DOCSLIB.ORG

Can China Replace the Us As a New Hegemon? the Impact of the Energy Security in China’S Hegemonic Potential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Can China Replace the Us As a New Hegemon? the Impact of the Energy Security in China’S Hegemonic Potential CAN CHINA REPLACE THE US AS A NEW HEGEMON? THE IMPACT OF THE ENERGY SECURITY IN CHINA’S HEGEMONIC POTENTIAL. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NIGAR SHIRALIZADE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _____________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ___________________ Prof.Dr. Özlem Tür Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________ Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç (METU, IR) __________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) __________________________ Asst. Prof. Mehmet Gürsan Şenalp (Atılım University, Economics) _________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT CAN CHINA REPLACE THE US AS A NEW HEGEMON? THE IMPACT OF THE ENERGY SECURITY IN CHINA’S HEGEMONIC POTENTIAL. Shiralizade, Nigar MSc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç September 2016, 198 pages This thesis investigates the possibility of ‘change’ in the current world structure initiated by the rising power. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate that China wants to be a hegemonic power through spreading its influence on societal and political domains supported by the economic might. Accordingly, it emphasizes the historical continuum of the same target, regardless of the changes in narrative and strategies followed by different governments. The thesis will use Gramscian approach of ‘hegemony’, as well as ‘transformismo’ and ‘historic bloc’ notions. The analysis consists of three intermingled circles – theoretical evaluation of the conceptions; the development of China’s ideological alternative; and the application of this research on the energy security spectrum. This thesis delineates the obstacles and opportunities of hegemonic ‘chains’ and emphasizes the utilization of energy concern as a ‘pretext’ for entering into the regions out of adequate hegemonic control. The thesis concludes by arguing that China is not yet in a powerful position to realize a hegemonic transition which it wants. Nevertheless, there are signs that if China is successful in establishing its hegemony it is likely to be, if not the only, but one of the hegemonic systems bringing ‘transition’ to the current world order. Key words: hegemony, ‘historic bloc’, energy security, China, US iv ÖZ ÇİN YENİ HEGEMON OLARAK ABD’İN YERİNE GEÇEBİLİR Mİ? ENERJİ GÜVENLİĞİNİN ÇİN’İN HEGEMONİK POTANSİYALİNE ETKİSİ Shiralizade, Nigar Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç Eylül 2016, 198 sayfa Bu çalışma mevcut dünya sisteminde yükselen gücün etkisiyle gerçekleşen hegemonik ‘değişim’ olasılığını araştırıyor. Tezin en önemli hedefi Çin’in ekonomik gücünün ideolojik ve politik güce çevirme çabalarını göstermektir. Tez Gramsci’nin hegemonya, ‘transformismo’ ve ‘tarihsel blok’ kavramlarını kullanıyor. Tez üç bir- biriyle bağlı kısımdan ibarettir. İlk kısım teorik açıklamalar; ikincisi Çinin ideolojik alternatifi; üçüncü ise bu araştırmaların enerji güvenliği çerçevesinde incelenmesidir. Tezde Çin’in enerji güvenliğini etkileyen hegemonik ‘zincirlerin’ fırsata dönüştürülerek farklı bölgelere giriş için ‘bahane’ gibi kulanılması gösterilecektir. Son olarak, bu çalışma, Çin’in hegemonik sistem kuracak kadar güçlü olmamasına rağmen, yapısal değişim sağlamakta büyük etkide bulunduğunu vurguluyor. Anahtar Kelimeler: hegemonya, tarihsel blok, enerji güvenliği, Çin, ABD v To my parents… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur ad Asst. Prof. M. Gürsan Şenalp for their suggestions and comments. Especially, I would like to express the greatest thanks to my mother Jamilia Aliyeva and father Telman Shiraliyev for their love, support and belief in me throughout this work. My grandparents and dear friends who were with me and never stopped to believe in my success should also be mentioned. Thanks to all the people who were next to me during one of the most tiring, stressful and responsible periods of my whole life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM............................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………..……………………..…iv ÖZ……………………………………………………..……………………………..v DEDICATION………………………………..……………………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………......vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………..………………………viii LIST OF FIGURES ……..…………………………………...…………………......xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………..…………………………………....……...……..1 1.1. Research question and theoretical framework……….…………….…..…1 1.2. Synopsis and methodology ...……………… …….……………….……. 6 1.3. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….……... 8 2. THE CONCEPT OF HEGEMONY IN THE CONTEMPORARY DISCIPLINE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS…………………….….……. 10 2.1 Introduction …………………………………………...……….………. 10 2.2. Theoretical background. What is hegemony? …………………..…….. 11 2.2.1 Hegemony in ancient history: arkhe and hegemonia ..………… …….12 2.2.2 Hegemonic Stability Theory ……………………...…………..………15 2.2.3 Gramscian understanding of hegemony ………….....……………….. 18 2.2.3.a. Gramscian Hegemony in the discipline of international relations………………………...…………………………….. 24 2.2.3.b. Gramscian analysis of counter – hegemonic movements and ‘transformismo………………………………………………….………30 2.2.3.c ‘Historic Bloc’ …………………....…………..………….………… 34 2.3. International ‘Historic bloc’ ……………………………..……………. 36 2.4. The US hegemony building – Transnational Capitalist Class …….….. 39 2.5. Conclusion ………………………………..…………………..………..53 3. POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE TO THE ESTABLISHED viii WORLD ORDER. CHINA AS A NEW HEGEMON? …………………....…...54 3.1. Introduction ………………….……………………….………………...54 3.2. Historical overview of Chinese perspective on the international society ……………………………………………………………………….…..56 3.2.1 China and humiliation era – ‘sick man’s development’.……….……..58 3.2.2. Mao’s ‘intermediary zone’ …………...……..………….....………… 61 3.3. The rise of China – Deng Xiaoping’s pragmatic strategy ………...…..66 3.4. ‘Peaceful Rise’ doctrine and Harmonious World ….……........……….75 3.5. China model – the Beijing Consensus vs the Washington Consensus…………………………………………………………….....85 3.5.1. Beijing Consensus as an alternative path to economic development ……………………………………………………………………….….88 3.6. ‘Charm Offensive’ – China’s soft power development………….….….93 3.6.1. Historical roots of China’s peaceful development strategy and its influence in substantiating China’s impact at the societal level …………………………………………………………………………..94 3.7. Sub-optimization strategy – the path to a new ‘historic bloc’..…………………………………………………………………..100 3.8. ‘China Dream’ …………………….…………….…..…….……….102 3.9. Conclusion ……………………………………………..………….105 4. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A POTENTIAL ‘HISTORIC BLOC’ ALONG CHINA’S ENERGY ROUTES ……………………………………..….…..……..106 4.1. Introduction ……………………………………...………….………...106 4.2. The importance of energy security …………………………..………. 109 4.3. China’s involvement in the world energy market …………………… 113 4.4. The US’s ‘Pivot to Asia’ – or supervision of China’s rise ……….….. 119 4.5. Impact of ‘Pivot to Asia’ politics on China’s energy security ………..130 4.6. China’s potential reactions to the US’s rebalancing strategy…………………………………………….……..……131 4.7. Accessing markets under limited hegemonic influence – China’s OBOR strategy…………………………………………………….…….....139 4.7.1. US attempts of realize ‘transformismo’ in the field of energy......... 153 4.8. Conclusion …………………………………………….……………...156 5. CONCLUSION ……………………………….….…….....…………….158 ix 5.1. Theoretical and Empirical Implications ………………….….. 161 5.2. China Model – a potential hegemonic alternative …….…...….163 5.3. The significance of ‘energy security’ on building ‘historic bloc’ ….……………………………………………….…166 REFERENCES..…………...……………………………………...….….………...168 APPENDICES A. TURKISH SUMMARY …………………………………..…………. 189 B. TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU ………………………...………….198 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1 National Humiliation Gymnastics ……………………………………….. 60 Figure 2 US Energy Information Administration ……………..…………………. 111 Figure 3 BP Statistical Review 2014 ……………………………………….……. 116 Figure 4 ‘Malacca dilemma’ …………………………..………………….……… 117 Figure 5 American bases in the Asia-Pacific ……………………..,……………... 127 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all those who profit by the old order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who would profit by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the laws in their favor; and partly from the incredulity of mankind,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memorial Day, Holland, MI, May 31, 1954” of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box D14, folder “Memorial Day, Holland, MI, May 31, 1954” of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. The Council donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box D14 of The Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library !' Ladies and Gentlemen - Memorial Day is indeed a solemn and significant occasion for all Americans. It is the day set aside for honoring the memory of the heroic men and women who have given their lives to preserve the unity of our country, or to defend it against the a~gressions of others. In this year of Our Lord Nineteen hundred and :fifty... four, its significance is emphasized, for again the interests of the United States and the principles and institutions it represents are the subject of aggression. One of the fundamental characteristics of the American people is their desire to live in peace.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of FASCISM­
    ,~ The Rise of FASCISM­ F. L. Carsten .. tr~. , . .. BATSFORD ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL LTD;:(; 'lo"\" t' I 1I6 NATIONAL SOCIALISM: THE FORMATIVE YEARS MEIN KAMPF II7 the ReichsTPelzr will be on our side, officers and men .... One day the from Goring. 44 Yet Ludendorff refused to heed the warnil).gs:, it was hour will come when these wild troops will grow to battalions, the only some years later that he finally broke with Hitler~,;,,:t . battalions to regiments, the regiments to divisions, when the old IfHitler could influence some very senior officers ,there is no doubt ' cockade will be lifted from the mire, when the old flags will wave in about the fascination which his appeal had for'the young lieutenants > front of us.•.•' 43 He was not burning his bridges. and cadets, and for the soldiers of the world war. Their world had:Qeen"':, , ' What seems somewhat strange in these events is how Hitler, in spite' T the HohenzoUern Empire and the war, and that world had disappear~d,: ,.' of his low social origin, his wild manners and his lack of any construc­ as they believed, it had been destroyed·by the November*fI',iminaJ.s. tive programme, could influence and sway not just the crowds, but Hitler promised them vengeance, a national rebirth, a GermanY strong middle-aged and experienced men, such as the judge of the Bavarian and free, cleansed of all alien influence. In Italy thisnatiQnalapp~J high court, Theodor von der Pfordten who was killed at the Odeons­ was powerful enough although Italy was one of the victorious powers: platz, or the generals Ludendorff and von Lossow.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Terrorism
    6 O Religious Terrorism errorism in the name of religion has become the predominant model for Tpolitical violence in the modern world. This is not to suggest that it is the only model because nationalism and ideology remain as potent catalysts for extremist behavior. However, religious extremism has become a central issue for the global community. In the modern era, religious terrorism has increased in its frequency, scale of violence, and global reach. At the same time, a relative decline has occurred in secular terrorism. The old ideologies of class conflict, anticolonial liberation, and secular nationalism have been challenged by a new and vigorous infusion of sec- tarian ideologies. Grassroots extremist support for religious violence has been most widespread among populations living in repressive societies that do not per- mit demands for reform or other expressions of dissent. What is religious terrorism? What are its fundamental attributes? Religious ter- rorism is a type of political violence motivated by an absolute belief that an other- worldly power has sanctioned—and commanded—terrorist violence for the greater glory of the faith. Acts committed in the name of the faith will be forgiven by the otherworldly power and perhaps rewarded in an afterlife. In essence, one’s religious faith legitimizes violence as long as such violence is an expression of the will of one’s deity. Table 6.1 presents a model that compares the fundamental characteristics of religious and secular terrorism. The discussion in this chapter will review the
    [Show full text]
  • World Domination Games and Its Impact on the 21St Century
    DOI: 10.31703/gmcr.2017(II-I).03 | Vol. II, No. I (2017) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2017(II-I).03 | Pages: 44 – 56 p- ISSN: 2708-2105 L-ISSN: 2708-2105 World Domination Games and its Impact on the 21st Century Haseeb Ur Rehman Warrich* | Muhammad Rehman† | Sahrish Jamil‡ Abstract: No other element impacted the historical conditions of the preceding 100 years to such an extent as the war to secure and control the world's reserves of petroleum. Sustainable economic growth after 1873, that discouraged British Empire, arose mechanical economies in Europe. Central Asia remained the object of rivalries and machination by the giant countries of the Europe. World Domination Games started from Pillage Games that lead towards many “Games” such as Great Game, New Great Game, Game Changer and New Game Changer. All prefect countries desire to have a control over the world for the last two centuries. Their efforts turn into numerous clashes and clashes led towards wars. In the twentieth century wars transformed not only their names but also their genetics that has profound impact on the 21st Century. This laid foundation of the emerging new superpowers in every century. Key Words: Great Game, New Great Game, Game Changer, Prefect Game, Pillage Game, Ideologies, World War I & World War II Introduction In the pages of history, world domination means an ideology, a nation or a country enlarging its authority to the position that all other nations are duteous to it. This may be achieved by established political system, a direct or indirect form of government that geopolitically rules the states by means of its implied power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism on the Nasjonal Samling, 1933–1936
    fascism 8 (2019) 36-60 brill.com/fasc Norwegian Fascism in a Transnational Perspective: The Influence of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism on the Nasjonal Samling, 1933–1936 Martin Kristoffer Hamre Humboldt University of Berlin and King’s College London [email protected] Abstract Following the transnational turn within fascist studies, this paper examines the role German National Socialism and Italian Fascism played in the transformation of the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling in the years 1933–1936. It takes the rivalry of the two role models as the initial point and focusses on the reception of Italy and Germany in the party press of the Nasjonal Samling. The main topics of research are therefore the role of corporatism, the involvement in the organization caur and the increasing importance of anti-Semitism. One main argument is that both indirect and direct German influence on the Nasjonal Samling in autumn 1935 led to a radi- calization of the party and the endorsement of anti-Semitic attitudes. However, the Nasjonal Samling under leader Vidkun Quisling never prioritized Italo-German rivalry as such. Instead, it perceived itself as an independent national movement in the com- mon battle of a European-wide phenomenon against its arch-enemies: liberalism and communism. Keywords Norway – Germany – Italy – Fascism – National Socialism – transnational fascism – Nasjonal Samling – Vidkun Quisling © Martin Kristoffer Hamre, 2019 | doi:10.1163/22116257-00801003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication. Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 09:35:40AM via free access <UN> Norwegian Fascism in a Transnational Perspective 37 In October 19331 – five months after the foundation of the party Nasjonal Sam- ling [NS; National Unity]2 – Norwegian merchant Johan Wilhelm Klüver sent a letter from Tientsin in China addressed to the NS headquarters in Oslo.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROLE of the UNIT the POST-COLD WAR ROLE of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA in COLD WAR WORLD: a GLOBAL LEADER HEGEMON? Katarina
    Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 2, No. 2, 2016 | e ISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e -jlia.com © 2016 Katarina Jonev, Hatidza Berisa and Jovanka Sharanovic This is an open access article distributed under the CC -BY 3.0 License. Date of acceptance: August 22, 2016 Date of publication: October 5, 2016 Review article UDC 327.54-021.68:327(73) THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD: A GLOBAL LEADER OR HEGEMON? Katarina Jonev, MA University of Belgrade , Republic of Serbia jonev.katarina[at]gmail.com Hatidža Beriša, PhD Military academy, Republic of Serbia hatidza.berisa[at]mod.gov.rs Jovanka Šaranovi ć, PhD Military academy, Republic of Serbia jovanka.saranovic[at]mod.gov.rs Abstract The authors of this paper deal with the role of the USA in the post -Cold War world and their position from the standpoint of relevant indicators and theoretical considerations. This work also refers to path that the United States took from isolationism to the world domination and considers justification of the position of the USA in the period after the Cold War from the point of hegemonic stability theories, while at the end indicates the diversity of understanding of contemporary thinkers regarding the po sition of the United States as the hegemon or rather “just” a global leader. This paper does not prejudge the final definition of the position of the USA in international relations, but aims to launch discussions on the necessity and justification of the existence of such vision on a global scale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roots of the Religious Cold War: Pre-Cold War Factors
    Article The Roots of the Religious Cold War: Pre-Cold War Factors Dianne Kirby Independent Scholar; [email protected]; Tel.: +44-2890-710470 Received: 9 March 2018; Accepted: 30 March 2018; Published: 3 April 2018 Abstract: The article is an examination of the roots of the amalgam of complex forces that informed the ‘religious cold war’. It looks at the near and the more distant past. Naturally this includes consideration of the interwar years and those of the Second World War. It also means addressing divisions in Christianity that can be traced back to the end of the third century, to the official split of 1054 between Catholic and Orthodox, the impact of the Crusades and the entrenched hostility that followed the fifty-seven years imposition on Constantinople of a Latin Patriarch. It surveys the rise of significant forces that were to contribute to, as well as consolidate and strengthen, the religious cold war: civil religion, Christian fundamentalism and the Religious Right. The article examines both western and eastern mobilization of national religious resources for political purposes. Keywords: religious cold war; Christendom; communism; East-West divide; civil religion; Christian fundamentalism; American foreign policy; the Vatican; ecumenical movement 1. Introduction ‘Wherever there is theological talk, it is always implicitly or explicitly political talk also’. Karl Barth, 1939. (Busch 1994, p. 292). The major Cold War belligerents all had histories marked by the intricate interplay between religion and politics. The 21st century witnessed the emergence of a scholarly consensus that there was a religious dimension to the Cold War and that it was a multi-faceted, multi-faith global phenomenon (Kirby 2003, 2013, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons to Nazism in American Culture
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 5-2010 'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons To Nazism in American Culture Brian Scott Johnson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Brian Scott, "'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons To Nazism in American Culture" (2010). Open Access Dissertations. 233. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/233 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘JUST LIKE HITLER’ COMPARISONS TO NAZISM IN AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation Presented by BRIAN JOHNSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2010 English Copyright by Brian Johnson 2010 All Rights Reserved ‘JUST LIKE HITLER’ COMPARISONS TO NAZISM IN AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation Presented by BRIAN JOHNSON Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________ Joseph T. Skerrett, Chair ______________________________ James Young, Member ______________________________ Barton Byg, Member ______________________________ Joseph F. Bartolomeo, Department Head
    [Show full text]
  • “For a World Without Oppressors:” U.S. Anarchism from the Palmer
    “For a World Without Oppressors:” U.S. Anarchism from the Palmer Raids to the Sixties by Andrew Cornell A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social and Cultural Analysis Program in American Studies New York University January, 2011 _______________________ Andrew Ross © Andrew Cornell All Rights Reserved, 2011 “I am undertaking something which may turn out to be a resume of the English speaking anarchist movement in America and I am appalled at the little I know about it after my twenty years of association with anarchists both here and abroad.” -W.S. Van Valkenburgh, Letter to Agnes Inglis, 1932 “The difficulty in finding perspective is related to the general American lack of a historical consciousness…Many young white activists still act as though they have nothing to learn from their sisters and brothers who struggled before them.” -George Lakey, Strategy for a Living Revolution, 1971 “From the start, anarchism was an open political philosophy, always transforming itself in theory and practice…Yet when people are introduced to anarchism today, that openness, combined with a cultural propensity to forget the past, can make it seem a recent invention—without an elastic tradition, filled with debates, lessons, and experiments to build on.” -Cindy Milstein, Anarchism and Its Aspirations, 2010 “Librarians have an ‘academic’ sense, and can’t bare to throw anything away! Even things they don’t approve of. They acquire a historic sense. At the time a hand-bill may be very ‘bad’! But the following day it becomes ‘historic.’” -Agnes Inglis, Letter to Highlander Folk School, 1944 “To keep on repeating the same attempts without an intelligent appraisal of all the numerous failures in the past is not to uphold the right to experiment, but to insist upon one’s right to escape the hard facts of social struggle into the world of wishful belief.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Taken from Today's Isms, William Ebenstein
    Reading taken from Today’s Isms, William Ebenstein and Edwin Fogelman, 8th edition, 1979 Fascist Theory and Practice Doctrine and Policy Although fascism, like communism, is a movement that exists everywhere; it had no such authoritative statement if principles as communism has; moreover, no country, at present, is directing a fascist world conspiracy. During the Nazi regime (193301945), Germany was the most powerful fascist state in existence, and world fascism was very largely directed, financed, and inspired by German brains and money. Since the defeat of the axis powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy) in WWII there has been no major fascist state; Argentina never possessed anything like the worldwide influence that Nazi Germany had until 1945. The absence of a universally recognized, authoritative statement of fascist principles is not total. Hitler has left in Mein Kampf (1925-1927) a trustworthy guide to his thought, and Mussolini’s Doctrine of Fascism (1932), a moderate statement if fascist principles, expresses the Italian brand of fascism. The latter has served as a model for most other fascist movements in the world because it is much broader in outlook; Nazism, a specifically German brand of fascism, has proved less suitable for export. A lt h o ugh there is no fascist manifesto with undisputed authority among fascists, it is not too difficult to state the basic elements of the fascist outlook: 1. Distrust of reason 2. Denial of basic human equality 3. Code of behavior based on les and violence 4. Government nu an elite group 5. Totalitarianism 6. Racism and imperialism 7. Opposition to international law and order Distrust of reason is perhaps the most significant trait of fascism.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualizing FASCISM This Page Intentionally Left Blank Julia Adeney Thomas and Geoff Eley, Editors
    Visualizing FASCISM This page intentionally left blank Julia Adeney Thomas and Geoff Eley, Editors Visualizing FASCISM The Twentieth- Century Rise of the Global Right Duke University Press | Durham and London | 2020 © 2020 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Julienne Alexander / Cover designed by Matthew Tauch Typeset in Minion Pro and Haettenschweiler by Copperline Books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Eley, Geoff, [date] editor. | Thomas, Julia Adeney, [date] editor. Title: Visualizing fascism : the twentieth-century rise of the global right / Geoff Eley and Julia Adeney Thomas, editors. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:lccn 2019023964 (print) lccn 2019023965 (ebook) isbn 9781478003120 (hardback : acid-free paper) isbn 9781478003762 (paperback : acid-free paper) isbn 9781478004387 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Fascism—History—20th century. | Fascism and culture. | Fascist aesthetics. Classification:lcc jc481 .v57 2020 (print) | lcc jc481 (ebook) | ddc 704.9/49320533—dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019023964 lc ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019023965 Cover art: Thomas Hart Benton, The Sowers. © 2019 T. H. and R. P. Benton Testamentary Trusts / UMB Bank Trustee / Licensed by vaga at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY. This publication is made possible in part by support from the Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame. CONTENTS ■ Introduction: A Portable Concept of Fascism 1 Julia Adeney Thomas 1 Subjects of a New Visual Order: Fascist Media in 1930s China 21 Maggie Clinton 2 Fascism Carved in Stone: Monuments to Loyal Spirits in Wartime Manchukuo 44 Paul D.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism at the End of the World an Introduction to the Instinct That Won’T Go Away
    The Anarchist Library (Mirror) Anti-Copyright Anarchism at the End of the World An Introduction to the Instinct that Won’t Go Away Darren Allen Darren Allen Anarchism at the End of the World An Introduction to the Instinct that Won’t Go Away 10th December 2018 Retrieved on December 10, 2018 from http://expressiveegg.org/ 2018/12/10/anarchism-at-the-end-of-the-world/ usa.anarchistlibraries.net 10th December 2018 Contents What is Anarchism? ..................... 5 Objection 1. Anarchism is inhuman ............ 8 Objection 2: Anarchism is chaos . 10 Objection 3. Anarchism is Violent . 15 Objection 4: Anarchism is parochial . 17 Objection 5: Anarchism is uncivilised . 18 Objection 6: Anarchism is unrealistic . 21 Objection 7: Anarchism is insane . 28 The Choice You Have is between Anarchism and Anar- chism .......................... 32 3 friends, lovers and most effective working groups. We are anar- ‘And now we’ll pull down every single notice, and every chists. single leaf of grass shall be allowed to grow as it likes to.’ Snufkin. The Choice You Have is between Anarchism Anarchism is the only way of life that has ever worked or ever can. and Anarchism It is the only actual alternative to the pseudo-alternatives of the left and right, of optimism and pessimism, and even of theism and athe- What might a free anarchist society look like today? Imagine ism. That being so you would expect it to be widely ignored, ridiculed if we removed the state and all its laws, dismantled our insti- and misunderstood, even by nominal anarchists. tutions and corporations, made attendance at school voluntary, opened the prisons, abolished educational qualifications and all professional accreditation, allowed everyone access to all What is Anarchism? professionally-guarded resources, cancelled all debts, abolished Anarchism is the rejection of domination.
    [Show full text]