossil fuels?

3 Name three nonfossilsources of energy.

.4. Of nonrenewable fuels, which is most abundant? t . 5 Givexerni)les of ht5w the study ofenergy cah be related to science. mathematics. social studies. literature, art, music..

,6. What ale the basic Causes'of theenergy problem?

7. What are positive features ofthe energyshortage? s

8 What two categories combined takeover half of the average American famrly's energy budget?

9. What is the primary use of. transportation 'energy 'inour country? fr, 10. Why is electricity called secondaryenergy?

j 1: In what two ways does electricalpower waste energy?

12. Howwere substantial quantities of natural gasreserves wasted?

13. What options do We haveto meet energy demand? tfr 14. How is energy defined in physics?

15. What are the NV° states of energy?

16 What two kinds of .energy transformationstakeplace in the sun which man has learned how to durilicate?

17 The thtee types ofenergy Conversion processes are mechanical (physical), Chemical, and nuclear (atter:n.10. 5. (a) In which of these processes iswasteheat generated? (b) Which is the primary process responsiblefor all the energy we have? (c) Which process takes place ina storage battery?

18. What unit is used commonlyto measure potential or.kinetic energy?

19. How is efficiency of theenergy process defined?.

20. What are the achiantages anddisadvantages of electricity? 8

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r 21 When a substance is heated, it increases themovement of atoms, therefore, heat is really what kind of energy? 4. 22 Uranium, green plants, coal, natural gas, sunlight, fuel oil,oil shale, and hydropower are sources of energy. (a) Which of thesesources are renewable or continuous? (b) Which of fhepe sources are nonrenewableor exhaustible?

23. What generalizations can be made about fossil fuels?

24. Which of the fossil fuels ismost abundant in Ohio?:

25. What invention gave the impetus to supplant wood.with'cbal?.

2p. What are some advantages in Using oilor gas over coal? f 27 Which fossil fuel is the principal one not being completely'utikzedin the United States?

28 What energy conversion process may ultimatelycreate the biggest new market for coal?

29. What are possible sources of energy for the future? ) - 30 What change took place ini November, 1970 that gaveus bause to worry about sour future oil supply? . t .: .. 31. What is the goal of Project Independence? v

32 Name three technology advancements being made in the energyfield° ,33 What are three advantages of recycling? i- 34. What are problems in total recycling of throwaway Materials? s . 35. What ways does the concern for natural environment figurein the energy ... problem? .

36 What factors will encourage the development ofnew energy resources?

37. What is the energy conservation ethic? i 38. .How can the energy conservation ethic be practiced in schools?-

39 What are some conservationmeasures whic'ti May be practiced in the home and ... community?

40 How can local, state and national' government assist in theconservation of energy? 9

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A PROBLEM" SHARED 13Y'ALL

As we are gaininga realistic view of the energy problem,we have become aware of the finitenature of fossil fuels. Our students also need. a comprehensive appraisalbefqe the'y can devise ideasfor solutions.. )

QUESTIONSTO GUIDE YOUR READING

At present consumptionrates, w en do the op mistssay we wi.11 run.out of domestic oilresourceIQ the Unitedtates?

When do pessimistssay we wi run- out? ti How long will our domestic.c al_last?

In- what ways can the study ifenergy be rlated to.

Science

.4 matheMatic§

te. Social studies

literature

art

music?

What is the ptir7 ry Cause,de energy problem? *.

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A PROBLEM SHARED BY ALL

We in America are a problem- oweourjobstothe The longer we wait in working solving sotiebi. yVe livein the '4utomobileindustry, We turn towards solutions, the fewer op- spirit of. "Can do!" and, while weiSownthethermostats., and tions we will have. The evidence nolongerbelievethatevery sometimesshiverinchilly is clear that the era of cheap fuel problem has a simple solution; classrooms to conserve natural is ended. Itis, however, not a we believe that man, if he looks gas, yet-we are told that America' matter alone of fuel becoming hard enough and works hard his enough coal for many hun- moreexpensive.TheTh greater enough, can do much about im dreds of years'-'if only someone problem is diminishing availabil- proving his own living conditions. car% find ways of using it property. itybas-eq, -oh past and present In this sense, we, like our pioneer rates of consumption. ,At issuek. t forefathers, are pragmatists. Our Butwe have, at least, rrtade some therefore, is The question of our approaches to recent problems procji.ess towA recognizing the nation's whole value system. As continue to evidence this. problem. In the 1960's, when the readily. available, domestic As an example, putting a man,on warnings became clear, 'many, of supplies of coal, natural gas and the moon was- the result of a us /Simplyclidn.'tbelieve them. petroleUrn dwindle, earlier ItalUes clearlydefined approach toa Then, vilhen we began 40 feel the which have led to unrestricted Specific c problem,withim- pinch, some of us blamed the in-,. consumption must yield jo reality. plicationswhich reachedinto dustrial and political sectors of classrooms, where the challenge our'society.-It seemedin- Historically, energy sources have was to improve science educa- conceiv ble,thatAmerica been supplanted by newer, more tion. More recently, our efforts to suddenly ould go from an abun- efficientsources.E rlyman clean up the environment have dance ..tb shortage bf fuel. But found he could his own hadtheirroots,inlirgelyno iongerl'We at last ale begin- muscle poWer withwith the muscle of successfutpcological programs in ningtorealizewhatthe .animals for a greater power sup- the school g. Thereis no reason to economistshave beensaying ply. As .6ivilizatbn.adveriped,_- tassume that the readjustments sincebefOretoday'steachers Wood became chief source of- required by a newspriderstanding were in school. "As t e cheapest poSver. Duringth'e 'Industrial ofthevalue and scarcityof ,ener,gy sources are becoming ex- Revolution,coal supplemented energy sources will not also have hausted, the real costs are going and then replaced wood as the their roots in education; up:' fueLto power,rapidly growing and, °. expanding industry.

Yet, the "energy crisis" is a most While Thisgs a problem shared by. ..

. perplexing problem.Daily,the allof us, it is not a situation lqsavv,.14suppilesere waning., , headlines add' to the confusion. whichsit all bib. As we recognize, Oursearchforalternatives :We mist redube oil imports and for example, the extent of our suggests that we could be Ori the cut dowp on gasoline dependenceupog' foreign brink 'Trfanother te4pological tiort, yet we depend, on the suppliers, we realize that the Un revolution- in.energythe dis- automobile for shopping and get- ited: Statemukt move toward covery of.-new sourcei anCocip- ting to work, and in Ohio many of self-suffici ncy in energy supply. version. processes.

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T11 , The .table below. strikinglyin- total energy budget. Slialeoil dicates that a number of priorities. The "problem is more' sources reserves 'in Wyoming, Colorado,. than a mater of adequate supply; of energy may.be depleted within and, Utah are great, but here we must decrease our rate of the life spans of itudenisnow id againthereare, monumental -consumptionwhile school. - working 'pollution ptoblemst ''Copking oil toward solutions. 04, shale to- release the oileaupes But eventhisgoes notsay the rock tct swell and produces enough,. As supplies of oil and alkali compounds:which pollute Understandings- about the sources and uses.of anergy and a gas level off and decrease, we poll and watbr - obviously will no longer be able corrirnitment to energy conserve-. lionrequire to get nearly 80 percent of ow The situ- ationrsnot hoppless teaching-learning power from them. Co*81 reserves Nehesoiirces of oil are being (Ds- emphasik. And itis not enough are great. but there may have to cotered. New way's are being "simply to comeup with lipts.of be' trade-offsbetweencoal found to convert coal to gas New "helpful-hints- that studen,tscan-, f. availability) andenvirtITImental research is .0Sinting to more.ef- ta'ke home:to their parehts. Cer- tainly: fattbrs. Strip miningis the-only ficient, uses of atomicenergy. conservationofenergy cost-effective way to reachmany And nbw ways-are being-found to shouldstarts>: inthehome. of our coal reservesNor isit useoldenergysources:the, However, if conservatidn is to be- economically feasible to remove energy of the earth, the sun, the :meaningful, there must bean un- thesulfurinmostofour winds 4nd the tides. derstanding of what energy__#, bituminous coal, using presently - - Where ri.comes from, who -uges available technology. Nuclear fuel But all of this will take time, and it,-wfty anti how it.is used. reserves are far greater'than the lewd' demand the use-ofour best projected100-yearsupply,if' brain powerToday's children the role of enemy has btanng a technological develobment of ad: need. to learn to cope ;with ale'. vanced (Aucleer upon various sch,00l subjects. The. liowei.plants situation as it. is being presented'correlations- with (breeder reactors) is Aontinued, science and to them, andthey."7-mustbe 'mathematics aref readily noted, nuclear power deefbpment preparedsotheyc` may do CoVve'ver, there are others. The has been painfully slow 'and is esomethi4,_,..abOu; Prbviding sun, the ultimateenergy sburce, .1, attended( withcomplexen- energy - focusedinspwction has - had a dominant influence in vironmental and health koncerns be an ongoing activity, for,it will music andtart. History"chronicles (osia,y nuclear power accdunts for regale., ustostay aware of the tivancem6nt of societies-in only about to percent of?our ,swiftly changing use j?.atterns and relationshipWithenergyuse.

Our Fuel Predicdm-erit

i4 11 U,S, Energy ,;., flestources Potential heserves Known Reserves Year Left t Oil 11)0 billion barrels billion barrels 10-30

Navrar-Gas 1000 trillion 25Q trillion cu,ft.

Coal 3,25 trillion tons trillicetons 500-1 i00

NuCiear Fuel -1.7 million tons .7 milliOn tone 1061-1000 wi ": (Uranium) breedet reactor.''.

Shale 0,11 Unknown ' 200 billion barrels UnknoWt: . c. '" NOW Figures are estimates-tlerixed from severalsources. Estimatesof epergy resourcei 41' vary widely, often depending to:some extenton. thb interests of the estimators. 12.

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Literature tells of the lives of peo. is hoped tbat students will we can .oalculate the effects to ple involved in the development erse thii careflee or,the see what they really mesh. nit-% of energy Examples are novels switchpsychology by becoming a driver education class,we can such.ts Richard Llewellyn s Now Hillyand well informed about studythe energy saving (as well Green Was My Valley and A energy, uses, conturnption and as safety) aspects of good driving

Cronin's The .qtars .Look Down related_ problems Future respon- habitsIn social studies we can The Molly Maguires (19th cen- will beupon/their studythe energy consumption . turymilitant 42ennsylvanp shoblders. It IS not too early, even patternsof. childreninother, ' miners) are the subjects of non at the kindergarlen.levepOtegin cbantries where fuelis already fiction works thinkingabout -`newandrn- scarce! And we can visit and nova ?ive ways of saving energy learn troll) people-in the com- and unlocking -new resources. munity wttose job it already is to Although1nergy use isis6 much conserve energy,' people at the,. a On ofthedaily, Jivesof For these exercises, our text .can electric °company, the gas com- Amerscans,studiesindicatea be the real world as It exists and pany the school custodian general lack of awareness about changes Arid our school setting the schoel bus supervisor and sourcesofenergyand, how itself can betome a model ,e'nergy others. energyisusedtogenerate conserv'itioticenter We can

ower maintain _ The sources of energy lowertemperatures,. The possibilities, fur.learnin,g by u ed today are simply taken -for use lights and paper parefully doing and seeing for ourselves. granted " and then in a mathematics class are limitless!'

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- Man's ability to-controt and del/plc.-11energy sources has helped to make civilikation.posiigle. Tosave civilization; he must,now buy time for finding newlenergyzsources by'conserving the fossil fuels

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. .0.1JESTIONSTO-GOIDEYOURREADING

Whit 'two. categoriescombibed take over half of the ArneriCa.n fam-iljeVenergy budget?: , .

What fraction of ail Americanworkers have jobs associatedwith i-the--eutornobile business? k ,Wien will nuclear powerbeginto make major contributionsto our electricapply?

What is called s&Ondary energy?

Why is it called secondary energy?',.

I-fow did we wastesubstantial: quantities ofout natural gas reserves?

What dowe neetio get to an era of en*gy'abundance?(one word).

. 14 9 CAUSES.

From early man to thd$ present, with these fuels that we heat Out Natural gas peuPed from the oil progress can be recorded in one homes, cook our food, operate ,wells suih enormous quan- way as a series Qf technological ourfactories,andturnthe tities that there was nothing to do jumps each one directly related wheels for moving people and ..buj burn it at the well, the night to energy use. Man's control of products.These fuelshave sk{, was lit by hundreds of oil- fire with wood as the primary fuel powered the auto age and the well flares. We didn't know what permittedhimtrcookand beginnings of the space age to do with it so we wasted it. The preservefood,toliveinan bountiful flow of oil and this un- otherwiseinhospitable enyiron A noted geologist' has described usable oversupply of gas added to ment With coal, a More concen- the situation the American conviction already trated energy source, he could established -we havevast develop manufactu(ing and ex When the first settlers landed on energy iesources.First it Was pOite trade via steamships and the eastern shore of this conti- wood, .then. coal theIt natural aareadsOrl and natural gas nent they were confronted by a gas. gave him added mobility.* andforest than-came down to the opesLed newprospects_for water's.- edge. Since wood was But our convictions were based chemicaltechnology Nuclear the basic fuel for both heating on assumptions, not on facts. We energyalreadyhaspermitted and cooking.they must have could, and did, cut down the trees significant advances in medical been encouraged bythe faster than they could be grown. diagnos.s and treatment ;through seemingly inexhaustible supply of We were mining .coal as fast As X rays). it has only begun to be firewood. This could have been we knew how, until the pace was realized as a portable source of the origin of the Anierican at- slowed by the arrival of cheaper . power' capableof making the titude toward energy resources landlesspolluting)'oiland desertsbloom . andpowering namelyour resources of fuel natural gas. Then oil field after oil spacecraft Concepts unheard of are so huge as to be virtually field was depleted. Not that all only a few .years dgosuch as fu- inexhaustible. the oil had been recovered. von, utilizing the almost limitless ..../19ut enough' had been removed-to hydrogenof the oceans as a Asthe population pushed lower thereservoir pressures, primary energy sourceare now westward into Pennsylvania and and now the oil would not flow nearly.withintherealmof western Virginia, coal was dis- into the wells, and the recovery tectuval feasibilrty covered Exposed on hillsides and of the remaining ail could cost in stream valleys, coal seemed to more than it was Worth. We were We may, beon the threshold of an be everywhere. punning out of cheap oil. era' when theabilitytd use almost limitless energy will be Then' inthe mid-1800's,well .Gas fields gradually gave up their shared by al! mankind But what before the outbreak of the Civil reserves, and the search for new is needed to cross that threshold War,oilyeas discoveredin gas deposal was pushed (but not is time, and that's what we're western Penrw&ania. In (epic/ energetically). runntng out of Man is literally in succession, oil was found in New a.race with himself As teachers, York, Ohio and West Virginia. In To make up for the shrinking we have the opportuluty and the the early 1900's, the search for supplies at home, the oil and responsibility to help make sure oil moved to the mid-continent natural-gas .compenies increased that tomorrow's citizens under and then southwaid into Arkan- imports from abroad. And all the standthe .impficabonsof the sas, Louisiana and Texas. Also, time these critical .developments race oil seemedtobe almost were going on, there were few everywhere. words of warning, or even cau- We arerunning -outof time tion. We were on an un- because we are exhausting our precedented energy outlay fossil fuels on which we have Richard JAnderson,Battelle .Then name the ail embargo of placed great dependence.Itis Memorial Institute late:49 73 .# 15 Clearly, we are living S. on an earth. Energy Use in the United States which is limited in itscapacity to Today, by Sector (1971) satisfy our enormousdemand for Percentage energy supplied by fins!! fuels of Total Major We muststopusingenergy Consumption Source(s) Examples of End (hes which is-fed from these' sources Transportation 24 Petroleum and Moving our vehiclesautomobiles, as if they would last forever petroleum prod- trains, planes, ships, trucks ucts (95%) Energyisconsumedalmost Residential! 20 Natural gas (40%)Space heating and cooling, water equally in the major Comm'ercia! sectors of Petroleum (40%) heating, cooking., refrigeration, our national economy transport Electricity (15%) air conditioning, lighting, clothes, tam)),residential /commercial, drying, running appliances (for and industrial Eledtriiitygenera- homes. stores; offices) frOuStrie tion accounts for one -fourthof Natural gas (45%)Operating miatti'ines to 'produce our energy consumption Elec- Petroleum 425%) wide array of Manufactured tricity is often called secondary Coal (20%) goods. Electricity (9%) energy. for it requiresconversion Electricity 28 of a primary energy Coal (55 %) Sectric power plants generate source such Generation as coal, petroleum, nuclear fis- Natural gas (20%)electricity for other sectors (less sion. Hydropower (10 %) than 50% efficient),electricity or, hydropower .forits Petroleinn (10%) generation generation not an end use Source: Dupree and West, United Stotts EnergyThrough the Year 2000. US. De- pa-tment of the Interior, 1972. Americanshave more 'than doubled their totalenergy con- isureption in the last 25years- tDernand for energy,per capita, Annual Household Energy Budget forAverage American Family (Mid-1073) has increased by 50percent in that tl ie Equivalent Amount Clearly, our use of Energy End Use Form of Energy -energy extends well beyond Percentof Gasoline (gallons) our Autonobile needs into the limitlesscategory Gasoline 282 911 *.ace Heating of wants Natural.Gas, Oil & 27.8 sa 897 Electricity 44* yaps' Appliances . Now much energyare we really Sect:Pico 2.7 88 consuming? The following, table Water Heating Histural Gas, Oil & 62. 201' -shows the 1-973 eriergrbtidget Electricity (or the ayersge.American family. Air Coed-if:waning . when each family spent about.' Elect. rilcity 1.6 53 Lighting & Other Electrical seven percent of its incomeon Electricity ° 1.4 46 energy Gasr3line for the family Cooking Natural Gas &. 12 60 automobile(s) accounted forover 4Electricity a fourth of the average family's triscellari-eixis Household& Gasoline 0.6 20 ' energy outlay, exceeding theex- Recreatiw penseof home heating Public Transportation Americans spent almost17 Set Fuel, Diesej & 1,7 54 times (Intercity, Ncetbunness ElCctricity as much for enemy to operate Tnicisf . automobiles ason pubhc (1rstratity Tnps)% transportation Costs& & Electricity 0,1 5 Vs(trsta, Heat, Ek.-trioty- Coal,..01, Natural 21.8 1 704 Poner Generation Gas & Nuclear Consider oUr affair with theever- ., Refinery Loss in Gasoline present automobile The rdligty2 Petroleum 5.9 192 Procbction 100 million cars in.thiscountry almost 50 percent-of the world TOTALS 10.0 023). totalconsume more than 75 Source. CitinhirAction Guide to Energy Coesserraton.Citirens Aqinsory Committee billiongallonsofgasoline m on Enyironmehtal Clisse.Ity, 1973.

11 traveling morettlanatrillion',railroadsThese railroads pro- It is true that, with six percent of mites a year One out of six work videdcheap,reasonablycon- theworld'spoptilatton, ingAmericanslies a 0) venient transportation btween Americans now consume one associated wa.h the automobile populationcenters, Where are thirdofits presently available business The total annual energy: they now? energy However. the substitution used by passenger cars -in the of mechanical energy for muscle United States (including fuel con- As the cheaply fueled automobile power has traditi y been a became America's deople mover. sumed, losses in petroleum refin- sourceofnati prideina ingto nake gasoline and oil, our patterns of living, gointo worldthatacclaimedinven-- energy usedin manufacturing, workand shopping than ed tiveness, technology, and a high and repairs) is equal to nearlyAttempts to replace the auto with standard of Irving. 150 billion gallons of gasolthe or publictransportation have not one quarterof gross national been successful No longer do we In the midst of plenfy and the ex= energyconsumption White walk to the grocery store, we hilaration of discovery, we have transportation energy consurrip:'drivetothe shopping center come to depend almost exclusive.' tion in most other countries is There are signs that some of us ly for energy on exhaustible, non- primarily for hauling goods, in the arerediscoveringthebicycle renewable fossil kels. ThZ fossil United Stalls itis primarily,* However, many people still would fuels in the earth now are, for rathertake the family car to haulingpeople In.thechart practical purposes,all that we . recreational below,originallypublishedin areas' rather than will ever have This dilemma is at walk early 1974, the U SOffice of orput up with thein- the heart of man's current energy. ScienceandTechnologyhas convenience of a bus problems plotted this dramatrc fact The fact of the matter is that we are so accustomed to using abun- Alarmed by the present situation, . Three decades ago. Ohio,like dant. cheap energy that a sincere some of us are taking the.attitude many other states, was iryterlaced national consepation effort will that this has been wrong. We by a systemof interurban*lye to be a trcing one lose sight of what can be done to

Transportation Wheel of Energy Consumpticin in the United States

d- TRUCKS AND BUSES 22.2% 7.<

PLANES 129S0

FARM VEHICLES 4.85

SHIPS 44% or TRAINS 2 9%

17 PIP

12 make the world a better place (3) It will be 1979 'or 1980 before total energy independence in the through the constructive use of new gas or oil deposits can be very short run Yet, to increase chnology If new power sources found off the Atlantic and our imports will mean a growing an be developed, there is no. Pacific coasts of the United balance of trade deficit and possi- reason to believe that' v_ve cannot States -andbroughtinto ble further devaluation of the retain the,truly meaningfuliaarts production, if indeed they ac- dollar. The other optionisto of our technology and continue to tually exist there, and if they conservewherever spread energy.is theadvantagesof can be recovered without dis- used. got b throwing away our mechanical power to other coun- astrouseffectsonthe electric toothbrushes (which con-. tries But until we have new environment. sume a paltry 6/10,000ths of sources,-we must five prudently one percent of our electricity) but (4) New plants.to produce syn- by careful .and intel nt use of Some of today's bestscience thetic natural gas or synthetic. dwindling resources. students will be helping design fuel fermotor vehicles will re- more efficient energy conversion quire at least 3 or 4 ygars to 'RichardJ Anderson,Battelle systemsMeanwhile, weii must build, even if we could decide Memorial Institute make do with machines which now what process to'employ arenotoriouslywastefulin, ItcoiLld be 1982 oil 1985 design This waste is illustrated before significant = supplies of by ,theayserageautomobile synthetic fuel .begin to cir- engine. whilEh operates at less culate through the national than 30 p6rcent efficiency A drstributton system. home (*.furnace is 65 percent efficient An industrial gas tur- (5)' Nuclear-reactors, onorder or bine .iSortly 35 percent efficient. underconstruction,take A steam turkine is less Mali 50' yearstocomplete.Major .percent efficientin 'generating, nuale6r contributions of elec- electricity, and when that electricity to the national stipply tricityistransmitted long dis- are not expected before 1985 tances,therearesubstantial (Today's nuclear share of the losses from the power +nes. Pru- national energy budgetiS' less d§e operationofmechanical than two-percent.), devices 'canminimizem heat losseswhether the heat goes (6) Advancednucleardevelop- up the chimney, into the cooling ment. such as commercial water of a pdvier plant. Or is Jost breeder reactors, could be 10 4 by friction in the brake linings of, to years away.. Fusion. 'the Jam ily tar despite neVi., and encouraging discoveries, is still a hope for Well worthrememberingare, the21stcentury,notthe these seventhought-provoking 20th energy shortage facts (7) Importantadditionstothe normal energy budget from (1) No- smote "nevi' source of solar.geothermal,ortidal energy is going to materialize sources are not expected for

'Suddenly and rescue us from another 10 to 20 years . today's shortages

Thesefactsle adtoanun- (2), It will be 1977 or 1978 before avoidable conclusionour only the AVskanpipelinesare recourse during the next 10 years finishes to bringus oil and or more is to increase fuel im-. naturalgasfrom Prudhoe 'ports or reduce our consumption' Bay* It may be uneconomic to seek .1

13 p

. WHAT IS ENERGY?

We get our ability to perform work from the sun'. Muchenergy is stored as 'nonrenewable fuel resources.To conserve these resources, we must eliminate waste.:.particularly .waste heat. $

QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR READING

How is energy defined in physics?

What are the two forms of energy?'

What two kinds of enevy transformationg take place in thesun

The three types of energy conversior prOesses are mechahical (physical), chemical, and nuclear. (atomic). k in which of theseprocesses is waste heat generated?

(b), Which is the process responsible for all the energy we have:,

Which process takes place in a storage battery? ..A What unit- is used commonly to measure potential or kinetic' energy?

When a substance is heated, it increases the movement of atoms, therefore, heat -is really what kind of energy?

'19 14 WHAT IS ENERGY? 'I Energy is a word used widely, but "How didthePilgrimsuse Any moving object is capable of often with little thought .There energy?-Whdt etergysourpes did performing work and therefore are' problems of meaning and you use this Morning in getting possesses energy,. We call this problems in scale Sheer energy up and coming to school? What". energy the ener9 of movement in a teleVision hosiery ccirhener- can liou do each day to save 'or kinetic energy; rock- alling cial may confuse youngsters., nor energy, and how much can you, frOrn, a cliff ihto -sof of water does itseemmeaningfulto save? What energy source's are has kinetic energ toiravity, equate the energy in a popular dsed by the school?" Theseare Furthermore,. any onary ob- breakfast foticf with what the some of the questions one can ject also possess-44capacity news commentatorsdiscuss ask for movrng and peif.-- when they work, Consider new for it, too,-ig acted ut g'rav- manifestations 4 C ofthe energye We all know' that energy is the it'y,_which isopt), by. a cusis (thoughof course, food capadityorabilitytoperform strongeriresistngi fo':keeprng shortages and energy shortages work What, then, is work? Work, theobjdctfrcirri me g.The areinexorablyrelated) Fre- in physics,is a push or a pull slationaryobject.SEX as Jhe quently, students may be con- (calledaforce) on an object rock on the cliff before the fall, fused and apprehensive, perhaps which, causes that object to move pos,sesses the energy of position even turned offTo turn them against a resisting force such as or potential energy. backon,' andprovidenewfriction, gravity, or simple inertia awareness,it'spractical to 'in- Sinceeffecting._ movement is Pbtentiel and kinetic are the tinrot.. troduceenergythinkinginto/.what we mean by work, Obviously states of energy. An object at any other instructional areas, as v'well.play is d kind of work, as are all given moment is either_at rest or as science human actions, in motion: its enewy is either

Energy transformationsA Pendulum

/)III / 1 / 1 / .. - 1 \

energy changing energy changing / \ 4 from-Potentist from Kinetic to to Kinetic Potential

Highest Point of Swing Higher ; Point of Swing Waxirrhim POTENTIAL Energy Return to MaximuriS (ball at Pest). POTENTIAL Energy (ball again at resin Lowest Point of Swing Maximum KINETIC Energy

C (ball at fastest weed)

'For atustrative teaching procedures, see the teaching units . 4.V potential s or kineticObviously. Inthesuntheie aretwo .perfect energy converter, some work is done only after an object processes, fission (the splitting of heat always is lost to the sur- passes from the potential state to heavy atoms) and fusion (the roundings, and there are other the kinetic state, when its 'Stored Combining of light atoms) We are losses when heat is generated by potential energy is released A beginningtousethefission friction swingingpendulumillustrates process directly 40 produce heat thetransformations of energy in nuclear power plants We have We get most of our electrical from potential to kinetic and back produced fusion energy so far power from Mechanical energy, again onlyinthehydrogel) bomb requiring another conversion step Man's hope for ultimate plentiful and more friction losses. In a Several different proces'ses may supplies of energy rests on better storage battery, chemical. energy bring about a changeinthe ti control of the fission and fusion is converted directly into elec- energy of an objeCt from potential processes* tricalenergy but there stillis to kineticThese procegsee .are some heat loss. Qevices for don- eithermechanical(physical). - Except_ in.a fewcases. such as yerting heat energy directly to chemical' or nuclear (atomic) in.storage batteries. heat is always electricity are being investigated nature generatedasanintermediate in the laboratory and ultimately step: between chemical energy may become importantassets to All of these energy-state trans- andmechanicalenergy Heat enfig), conservation fermations *set,,somethirig In mo- causes air, steam, or some other - tion which then has the capacity gas to eipand, and thk expanding' When. potential energy is con- for performing workThe' very gas sets something in motion In verted io kinetic energy, heat is first process is a nuclear process nature, a cloud may be set in mo- evolved, plus possibly light and The sun is a corrtmuous source of tionIn* man's envronment, the sound. Actually, heat-is really a nuclear andth.Kmonuclear heat can be used to drive a piston formof kineticener§ydue, energy itreleases energetic or turn, a Wt)eel. No mechanical.. basically,, to the mcceased"move- nuclear particles and 'waves" device evenapproachesbeing a ment. of atoms in the substance` (photons)which'contiguously t3ombard the earth of 'this energy absorbed byby the earth s atmosphere. Some of it (sunlight) Processes of Energy Transformation penetratestheatmosphere. whereitstrikes greenplants which convertitto .chernical MECHANICAL Force pUshel or pulls on an object causing it to overcome energy by a natural physical) resistance and move. Origin of force may be man, other Alma!, process, plant, wrncl,ineter, machme,heat.gravity, magnetism. photosynthesis its this natural process that is responsible for all Examples; bowling ball strikes pins; plant pushecup through soil. the fuel we burn. Wood comes tornado uproots tree; A directly from green plants' Coat milk is poured on cereal; oil.n.d 'natueaf. gas are the toaster pops up toast. fossilized rematns oi-greenprarits CHEMICAL TWo or more substances brought into coot andofplantai-id under certain con- animal cause reaction which moves ing (often, ax?Irsion organismsWhichconsumed due to heat generated). them Examples. effervescent tablet fizzes ih wate(r,. ke rises in oven, When chemiCal energy is used tch burns when -struck, up. thereis no actual loss of matter That is. the combustion NUCLEAR 4 Tremendous potential energy holding atomic nucleus together is bitoirac) products of coal or oil weigh as transformed to heat and light and great expansion 9f sir. Some matter is transformed directly to energy.''Two processes (a) haws rftuch as-the fuel did in the first or spinet; of nucleus by bombardment with subatomic particles; place But in the sun, matter is (b) fusion or joining of two nuclei under greatileat and pressure. actually transformed into energy Examples: nuclear power plants, "atomic" sub- And, as we learn from science. rr9rines. $tom bomb (all fission); sun's the possible energy yield from surface, hydrogen bomb (fusion). converting matter is tremendous 21 16 that is heated ,Because he t is a purpose of moving from place to plentiful,but they wilt -requsre result of every energyahsfor- place manyyearsof mation, and because a y energy technological source can be convert d into an development, Potentihily, the fuel The term efficiency of a conver- for thermonuclear fusion .is as equivalent amount ofeat. thq sion process or a machine refers measurementfor abundant as the hydrogen in the eatthe to the ratio of useful product to oceans, but realistic fusion power Britishthermalunit (Btu)is the total amount of input (or, out- may have to wait for. the 21st usedcommonlytomeasure put). As users or convertersof century.. This potential or kinetic energy One. leaves.non- vast quantities ofenergy, we are renewable fossil fuelsCoal, oil .. Btu is the amount of heat re- thereloieconcerned notonly and natural gasas today'sprin- quired to raise the temperature of the with supplyofenergy cipal energy sources. (Hydroelec- one pound of water one degree available to us, but equally with tricpower and other nonfuel Fahrenheit There ace the about efficiency oour energysources account for only 13,000Btu in a poundof 'conversion process part of our energy budgel.) We bituminous coal, 1,032 Btu in a must _simultaneously cubic foot of natural gas, 132,000 conserve Electricity is ,clean, available n- our remaining fossil fuels and Bty in a gallon of gasoline, and/,'Stantly, and easily transmitted. 145.000 Btu in a gallon of home learn how to use them at ef- Since 1950, generation of ec- ficiently as possible. heating oil. tricityin.;his country asin- creased bya' factoro four. When one state or form of energy Win/ever.; both the generation is derived from another, we have .and transmission of electricityin- energy-to-energyconversions, vokte some. wasteenergy. these are happening all the time Generationofelectricitythe around us (and even inside of conversion of fuel to elect?ical ult) The one ,irfrponant thing to energyis less than 50 percent remember is that you get only as efficient in- even the most modern much out of an energy-to-energy, plants.Inmany of ,the older conversion as'ijouput in; only the.plants as much as two-thirds of forms . states Of energy are the energy. generated is lostas thanewhen energy fS. con- waste heft Which is exhausted as . a 'ioerted frorrionerform. to another. "th. etrpl pollution'" through plant The're's no suchhbing as getting stacks anti cooling water.. Ten something for.n6thmg. percent of the electricity actually

4 generated is lbstclurmg transmis- Of' ell -energy conversions pc- sion Newly developed and costly curfing all the time, only a very means' of transmitting electricity few will result in Work aseful to throughchilledunderground men We increase die number. of cablest1e;.41.: thepotentialof conversions that generate useful..!reducing this loss mesIsurably enirgy through ,b-rrverterS called machines, whu-..h transfotm We -have seen thatall energy energy of one frkm, the fuel, into conversions and allour sources energyofanother .form, the of energy can be traced back to product. An automobile engine nuclear energy in the sun. Manis converts; by burning. the fuel only beginning to make use of gasoline, a form ofstored nuclearenergy conversion chemicalenergy.- intothe processes ori.the earth the fuel mechanical energyofmotion thatis 'presently availablefor Our own bodies convert food into these processes (an uncommon movement,heat,andalllife form or isotope 9tf uranium called 'processes . The excess heat and U-235) is limited in extent and sound generatedbyan costly to obtain. Other potential automobile enginearemostly fuels for nuclear fiSsion, the split- waste energy, not useful to pur ting of heavy atoms, are more

A. 22 17 I'

ENERGY SOURCES Coal is the only fossil fuel still widely abundantin the United States, but there are problems associated withmining and using it.

Ohio is a, major prodOcer, but Ohio coal. ishigh in sulfur content. .

QUESTI9NS TO GUIDE YOUR READING ; Uranitr, green plants,' coal, ,naturalgas, sunlight, fueloil,oil shale, and hydopowe are sourced of 4 energy. . - (a) Which of the-se sourcesare renewable or continuous?

(b) Which of these sourcesare nonrenewable or exhaustible?

What are the three principal fossil fuels? A

Which.df the fossil' fuels is most abundantin Ohio? ,- What percent of U.,S.. ener,gy comes from petrdleuin and natural '.gas? . . ,. . .

Ohio supplies_ what 'perbent 9fthe,,pe,roleumthat iq..1.4sed in the. state?.. - ,, --,', , I v .: % I . .1 AtIlthe:beginnipg of the -20t14 egntury,ioalsupplied about 90,per.-; ___ce tat the dinrenewable,inanimate t -:v ., energy in the United-gfaes.. Ho ratighliees itsupplynow? - . 4 A . - ..., ,-. . -. 'icio -., rawly-mink:in ton_,,pf to-al each' year jlialftittla,K9quction} ._ . c9mfrj:Yrn deep:tiritiergrourifiTrig7 ,:-- :- .- , .. The ernaihjng-U.S.-doal produCtion 'eachyear,comes from what t'. type t raining?' -.

Whatis the prificipal disadvantdge df Ohio doal?\---. z ;

e Sr %. r 18 2 3, I

r f. ENERGY SOURCES

Same ener0 is obtained from actionThe end products=o11, and water when produced -and- sources directlyrelatedto the natural gas, and coalcontain used flow of heat a light from the large quantities of stored solar sun We can ter these sources,energyintheform-of They are' all -14rgely, burned:, cautiously,renewable- or con- hydrOcarbons. releasing heat energy to per- tinuousenergyresources. As form work, Jongas the sun rises every mor-' We can make sbveral nJng, its energy will be available generalizations about the fossil All are nonrenewable. and constantly replepished.* The fuel§ Which account fo 'more .. amount of solar energy received than 95 percent of the-inanimate Early inhis deyelopment, man daily by two square:miles of the'energy supply in our state. learned to tontrol the .release.of earth's surface equals the energy stored solar energyethrough.fire. released by,burning 7,000 tons of All are found primarily within By learning how to use this basic 4 coat or the daily energy output of the earth and extracted at chemical reaction, he became th'e Hoover Dam However, we lack great cost. This means'expen:. only ,specs capableofcon- the technology to stOre most of sive exploration to locate them trollingitsownenvironment. the sun's energy,if we knew (wept for coal) and large in- Laterca agriculture,,the hoW, a year's supply of energy for, vestments of capital to extract domkstication of animals, and the . the wqrld could be gathered from them (especially in the case of harnessing of the kinetic energy, sunlight reaching the earth in off-shore petroleum and coal). of wir?ds and falling water,git.'s; three hours arffi 12 minttes As a windmills, and water wheels. Source, solar edergy iS presently AIV: are 'storableand verycostly,butextremely transportable petroleumby For 1 selverg centuries, two kinds valuable What is needed is an pipeline, tanker, barge, truck of renewable energy sources inexpensive means of converting Andrail,naturalgasby ,wind and waterand two kinds solariadiation to useful energy. pipeline (liquefied natural gas of nonrenewable sources (which ti by special tanker grid barge); must have seemedinfinitely Other energy sources which owe and coal -byrailand slurry renewable to early users)77-wood theirexistenceultimatelyto pipeline. and coalviedasthee -rnajox, energy from the sun and the producers of mechanical work earth's formation are stored in a Oil and coal have important output for civilized mart. But the 'kind of "potential energy fund nonfuel uses akrew materials scales became weighted toward Their supplies have finite limits productionofplastics, coal when the steam engine anin most cases; are not being lubricants, alid the. like. In the came into being .200 ,years. ago. replenished..They are future, many experts feel that (Fittingly, two of the first majorm nonrenewableorexhaustible coat may actually be bette, uses of the steanyengirle were to energyjesources suited for (and ,could be more pump water Oaf mines and efficiently used in) such non - to transport trainloads of coal to We call these foss4fuets beiause fuel capacities (nonfuel use of factories.) Wind power hadits they were formed from animal coal now accounts for asbout last great days in the 19th cell, andvegetablematterthat five perce,nt of the total, use). tury, before the corgpletion of the

_collectedat Dae bettem-b# anpient Panama-tGana_l, when clipper Seas and m swamps d'ationiof B"ecattse of their lo-.1tiori, corn .5.41.14*o.4pht cargos around the years ago. This debris was buried paition (especially when high fii!. of S'aint America_ by inonanic rAidue and- in sulfur), and the process by lected to great hear and pressure which they are converted, coal, In the United States, as wood as well aA'bacterial and chemical and td' a much less extent,.was -used up and an expanding' petroleum and.gas, require an' population began to demand - in- alterationluf the landscape in dustrial products, the change to `A total of 13 9 x '7102' Btu reaches theirextractionandcan fossil fuels-7though later than in the earth daily release .pollutants into the air Ew'ropeoccur4datan

19 :- , qtr 1

to r1 )

accelerated rateIn1850, Coal gas injections, and urtcir;ground whicharelowin. sulfurlie accounted for oily 10 percent of.combustion areused,the in the west, away Americanfuelconsumption, rep:Nary may be as high as 70 fromcentersofpopu,9tion.

woodfor.90 peroeht.But, spercent,butsuchhigh-cost Although companies are working F,. 188.5, coat passed wood, andhy. processes may not be .fustifieCi. onanti-pollutroilmeasures, 1910, the situation of 1850 wasThe law price of oil has led'to technology has not Yet found an reversed ,,coal 90 percent, wood waste and has discouraged ex economical way' to remove the s 10 percent Afte' World WEIL plOrAtion for new supplies: sulfurfromhigh- sulfurcoal petroleum was twice as impor- before it is burned. tant as 'wood, though 'coal was Natural gaspreviously wasted- - still predominant But, by'1946, bean its popularity in the 1940'S Coal is the only major fostil.fuei the, petroleum fuels began to out- with the completion otpipelines which could beutiltzed% more rank coal. linking gas,fjelds with user'eities.'carnpletelit the United Slates , . For two 121Rades beginriing, in No industry ha a greater aor- Known for centuries a§ a product 1940, the consumption of natural tunity to responto nergy of; oil seeps oozing directly from gas increased at an, average rate. problem. We 'have 20 percent of the ground in a few parts of the of6.6 percentayear, 2r-bpre- the world's supply; in fact, word, oil was first obtained by senting nearly two:thirdss of the percentofallourfossilfue drilling in Pennsylvania in 1859. growth in the country's energy. reserves are in the form of coal Fpr hundreds of year'sithad production. Gas is cleans,"apd it deposits. We also.have relatively relatively minor use for .lighting was cheap,withprice's' held large depotTiiThi'oil shale; but ex- and heating, but major use in clown by Federal regulations. In tracting the' oilpresents major transportation began around theearly1970's,natural gas problemsofcostanden- 1900Some 25 yearsago, powered 43, percent of.industry virbnmental,disruption. geologists'foundevidenceof and heated and/or coolea:the c large deposits of oil just off the homes-of t50 million Americans. coasts of some lands, under the RecentFederalregulation At the beginning ofthe 20th "cen- 'oeean and under what is called changes have encouraged the tury, coal supplied about 90 per- theContinental shelfOffshore-developinentofnaturalgas Cent of the nonrenewable, in- oildrilling offers the, major hope resources byspecifyinghighar, energyinthe. United Sincethattime,.coal fO,rfinding new oil. to replace rates fo'r gas from "new" weils State diminishing supplies today. But thanfrom"old" but production. has remainedrela- offshore drilling is costly and sub- because consumption is so great, Constant but coal's share of ject to the possibilities of leakage Our gas reserves have an even the .energy bUdget has dropped _drastically! Meanwhile, oildfid which can pollute be,ach areas. shorter We expectancy than our . Norisiteasytoextractoil oil reserves. natural-gas have changed blacesplaces whereverit isfound.(The with coal - "'gushers" so often. pictured are Thoughavailablesincethe the rare exception t6 the normal American continent was se4d, Sonid 77,percent of etnitea States recovery proces's.) coalstillpresents problems !in energy now comes from oil and mining and exploitation. 'Ab t natural gas, and reasons for this; Oil does not occur in large reser- 300 million tons .ofcoal are not'llard to find. Petroleum yoirs underground, but rather it i§4 year.halfofU'S. rqductik, fluids are .easier to hjndle.and found in the interstices of sand, come from deep undergroitbd use than coal solids, particularly and rock It is held there so, firmly mining:Butdeepmining is for cars and otheE mobile com- that often no more than a tenth declining because of costs, b bustionsources. Our massive . of it will come to the surtace un- hazards, and poor working c,n-. high- pressuregas .pipeline'- aided by pressure.Frequently. ditions. The other half of Uni netwg'rk*makesnaturalgas' -even pumpi-ng ts -not -enpugh States. production of coal corn* availablein most homes, .,gas beCause oil is so viscous and the from strip mining, and ,this falf heatingunitsareclean,cpn-

..zt isrelativelynon-porous. must increase if We are to 1/4' venient and inexnensive. ,Oil 'is Evenwithbestavailable coal to fill the energy gap,, the versatile; source of a wide technologiei, only about a third strip mining has well known a rietyofliquidfuelsand of the oilin ,arilt field may be--,vironmentalproblems. Apo -chemicals, anditisrelatively recovered When water flooding, difficIty id-that,dur coal resq, easy to remove polluting /Aulfur

20 Ay 2o C.?

from oilEveri with pricein; more than the national average, other states or Supplied by com- creases at the pump, gasoline is suppl ing 95 percent of the fuel panies whichrely heavily on ,, still fairly cheap During the 10 ,forgeneratingvlectricity in the foreign suppliers. Ohio's use of years prior to thetime of the Arab state oil, 'which is considerably below oil embargo W. 1973, gasoline the national ,average, is mainly pricesincreasedconsiderably for transportation. less than half as much as prices Ohiouses.aboutthesame percentage of natural 2 for other consumer items gas for its energy needs as do most other n neuxIleecdOsn s 'states about 31percentbut etc1Qt.rsicit On the horizon are ways of syn- kilowatt hours, placing The state thesizing gas and liquid, fuels can supplyonly about seven Per- cent of its needs, importing the third, in electric power consump- fromcoal,ofconvertingun- remainder tion, behind -only California and derground cbal "deposits to gas fromother- states. Roughly 60 percent of the-natural, Texas ln'residentiai consumption withoutminingthemfirst of efectriCity, Ohio (with 26 billion Twenty years ago gas made from gas is used for residentialpur- poSesand 40 perckentfor kilowatts). randssixth,.behind coal. was widely used in the Un- California, Jexies,`"Florida, New Ated States, and the "gas works" Industry York and Pennsylvania. Incom- with' its huge expanding storage mercial anCi- industrial consump- tankwas,a prominent (though, not The remainder. of.Ohio's energy .tion, Ohio (77 billion ki1owatts) particularly attractive) ,feature,in needs are met 4vith oil5 per- ranks third,- behind California and the urban landscape. The coal cent of which is imported from Texas. *gasifier.Of 20 years.agoorjgmally developed in Germany, isstill the. only oneoon themarket. Caught napping because of our apparent, Consumption of Fuelsin Ohio- (19714 abundance of natural gas,. we have neglected _research in coal gasification. Only recently have we begun to mend ourways. And the potential' is there, providing Vve are Willing to pay for it, GeS- ification may tItimately create the biggest new market for coal.

In Ohio, the energy source pic- I ture differs 'Somewhat .from the nationalpicture. We arefor tunate in having abundant coal at atime when petroleumand _, natural gas are in short supply. ; But most of Ohio's coal is high in sulfur content, and 'much of n is economically -extractable only, by strip mining:

While onli two percent' of -the. nation's known recoverable co I reservesareinOhio, is amounts tbmt*.-e than 20 bill on :tons of bituminous coal. 0 io, ',.. supplied roughly -10 percent of 'Shaded areas indicate portions, of °hio tus! consumptionwhich could be the nation s coal and qonsumes- supplied by thestate's resources. assuming pre'seRt levelsof production more4 coal than any other state. .(less jhaTi% 7 percent each for natural gas a'nd oil. 100percent for coal). Coal satisfies more than 40 per- Sburce U S?Department of the.Interior,...... cent of. Ohio's energy needs, far , . Less than 10 percent of this.The movement of water has long -'but itsavailabilityinlarge country's energy consumptton Isbeen a 'useful! energy source. amounts will compel further in- presently supplied by three non Although its use in an eerily day vestigation of nuclear energy s fossilfuels hydropowera was readily apparent in grist mills potentialtohelp alleviate the renewable.continuoussource, Iocateq by rivers,It has never shortage Potentially,ther- Wooda questionabty renewableprovided more than four percent monuclear fusion has an almost one and nuclear fissiona non df our needs even as hydropower limitless fuel .supplyhydrogen. renewable.highly controversialAt home future date, water may But there must be a major scien- one Such renewable sources as be a more useful sourceIn- tific, breakthrough befdre fusion wind power and solar heating arevestigations are being conducted powercanbe .considered as old as-civilization Their pres-to determine the feasibility of ex- seriously ent' useisminimal, but theirtractinglarge amounts of energy-, -potentialis 'great (They will be from ocean waves For the short term, our reliance dealt with in the next chapter would eeern to be on oiG and gas. Shale comprises a resource base For the Ong' terFri, we will be' Why we have changed from one foroilextractionDeposits are lookipg to coal and atomicpower. energy source to another is an mostly tocatedingovernment With. age UnitedStates teresting topic for discussion and lands in Colorado and Wyoming, resezi,es,..coa would appear to speculation HiStorically, we owe these areas may prove of value in see et through the first quarter of much of our progress to thA trgf- the search for additional oil. the .next Century. For a ny.jasting sitionfromanimate,energy relief, we must hope that .prac- sources (horses, human backs) toThe nuclear source of energy is tical means can be found to ta4. nonrenewableinanimate, ones. of significance in part because hydi:opoyver;::.solarradiation, Coal replaced wood because itthis nation has the greatest .1o*- winds,tides _and. ,geothermal was a more efficient fuel andcost Uranium reserve iii the free sources bri: a.large scale. In the because wood was becomingworld Extraction of this source is immediate future,. the hope .for scarcePetroleumreplacedcostly and the by-produCts:of its alleviating. shortageslies with coaleven thoughsubstantial use create a disposal problem, reducing demand.. reserves of coal remainHargely because it. Is easier to use. In these processes, lAund and water power were sidetracked. Water power received some emphasis . - forgeneratinghydroelectrioity, United States Energy Consumption but the lack of availability of sites by- Source 97.3. ° .

for :hydrbeIeCtric,' power stations .r 9 X - imposed arealisticlimit. Man lacked the incentie to develop 145' net dome( -tic aciNtion wind power- (considered an un- 13 8% gnsi.yrts reliable source) beyond its early net imp0ns application to windmills lA NET S EXPORT What will the trend be at the .2.1 .beginning of the 21st century 862% WIZM When today's students will have dOmeSliC 298 30.5 19.6 been making the decisions about fueling America? 4.0 1.3 1.0 Energy may be obtained from the 1=3 hot interior,of the earth Geother- 10Mii Perrolium Natural Coal Hydra- Wood Nuclear mal energy is largely untapped .. (73 83t Gas -powitt auadraliont-. , ..4. . --F. 4 + + 4- and additional research is needed Btu) (443`) (31 91tr (17 5%) (4 Cei) 0 3%) (1 0%) to. determine how thiS source.

* relieve the shortage. Source, CnIzen Action Guedeto Energy Conservation 1973 2'7 j 22 C MAJOR ENERGY SOURCES

, . . .. PETROLEUM 'NATURAL GAS' COAL . . . Compositicin/ HydrOgen and carbon Methane; petroleum (natural Varied composition .Origin formed from tiny marine gas liquids are also formed). ,mostly carbon, some , organisms and plant May-be liquefied at cost for hydrogen, varying amounts matter buried under easier transportation by of sulfur; formed from . ancient seas, under great tanker, truck, 4 N. plant remains buried pressure: ., under ancient lakes and bogs under great pressure; three types, of in- . creasing age and hardness, are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Location Underground "reser- One -halfis found wherever At varying depths from V GITS" ,petroleum petroleum is found and just under surface to far trapped in interstices one-half is found in under- underground; found in of , sandandrock, . ground rock (especially 27 states. larwly. texas, Okla- southwestern and south ' homa; off -shore under central states). Form; "cap" Continental. Shelf on petroleum deposits and'

(Louisiana, Texas,. provides pressure to aid . . southern California). ., petroleum extraction; , . Large untapped

deposits in northern- , - . Alaska.' ...... <. Extraction/ Wells drilled up to Removed by wells; rises to Underground mines Conversion 25,000 feet depth; 15% surface under pressure;* :Ionly. half of coal in a of reservoirbfpetroleum some is found with petro- , deposit is recovered) and rises to surface because leum; some is found alone. strip- and open-pitmining of underground gas and Natural gas is treated to where.surface earth is water pressure; pumps remove heavy hydro- removed and coal cut 'remove 15% more; carbons and hydrogen . and shoveled out by 'another 20% may be sulfide, which can be used .'machine. recovered but at a much . by the petroleum and Sizing, washing and clean- higher cost. Crude \ petrochemical industries., ing for traditional Corn- Petroleum is refined . bustion uses. Conversion .. through separation into . td synthetic natural gas and fractions at different ;liquefaction by treatment boiling points. From with hydrogen are in the chemical modifications demonstration stage. . . and blending of the fractions, products are . ,

given the desired .

O , . characteriStics. ,

. 1 . .

23 28 MAJOR ENERGY SOURCES (Continued) .

PETROLEUM '!, NATURAL GAS COAL . . . Uses 60% transportation j5% industrial fuel, 35% 65% electricalgeneratiog (largely refined as gash- . commercial heating, 10% 30% industrial. line, diesel'fuel), 20% electrical generation.. - residential/commercial

heating,. 10% electrical generation. .

, . Advantages Easy to use, store and Cheap, clean, easy to Cheap, large reserve, transport; ideal fuel transport. Appalachian sources close for transportation to large markets. industry. * . - t . Disadvantages Domestic supply has Difficylt.to store, increas- Expensive to transport. declined in recent years; ingly in short supply. Ash disposal and fly ash' increase in usage re- out of the stack cause quires increased foreign pollution. Comb:ustion exchange; refining of of high-sulfur coal re- high sulfur crude can . leases sulfur dioxide. cause pollution. . Low sulfur western coal

it distant from iar\ge . ., . . , markets. Underground ., mining is a hazardous

. . operation unless elaborate precautions are taken. ' . Surface mininb (strip . mining) causes environ- . mental problems unless. . . . expensive reclamation is undertaken.

fa .

a. , ',

a i .

62*

24 MINOR ENERGY SOURCES

HYDROPOWER NUCLEAR FISSION WOOD

Composition/ Water impounded in Uranium and thoriumores. Trees, wood waste;Agri - Origin dams; tidal water area . cultural waste. potential resource.' .

. Location Often in remote and Ores are found in Colorado Areas often remote from mountainous areas. Basin, Canada, South large poptilation centers. Africa, Zaire, India.

Extraction/ Water turns turbines Chemical processing con- * Trees are grown, felled onversion producing electrical centrates ot..e,; enrichment and collected at woodor energy.(Virtually all of desired isotopes by crop' processing centers. V hydropower is con- : physical means, e.g., Bumeti for heating and versed to electricity.) gaseous diffusion.In cooking in some places. nuclear reaction, nuclei , , of heavy atoms of . . . "fissionable" isotopeare . bombarded by neutrons , \ causing nuclei to split, . converting the matter to great quantities of heat. Fission ofone atomre- . . leases neutrons causinga . . . chain reaction, splitting . other ato4i in a con- . . trolled process. Turps - . . water to steam to drive turbines and produce , . electricity. , . - . Uses 100% electrical , 100% electrical generation. 50% heating homes generatiorti. . 50% industrial (scrag) . ' . 34 million cord in 1975

r"."

25 . r

. I. - MINOR ENERGY SOURCES (Continued)

, HYDROPOWER NUCLEAR tISSION WOOD - _ - Advantage Efficient, little waste Heat value of one ounce. of Availability, wood is heat; inexpensive, 'renew- U2 equal to 388 barrels renewable, given time able energy; may be oftroleum. Very rapidly to grow ntw forests. .conserved through pump growing as an energy source ,.. storage; environmental = the "energy source of. the . effects generally-slight; future." NNreservoirs may enhance

recreational value Of .t. . area.

. Disadvantages High capital construc Controversy over harmful Low heat value per unit . tion costs; requires effects of radiation leakage- volume; non-fuel uses very special location, ' into surrounding area from rriore important; only4

_ few good sites remain; . unlikely, but still' possible, practical in certain

may flood land better accident; possible leakage locations. . 'used for other purposes from radioactive wastes; . . (agriculture); evapora- the common "light-water tion rate high in arid -reactor" requires large . lands. - quantities of water.for. . . 4 cooling` recycling water .--

into lakes or rivers may - 4 . result in thermal pollu- #. tion. U 235 is scarce J. . . new breeder reactors . - may alteviate'problem. -

. , ...... - I . J . . . , A . . ._

/ 26 .. 'ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE

SOURCE HOW CONVERTED COMMENT

(Fossil Fuels)

oilShale k .A sedimentary .rock Ai lief) contains Present in huge quantities in Rocky 4..'kerogenP, a substance that, when Mountain states (estimates from 600 'heated, yields shale oil; would billion to 3 trillion barrels of oil). likely-be-Used as substitute foroil. Adverse environmental effects ofex- traction by open-pit mining. Large I quantities of shale required for small yield of bit (one ton of shale yields 30 gallons or less petroleum). Problem ,. of waste disposal.

Tar Sands Contain extractable petroleum Large deposits only in remoteareas. substance. Major supply in North America in 0 *Athabaska, Canada, frozen anddifficult 't tb extract and transport. r ...

Coal Gasitcetion Coal reacted with steam followed Coal is plentiful, but the'cost ofprocess- by further processing voduces ing plants is great (S500S800 million). synthetic natural gas (SNG). SNG is a clean and desirable fuel. Nei, , coal mines.are needed. it r

w . -

s o 'I.

34,(1 Ai.

. 27 7 ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE(Continued)

co. SOURCE Flow CONVERTED GOMMEN1

(Natural Cpntinuous Sources) \

'Geothermal Natural steam underground rises Clean, inexpensive energy. Used in to surface with enough force to Italy, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, in drive turbogenerators for electricity: the U. S. at the Gysers near Sari Francisco and California's Imperial Valley, with potential sites throughout western United States.Little natural steam exists underground. However, much heat in underground rock layers could be tapped by pumping cool water . down to the rocks and retrieving heated water.Limited to local use in a few favorable locations* Problem of brine deposits clogging and corroding pipes. ,Surface pollution problem from New Zealand underground waters.

Solar Collectors over a vast area focus An immense energy source...Little sun's rays on a liquid which can environmental effect except that large conduct the heat to an electrical amounts of open space would likely generating plant; or solar cells have to be devoted to collectors to over vast area convert sunlight gather the diffuse energy of sunlight. directly to electricity. Space Location would seem restricted to heating. areas of grtat sunlight far from popu-- lation4enters in this country (drawback because of extent to which electricity is dissipated during transmission) ! At present, most important in borne heating and water heating in specially designed houses.

Tidal $ame principles as conventional Very'efficient. Requires very special hydropower rise and fall of locations; few exist in North America, tides rotate turbines to generate and those that do, such as the coasts electricity. 4 of Maine and Alaska, are remote from- population centers. Difficult to make energy supply continuous.

3 3 28 ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE(Continued)

. SOURCE HOW CONVERTED COMMENT Wind' I!. Same principles as hydropower Clean, neat, inexpensive. Very efficient. A running airpiopels turbine to Location important proposals generate electricity. . generally for windmillson platform's in . I Great Lakes or on Atlantic Ocean.

Better as local source in certain , . conducive areas. Sufficient wind for continuos generation' unlikely.

(Other Sources)

Hydrogen, Burning hydrogen for heating 4 as Most abundant element in universe, with natural gas. although extraction of hydrogen from pompounds can be costly.Reactions - between liquid hydrogen and liquid . oxygen powered NASA rockets. Clean only waste product is water. Draw- backs dangerous to handle; one-half the energy content per volume of - natural gas. . . Fuel Cells Battery-like, portable electric Little pollution,,no noise, muchmore generators produce current from efficient in generating electricitythan reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. .: conventional generators. Drawback ` very costly because of short life. . Have . been used only in spaceprogram.

..= Magneto- - Converts heat from combustion As an akerrtative to conventional coal- hydrodynamics gases from coal directly to fueled pcbver plants, MHD eliminates (MHD) ' electricity by passing gases through most air pollution, requires less fuel, magnetic field. Uses coal as is 1% times as efficient (very littlewaste starter fuel. Represents new kind heat). At present many- technical of generator converter. ° probleins and little support for research. !'ilk More research being done in USSR and Japan than in U. S.

29 ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE (Continued)

SOURCE HOW CONVERTED COMMENT

. . Burning of Trash Burning combustible trash, in mix- Cheap, readily available fuel. Conven- ture with coal or other fuel, to tional combustible garbage possesses . power electric generator. 50% of potential heat of coal. "Solves" garbage disposal problem. Although.

. the air pollution problem remains, the . . waste disposal problem.is alleviated. City of St. Louis currently getting \....,, . . some electricity from power plants .. fueled by garbage and coal. Trash must be carefully sorted.

...- ;

. 1 . Nuclear Fission Uses U235 as "starterj-io bom- Uses less scarce U235 than- present light- (breeder bard surrounding atoms of non-;34 water reactors. Some plutonium is reactor) fissionable U238 and convert .' produced directly in light-water reactors. it-to Plutonium 239 1;v1Ich is Is cooled by liquid sodium (difficult to fissionable, "creating" more handle). Possibility of accident, especi- - / starter. . .< ally during transportation of wastes, . . more of a concern with plutonium than with uranium. Technological difficulties. . . .

., Thermonuclear Fusion of atoms of hydrogen , Hydrogen Ts very abundant. Ordinary Fusion to form heavier atoms of seawater could be used as source of helium under extrevely high fuel. Viry efficient reaction. Re-

temperatures (100 million . leases only small amounts of radio- . degreei C) in a controlled activity. However, it is technologically reaction. (as opposed, to. the very.diffi.cult to achieve a controlled unfontrolredfusion reaction reaction at present levels of technology i of a hydrogen, bomb.)' and khowledge. . . . 41 , . . . s . .

. .

35 30 Ohio Coal Producing Areas

LEGEND .01

F.:4'1.AREA UNDERLAIN BY F. '-''.11 COAL-SEARING DEPOSITS 4 i

Source: Ohto Chamber of Commerce. f.

SEARCHING FORSOLUTIONS

As America se ks to becomeenergy self-sufficient once again, we develop new sources ranging frombetternuclear .power generators touge solar collectors. gut the lack oftime compels us to co serve and recycle the energyresources that we can use today . not in the next century.

QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR READING , What happened in November, 1970, thatgave us 'cause to worry about our future oil supply?

'By, 1972,. what fraction of our U.S. oil heritage of 200 billion barrels was gone?

What percentage of known petroleumreserves is located in thp Middle East?

How many million tons of trash, potentially burngblein power

plants, do Americans throw away each year? .

Newspapers, potentially, are good candidates for recycling.What' are two reasons,why this isn't done more widely?

What factor will encour ge the. develooment of newenergy resources?

What isthe gOvernment program for`national energy self- sufficiency called? 1 '

3 32

. , AM.

SEARCHINGFOR SOLUTIONS

In1972.RepresentativeChet, foreignreserveS,joiningleie new'sourcesandconversion Holifield of California said, "What.nationsofWestern:. Europe .techniques. this country needsto dramatize.whose pptroleum reserves are our energy crigis is a good 24- Considerably t mailer than ours. Economic incentives, probably in hour' blackout."' We turned to -the Middle East, the form of higher prices, will en- source of 53 percent of 1cnown couragesearchesfornew We've come a long way since peteoleum reserves, as wellas to depositsand promotefurther then, and there are few ofus Latin America, which traditionally developmentofpresentones. who do not realize that conserv- had made up oui oil deficits. The Such economic incentives will ing energy and our country's activities of the oil cartel and the also spur efforts to improve refill-- future aft - inexorablyrelated effects on our foreign trade and mg and electricity transmission Some' of. us even have stopped balance of payments are well methods to cut down on energy complainingabout driving 55.known. As a result, the govern- losses. mph to save gasoline! But, lestment,throughProject,In- s.,e become panic stricken, this is dependence,hasoptedfor However, these efforts illnot a time also for concrete solutions nationalenergy self-sufficiency alleviat'thecentral roblem.: rather than desperate measures. by1985.ThisprOjectisa They Will simply help us use our blueprint outlining the size and finite fossil fuel supplyore ef- Oil and' natural gas became the shape ofour ,problemand ficiently.Increased' fun mg for most widely used fossil fuels in recommending self sufficiencyas research 'anddevelo ent of the United States because we a national goal. alternativesource willbe drew on our own resources, not needed to,bring out the day those in the Middle East. In fact, It is hoped by 1985 that it will when,they are vile sources. we may remember, the prophets make economic sense to "buy odoom some years ago, whbAmerican.", By that time, we snay Surface mining companies can, kept saying that tile United States have curbed Our energy appetite, and do, make efforts to restore was running out of oil. Yet, news, which by 1970 was doubling minedlandstotheirformer deposits were constantly -clis- every 10 years. We may also usefulness.Methodscanbe, cOvered, and the future somehow havedevelopednewenergy found for removing sulfur from was pushed back. sources through research and coal; The key is to find a method better .utilizationoftraditional that'iseconomicallyfeasible. Allofthis came to a halt in sources such as coal. Automobiles can be designed, November, 1970, when the rate .withsmaller,moreefficient e at. which we werefinding Several trends. justify cautious engines. domestic .011 reserves failed, for optimi . We havet realized That the first time, to exceed the rate.the envi ment is fragile and in Many things are being done to at which we were consuming oil ,some asp cts irreplaceable, and improve our extraction and con- From that time on, the known 0 technologies are Being developed version of energy sources 'so as reserves have declined steadily; toharvestenergyresources to increasesupply and-lessen the we have increased'otrwithout as high an environmental environmental co -uMored could debendence on Oilimports, which ceist as has bden paid in the past. be done. They are Mhnologically, have tripled in the last 25 years.Technology is also advancing in possible, and they will be prac-; By f972, about half of our known the field of recycling, 'in order to ticedincreasingly as thereis oil heritage of 200 billion barrels lengthen thelife ,pf dwindling economic benefittoe gained was gone, and the rest was resources. Research is progress- from them in terms of added becoming Increasingly hard to ing on several fronts to harness profits or penalties avoided. get. the energy of renewable sources such as wind, sun andides. Recycling is a key to extending. As oilimports increased, weHigher fuel. prices are furn shing our present resources until' alter- becamemoredependenton incentive to explore and d velop -e native energy sources can be 38

33 4 .14

4:;- made Recyclingin- are being almost totally rep ment, recycling centers ma find, cludes oth boththe'recovery and Yet there still are proljer*in markets for the sorted scrap. The reuse of natural resources, and getting the scrap into size overriding economics, however, extending thelife of products. form's in which it can be Uti may wellbe thesavingsin Here, too, a united effort isre- Burning the nonmetal parts. old energy as well as raw materials. quiredThe student must be automobiles is 'highly polt Recycling paper and steel re- helped to,understand that each of removing the' copper wirEfArorryquires 70 percent 'less energy us can make an important' con- Junkedcarstakes Big than. manufacturing with new tribution if we live'conservatively machines can chop steeq4crap materials. and keep doing so. 'Meaningful' intobite-sizedchunk*: for recycling must go far beyond The reprocessing, but these mOiinlis 'Although today's energy situation two-week science project or'thp require considerable energf.,' is serious and the forecast is a occasional paper drive: We must !- challenge for survival, there is start at home in An unglamorous There are many approaqlleS to anothefsidetoourenergy new thinking and better e.priver- way by using up what we have or problems. Out belated realization wearing it out. , ; siOn Methods for recyclingetter-that fossil fuels are finite may ways of handling wastes'it:home prompt a reversal in our energy Ohioans can be proud of the and in industry and at all;l0els of use patterns fr'om spendthrift to the steps toward recycling already recycling.process:Has more Thoughtful use. And the taking place in our -state Many anyone ever thought of dkiigning change may come .soon enough city governments are considering automobiles which, in additionto to giveus a margin of time in using gaS more efficiently', thepossibilitiesforburning can be which to find other sdurces, other wastestosupply -Rower.At recycled more easily? Questions use patterns. Frtmklin, Ohio, there :is, anex- likethisare good disCussion perimental total waste recycling starters for all grade ligyels. How plant,potentiallycapableof can "tin" cans be recycled?VVhat processing nearly all of the com- provisions does yOur cpmmunity . munity's wastes for reuse. have for recycling glass/flowcan we get more use from ,books and Each year American throw away magazines? 125 million tons of trash, poten- . tially burnable in power 'plants. Asistrueforenvironmental Yet, the plants to burn this trash safegUacds; the technologyof must behighlysophisticated.'recycling- is, as yet, far ahead of capable of removing airpollu- the capacity of most cdmmunities tants and operating with a variety to practiceit on a t significant offuels. The wastes must be level. One estimatee 's hat large- scaleadoption,. o collectedand brought. tothe unicipal ; plants in large enough quantities resource recovery systems is 10 to make the processes economic. years away. Most present systems consist of some combina- Many of save old 'newspapers tionof .shredde;s,. grinders, for recycling, but here also are' scanners... screens, and electro- constraints. Large quantities of magnets to break down and so water, which may become pol- out ferrousmetals, aluminum, luted, are required for recycling glass, combustible andnoncom- paper pulp. And high freight rates bustiple garbge. Some make it costly to bring newsprint demonstration plantsare to a recycling, plant even though developing the capability to yield it may cost less to make paper fuel oil as well. from recycled stock than from wood. Theeconomicsoflarge-scale recyclingpose more problems In many areas our oldauto- than the technology. In addition mobiles. and other metal scrap to a sizable investment'in equip- 39 34 CV

CONSERVATION: AN ETHIC FOR EVERYONE s.7

. We know we can work togetherfor a common -goal ifwe believe in it. the challenge is to make energyconservation a common ex- perience that we all can share directly.' -;

QUESTIONS TO -GUIDE YOUR READING if What should you look for whenyour students comprpin they are- .cold in a heated classioom?

You and your studentsare planning, a field. trip, and u will be. away from' your 'classroom for.the entire day. Tamingout the room lights and: turning down the thermostat4.aretwo, possible energy conservation measures for.your. class. Canyou,suggest others for- theield trip? t -. In past history; when a societyran out of energy, what could it. do?

Why can't we do this. today?

4 M

40 1. 35 1 .

CONSERVATION: AN ET-141C FOR EVERYONE

We've seen the story over andto solve the energy waste and Most schoolsystemsalready oye,r again in the movies and on conservationproblem.Perhaps have worked out energy conser- television A group of people in aviewing conservation as energy vationplans. Everyteacher, lifeboat have only a little food and insurance would help change at- should, bethoroughlyfariuliai water They divide up the supply. titudesand stimulatepositive. with the Gu"idelines for the Con- and each one. takes Just enough. action. I. servationof EnergyinOhio For days they survive, and Just at Schools published by the State the last minute they are rescued.We practice the energy conserva- Department of -Education. They This is a simplistic, illustration,tion ethic when we understand reflectthe development of an but time and time again history that fosgil fuels ace very impcir: awareness of the value of energy has demonstrated thatpeople tent to us, personally. How many as a scarce resource. By carefully GO Vvi 11 practiceconservation and childrentodayactuallyknow observing and practicing these work together for the commonwhat a lump of coal looks like? guidelines, we can transmit, this good, providing they realize that How manyknowwhat happens awareness to our students. . they all are in the same boat. It is when' they' Illugin an electric . our Job to make this realizationtoaster? Because children and For ,example, we know that even meaningful to oar studehts. Con youth are oui about the world when air that is heated to 7* to servationisriot Just What one around In, they may be far 78 degreesismovedswiftly does somewhere else, out in thebetter prepared to appreciate the through a classroom, we can be forests of the American Wesi. personalvalueofenergyre- uncomfortable .because theair sources than their parents are. removes body heat in an ex- Some conservation mepsures are Creating a learning atmosphere. cessive way. If we can eliminate being imposed on us from thein which they can understand drafts and reduce air flow to re- outside We must pay more fot and practice energy conservation quired standards, we feel much luxuries, so we consume less of is dchallenge worthy of the per- morecomfortableatlower them and,thereby, we savesonal ' commitmentofevery temperatures.But manyof enerzy. We must remember that teacher. today's schools were built when society alsois responsible for - there seemed to be energy to finding new and meaningfulworkFor most of us, the phanges will burn, so .insulatiop,, tight_ doors for the people who formerly made not be fundamental ones. We will and windows were not always these' products Higher prices in- be, slightlycoolerinwinter, given priority attention, you can evitably will slow downenergy warmer in .summer, make our help correct this, but you May re- demands, but in the long runpurchases with a view to effi- quireprofessional. assistance. energy , conservation and' ourciency and recyclability, rely less Similarly, you. as a teacher can vecy, guaithi of lifemust dependon throwaway packaging, drive Watch the thermostat, but your on our practice, together, of ansmaller ears at slower speeds, school district must make sure energy conscfrvation ethic. Like usepublictransportation and that the automatic temperature the envirorimental ethic already walk more, turn off lights we are regulators are maintained ade- practiced in ourschools, this new not using, and le-arn to think of quately and that heating systems energy ethic Must be with usenergy as money/. Wewill not are:kept up-to date. constantly, interpreted- in a way"needtoreturnto energy-use that 'makes us understand our patterns of a century ago. But we You might want toconsider needs and wants in the context ofmight well return to the spirit of {depending on your local: situa- the world around us. We must all the slogan Alat was so popular tion) setting thermostats as low overcome the attitude that, if we duffing Wind War IL -Use it up, as 55°F near the close of the 'So can afford it, we should be able to wear it out, make it do, or do school .day and for the night.,. use it. This attitude doet nothing'without." turning thermostats down to 40°

% V

. 3S on weekends unless pockets of using an exhaust fan in the to schedule airline flights to 90 uneven temperature may cause summer to supplant or help percent seat capacity and at damage...shuttingoffall the air conditioner times when planes are not outside, air at the end of the "stacked" over airports. school day and on weekends doing without air conditioning switching from.natural gas to an if possible tocut down on yearly alternative fuel, where possible. automobile redesign and make taking vacations close to home- it .easier to replace fenders, At home there are many possible with the entire family together. bumpers and other parts. 'conservationmeasures(your students *can doubtlesscome up organizing car pools topromotenearbytourist with a -much longer list than this attractions. one): , and so on. If these trends are to fulfill their keeping thermostats down ' Most of these suggestions boil promise. your role as an educator down simply to us) ng good judg- will be crucial. Creative thinking 41providing adequate insulation. ment, a quality Americans are will be at a premium as we seek weather stripping, and storm traditionally noted for. boihsholitandlong range windows .solutions to our energy problems. Both thinking and doing are im- operating dishwashers, clothes Nationally and statewide, many portant.fortimespentin washers and dryers only once energy-saving steps are being taken. Your students can-docu- teaching conservationis prac- ment them. they-also -can suggest ticallyuseless unlessthe 'more steps by writing directly to knowledge istranslatedinto turning'offlights and action. televisions and replacingin- leaders in industry and government. We see moves- candescent bulbs With fluorei- In Ohio 'classrooms today are the cent fixtures boys and girtt who must develop to encourage interest inin- termediate technology as com- workable ways of protecting 'and washing in cold water and tak- preserving the vital natural en-' ing shoWers instead of tub paredtoplacingvalue on bigness. vironment. if the environmentas baths they know it is to be left for their ,to move toward self-supporting .children. Perhaps one of them ; selecting clothing forwear and also will unlock' the tedhnology durability communities with diversified Industries to support the needs which' willrelieveusof our of-the population. . ' deperidence on fossilfuels. -Is closing draperiesat night dur- ..that student in your classroom ing. the winterand keeping to stimulate interest in hand- today? them, closedduring'hot crafting and the manual opera- summer days tionof small machines for Our ene rgy situation is like the making products.. . status of space exploration less walking or riding a bicycle in- 'than a generation ago when the to provide better mass transit stead of . driving (but, always Russians surprised us with Sput- through expresebui services., practicing safe riding habits) nik. $uddenly. America needed from suburban parkinglots, trained scientific leadetship, and keeping the family car in tune,. "dial ride" and pooled taxi ser- it was fortunate thatthe talents 4' -With, tires properly inflated vices, more convenient"transit of John Glenn, Neil Armstrong saiedules. renewed interest in and other leaders were being Mains and interurban lines Or- buying and using appliances developed on foundations laid in ticularlyinhigh-traffic 'cor- which are most efficient (con- Ohio schoolsfoundations in the ridorssuchasCincinnati- sumer magazines can tell you.. humanitiesaswellasthe which ones to select) Columbus- Cleveland. sciences.

37 Sincethe195Q's,thespace of the future. For them, the con- ,.Thus, we lack a historical prece- program has given us a new op servation ethic must become a dent, but we do have at our dis- portunity to look at ourselves. The way of life, reaching into nearly posalthetechnology and the implicationstoscienceand every activity. knowledge to find our way-out of mathematics have been obvious, thisapparentdilemma.The but we also have seen from the Historians would search vain challengeisin communicating perspective of space that the, for a society which has cut back theenergyconservation ethic earth has limited resources and its demands for energy and still and its basic foundations to those that we all are responsible for flourished. usually, the historical who will need this knpwledge in conserving these resources. The answer to avoiding extinction has order to live. world view that we share through been to conquer new lands to the social scences and literature find new energy sources. But That is why the outcome rests, to alreadyisreflectingthisin there are no more new lands. We a critical extent, with those who terdependence Today's students are confined to a planet where would mold the future in the must be the "energy astronauts" energyisscarceeverywhere. classrooms of the present.

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Lemma " ANSWERS TOE.Q. QUESTIONS

1 Be.cause they are derived fromanimal and vegetable-remains that collectedat the bottom of ancient seas and swamps more than three hundred million yearsago 2 Petroleum, naturalgas, coal 3 Sun, wind, falling Water: tides,plants, animals. muscles 4 Coal 5 The correlation of the study ofenergy to science and mathematics is obvious Social studies trace the advancement ofsocieties in relationship to energy use Literature tells of the lives of people involved in the development of energy. The-basicenergy source, the sun, is frequently the theme of muchmusic and art 6 (11 The fossil fuels in the earth now are, for practical purposes, all thatwe will ever have ' This dilemma is at the heart of man'scurrent energy problems.(2) The demand for energy is ever increasing 7 As a nation we are .e..alizing the need tolove toward self-sufficiency.and technology is being challenged to discover new energy sources and conversion processes- 8 The automobile and space heating 9 Over half of the transportation energy in our country is consumed by automobiles,which are used primarily to carry peOpte rather than goods -10 Because it requires conversion of a primary energy source suchas coals petroleum, nuclear fission, or hydropower for its generbtion 11 The turbines which generate electricity are less than 50 percent efficient.and a substits' tiat amount.* lost throughtransmission along power line! 12 By being burned off at the heads of oil wells beforitwis leamedThatgas could be used profitably. 13 In meeting our energy demand. we can either import more fuel or reduceour consumption Other options are intensified exploration fornew reserves. more efficient ways of reeovering fuel:resources-.and discovery of new sources andconversion processes 14 Energy is the ability to-perform work p 15 Kinetic and potential 16 Fission and fusiori 17 (a) All three. (b) Nuclear. ?c) Chemical 18 The British thermal unit (Btu).. 19 The ratio of useful productto the kite, amount of energy input or output 20 Electricity is clean. available instantly. and easily transmitted However, both thegenera- tion and transmission of jaectricity involvesome waste energy

- 21 Heat is a kind of kinetic energy.) 22 (a) 6finItght. green plants, and hydropower (b) Uranium, coal, natural gas. fuel oil and oil shale. 23 Fossil fuels are found primarily within theearth and all are storable and transportable. They have nonfuet uses and require altering thdlandscape for their use. All are burned. producing heat to perform work. All are nonrenewable 24 Coal 25 Steam engine r. 26 pa and gas are cleaner, easier-to handle thancoal solids, more versatile, ind less polluting . 27 Coal 28 Gasification 29 Hydropower. solar radiation, winds, tides and geothermalsources 30 In November, 1970. the rate at whichwe were finding domestic oil reserves failed, for the first time, to exceed the rate at which we Wereconsuming oil. 31 National energy self-sufficiency by 1985 32 Technological advancements are being madein the areas of (1) harvesting energy resources without as high an environmental cost. (2) recycling.to prolongthe life of dwindling resources. (3) harnessing energy of renewablesources such as wind, sun, and tides 40% 33 Recycling (1) extends the life of products. (2) cuts consumption of naturalresources. (3) reduces litter 34 Prob terns in total recycling of throwaway materialsare finding markets for the sorted scrap. costs of collecting and transporting it, and energy consumption of machineswhich sort and process it 35 P"erv4nt major extraction and conversion processesexact environmental cost by releasing pollutants'and causing damage to the land andbodies of .water. 36 Higherfuel-pricesto-fumish an inc-entivelor exploration anddeveToptnent of new sources of eOergy and conversion methods. 37 An acceptance of the fact that resources, in particularour fossil fuel resources, are finite and therefore precious, to be used wisely. 38 Maintaining lower temperatures andusing electricity, paper supplies and other energy consuming materials carefully: 39 Turning off lights and appliances whennot in use, keeping thermostat's dawn, buying appliances which are efficient, providing adequate aisulation. 40 Providing efficient mass transit, promoting nearby recreationalattractions, enforcing lower speed limits. encouraging community planningto decrease commuting distances, enacting standards for more energy efficient cars and appliances, stimulating technologidal advances in the discovery and developrbent ofnew sources of energy and means of conversion. 45

40 GLOSSARY

British Thermal Unit (&u)The amount of heat required toraise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Because all energy may be convertedto heat energy, the Stets often used as a standard measurement /or the "energycontent" of many energy sources. As the following tableof equivalents shows, the Btu unit of measurement rs a very small

Fuel Common Measure Btu Content Crude Oil Barrel (bbl.) . . 5,800,000 Natural 'Gas Cubic Foot (cf) 1,032 Coal Ton 24-28.000,000 Electricity Kilowatt Hour (kwh) 3,412 4 (Unfortunately, direct comparisons of energy content of different fuels cannot bemade ac- curately because of the difficulties ofmeasuring them in the same units.)

Coal Gasifii.ationA proceSs by whichcoal, in contact with steam,can be made to produce a substitute for natural gas.

,-A ConservationPreservation from loss . or waste. With regard to our consumption ofenergy, the message of conservation means finding the wisest possible use ofnonrenewable, ex- Piaustible energy sources and approving conversionprocesses so as to increase efficiency.

Cycles of Energy SubstitutionA way of picturing the history of energysources in the United States. Wood and coal had completely replaced wind and wateras major energy sources around 1-870; coal replaced wood as the major energy source around 1885; andpetroleum replaced coal as the majotenergy source about 1940.

EfficiencyThe amount of useful workwe getout of a machine or conversion by the total energy output. Efficiency, process divided expressed as a percentage, alsomeasures the amount of useful energy we get outddividedby the amount of energywe put into a- machine. We can speak of the relative efficiencies of various fuels or energysources in a particular conversion process; and we can speak of threlative efficieliciesofvarious conversion processes using a particular fuel.No machine i ,100% efficient.

Energy The capacity or abilityto perform work.

Energy -to- Energy ConversionsChanges in states or forms of energy. Mostenergy is derived from another state or formkinetic frompotential, heat from mechanical. _and the like. 4V.

41 Environmental CostAll forms of energy extraction, conversion, anduse exact a toll of our environment The advantages of a particular energy use must be weighed.against its effects on the environment.

ExtractionRetrieval of fossil fuels from the earth.

Fission A "splitting," specifically the splitting of certain heavyatomic nuclei into two atoms of much lower atomiweight The loss of ,mass appearsas energy in an amount equal to the difference in mass times the speed of light squared (186,000 milesper second2), or e mc2 The process begins with the bombardment of a "fissionable" atom bya Neutron of another atomic nucleus which releases neutrons from the "target nucleus.- Thisrelease enables the process to be self-perpetuating, and chain reactionsare possible. Controlled, they generate useful energy, uncontrolled: they are an atomic bomb like those ofWorld War it

Flow or FundA useful way of classifying energysources. Some energy is denved from the continuous, renewable flow of energy from the sun. Other sources are stored from times long past in a nonrenewable, exhaustible energy fund.

Fossil ThelAn energy source, such as 'coal, oil, and naturalgas, derived from the action of tremendous heat and on animal (chiefly marine) and plant fossils buried under the earth's surface more than three hundred million year's ago. Fossil fuelscontain the stored chemical energy of plants and animals that were once alive.

FrictionResistance to motion of two adjacent surfaces.

FuelAnything converted from one form to another with, "release': of bnergyto perform useful work, as when coal is burned to produce heat to produce steamto nrn a turbine to produce electricity to light a lamp to help you read a book at night.

me' 1Fue4 CellsBattery like, portable electricgenerators producing current from the reaction qf

hydrogen and oxygen. .

FusionA joining,. in particular, the combination of two atomic nuclei to yieldone larger nucleus whose mass is less than the sum of the masses of the original nuclei, The lost mass appears as energy as in fission (see above). Because electrical charges within the nucleus make it very difficult to bring two nuclei close enoogh,for fusion, thereaction requires extremely high temperatures and pressure (hence the synonym "thermonuCle'ar reaction") To generate useful energy, the reaction must be controlled, the hydrogen bomb represents an uncontrolled fusion reaction.

Geothermal An energy squrce relying on' natural steam rising from underground with enough force. to drive turbogenerators.

42 Horsepower (hp/ A standard unit ofmeasurement of power, equal to 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute or the force _required to do thatmuch work. (A foot-pound is the force ret wired to raise a one-pound object one foot straightup in the air, or its equivalent In other words. one foot-pound of work may be done by liftinga one-pound object one foot, or a two-pound object one-half foot, or a half-pound objecttwo feet) A horsepower is more power than a real horse possesses over long periods, but less thanit possesses in a short period of work. One horsepower equals 745.7watts, where the watt is another measurement of power

HydropowerThe energy of falling water Harnessedto turn turbtries to generate electricity.

InertiaThe resistance of an object toa change of state regarding its motion. Inertia is the condition reflected by the law of physics thatan object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion Itis a force which resists the transformation of an object's energy state from potential to kineticor vice versa

Kinetic EnergyThe erierg'i stored in a moving object Bymoving, an object can perform work or move other objects to perform work Kinetic energy ofan -object equals one-half the product of its mass and its velocity squared (Ek= 1 /2 itiv2).

Law of Conservation of EnergyThe Jaw of physics stati6gthat the total amount of energy,in a -system- (such as the-Universe) is constant Energy is neither creatednor destroyed, but merely is constantly changing forms and states Particularenergy sources of fuels do dis-,. appear. however This -law- has been revised in the light of findings.thatin nuclear reactions. matter is directly converted to energy. Thereverse process is also true, and the law has been renamed the Lab)/ Of Conservation of Energy and Matter. -

MachineAny system or object.wtitch, throughany of a number of processes (burning, chemical reaction, atomic reactions) convertsenergy in one form (the fuel) into energyln another. more useful form (the product or output) plus'Someenergy converted to a 'waste form

Magnetohydiodynamics Aprocess of converting heat from combustugases directly to electricity by passing gases through a magnetic field.

Oil ShaleSedimentary rock which containsa substance yielding oil when heated.

Open Pit MiningStrip mining.

Potential EnergyThe energy stored in a non-moving object because ofits position or in- herent qualities The force of gravity may acton any object as resisting forces are removed. Furthermore. some things, suchas coal or wood, contain stored or potential energy which may be converted to heat energy through the prOcess of burning., 4J

43 E" PowerThe rate at which work isdone expressed in units of work, suchas foot-pounds, per unit of time Energy is a capacity for doing something (work),whereas power is the rate at which, the something is actually done.

iProject IndependenceOur government's goal ofnational self-sufficiency in energy.

Secondary EnergyElectricity maybe thought of as secondaryenergy, for rt requires conversion of a primary energy source such as coat, petroleum,or nuclear fission for its generation.

Short Ton-2000 lbs., the customary "ton" of coal,as distinguished from the "long ton," 2,24b lbs.

SolarThe sun as an energy source, harnessed bysystems of cf Ilectors or solar cells over vast surfaces.

Tar SandsDeposits containing an extractablepetroleum substance.

TidalThe tides as an energysource. converted by the same processes as hydropower.

Transformations of EnergyChanges inenergy state from potential to kinetic or kinetic to potentialEnergy transformations are brought about bythree types of process-es: Inechanical,(physical), chemical, or nuclear.

TransmissionTransportation of electrical energy fromthe point of generation to the point of use Some energy loss is inevitable in transmission. Ten percent of-theelectricity actually generated is lost in transmission throughpower lines and cables.

WasteThat which is not useful to one'spurposes. In certain energy conversion reactions, a 2 resultant form of energy may performno useful work for us, as for example, the sound generated by many machines. However, that soundmay be useful energy in another process at another time. depending-on our purposes, as when,a whistling teakettle tells us the water is boiling:

Watt (w)A common unit of measurement ofpower. especially electrical power. Named after James Watt, the famous Scottish engineer of the18th century. Onethousandwatts, or one lc-Rowan (kw), is equal to 1.34 horsepower. Electricalpower generation, or consumption, is commonly measured in kilowatt-hours (kw -his), whereone kilowatt-hour is equal to the energy of one kilowatt of power acting for one hour,

WorkThe conversion of energy which results in themovement of an object from- one place 'to another in respgnse to forces (mechanical, chemical, nuclear).The measurements for work have to do with heat generated (the calorie,. Btu)or movement produced (the joule, electron volt, erg, foot-,pound); any of these measurementsmay. also be used to measure energy, the potential for work. ,,. .0, . ..1 -

4 44 e- SUGGESTED TEACHING UNITS Junior Higil'and Middle School

Energy Conservation Teaching Resource Units

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UNIT 1: ENERGYWHAT IT IS ANDHOW IT RELATES TO WORK

UNIT PURPOSE:

To help students become aware of whatenergy is, how it affects today's life style and how it relates to work.

ENABLING CONCEPTS: A. What is work? B. The importance of energy C. H ow machines help changeenergy into useful work : Energy's relationship to work

Concept A. What Is Work?

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To provide the students witha definition of work which will help them understand the concept of energy. . POINTS FOR EMP.HASIS:-

There are many different ways to define work. When we talk about work,we are often talking abciut things we have to do personally. Scientists define workas a push or pull (called a force) which causes an object or substance tomove or change in someway. When anything moves or changes insome way, work has been dope. Work is donein nature without man's intervention. Some of this work ishelpful tP man; some is harmful; and some/has no effect at 'all. , Man performs work, sometimes e, and sometimes with the aid of a machine. Some of the work performed byman is to man, some is Wasteful and some is harmful!,. Useful work is the work that man wants done. LtARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may I Write the following definitions inenergy notebooks and develop the meaning in several expanded paragraphs.

WORK IS A PUSH OR PULL WHICH CAU.SES AN OBJECT OR SUBSTANCE TO MOVE OR CHANGE IN SOME WAY. USEFUL WORK IS WORK THAT MAN WANTS DONE. Prepare simple demonstratiohs of work and presentthem io the class. Construct a bulletin board display of the varioustypes of work: useful, wasteful, harmful.

'Discuss the types of workour bodies do in the normal life processes (bieathing, eating) and how these relate to the scientific definitions- ofwork. 51 46 Discuss the types of work we each day fromthe timewe awaken until the time we retire. Which of these activities do we consciously think of as work andwhich do we classify in some other way? '0 Research and orallyreport on wo rk that happens in nature, over which man hasno control. Examples: The windtransporting seeds, tornado, glaciers., hurricane, tidal wave,

Concept B. The ImpOrtanceof Energy

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To make the students aware of the effect of energyon today's life style. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: Earliest man relied on his own energy (muscle power) to do thework needed to Meet his basic needs. Nearly everythingwas made without nonhuman machines. energy sourcesor civilization evolved as man continuously searched to find nonhumansources of energy to perform useful work. By utilizing nonhuman energy sources,man has been able to accomplish work more efficiently. By utilizing nonhuman energy sources, man has been ableto do things that could not have been done with musclepower alone. Technology represents man's efforts to findnew, More efficient ways of usingnon- human energy sources to performuseful work. . LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may: , Be challenged to "brainstorm" an,industry that wouldnot have a high energy requirement (only human and animalsourcesno electricity). Prepare a research paper about the beginning of theuses of different sources of energy. Include maps shoWing whereenergy sources were first used and show-when. a timeline to

Prepare a talking mural which wouldillustrate and discuss the discovery, and use of various energy development sources from the time of thecaveman to the present. (Pid- tures and tape narrative are studentprepared.) Write a paper on how usin?sources of energy has affected the style. evolution of our life

Take a field trip to the local historicalmuseum to view actual examples of the evolution Of modern technologyT Write a paper about what life would be like without theuse of .nonhuman energy sources. -'Write an original science fiction story ab out theuses of n sour of energy. List sources of potentialenergy and have studentt discuss how th kinetic. -may become

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47 4

On a map,. color code those areas of the United States that might be ableto use tidal energy and windenergy. _ Compare heat energy-content of 10 grams of coal, charcoal, wood,gas, and alcohol. 4 See how much water.can be boiled with each sample. (Different woodshave different \ calorie potentials.)

Concept C. How Machines Help Change Energy into Useful Work

INTRUCTIONAU OBJECTIVE: To help the students understand how machines help us changeenergy into useful work. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS:

A machine isi adevice that changes energy into useful work. Machines can change energy into useful work through mechanical, chemical and atomic means. Mechanical energy is released by an object in motion. Chemical energy is released by the reacting of two or more elements. Nuclear energy can be released through either of two processes. through fusion, the joining of atomic nuclei, and through fission, the splitting of an atomic nucleus. Machines transfer a force (push or pull) from one place to another. 9 9 All of a 'machine may be involved (aS a brootn) or only parts of the machine (asa bicycle). Machines may change the direction of a force (as a pulley) or increase the amount of force (as pliers).

Machines may increase the' distance through which a force acts .(as a broom ora bicycle). The work (output) of a machine equals the energy (input) put into it. Machines, however; conserve-the-amount of human energy expended. For operating machines, we need energy sources that (1) can be converted Into kinetic energy in the machiries, (2) are abundant, and (3) are closely available or can be transported easily.

Sometimes a series of machines may be needed to convertenergy into useful work. . LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may: Bring in examples of machines and demonstrate their use. Discuss how the following items are considered machines. knife, fork, so den, scissors, can opener, egg beater, 'meat grinder, doorknob, broom, shovel, rake,hob,hammer, nail, screw, Screwdriver, wrench, saw, hatchet, chisel, pliers, tweezers, Crowbar, lawn mower, and wheelbarrow. What are some other simple machines we have around the ,home? e5 3 . v.

Develop a timeline showing when commonly known machineswere invented or oame into active use. Examples: car, airplane, tractor, plow, sewing machine,washer, bicycle... Write about particular machines which changed civilization. Examples:printing press, telegraph, electric light, internalcombustion engine. Trace-the evolution of a particulartype of machine. Research and write reports on the nature and use of nuclear, solaror geother,mal energy. . Trace the basic ,energy conversion X processes within a complex machine suchas an automopile engine or telephone. Construct a bulletin board display classifying, pictures of machines by thetype of energy used (chemical, solar, wind, water, nuClear).

Concept D. Energy's Reletionshipto Work

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To help the students understand the relationship between work andenergy. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: Energy is the ability to do work. In some way, everything has energy (the ability to do work) in .the scientificsense of either moving or changing in some,way. . At a given Moment, energy iseither-at rest or active, En'ergy at rest is called potential energy:

Energy in action is called kinetiCenergy. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: 'Students may: Write examples and draw illustrations of energy, potential energy, and'kineticenergy. Each design a simple demonstration of how potential energycan be changed to kinetic energy.and present the demonstrationalong witti.an oral report. 'Research and present an oralreport and dem"dristration on. theuses of wind as an energy source. (Possible soutce: NASA windmillnear Sandusky.) , Research and present an oralreport and demonstrkion on the uses ofwater as an energy source. Include 'in the- report a discussion of the water wheel andwater turbine. i .,* Research -and,report on how hum',exploding gas and atomicenergy are used to run machines. ,

Research andreport on .how electricitymakes machines operate. ' Calculate miles per gallon forall the parents' cars forone week. Summarize and generalize on efficiency of generic types. (compacts, subcompacts, full size",station wagons). Compare with EPA findings. Determiir energy requirement to run all machines in shop, school office,and maintenance department. (Name plateon each machine has data.)

5 . I 1 4\ a

UNIT 2: ENERGY SOURCES,---

UNITPURPOSE: . t . . , Takeo rb students' &Ware of the scope ofenergy sources available on this planet and of , the relative advantages and disadvantages of utilizing each of theSeenergy sources.

ENABLING, CONCEPTS:' im A. Characterittics of "good" energy sources t

8. The energy sources used. today . C. Energy sources of the futliire le COhcept A. Characteristicsof "GoOd" Energy Sources

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: 7 r To provide fie students with a set of criteria for comparing the relative desirability .of different energy sources. . ' -'POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: To convert energy into useful work, we must begin' witha "useful" eneigy-Source. Although-eyerything has qnergy;triot everythingcan be changed into useful work. The characteristics of "good" energy sources: High energy potential 14,. Abun4nt, available supply. . . 1 Relatively easy to obtain 4 ' ...

. , Ilelitiveiy easy to convert the energy source into useful work - 944 . -_-!-- Extraction and use of the ener1y source should, notliave negative environmental effects br in ar*olhet,itvay- - ! ..... pose a health threat. , , ...... _ ,,---..- . L' - -... There-is nctperfect energy. So urge. in order to compare the relative dp_sirabiIityof energy Ources, one must cocrtider their strengths and weaknesses ineach of thp fivecharac- teristics.', " . ,,. :' e 1 2.- . . ARNINGWALITIfik, Studentsnlay:-. " . Use thA fivecii-arattetisticsIOcompare varioui,energy sources. . rlf Write Te-pO.rt$ describing the factois which 'affect the availablesupplies of a particular energy source at a given time.'- , . Write reports on how modern'technologyJasaffected conVersion efficiency and the, 1., . . . , envirOnment.... AI 4 II

fteseafch find discuss the contributions of various nationsto-energy technology. . - fr fScamine and burn small quantity of soft and hard coal, hard and soft wood. charcoal end coll. What differences are noted?,

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50 r . 1,44 Concept FS. The Energy SourcesUsed Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OW CTIVE: To make the studentelware of I major energy sources utilizedtodayand to emphasize the fact that these are nonrene le - POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: . The available energy sources fall into two basic categoriesrenewable and nonrenewable The major renewable energy sources are direct solar radiation,the heat of the earth, tidal energy, and wind. The major nonrenewable energy sources are the fcissil fuelsAcoal, oil, andnatural gas) ,and fissionable elements (nuclearpower). In the mid 1970's, our major energy sources are oil (44% of totalnational energy con- 'sumption), natural gas (32%) andcoal (17.5%). Our minorenergy sources are hydropower (4%), nuclearpower (1%), and wood (1.4%). Historically, man h apelied toa great extent on fossil fuels. Today's technology is almost totally geared to using nonrenewablefuels (oil, natural gas, and coal). 1-he following is a breakdown ofthe "U.S. use of fossil fuels. Indust/lel 32.1%

Transportation. 25.1% (Public: 10.8%;Autos: 14.3%) Loss in Electricity Generation: 17.6% Commercial. 12.6% Residential. 12.6%

LEARNING,ACTIV!TIES: Students may t

Research and make maps showingtbe location of supplies ofmajor, energy sources used in the United States today. Use this information to study worldtrade, alliances.. anticohflict among -nations. . Analyze the problems of allocation of energy supplies in the United States andamong the nations of the world and discussfindings in class. Ir're Discuss the pros and cons of government-propoted policies for alloc'atior;of energy supplies. Relate this to self - interest -as compared to cooperation on an individual,community, national and international basis.

Research acid make maps of the loditionof both the major andminor energy sources Oelo. a Write a paper drawing inferences-from di-elect that more than 90%, ofthe energy ioeime.t we halm the abilityto utiltzeioday are nonrenewable. :N! Study ?tie waste factors in. theconveriit)n .andusee ofpresentdayfuels endpresent . . findings to the classi . 00: Coritasct a utility(forexample, Columbud v.. SouthernOhio Elegriolforcopies of their 4 annual report or find out how much cOaltoiltigas the compaciy:Istt;dto produce their total:kitowatt outintl What are thecosts:fuel? Cost of electricity'? Whetare plan.sf or 'future generating stations, fuelsupplifts ., 51 : 5 .1 Divide into groups in order to research eachenergy source used today in terms of the five ciiteria of "good" energy sources/and report their findingsto the class. Picture a house and estimate the amounts of fossilftiel used bya family of four during a year. List under each hea ing examples of theuses of fossil fuel energy Transportation -7 Residential Commercial Industrial . Using the same headings of Transportation,Residential,Commercial and Induttrial, list problems caused IN fossil fuel energy shortages..

Concept C. Energy- SoUrces for The Future

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: ItTo acquaint the students with possible alternativeenergy 5ources1or the future. POINTS FOREMPHASIS:

Research is now being done to hkriesS the following potentialenergy sources. Fossil fuel sourcesoil shale, tar sands.nd coal gasification. Natural or continuous sourcesgeothermal, solar radiation, tidalpower and wind Other sourceshydrogen, fuel cells, magnets, hydrodynamics,burning of trash, nuclear fission (breeder reactors) and thermonuclear fusion. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may Research and report on current developments and explorationsfor new energy sources and on nieth,ods for harnessing these newenergy sources. Retearch and discusS the methods whichare being proposed.to improve use of fos sil fuels.

Invite a resource person to discuss current researchdevelopments in the search for energy sources for the ftiture. Describe what they think would be an ideal energysource for the future. Think of untapped sources which maybe usedto perform work. Study careers related to energy research, development and'use.Invite speakers to the class or to an assembly to discuss energy-relatedcareers. Maintain an energy current events scrapbookorbulletin board of ongding 'developments written up in'newspapers and periodicals.

Have an energy education fair displaying models and chartsthat they have prepared to show the various types of fuel and the advantages and disadvantages of et their use. 57 s. I. 52 4

UNIT,31-4EENERGY SITUATION TODAY

UNIT PURPOSE:

ti To make s/udents aware of the major factors influencing the enejgy situationtoday. ENAB3.111GtaNCEPTS: A. j-loW energy is usedin the United States today _ ,The domestic supply of fossil fuels . in the United States today C. Factors affecting the availability of fossil fuels in theUnited States today D. What We can learn from theenergy Crisis

Concept A. How Energy Is Used in the United StatesToday ,

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: . To make the students aware, of the major Uses of energy inour country today and of the far-reaching effects an energy shortage has on each of these areas ofuse. POINT KYR EMPHASIS: Energy if so much a part of our lives that, if we have a problem withour energy supply, most aspects ofour lives are affected.

LEAR 11IING'ACTIVITIES: Students may: List the typed of problems . a- serious energy shortage causes in thetransportation, residential, commercial and industrialareas of energy use. Prepare a report that deals with the major, uses-of energy today. Includeuse on a home, school, comm , national and international basis. Prepare posters depi g the many different uses of energy inour society today, Research the process through which electricity is generated andsuggest what might be done to generate electricity Without waitingour supplies of fossil fuels. Report on the major energy sources utilized in their community.Local resour.ce pebple might be invited in to elaborate furtheron.the.energy sources utilized locally. . . Learn to read-electric and gas meters to determine home energyuse and become farhiliar withmeasurement terms such askilbwOrt hour. 0

Concept B. The Domestic Supplyof Fossil Fuejs in the United Statbs Today.

INSTRUCTIONAL O BJECTIVE:* To make the students aware that, althoughour supply of fossil fuels will not last forever, current fuel shortages area result ofshortages in the availability of fdssil fuelsas well as shortages in our reserve supplies of fossilfuels. 5S 53 POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: 4 All the major sources of energyare fossil fuels Croat .0/ If all of our energy came from coal, all of thecoal resources in the United States available today would last us approximately 125years. It is estimated that ,there are currently undiscoveredresources of coal in the United States which could last usup to 1300 years. Petroleum

If all of our energy came from petroleuin,all of the petroleum resources in the United States available today would last us approximately5,years. It is estimated that there are currently undiscoveredresources of petroleum in .Xhe Urlited States whichwould,last us up-to 280 years. The Unitedratesis dependent for this energy source upon other countries. Natural as

If all of our energy came from naturalgas, all of the natural gas resources available in the United States today would last us approximately 5years. It is estimated that there-are 6urrently Undiscovered resourcesof natural gas in the United States which could last up to 110years. Oil shale 0. If all of our energy came from oil shale, it is estimatedthat thpre are currently enough undiscovered resources of oil shale to lastus 2500 years. The potential or untapped reserve supply ofdomestic fossil fuels in the United States can only be estimated. However large, it is not'unlimited. The availability of domestic energysources .has not increased, as rapidly, as the demand.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may -Research and.write reports on the following topics:

heenergyreservesavailablein Ohio , .1

How long these reserve supplies will last .r. What can be done to extract and utilize the energy reserves in Ohio more effectively. The probablecauses of the energy shortage. The relationship of supply and demand Tlie effect of importingon the economy Conduct a simulated Congressional hearingon the granting of rights to-drill in the Atlantic between the 3-mile and 12-mile limit. Isit federal or state domain? Represent. governor of New Jersey, senator from Ohio, EPA official, oilcompany representative, and.others immediately affected.

Study and discuss proposed legislativemeasures relating to energy, such as rationing, progressive tax on horsepower.

L 59 54 _Concept C. Factors Affectingthe Availability of .Fossil Fuels in The UnitedStates Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: err. Tolmake the students aware of the factors affectingthe availability of fossil fuelsin the united States.today and of possible solutions to the problem-of availability. . s. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS.: Although our reserve supplies of domestic fossil fuelsare not depleted; there are shortages. -The key factorS affecting the availability of supplies offossil fuels in the United States toddy are patioriwide economic policies, environmental legislation,and lack of funding for research and deveippment of untapped and new sources ofenergy, includ'in'g waste conversion.

NATIONV'/IDE ECONOMIC 'POLICIES . . NatiOnwrde economic poliCiesghave kept the price of energ low inthis country, much lower than in other nations,ThE fact that energy prices ithis country are lower than ilkother countries ha'g had the most damaging effect o the availabilityof domestic petroleum antrnatoralgas. Low nationwide pride policies haveencouraged "Aiiierican" oilindustries to sell their products to foreign countries in #. order to get fligheL prices, andto increase foreign energy supplies through exploration and expanding refinery capacities inforeign countries. . Low price policies have discouraged "American'ihdustries from exploring fOrslew 6.11.1 domestic resources and expandingrefinery capacities-in the UnitetStbtes. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION , *a Environmental legislation has affectedthe current availability of domestic supplies. energy A Legislation to halt extraction of oil off the coastof south ern Californiaput an end to our utilizing one of'the major untapped oildeposits in the United States. Legislation for a- timetdocged-thaconstruction-of the-Alaskan pipeline to transport the large Alaskan oilreserves. - Many groups of concerned citizensoppose construction of. nuclear plants for reasons of safety. Many citizens alsooppose coal mining practices thatscar landscape, the

NONFU.ELUSE$ OF FOSSILFUELS Another factor that hai affected our aNlable supply of foisil fuels isthe tremendous increase in the demand for using the potential fuels for nonfuelpurposes. Fbr example, gas is used in the manufacture of syntheticrubber, oil and water- ba 'sed paint, dighes, D.D.T., indigo- dyes,paper Coatings, plastics, explosives, carbonated beverages, anti-freeze, aerosols,films and vinegars.

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14ARNING .

Stodehts.rnay - . .. fit Interyiew a _government repreientative on, V-. The reasons behind govthimental controls on fossil fu el prices What new legi slation isteing propoted to improve the availability of domestic fossjl fyels . Conduct a panel discussidn in which half take the tide of the environment alists arid half take the side of individuals who 'are primarily concerned with the prospect of severe energy 'shortages in the ,near future. They may suggest types'of governmental policies which would encourage the development of domestic energy supplies .while still maintaining high environmental standards. . - . - Make a bulletin board display of the typ'es of Otoducts affectedby the shortage of each of the three fossd.fuelS .. . Devote an entire issue of the school newspaper to the subject of ener.g1 .editoiial. f. ' nehs Articles. cartoons, features: ihterviews. . . . ,. Discuss the relative importance of using nbnrenOw eble fossil fu'els for nonfuel . ., . . . purposes. , .

Concept D. What We Cab- Learn from the Energy Crisis

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE. (To make the students aware ofhat the energy crisis is all about and what we can learn from it

POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: The energy shortages facing our country today have occurred because of the fcillowing circumstances- Population increases The constantly increasing demand for more and more oil within the United-States (travel. greater production, more appliances) Domestic supplies of oil which were too low to meet this increasing demand The need to import oil and natural gas to meet the increasing domestic demand ,The Middle East oil embargo hastened the.impact of our growing energy problem. The energy crisis has clearlx emphasized three needs which are critical to our _nation's survival 1 The necessity for our nation to become self-sufficient in supplying our energy needs. 2 The necessity of our finding new and renewable energy-sources and developing feasible techniques for their utilization so that we 5re preparedfor. thetim- ewhen . . we have exhausted all of oui supplies of fossil fuels. . - . . . 3 The need to conserve our fossil fuel supplies as long as rossible so that we have .. . more time to research and perfect techniques of utilizingnewenergy sources. . . . I- . - ..

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,In effect, we can view /his crisis as a blessing in disguiie,because it has focused public attention, on the total energy situation. This concern may motivateAmericans to prepare for future shortages.. The effects of the shortages and crisis have boltedus into an awareness of what will happen dwe ignore the situation.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: . . Students may . . Write a newspapgr article on "How the Energy Crisis Has AffectedMy Family." Interview different members oftheir community to findout how the energy' crisis affected therm .Write -an editorial "I/Vhaf s GoOd About the Energy Shortage."(Awareness of the problem 'and time to work towardits solution.) Collect . and 'report on newspaper articles dealing withevidences of local energy shortages

prepare graphs showingsupply and demand. Discussthe effects of importingon the economy in the United States. ' oiscuss the effects of the concentration of theworld's energy rservesin terms of relationships among nations: Invite a representative of an environmental group, gOvernmentagency and local power company to speak about communityenergy problems. Thoughtful questions listed ahead of time, should be Visti an oil refinery, electric generating plant, coalmine or other similar installation. Write reports or conduct class'discussion on the findings. Prepare and distribute a field trip sourcebor?k in whichare listed energy-related industries which can be visited, contactpersons, times to visit, appropriate and what may tie seen. age groups,

57 UNIT 4: 1/1/11AT WE CAN DO TO EASE THE ENERGY SHORTAGE TODAY ANQ PREPARE FOR THE FUTURE

UNIT PURPOSE: r,

.iroa To make siudenis aware of what needs to be done and how they cart' help ease the energy situation of today and of the future.- .

ENABLING CONCEPTS: A. What we can do to- ease the energy shortage today 13. What we can do to prepare for the future

Concept A. What We Can Do To Ease the Energy Shortage Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To make the students aware of how they can ease the energy shortage today through decreasing their demand for energy.,

POINTS FOR EMPHASIS:. It' is important to conserve Qur fossil fuels for twolnajor reasons: To give us more time to identify nevi, energy sources -and to defaioi the technology re-

quired to convert these new energy sources into usefUl Work, and s ;'' To save as much dour fosfuel supply as pcissible for nonfuel purposes. Individuals can ;do many things to'conserve energy. One factor which contributes io the tremendous demand for. energy is that many o r machines today are not designed to use energy efficiently. For example, while . providing the same amount of cooling, some air conditioners use up to two and one- half times as much electricity as others. Frost-free refrigerators use 50 percent more electricity than standard models. Ij iS important to- compare efficiency_of_ehprgy-use in differentproducts-before-cleciding which brand to buy, This practice will encourage manufacturers to develop products that use energy efficiently. The tendency of Americans to waste .energy Is another very important factor in the tremendous demand for energy. We tend to use nOnhuman energy to do things that We could do Just as well ourselves orto do things that don:rreally need to be done. Our consumption also is markbd by obvious neglect, Such as whep/we leave lights on in unoccuilled rooms or leave the TVon when no one.is

'LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may . . . . . Research and prepare reports on the relative efficiency of different brands of the same roduct. Each'student (or small group ofstudero) may select a different product and compile a composite report of the findings for ,distribution to other groups and to

parents. (A student version ofConsumer Report.) .

6,3 58 Simiuiate, a discussion by a-family that has (earned their winterheat alloqation will be 'decreased by-20.percent. The "family" should list ways of dealing withthe probletp. Set uppersanaienergy conservation goals. Make a checklistor--scoreeerst-- Compile energy-saving checklistsfor home and schooluse. tisa every energy -using item within the home and askeach family member to rank thee' in orde;-of impo ance. :7 geve a. contest to se whose family can reduceenergy use the most in one week. Review the reading of electric and gas meters. record the readings fora One-week base period, and compare readings after .. a one-week reduction effort.. Design brochures to inform the public about what theycan do to-ease energy demand. Coippare automobile advertisements of today with those of 5pr 10 years ago. How are they the same?,How are they different? Compare utility company advertising df today withexamplesfrom '5 and 10 yearsago. Prepare programs on energy conservation to be givenin assemblies, over the public address system or to communityofganizatvs. - - List ways that energy is wasted along with wayp toprevent the waste. Conduct a , surveyto find information such as howmany cars pass a designated point with a driver but no passengers.

Conduct a survey to deterrrunehow community businesses and liaak on energy use-7hospitals; industries are cutting department stores, motels, andothers: . V ConcePt B. WhAtWeCanDo.To Prepare for theFuture

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To make studentt aware of what needs to be done andhow they can help to insure availability of energy in the future. the * POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: , We have seen the need Tor conserving energy to helpease theenergy shortage today but what about.the future? Regardless of how wellwe conserve our nonrenewable energy sources: eventually they willrun out. We need to start now to prepare fix the future byresearching and deieloping renewable energy sources. Developing new, renewable energy sources sufficient to meetour national needs is a phenomenal task that will reqiiire a great deal of time. Conservingenergy today will give us more time, but a wholeheartednational commitment to essential energy conservation is

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may

Design posteis to encourage othersto conserve energy

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Have a panel discussion in which half of the panel represents business men whose businepses are largely dependent upon the use of fossil fuels and the other half represehts legislators concerned about insuring an adequate supply of usable energy for the future. The panel rnay.discuss whether or not a bill should be passed to provide substantial financial support for research in the area of harnessing new energy sources. ... 1 Devote an entire issue oftheschool newspaper ta-how all individuals can help encourage others to conserve energy.

. Contribute articles on conservation practices to the local newspaper, Write to congressmen to find out what legislation has been passed or is being proposed to help insure adequate, available, usable energy sources for the future. ,Prepare and give a program on energy conservation as a part of the liublic service program-rning of local radio or television stations. Hold class and student council meetings to propose and adopt, through student vote, energy conservation measures for the school. 41; Electan energy conservation committee for the school. Develop value objectives in forming an individual energy conservation ethic.,

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SUGGESTED TEACHINGUNITS Senior High

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/ A k). Jr Energy. v . Consqrvation TeachingResource Units t t

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I UNIT 1: ENERGYWHAT IT IS AND NOW IT AFFECTS OUR LIVES

UNIT PURPOSE: To help students become aware of what energy is and ofthe tremendous influence it has xi our lives. ENABLING CONCEPTS: 4 A. Energy's relationship to work B. How machines help change energy into useful work C.The importance of energy

Concept A. Energy's Relationship to Work

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To help clarify students' understanding of energy as the ability to do work. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: Work is a push or null which causes an object or substance to move or change in some way. 1 Energy is the ability to do work. Everything has energy or the ability to do work in the scientific sense of either moving or changing in some way.. Energyis classified in one way as potential and kinetic. Potential energy can perform work but is not performing work at the moment. Kinetic energy is energy that is ac- tively performing work. Work happens in nature without man's control oi-direction. Man, sometimes' alone, andsometmes with the aid of a machine, performs work. Some of the work performed by m n is harmful to man, some is useful to man, and -much is wasteful. LEARNING-ACTIVITIES: Students may:, 0. Give verbal examples of how potential energy is changed.into kinetic energy that performs useful work. . , Demonstrate through simple experiments how polential energy can be changed into kinetic energy in order to perform useful work. Striking a Match is a simple example. Research and report on one of the ways work happens in nature without man's control or direction, Such as the hydfologic cycle. Research and discuss how man has intervened, for good or bad, in some natural work cycles.

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Concept B. How Machines Help Change Energy into Useful Work

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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To Kelp students understand how machines help change energy into useful work. .; . i v POINTS FOR EMPHASIS:' , t* A machine is a device that changes energy into useful/work. Machinescan change energy into useful work through mechanical, chemical, ad atomic means. Mechanical

energy is released by an object in motion. Chemical en'Mt is energy released by the . reacting of two or more elements. Nuclear energy is rleased.through either of two processes: ..., through fusion, in which energy is released by_the joiing of two atomic nuclei, and

through fission, in which energy is released by splittig atomic nuclei. . Sometimes it takes a whole series of machines to convet energy into useful work,

'LEARNING ACTIVITIES: . t Studenti may: . .., Research and write reportson therocesses through yvhich energy is changed into , useful work. ,

; Design a functional machine oba "Rube Goldberg'contraption .that illustrates . poteritial-to-kinlic transformatioris. 4 . . . Write essayt on the relationsh between than and machines. Experiment with simple machines such as the inclined plane, pulley and leverto demonstrate hoW they make our work easier for,us. . . Research and write reports, on.the history of the earliest machines and how they were used. ,

. ',..., i Concept. The Importince of Energy .

_. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE:

%. TO make students aware of the effect of energy on the evolution of civilization..

POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: . , 1.. Earliet man relied oh his own energy (muscle power) to do the work needed to nieet his basic needs. Nearly everything was made without the, elp of fire, animals, water currents, wind, dhemical energy, or machines of any kind. . . . Civilization is a product .of man's continuous search to find nonhuman tsources of energy to perform useful work. By utilizing nonhuman energy soCirces, man ties been able to .do thihgs which he could not have done using FITS own muscles. Nonhuman

energisources have enabled man to accomplish work more efficiently. . , Technology evolved as man sought new and,more efficient ways of using nonhuman energy,sources to perform useful work. 63 r"

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--,LENRNIrsla ACTiVIT4Eg:-, ol , '-,,. Students may Write a paper describingtiow the roles of familikmembers-havechanged as a result of the use pf nonhuman energysources. , ,,------j Write 'a paperon low energy affects their lives. Write, a science fiction articlelopiSsing ori future technolo9y'asit may apply to energy utilization 40. Research and dramatize what life would be like today ifwe did notheve the benefit of_ - any machines

Discuss whictimathines.thatcUr pare ts.didnt have simplify our-work today.. Discuss how machinesmay have.corn It5ited our lives. Isman now.a'slave machine's? to his .

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UNIT 2: ENERGY SOURCES

UNIT PURPOSE:

To make students aware of the SCopet of energysources available on this.planet and of the relative advantages and 'disadvantages of utilizing..each of thesesources.. ' . 4? ENABLING CONCEPTS: _, ., . A. Characteristics of "pee:energy surces ,; B. The energy sources used today C. Energy sources of the future

Concept A. Characteristics of "Good " Eneigy Souices

71. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To proVide_switents with a set of criteria for judging the relative desirabilityof each energy source POINTS FOR EMPHASIS; Although everything has energy, not everything can be changed into.useful work. Sub- ''stances must have certain characteristics in order to be "good" energy sources. Characteristics

1 The energy source should have a high energy value. Z. A large supply of the energy should be available. 3. -The supply should be easy't0 process. 4. The energy supply should be storable and transportable. . 5 The extraction and utilization of the energy source shouldnot have negative environmental effects or threaten our health or well-being. There is no perfect energy source. In order to compare the relative desirability of energy sources, we-rnustconsider-the advantages arittdisailva ntag es.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may Design a Matrix for comparing the relative _desirability ofvarious energy sourcei..The matrix should incorporate the five'characterislics given in the instructional development section (It Might also include additional characteristics whiCh they have thought of ) Design a process for rating the relative desirability of theenergy sources. One recommended procedute woad. be to *. .1 Compiledataon all five characteristics for each energy source- 2 Rank th e' energy sources for eaoh characteristic on the basis of desirability and assign numbers to the energy sources, giving the least desirable energysource the lowest number, 0

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3 Add up the total characteristicratings-for each energysource; and 4 The energy source with the highest total should bethe most desirable. Research and present illustrated reports on how people throughouthistory have met their needs for energy p iscuss why some of these sourcesmay still be in general use today while others are no lqnger used. Build an Illustrated time line to show the development anduse of energy sources.

Concept B. The EnergySourdes Used Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To make students aware of the major energy sources utilizedtoday and to emphasize the fact that these are nonrenewable. POINTS FOREMPHASIS:

Many different sources ofenergy are available to us 'there are two basic categories of energy Sources renewable.andnonrenewable. 6- The major renewable energylources are dirtct solarradiation, the heat of the earth, wind, and tidal energy. The major nonrenewable energy sources are fissionable elementsyielding nuclear. energy, and fossilfuels (coal, oil, andnatural gas). Today, our major energysources are- oil (44%) . . natural gas (32%) coal (17.5%) hydropower (4%) nuclear power (1%) wood (1.4%) A Today's technologyrs geared to using nonrenewable fuels.' LEARNINGACTIVITIES: .? Students may

b Label and make explanat'orYcharts to accempany displays of fossil fuels. Identify through reading andmap construction where fossil fuel resources are.lcipated throughout the world Use this informationto study world trade, alliances, anciconffict ti amonOlations. al Research and report on supply anddemand studies.

Research and report on the contributionsof representatives of differentnations to' enerijy. technology

Analyze and discuss the problems ofallocation in the United States andamong the nations 0 the world.

. . Determine' costs for extracting, converting and transpOrimgthe varicos types of fossil fuels.

Write editorials that explam whywe depend so heavily on fossil fuels, what dangers . age involved in this dependence, and what we can do aboutit. . Compare the relative desirabilityof the major and minor energy sources used today, using the matrix and rating process developed earlierin this unit.

. Concept C. Energy Sources of the-Future

INSTRUCTIONAL.OBJECTIVE: To acquaint students with possible alternativeenergy sources for the future POINTS FOR EMPHASIS:

Some ofthe major continuousor renewable energy sourcesevailable to us are I Solar radiation A Directly utilized by means of r 1 Optical devices such as reflectors, tenses 2 Photochemistry. photoelectricity. andthermoelectricity B. Indireraly utilized through

1 Photosynthesis, upon whrch living organisms dependfor food and whibh,s-in addition, priwides many useful materials(e.g., wood and-other building materials, rubber, fibers at well as fuelS likewood,aldoho), and turpentine extracted from vegetation) 2. Useof

'a Water raised by the sun. moved by the winds, al4dcaught Onthe descent b. Wi nds _ c Difference in,temperature between atmosphere and the earthrtheheat, pump ") and the ocean The'heat of .the earthtaived through volcanic vents 0 W. Tidal power

Research is now'being done to harness the following energysources for the future: Fossil fuel sources: oil shale, tar sands, and coal gasification Natural or continuous sources geothermal, solar, tidaland wind. Other sources hydrogen, fuel cells, magnets, hydrodyrtarpcs,burning of trash, nuclear fissiot(breeder reactors), and therMohUclear fusion . LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may

lie%earcirand reporton current explorations for new energyjsources and methods for harnessing these new energy sources to perform useful work. .

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67 . Research and prepare a. debateor panel discussion on the positive and negative aspects of some of the newerenergy sources. 250,000-year lifeof radioactive plutonium might be considered rather, dangerous.)

Research and report oh the methodswhict) are being proposed toimprove use of fossil-fuels.

Study the waste factors in the conversionand use of present day fuels andpresent oralreports. - , - Study and discuss the careers of scientists and technologists whose workdeals with' energy explOrition

Coviduct an energy education fair displayingstudent demonstrations andex- per4nents dealing with learning about allsources of energy.

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68 UNIT 3: THE ENERGY SITUATION TODAY UNIT PURPOSE:

To make students aware of the major factors influentingthe energy situationtoday. ENABLING CONCEPTS:

A. How energy is used in the UnitedStates today B.The domestic supply of fossil fuelsin the United States today C.Factors .affecting the availability of fossil fuelsin the United States today D. What we can learn from theenergy crisis yl

Concept A. How Energy Is Used in the:UnitedStates Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: To make students aware of the major users` and uses of energy in our country todayand of the far-reaching effectsan energy shortage has on these areas of use.' POINT FOR EMPHASIS:

Energy is so much a part ofour lives that. if we have 5 problem withour energy supply. most aspects of.our lives are quickly affected. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students ma'

Research and write papers on one of the following: . The proceSs of converting electricity fromvarious energy sources The benefits and drawbacks ofusing electricity as an energy source What measures can be taken to reduce theamount of fossil.fuels West ed.through,the generation of electricity.

Find out how electricity is generated inor fOr their community. It would be valuable either for the visit the locaLpowerplantor to arrange-fora guest speaker from the local power company to describe howelectricity is generatecHor the corh- munitY. what measuresare being taken to improve the efficiency of the-conversion processes, and how individualscan conserve-electricity.

' Research newspaper or journal articlesfor evidences of an energy shortage eithon -a local or national level.

Find out how much money is spentper month by theullischool for electricity, fuel for heat. and an? other energy-related expenditure.Design a campaign to save energy within the school. After one month,compare the amount of money spent before and after the campaign and discuss theoutcomes. If the expenditures are lower after the campaign, discuss how much of this reductiorimight be dueto energy-saving efforts and how much might be due towarmer outside temperatures,. school vacations,or other variables A similar project might be carriedon within the home. Find out where the phonecompany- gets its electricity. 74

69 Concept B. The Domestic Supply ofFossil Fuels in the United States Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE:

To make students aware tharoursupplies of fossil fueli will not last forever.Current fuel shortages are a result,of shortages in the availabilityof fossil fuels as well as shortages in our reserve supplies of fossil fuels.

POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: .

All the major sources ofenergy are fossil fuels. Current energy shortages are not a result of a total depletion of our domesticreserves. Current energy shortages have resultedbecause supplies of domesticfossil fuels have notbeen made available fast enoughto meet the tremendous increase in demand for them LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may

Research and discuss some of theproblems involved in extracting reserve suppliesof oil, coal, and natural gas.

Write a newspaper articleon the energy resources available in Ohio, howlong the reserves of fossil fuels in Ohio will last, and. whatmeasures can.be taken to extract and -utilize these reserves more fficiently.Include a discussion of the waste factorsin the conversion and use of present dayfuels. Research the various methods forextracting oil, coal and natural gas. The findings may be reported graphically through posters, chartsor models and the advantages and disadvantages of each methrld discussed.

Concept C. Factors Affecting theAvailability of Fossil Fuels in the United States Today

IN UCTIONAL-OBJE&IVE: To make students 1 aware of the factors affecting the availability of fossil fuelsin the United States today and of possible solutionsto the problem of availability. POINTS FOR EMPHASIS:

The key factors affecting the Availabilityof fossil fuels, in the United States todayare 'nationwide economic policies, environmentallegislation and nonfuel uses of fossil fuels Nationwide economic policies havekept the price of energy low in this country. much lower than in other nations. The factthat energy prices are lower in thiscountry has had the mast damaging -effecton th'e availability of domestic petroleum and natural

Low. price policies have encouraged Americanoil companies to sell their products' for higher prices to foreign countries andto increase foreign energy supplies through. exploration and expanding refinery capacities in thosecountries. Low price polies and Severe governmentalregulations have discouraged American industries from further exploration fornew resources, and from expansion of refinery capacities in the United States. 7 5 % ' "

.Environmental legislation has affected the current availability of domesticenergy . supplies Als.o, there are groups of concernedcitizens who oppose the construction of nuclear plants for reasons of safety.Many others oppose coal mining methodsthat scar and leave the land snireclailned Another factor which has affected availability of fossil fuels is the tremendousin- crease in the demand for these energysources to be used for nonfuel pLtposes. For example. gas"-is .used in the manufactureof synthetic rubber, oil and water-based paint. dishg. indigo dyes;paper coatings,plastics, explosives, carbonated beverages, antifreeze, aerosols. films andvinegars.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may I, Study and report on legislative measures dealing with energy.Discuss the pros and cons of these proposed policies

Research and report on the effects ofgovernmental air quality controlon the use and availability of coal, oil and naturalgas Write news articles on governmental policies that both encourage the developmentof domestic energy supplies and yetmaintain environmental stwIdards. Have a panel discussion on the .relative importance' of using nonrenewablefossil energy sources as fuels versus saving them fornonfuel purposes. Discuss the alternatives in the manufacture of various products if nonrenewablefossil fuels are reserved strictly for fuelpurposes. Discuss the positive and negative aspects.oflowering air quality control standards for automobile manufacturers, steel manufacturers,and other industries in the interest of corferving fuel. Make iecommendations for legislation that wouldencourage exploration for new .energy reserves in the United Statesas wellas the expansion of domestic refinery capacities Base recommendations on cur,setit iourhai and newspaper articlesandin- terviews with relevant resource people.

Discuss the responsibility of the Americanoil industriessin helping to'solve thenergy problem. 4

Concept D. What We Can Learn Fromthe Energy Crisis

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE:

To *make the students aaare ofwhat the energy crisis is.all about aridwhat we can learn from it. POINTS FOREMPHASIS:

The following circumstancesset the stage for The energy crisis' the.constantty increasing demand formore and 'more oil within the United States, .- domestic supplies of oil whichwere too low to Meet the domestic demand,and the need to import oil and natural gas t() meet energy requirements. .... 7.6

-71 1

The Middle East oil embargo heightened theImpact of our growing energy problem. The energycrisishas emphasized three needs clearly:

1 The necessity for opr nation to become self-sufficientin meeting our energy needs. 2 The necessity of our finding new, renewableenergy sources and developing feast- , ble techniques for their utilization so thatwe are prepared when our supplies of; fossil fuels are exhausted.

3 The need to conserve our fossil fuel supplies as longas postible so that we have, more time to research and perfect techniques of utilizing newenergy sources. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may: . _ --, interview members-O f their community to determinewhat they feel are the cause and the significance of the energy crisis. On the basis of the datathe students collect, trip May write a newspaper article which will helpto clarify the energy crisis for the community. 8 Write an editorial on 'What's Good About the Energy Crisis.- Have a panel discussion on the importance ofconserving our fossil fuels to

. alloW us more time to develop new energy sourcesas fuels, and I. save fossil fuels for nonfuel production purposes. Develop and utilize inyentories.to determine howenergy is wasted at horfie and in publiC places.

Write a paper on the problems of convincing all citizens that thereis an energy crisis and that each must make personal sacrifices to conserveenergy. Propose solutions to overcome theje problems.

. . Discussthe dynamics of human interaction in terms of theenergy crisis and its short and long range solutions. Include self-interest, as comparedto cooperation on an in- ' .1 , dividual, national and interrratikal basis. Simulate a Senate subcommittee investigating the possibilitiesof outlawing night baseball. Indianapolis.500, domed stadiums (like the Astrodome),late night TV, and -other energy- consuming recreation. Petition grocery stores to stop wrapping and packaging foodin useless cOntaihers heads of lettuce in polyethylene, pork chops on styrofoamtrays which then are wrapped. and the like. s. Conduct and publish a study of ho w businesses and Industries/arecutting .back orr energy use Prepare a similar study on energy cutbacks by institutions suchas schools and hospitals. Use statistical data to predic t energy consumption trends.

Depelop value objectives for forming an individualenergy conservation ethic.

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UNIT 4: WHAT WE CAN DO TO IMPROVETHE SITUATION OF TODAY AND OF THEFUTURE

UNIT PURPOSE:

To make students aware of what needsto be done and how they may help toimprove the energy situation today and in the future. ENABLING CONCEPTS:

A What we can do to ease theenergy shoilage today What we can do to prepare for the future

Concept A. What We Can Do 4p Easethe Energy Shortage Today

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE:

To make students aware of how theycan ease the energy shortage today through helping to decrease the demand for energy.

POINTS FOR EMPHASIS: It is important to conserveour fossil fuels for two major reasons: to give us more time to identify new energysources and to develop the technology . Lrequired to convert these new energysources into useful work, and to save as much of our fossil fuel supplyas possible for nonfuel purposes. As individuals we can do mahy thingstq conserve energy. For example, we can boycott or discourage use of machines that are not designedto use energy efficiently. It is important 'to compare how efficiently different brands ofa product use energy before deciding which brand w buy. Ifeveryone .did this, it would encourage manufacturers to develop products which use energy efficiently.

Another very important factor contributingto the tremendous demand for energyis thaymany Americans waste energy. We tendto waste energy by using nonhuman energy to do things that we could do just as well ourselvesor to produce things that we don't really need, and by such things as leavingthe lights or TV on wherrTwe are not using them.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may

Research and prepare repotts on the relative efficiencyof different brandsof thesame product Each student (or smallgroup of students) may research a different product and design and print a report on the compositefindings of the 'class to distributeto other students and parents. (Studentversion of Energy Consumer Report.) Design brochures to inform the public about whatthey can do to ease energy demand. Set up personal .energy conservation goals.Conduct .periodic checks to determine whether or not those goals are being attained

73 Consult issues of Consumer Report or other sirrhlar publicationsto investigate the means by which consumer products are tested for efficiency. Some -of.thesemethods .may then be adapted so that students can conduct simple tests for efficiency within the classroom. Hold class and student council meetings to propose and adopt, thrugh Student vote, methods of conserving energy within theschoolsElect aschool -,eergy conservation committee.

Conduct and publish the results of communitysurveys. Example. how many.cars pass a designated point with a driver but no passengers? Learn to read electric and gas meters to determine home use

Concept B. What We Can Do to Prepare for the Future

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: 3 To make students aware of what needs to be doneand how they can help to insure-the availability of energy sources in the future. POINT FOR EMPHASIS:

Regardless of how well we conserve our nonrenewable- energy sources,eventually they will run out We need to start to prepare for the futurenow. We need to research and develop renewable energy sources for the future. 06i/elopingnew, rerifiwable energy sources sufficient to meet our national-needs is a phenomenal task thainillre- quire a great deal of time. Conserving energy today will .giveus moretime, but only a wholehearted national commitment to energy conservation willsolve the problem. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Students may: Write editorials to urge the general public to conserve-energy..

Interview community members to find out how ;hey feel about.thetaxpayer's dollars going for research related to finding new energysources., On the bails of the inter- views, students may write editorials to convince thecommunity of the importance of research in this area., ,. Write to their congressman to find out what legjslationhas been passed or is beiri proposed to help insure adeqote, available, usableenergysources fpr the future. Talk to service clubs, individually or in teams, concerningthe energy problem. Qevelop individual science projects relatedto the various aspects of the energy problem. 3 Interview members of the community who work in edeigy-relatedoccupations. Use the telephone directdry and warn ads as a survey source to -identify energy-related careers.

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0 ENERGY-ARTICLES .Abelson P. H. Energy,News in Engineering, 45:4-9, November1973: Adelman; M. A. Energy Crisis, News in Engineering, 45.1044,Nov 73.

Bacon,cCentury, M Those Who Suffer: The Power Shortage and thePowerless Poor, Christian 91:644-6, June 12, 1974.

Bell. D Coming' of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in SocialForecasting, Commeritary, 515:42-47, November 1913.

Berg. Chartes A Enough Energy. If Resourcesare Allocated Right, Business Week, pp. 50-60, April 21, 1973. \ Berton, Lee An Energy, Crisis Investment Strategy, FinancialWorld, pp. 8-12, January 23, 1974.

Boffey, Philip M Energy Crisis: EnVironmentalIssue Exacerbates Power&Supply Problem, .Scierice, 168:1554-9, June 26, 1970.

Boulding. K E Economiis of Erlergy, Annals of the AmericanAcademy of Political and Social Sciences 410.120-6, November 1973, Cbsey, W J International Cooperationan Energy, Address, June 21, 1973. Department of State Btilletin, 69:59-62, August 9, 1973. Cook, A 'Making Use of Thermal Energy inIndustry, Address, August 20, 1973. Vital Speeches of the Day, 40:60-4, November 1, 1973.

Dal/Tr!, L. Energy Is Where You Find It, Mechanix Illustrated, September 1974. Dietsch, A W,and.R. E. Lapp. Burning Up Our Resources, NewRepublic, 164:14-17, Jun e 16, 1971. Energy. Crisis, 'Nation's Schools, pp. 31-54, January '1974.

Energy Crisis:IVO Shortage of-Problems,Senior Scholastic, 3.28-9, January 10, 1974. Energy Crunch: Who'll Get Hurt, U.Newsweek, November 26, 1973. Energy Foul-Up: What's Behind It? U.S. Newsweek,75:15-17, DeCember 17, 1973. - Energy Shortage Strikes Home. U.S.' News and World Report,75.17-19, December 10, 1973. Energy Crisis: Special issue, Senior Scholastio, 104:8 -31,February' 14, 1974. . . . . Energy Sources of Tomorrow, Nation's Business, 62.20-224, February 1974. . Energy: The Long and the Shoit of Its Science News, 105,April 6.,1974. Exodus: 1974, W. Leontief's Input-Output Analysigorlies, 113:41-2,January 1; 1974. Fisher, J C. Energy Crisis in Perspective, Physics T4daff,.28.40-44, Decembei. 1973. Forurn. Energy's Impact on Architecture, Architectural , . Forum, 139:59-74, July 1973. Gillette, R Budget of the United States dovernInentFiscal Year -1975: Energy. Science,

183:636-8, February 1974. ,

Energy: 'The Muddle at the Top, Science, 183.11319-21,December, 28, 1973.. Ene;gy. R & 0; UnderPressure, aWational Polley Takes Form, Science,183:898:900, November 30, 1973. 41.. Goal Is Self-Sufficiency, With Editorial Comment,Forbes, 112.7-21, December1, 1973. f

76 4. .

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Gough, M. Saving Energy: Second Thoughts, House Beautiful,116-64, July 1974. Gould, William R Energy Options for the Future: The,Acceptabilityof Risks, Vital Speches of, the Day, 39:605-7, July 15,1973. Hammond, A. E Academy Says Energy Self-Sufficiency Unlikely,National Academy bf Engineers Report, Science, 184:964:May .31, 1974. Energy Needs..Projected Demandsand How to Reduce Them, Science, December 15, 1972. 173:1186-8, Renaissance for European' High Energy Physi: United StatesDothinance a Thing of the Past, Science, 182:372-3,1973. Hannon, B. M. Energy Standard ofValue: Energy Cost of Goods American A,orny of Political and Services, Annals of and Social Science, 410:139-53,November 1973. Hirst, Eric Energy vs. Environment, The Living Wilderness,36:43-7, 1972-1973: Living' Off the Fuels of the Land:Amounts of Energy Consumed in Processing Food,' Natural History, 82:20-2, December1973. and JohntC. Moyers. Efficiencyof Energy Use in the United 304, March 30, 1973. States, Science, 179:1299- 4 Energy Needs: Projected Demandsand How to Reduce Them, Science, December 15, 1972. 178:1188-90, Hot and the Cold of lt,-Sisylihys, Commonweal, 99:315-17, December21, 1973. In Key Areas of the Country: A Mixed Outlook for Business,U.S. News and.World Report, 7 &:44 -7, January 7, 1974. !Min, J N. International implication of the Energy Situation,Department of State Bulletin, 66:626-31, May 1, 1972. Johnson, W. No Fueling, the Crisis is Here: Effect of Energy Shortageon' Sport and Recrea- , tion, Sports Illustrated, 39:34-6,December 3, 1973. . 0 Karp, R. Executives in an-Energy Crisis, Duns, 102104-e; December1973. Keenan, Boyd. Energy Crisis and Its Meaning -for AmericanCulture, Christian Century, 90:756-9; July 18, 1973. Kenpedy, M. Energy :,End of an Era? Commonweal, 0:527-30, March'1, 1974. Lapp, R. E. Energy: Self-Sufficient by"1980? New Republic, 169:10-2,December 15,11973. Latest Threat to the Boom: ShortagesWherever.You Look, U.S.,News, '3:70-1, 1973. October 29, Ldvins, A. B, World Energy Strategies, Science & Public Affairs, 30:38-50,june1974. Market System and the Energy Crisis, Fortult4t,88:79-80, December 1973. Margh61), E. Enough Energy by 1985? project Independence,New Republic, 171:17-19,- September 28, 1974. Modern Energy Systems for Existing. Schools,1 American Schooland University, 46:38-46, November 197c3.

Move Toward Sharing, Time,104:70 -1, August 12, 1974 Next,.the Oil Recession? Newsweek, 82:86-96,December 3, 1973. Pickering, William.'The Coining change in-Science and Technology,Engineering and Science, October 1973. 8;<)

77 . : .Pimentel, D, and others Food ProdUction and the Energy Crisis, Science,, 182:443 -9, yember 1973 t, " - Priorities: How fan a Share, Neyvsweek, 8774-5. December 17, 1973. .Project Independence Will Cost a Bundle, Buimess Week.'pp 24-25, August 24, 1974. . David J Energy Policy -in the United States, Scientific American, 230.2Q-9. 1974 Schultz, M New Story on Ftirhaces., Mechanix Illustrated, 69.122:4. November 1972 Shepard, D Howe Mdch Energy Does the U.5. Need? Business Week. pp. 69-70, June 1914 Ehowalter, Thomas L Capricious Lontracts, The Administrator, pp 9-12. 1973 4 Losing Some Stearn. Nation's.Business,.p 24, January 1974. Where Does All the Energy Go? Amerianklorne, 77.18, 1974 Some Stopgaps That May Help. Newsweek, 82.97-8, December 3, 1973 . Sommer, R 'Ecology and the Energy' Shortage, Nation, 217 615116, November 16, 197a, Striking Back at the Chill, Tiri-le,4107 11:20, December 24. 1973. -. . Swindler, J C Challenge to State Agencies. Theaperiencef.b New YorkState, EnergyCon- servation Through Regulatory Artion. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciehce, 410.106-19, 'November 9 973...... The Energy Crisis. Mechanical Engineering, 95.29-38, Jan 1973: 41... . . : The Energy CVISIS. Time for Action; Time, 101.41-, May 7, I 973.

Together Cuts A7.e C.dirting Soon, November 251971 Energ' y Message, Business Week.pp . ,.: 19-20;December A. 1973. . , - .,. . . . sr -4 Train. R E Energy Problems and Enviientriental ConcerneAddiess,,Bulletin of the Atomic,..-1 e Scientists. 29:017, November 1973. ' Udall, MbrVis K An End to Fuel Chsis? US. News and World Repo' ri,pp. 15-17, January 7, 1974 - Coping With the Energy Crisis. Four lExpens Talk it Over in the Nation's Schools_ on's Schools, 93.33 -38. January 1.974.----" ng the Energy Binge, The NewRepublic pp. 12-15, June 16, 1973 . 'Vachon, B. 's Your 'Energy IQ? Seventeenr,,3310-11, July 1974. Vogt. B Where Do You Frr?.Outdoor Life; 152:22, December 1973 . - 'Wallach, H C- Big Decisiong, Newsweek, 828, -December 4.1973.

Weaver. Theodore. The Energy Crisis, Today'S Eddcation, pp., 44-49. January-February 1974. S o vsVfiinbergilliklyinM. Some Views of. the Energy Crisis; American Scientist, 61 59-75. Jahuary-February 1973 . . e / Welctenbatim. M. L_Economits of Energy, Duns, 10a11, Noyember 1974. . . , . ty/;dt the Country44 in for and Hoy:, .PeOpIe Are Responding, r.l.S.News argil orld Report; 15.29. November,19; 197-3. - t - 1 . . i . 4, t aWhere the Tradeoffs some in the Energy Caso Bilsoess Week. p. 66. November 19734 Wil;on C L Plans toy Energy Independence, Foreign Affairs,51 17-75, July 1973 . . 0

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ENERGYBOOKS 41.

"Beck Richard D. ed 'bialogue oo Power Demands, Resources Development Internship Program, Western Interstate Comrnissien for Higher Education, Boulder. Colorado. 1972 Chalmers, Bruce Energy, Academicress, 1973 Thetoriference Board Energy and P bhc Policy, 1972. Ongressional Quarterly. Inc _Energy Crisis in America, Washington, D C 1973 Deasan, Hilary J, The AAAS Science Elaok List for Children, Amencan Association for the Advaricemens of Science, 3rd edrtron, 1972. Freeman, W H Energy and Power, Scientific Americarl. San Francisco, 1971 Garvey, Gerald Energy, Ecology, Econory, Norton,..1972

Gutol, Nathaniel B Energy in thee Perspective of Geography, Englewood Cliffs. N ,1971 Holdren, John and PhillipHerra Energy A Crisis in Power, Sbn Francisco, 1971 H,ottel. Hoyt Clarke New Energy Technology. Some Facts and Assessments, MIT Press, 1971 Hubbard. Manor! King Energy Resources, A Report to thIgmittee on,Natural Resources'of the National Academy of ScincesNational Rese Council, National Academy of SciencesNational Research Council, 1972 lntertechnoli5gy Corporation The U S Energy Problem, November '1971 ...... A Millard, Reed. Natural Resources, Will We Have Enough for Tomoriow's World? J. Menner, 1-972 ...... - . . National PetroleumCouncil,Committee on U S. Energy Outlook. U.S. Energy.Outlook. An Initial Appraisal, 1971:1985. An Interim Report, National PetroleumCouncil, 1971. Park, Charle.sreddrick:Afflerencein Jeopardy. Minerals and the Political Economy, Freeman, Cooper, 168. . Pkwisen. David .F Natural Resourcesin the Governmental Proceis. IA Bibliography, Selected and Arnota:ed,i Universityi oof Atizona Press, 1970. 1. . . . esaurcds for thefuture.U.S'Energy Policies, An Agenda for Research, Johns Hopkins, _ Press, 196/1 .' . . . . , Ridgeway.',James The Last 'Play.The Struggle to Monopolize the World's Energy Resources.. E P Dutton, 1973 . ? . -, , Rocks. Lawrence, and Richard P 134.....trwon ,The2.Energy Crisis, New York, 197a Tompkins, Dorothy L C Power From the Earth-, University of California: 1972. ir, :

Vansant, Carl. Strategic Energy'Supply and .National Security,. Pr.ager. 1971 Winger, John G Outlook for Eriergy.in the United Sties to 1985, Energy t commies Diyion, Chase Manhattan Bank . . . 2Jmmerman, Erich Walter Zitomerznan's World Resoiftes and Industries, 3rd Edition, Harper . . -4nd Row, 1972.-^ -It d *t. a . _ . . , r .. , , .'

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794,". a

7e : 40 . ENERGY-REPORTS, AGENCYAND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Bureau of the Mines Trends ins the Minerals Industry,1972. GPO, 1972

Camel-on, Eugene N.ed" The Mineral Position of the U.S., 1975 -2000. Congress Selected Readings on Economics Growth inRelation to Population Increase. Natdral Resources Availability. EnvironmentalQuality Control, and Energy Needs, 1971 91st Senate Review of Energy Issues and 91stCongress, 1971 91st Senate Some Environmental Implications ofNational Fuels Policies, 1970. Department of Agriculture Energy, Natural Resourcesand Research in Agriculture. Effectson Econiagrc Growth and Productivity forthe United States. 1973. . U S Department of Interior UnitedStates Energy Through_tpe Year 2000 United States Energy, Summary Review, GPO,.1973

Doctor D Consequences of the Present Policy of DemandAccdmmodation, Rand. 1973. _ Energy Demand in the Future. fleducing the Growth Rate, Rand, 1973 7he Growing Demand for Energy,Rand, 1972 Dole. S Environmental Factdrs in the Production andUse of Energy, Rand, 1973 Editorial Research Reports New Energy Sources, No10. 1973. Energy Perspectives. Information From the BattelleEnergy Program. Monthly. Number 1, August11973'.

Energy. Resources, and the Environment,National Technical lnformatiqn Service, 1972. Energy Conservation Strategies. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. GPO. 4973. Federal Council for Science' and Technology. FCSTEnergy R and D Goals Study, 1972. Y 3.F31/16 2 E12. Hinman Associates, Inc Residential Energy Consumption. II Multi-Family Housing Data Ac- quisition, National Technical InformationService, 1972. - _ Morris, D. N.:-Energy-Dernanij-and-Its-Effecton-the-Environment,Rand, 1973. National Academy of Engineering. Engin;enng for Resolutionof the, Energy Environmental Dilemma: A Summary, National Technical-WormationService, 1971. Officeff Science and Technology Patterns of EnergyConsumption in the United States, GPO, 1972.

Organization foi Economic.Cooiieron and Development. Statistics of Energy, 1957-1971, OECD. 1973 , The Growing pemand for Energy, Rand, January 1972, - U S Congress. House of Representatives. JaintEc.onomicCommittee. The Energy Outlook for 1 i. the 1980's, 1973. 4 93rd House of Representatives JointHearings on Conservation and Efficient Use of Energy. Part I, GPO, 1973. _ . A 7. . r 93rd House of Representatives. Hearingson Energy Research and Development. An Overview of ouriNatiohal Effdrt, GPO, 1973

. . 93rd Senate Hearing on the kanistrator's Proposal forthe Relaxation of Air Pollu-, . icon Standards,1GPO, 1973. , . O i . , BO ' . CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. . ,-Abelson, Philip H -Energy Conservation. Science, 1/8335, October21 1 972 Energy Independence, Science,182.779, 1973. Energy. Shortages Loom, But ConservauonLags. Science, 1801155, 1973. Urgent Need for Energy Conservation. gcterice, < , . 182 339, 1973. . American Gat iksociaticin Energy Conservation,American Gas Association Monthly,-55. - 1973

Anderson, Kent P 'Residential Energy Use.An Econometric Analysis. Rand. 1973. Beal, W 1< Sonsendition and the Schools, 1, Trends in Education, pp. 27;32, January1973. -Berg. ChsaFles A Energy Conservation Through effective Utilization, Science, 181128.38,28-38, 1973, Discussion,- ibid., 182:967-8,1973... a. Perry, C S. and M F Fels Energy Cost of Automobiles. Amount of Energy Used to Manufac- tureqhe Materials in a. Typical ;967 Almobile, Bulletin af the Atomic Scientists,29.11- , 17, 1973 Berton, Lee, Cars That Will Gulp Less Gas. What Detroit Is Doing, United States Newsand World Report, 75 7.6-8, 1973. : Citizen's Advisory Committee on EnvironmentalQuality. Citizen Action Guide to Energy Con- servation, GPO; 1973.

Cole. g AreBig Cars Doomed: Interview,U.S. News and.World Report, 75 32-6, 1973. .Conservation, Dollar, Newsweek, 83:84, April 29, 1974. Conserving to Learn, Time, 163:445, 1974; -Department of Commerce Technical Options fir% Energy Conservationin Buildings, GPO, 1973.

Dickelman; R Foffy-Six Ways to Conserve knergy,Better Homes and Gardens;'51:36, 1973.

Educational Facilitiet Laboratories. HowSchobls Can Plug the Energy Drain: Summaryof Report. Nation's Schools, 92:10-14, October , -1973. ,- ,:;- Energy Conservation Checklist; Informationfor Park and Recreation Professionals,Parks and Recreation, 9:20a-21a, April 24, 1974. .. : Hammond, Allen L Conservation of Energy:. The Potential for More Efficient UseSciertce, 178:1079 -81. December 8, 1972. . .20, 0. . Hirst Erie Transponation Energy Use and C.oniervation Potential,Bulletin of the Atomic . Scientists, 29.36-42, 1973. . -..- It . . ----,...... ,.._ and 0 Herendeen. Diet .Guide for Chronic End*Coniumers, Saturday Review World, `65:64-66, 1972... ,.

110 John C Moyers. Efficiency of EnergyUse in the UnneeStates,Sci e, 1719 :1 299- 1304. . i . . Hoffer, W.` No-Energy WeekendExperiment, Hopse Beautiful. 116:10f,July 1974..

81 How Soaring Cost of Energy Spurs New Waysto Sai,e, U S. flews arid World Report, 76.49- 50, May 27, 1974

Industry Braces for Energy Conservation. Business Week,p 741September 14, 1974 Irwin, T Have You Tried Carpooling? Reader's Digest, 103 171-4,1973 Kilowatt Counter's Guide to Savings Hopeful EnvironmentalView, Time, 102 21-2, 1973 -Large David B Hidden Waste Potentials for Energy Conservation,Conservation Fbundation, 1973

Lincoln, G A Energy Conservation, Science', 180 '155-62.1973. Marshall, E Ways tt; Serve Energy, New Republic, 16910-12.1973

McCluggage, D How to Save Money on Gasoline, Re.,9der'sp tgest. 104-59-61, 1974 McDonald. Stephen L Petroleum Conservatiorrinthe United States. An Economic Analysis,. Johns Hopkins Press, 1971 . Novick. Sheldon Looking Forward. Saving the EnvironmentThrough More Efficient Use of 4'44 Energy, Environment, 15 4-15, 1973 ,f1 'Oil and Water Do Mix' And It Saves Fuel. Science.No 104-388-9. 1973 Practical. Ways to Run a House for Less, ChangingTimes, 28.24-8, August 1974 Ridgeway, J Olt and Gas Interior Department ShouldInviagigate and Report on .Energy Resources in Public Lands. New Republic, 169 11-12,1974 Reply V E McKelvey, 16934 -5

Rdbiscoe. R T The Effect of Growth Rate on Conservationof Resources, American Journal of Physics, 41 (5) 719-20, May 1973 a. Save a Watt Industrial Energy Conservation Measures,Newsweek. pp. 81-90, 1973 Swindler. J C Challenge to State Regulation Agencies. TheExperience of New York State. Energy Conservation Through Regulatory Action, Annals ofthe American Academy of Political and Social Scrences, 410-106-19, 1973. Time ofLearning to Live With Less, Time, 102 29-32, 1973

Towel!. W E Conservation and the Energy Crisis., AmericanForest, 80`6-7, March 1974. Tuning Up, Turning Off. Power Conservation Programsof Corporations, Time, 102 25-6, 1-973

Watkins, A M Seven Costly Myths About Home Coolingand Heating Aiiiencan Home, 77 34-5, August 1974

We've Been Asked. How to Save Fuel at Home, U S. News-andWorld Report. 75 19-20, 1973.

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COAL

Axtmann, R C Cleaning Up Coal Smoke-Reducing Sulphur Dioxide Emissions Time, 183 1297, 1973 Science,

Dirty Black Ace in the Hole, Newsweek,8293-4,_Novembr 12. 1973. Backsliding to Oil The Collapsing Coal-for-Oil Effort! Newsweek,83 -18, May 13, 1974 Bagge. C E Coal, An Overlooked EnergySource, Vital Speeches of theay, pp 370-376, 1972

Reflections of a Coal Man, VitalSpeeches of the Day, 39 173-79, 1973 O Bituminous Coal Facts. National CoalAssociation. Coal Is Coming in From the Cold,Nation's Business, 61 36-8, 1963 Dials, G E.. and E -C Moore Cost of Coal Human' and Environmental CostsEnvironment, 16 18-24, September 1974 Henry, J P , and R A Schmidt Coal Still Old Reliable? Annals of the American Academyof Polit;cal and Social Science, 41035-51,1973 Holbein, M F For the Needed Energy Pour on the Coal' Popular Mechanics,14096-100. December 1973

Lessing, Lawrence Capturing Clan Gasand Oil From Coal. To Fully Exploit ItsMaior Energy Reserve. the U S Needsa Crash Engineering Job Comparableto Building the Atomic Bomb, Fortune, 88 128-31. Npvemtier1973 Maugh. H Coal Power Without Mining.Chemistry, 4523-25, 1972., Gasification A Rediscovered Sourceof Clean Fuel. Science, 178:44-45. 1973 Office of Coal Research Clean Energyfrom Coal. A National Priority. GPO, 1973.

Reed. 1- B, M. Lerner Methanol- A VersatileFuel for Immediate Use, Science, 182 1299-304, December 28, 973 Shall We Strip Mine Iowa and Illinois to Ay. ConditioniNew York? Atlantic Monthly.232:84-5. September 147? Dorothy l nurse (Campbell) Culver Strip a'Ating for Coa4 Institute ofGovernmental Studies. UniVersitypf California, 1973. .. There's Plenty of Coal, What's Behind ,the Holdup? U S News and WorldReport, 75.59-61. Decemb"er 24, 1973

Trott. H Oil Frog? Coal. We Wouldrft RunOutProgressive, 38.43-6, June 1974.

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Anderson. K PResidential Demand (or Electricity. Elconometric Estimatesfor California and the United States, Rand, 1972.

Atomic Energy Commission The EnvironmentalImpact of Electrical Power Generation. Nu- . 4 clear and FossilA'Mini Course for Secondary Schools and AdultEducation, GPO. 1973 Berman. M B The Impact of Electricity Price Increaseson Income Groups, Western United States and Canada, Rand, 1972.

Bonneville Power Administration The Electric Energy Picturein the Pacific Northwest, 1973. Chapman. Duane, Timothy Tytell, and Timothy Mount.Electricity Demand Growth and the EnergyCrisis. Science. 178 703-8, November 7, 1972.

Council on Environmental Quality. Energy and the Environment.Electric Power. GPO, 1973. . Denis. S Some Aspects of the Environment and Electric Powbr Gen&ration.Rand. 1971 Depaornefit-of--C-ornmerce. Seven Ways to Reduce Fuel Consumptionin Househol# Heating, Through *Energy Conservation, 1971. . Dickelman. R A How to Save Money on Heating and Other UtilityCosts, Good Housekeeping, 177 206, 1973 . . Felix. Fremont World Markets of Tomorroa, EconomicGrowth, Population Trends, Electricity e and Energy, Quality of .Life, Harper and Row, 1972.

Intertechnology Corporation The ,United States Energy Problem,Volume 2. Appendices Part A, National Technical Information Service, 1972.

Komanoff:"Charles. The Price of Power. Electric Utilitiesand the Environment, Council- on I Economic Priorities, 1972. Lighting. Energy Waste, Consumer Research, 57:34-5, May 1974. , o . NatioA nalCenter for Energy Management and Power. Conservationand Better Utilization of Electric Power by Means of Thermal Energy Storageand Solar Heating, Dr. Manfred Altman, 1971. Power, Pollution, and PublicPolicy: IssiiesinElectric Power Production, Shoreline Recreations, and Air and Water Pollution Facing NewEngland and the Nation, MIT Press, 1971.

Rodgers, William Brown-OU't The Power. Crrsis'in America,Stein and Day, New York, 1972. 300 pp. .. , Saltonstall, Richards Brown-Out and Slow-DoWn, Walker,1972. Scott...David Logdn Pollution in the Electric Power Industry. Its. .Control and Costs, Lexington Books, 1973. - 1

8J, - -e

. c -

I_ ee e . . \ 84 a . IS i 00 GASOLINE ANDTRANSPORTATION 4 Alchain, A There's Gas in Your Future, National Review, 26.22-3,January 4, 1974. Cole, E Are Big Cars Doomftd; Interview,U.SNews and World Report, 31, 1973. 75:32-6,-Decembei Dalquist, E Winter Wishes, Summer Dreams: Effect of Gasoline Supplyon Automobile' Size, Motor Trend, 26:8, May 1974. Darr, J Ford's Low-Cost Ceramic 'Turbine, Mechanix Illustrated, 69:62-3, November19731 Edel, M Autos, Energy, and Pollution, Economics and the Environment,-November1973. Even Without Gas Rationing, Headaches Pile Up for Drivers, U.S. Newsand World Report. 75-11:12, December 31, 1973. Fuel Foohshhets, New Republic,169.5-6December 8, 1973. Mooz, W E. Energy in the TransportationSector, Rand, 1973. Energy Trends and T- heir Future Effects Upon- Transportation, Rand., 1973. Growth Rates Within the TransportationSector. Rand, 1973. The Effect of Fuel Price Increases / on Energy Intensiveness of Freight Transport,Rand, 1971. _

.Th'3nsportation and Energy,Rand, 1973. Nixon, A C Automotive Emissidks: Lettei, Sciente, 192:774.5, November 23, 1973. 1 Painful Change to Thinking Small,Time, 102.18- 22,-December 31, 1/973. -1) Rottenberg. Car-Free Living Can Be More CarefreeLiving, Today's Health, January 1974. Shapley, D. Auto Catalyst to Stay for1975, Sciences, Noi/ember 7,-1973. Auto PollutionclPA Worrying That the Catalyst MO Bdckfire, October 1973. Solving the Gasoline. Shortage, NationalReview, 25:1339 -40, December 7, 1973. Tappet, T HOwto Get More Miles per Gallon of Gas, Mechanix 1973. Illustrated, 69:96-8, August N 4 Westman, W E., and R. M. Gifford. Environmentanmpact. Controlling theOverall Level,' Propdsed Rationing System, Science,.181:815-25, August 31, 19731 Zeman, T Everything:You.Always Wanted to Know About Gasoline, Ramparts,12:6-8, July . Sit

a S

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Alfven, Hannes Fission Energy and Other Sources of Energy,Science and Public Affairs; 30.443, January 1974 .A Atomic Energy Commission_ Fusion Power: An Assessment of UltimatePotential, GPO, 1973. Nuclear Fuel Resources and Requirements, GPO. 1973 Nuclear Fuel Supply, GPO, 1973. Nuclear Power 1973-2000, GPO,1972 The Growth of Nuclear Power 1972-1985, GPO, 1971. . - Utility Staffing and Training for Nuclear Power, GPO; 1973. Questions and Answers About Nuclear Power Plants, GPO, 1973. Axtmann, R C Padre Sol and Chemical Fuel Production, Bulletinof the Atomic Scientists, (29 42-4, 1973

Barnaby, Charles Frank Man and the Atom. The Uses ofluclearEnergy, Funk and WagnaIls, 1971 . Department of the Interior Nuclear Energy Resources. A GeologicalPerspective, GPO, 1973. The Economy of Energy Conservation in Educational 'Facilities,Educational Facikities Laboratories

Gas Production Through Nuclear Explosions, American GasAssociation,JOcirnal,55, 103. Glasstone, $amu el. Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, Third Edition,Van Nostrand, 1967. Inglis, David Rittenhouse Nuclear Energy. Its Physics and itsSocial Challenge, Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1973; Lewis. Richard S, ed Alamogorda Plus Twenty-Five Years. The Impact of Atomic Energy on Science, Technology and World Politics, Viking Press, 1971. -

Lubrm. G B AEC Expects Fusion-Power Demonstration by Mid-1990's, Physi6s-Today, 26.77-9, October, 1973.

-Moore,-R V., ed. Nuclear Power, Cambridge Un iversity Press,1971. Nuckolls:John, and others. Laser-Induced' ThermonuclearFusion, Physic's Today, 2646 -53, August 1973.

Sheffield. Lord. ed Economic and Social Consequences-of NuclearEnergy, Oxford University Press, 1972. Willrich, Mason Global Politics of Nuclear Energy, Praeger-, 1971 N NATURAL .AS

Axtmann, R C. Hot Battle Over Natucal'Gas Controls, BusinessWeek 1973..

Federal Power COmmission. National,Gbs Supply and Demand, 1971-19901972.. Frank, H J. and J J.Sthrz, Future Of American Oil 'and Natural Gas, Annalsof the American Academy of Poliaal and Social Science, 410:21-31, 1973. Hepple, Peter, ed, Outlook for Natural Gas: A Quality Fuel, Wiley, 1973. Ndrdlinger, N. E. Taking the Lid Off Natural ,Gas, Progresthe,38.23-6, March 1974. 94. . 86, OIL.

Adelman, Morris Albert Alaska Oil.Costs 'and Supply, Praeger Publishers, 1971. The World Petroleum Market. JohnsHopkins University Press, 1972... Aspen, Les The.Shortage Scenario Big Oil'sLatest GimmiCk, The Nylon. 216 775-7. June 18, 1973 ,

Becker, A S Oil and the Persian Gulfin Soviet Policy in the 1970's, Rand, 1972. Bishop, J Oil Shale. Bonanza or Bust for theRockiesMlational Wildlife, 12.11, June 1974 - CongresS. 93rd Hearingson the impact of Petroleum Product Shortageon the National Economy, GPO, 1973 e V

Cummings, G H ed Declining Domestic ReseivesEffecton Petroleum and petrochemical. Industry, American Intutute of ChemicalEngineers, 1973. Hardy. Andrew. Oil. Playing the Numbers Game,Newsweek, pp. 7-9. 1974. Metz. W D Oil Shale 'A Huge-Resource ofliow-Grade Fuel, Science, 184.1271,-2, June 21, 1974.

Mikdashi, Zuhayr M The Community of OilExporting, Countries.. A .Study in Government' Cooperation, Cornell University Prest, 1972. Morgello, Clem Beyond the Oil Crisis, Newsvyeek, 83.974. r Moctoh, R C B, Oil Torture. Drip, DriP,'Drips Energy Conservation, Newsweek,pp. 22, 88, 89, 1973

Mosley, Leonard. Power Play: Oil inn the Middle East;Random House, 1973. National Petroleum Council EnvironmentalConservation..TheOil and Gas Industries, Vol. 1, 1971.

Environmental Conservatioii. The Oil andGas.Industries, VoL.2, 197.2. U S. Energy Outhiok, 1971-1985.

°hit. Deparpnent of Naturil Resources,Derision of Oil and Gas. Oil and -Gasin Ohio, 1970. a,. Pearson, J F Big Iron Moves to the North Sea,Popular Meehanics, 140:128-133, October, 1973

Ridgeway' James Oil and Gas. Interior Department ShouldInvestigate and Report Oil Energy. Resources in Palk Lands, New Republic, 169,11-12.Reply, V. E. McKelvey: 169:34-5. Oil and Gas' Taking an Inventory,.New'Repuplic,169:11-12, 1973 Schurr, Same 1-1 Middle Eastern Oil and theWestern World. Prospects and Pibbleks, American Elsevier Publishing- Company, 1971. af U S Department ;of Commerce. National Programfor Continuing Environmental Monitoring for thee Marine Leg of the Trans-AlaskaPipeline System, 1973. - U S Departnient of Labor. Crude Petrdleum and-NaturalGas Production, August 1972, In:, dustry Wage Survey, GP0,1973.

United States Environmental Protection Agency.Waste Automotive Lubricating Oilas a Municipal InCinerator Fuel, GPO, 1973,

Welles. Chris The Elusive Bonahza. The Story of Oil ShaleAmerica'sRichest and Most .Neglected Natural Resource, Dutton; 1970. 9'3

87- OTHER FUELS

Abraham, 8 M,and F Schreiner. Low-Temperatures Thermal Process for theDecompositior? of Water, Science, 180 359-60, June 1, 1972.Reply with rejoiner, L. R. Morse, 182:1372-3.

Atorte Energy Commission A Summary of the Work of tieSynthetic Fuels Panel, Hydrogen and Other Synthetic Fuels, GPO, 1972. Axtmann, R C Padre Sol and Chemical Fuel Production,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 29.42-4, Octiper, 1973.

Borme4le Power \Administration The Hydro-ThermalPower Program. Report to Bonneville ?egional Advisory Council. Brinkworth, Brian Joseph. Solar Energy for Man, Wiley, 1973. Bryson. FrederickTilting at the Energy Crisis. A Windmillon Your Roof, Machine Design, pp. 2075, January 10, 1974.

Bulban E J Liquid Hydrogen Studied for Transports,Aviation Week and Space TechnOlogy. 39.27-9, November 5, 1973. -. Bureau of the Mines Energy Potential from Ocganic Waste.A Reyiew of the Quantities and Sources, GPO, 1972 Cbok A Making Use or Thermal Energy, Address, Vital'Speeches of the Day, 46.60-4, October 1, 1973.

Convanult Fuel Shortages Spur Hydrogen Interest, Aviation Week.and Space Technology, 99:38-42, December 17, -1973.

Crukshank, D F F. and others. Volcanic Gases. Hydrogen Burningat Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Science, 182:277-9; October 19, 1973

Ferreira, R,and A. Sriano, Can Mattel-Be Cbnverted 40 Energy? Chemistry, 45.19-20. Firewood, -Dim-Outs, Shivers: How, Americans AreCoping, U.S. News and World Report, 75 23-5, December 10, 1972.

Ford Signs Solar Heating Bill, Science News, 106:181,September 21, 1974. Hatady. Daniel Stephen The Coming -Age of Solar Energy,Revised Edition, Harper and Row, 1973

,Kallis. S, A . Jr First 'Hu?* fot Technology. Alternate'energy Sources, National Review, , '5.1'402-4, December 21,'1973.

Lawrence, R M.. and W. H. Bowman. Electrochemical Cells forSpace Power, Journal of Chemical4, Education, pp. 359-361, July 1971. . Lighting Some Candles Potential Energy Sources,Architectural Forum, 139,88-97, July, ; 1973. ' , ' . Mo6lar Foie/ 'Cell Program Advances, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 100:54-9; # j January 7,,1974 . . . . NASA Testing Hydrogen .Injection Enging Concept, SpaceWorld, I 1 pct. November, 1973. Nash, B. Energy from Earth and Beyond, Chemistry, 46:6:9,.1973. . . . . 9 5- $

88 4 Oddo, S How 'Soon Can Energy from the Sun, the Earth, the Oceans, and the AblePut .to Work for You? House and Garden, 14570 -1, January-1974. Quin P W Alternative Energy', Sources, Saturday Review World, 1 29-32, February23, 1974. .

Udall, Morris K. Future Fuels Ending the Eliergy Binge;Nevv-RepUblic,...lune 36, 1973.: Winchester. J H Here Comes the HydrogenEra,,Tieader's Digest, 103,144-7, D.ecember, 1973 ,

Wind. Waste. Ocean Studied for Energy,Aviation Week and Space Technology, 10657,4' January 14, 1974.

Winsche, W E., and 'others. Hydrogen: Its futureRole in the Nation, Energy Economy, Science, 1801325 -32, June 1973. . Zener, C Solar Sea Power, Psychbiogy "Today, 26.48-53, Ilanuary 1978,Discussion, ibid., 26.9, Serttember 1973.

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9 rules to helpconserve fuel inschools

. Lower thermostatsettings .to "sweater comfortheating.

Avoid blockingheating ventsor air 2ieturn grillswith furnitureoriclrapes. Control roomtemperatures with thermokats,not by opening:. 3windows.

Use limitednumber bf outaidc-doors 4keep doors dosedwhen not in use. Reduce freshairventilationI to the minimumrequired by state and local codes.

Turn of unusedlights and 'electrical equipment

Establish a programpfptevent4 fra-'rite narce for heatIng,water taatr.g and food serv."--:deeqL4Trent

COOPERATIONCONSERVES ENEriGr, . 9 7 I

rules to helpconserve fuel in schools

Lower thermostat settingsto

5 1"sweater comfort" heating...

Avoid blocking heating ventsor air return 'drills with furniture ortirapes. 2 . Control room temperatures with thermostats, not by opening- 3windows. r

Use limited number of -outsjde doors 4keep doofs closed whennot in use. f; Reduce.freshair ventilation

to the.minithum required by . state and local codes. e

Turn oft unused lights and electrical equipment

4 Establisha 'program-of preventive tnaintenance fors- heating, water . 7heating and food service equipment. COOPERATION CONSERVESENE1GY! . 97 .