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The Cases of Dubai and Singapore

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The Cases of Dubai and Singapore Examining Tourism Cluster Development in State-led Economies: the Cases of Dubai and Singapore Author: Tariq E. Zaidi Student number: S1389262 Date: 10-05-2019 University of Leiden – Faculty of Humanities Word count: 14,897 Key words: tourism planning, state capitalism, tourism cluster development, developmental state, and Dubai and Singapore Supervisor: Dr. Mohammadbagher Forough This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA in International Relations – Political Economy at Leiden University in the Netherlands Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter One: Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Study relevance ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research structure ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ......................................................................... 6 2.1 Developmental state theory ................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter Three: Research Design............................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Problem statement and research objectives.................................................................................. 9 3.1.2 Sub-questions ............................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Research methodology – process-tracing ......................................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Case selection ............................................................................................................................. 10 3.3 Justification of the time period.......................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Limitations to the study .................................................................................................................... 11 3.5 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................................. 11 3.6 Data selection .................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter Four: Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Tourism development in Dubai......................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Tourism development in Singapore .................................................................................................. 15 Chapter Five: Case Study: Tourism Development in Dubai ................................................................ 17 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 17 5.3 Tourism development in a historical context .................................................................................... 17 5.4 State capitalism ................................................................................................................................. 19 5.4.1 State-led tourism development ................................................................................................... 21 5.5 Primary policy factors behind building a successful tourism industry ............................................. 23 5.5.1. Providing amenities for the tourism cluster .............................................................................. 23 5.5.2. Destination branding ................................................................................................................. 30 5.5.3. Determining tourism’s success ................................................................................................. 31 5.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 32 i Chapter Six: Case Study: Tourism Development in Singapore ............................................................ 33 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 33 6.2 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 33 6.3 Tourism development in a historical context .................................................................................... 34 6.4 State capitalism ................................................................................................................................. 35 6.4.1 State-led tourism development ................................................................................................... 37 6.5 Primary policy factors behind building a successful tourism industry ............................................. 39 6.5.1 Providing amenities for the tourism cluster ............................................................................... 40 6.5.2. Destination branding ................................................................................................................. 45 6.5.3. Determining tourism’s success ................................................................................................. 46 6.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Conclusion and future research recommendations ............................................................................... 48 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Table of Figures Figure 1: Research diagram .......................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Dubai’s primary institutions, SOHCs, and subsidiaries for tourism cluster development .......... 20 Figure 3: Dubai's VSCIS ............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 4: Dubai's tourism cluster performance indicators ......................................................................... 25 Figure 5: Contribution of the commerce and tourism clusters to GDP (%) ................................................ 27 Figure 6: Tourism facilities across Dubai’s tourism cluster ....................................................................... 28 Figure 7: Examples of events and luxury brands in Dubai ......................................................................... 29 Figure 8: Singapore’s primary institutions, SOHCs, and subsidiaries for tourism cluster development .... 36 Figure 9: Singapore's VSCIS ...................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 10: Singapore’s tourism cluster performance indicators ................................................................. 41 Figure 11: Tourism facilities across Singapore's tourism cluster................................................................ 44 Figure 12: Examples of events and luxury brands in Singapore ................................................................. 45 ii Abstract The literature on state-led tourism development in the Emirate of Dubai and the Republic of Singapore is scarce. Moreover, it is not clear how state capitalist systems of government transformed both city-states into successful tourism destinations. Research has shown that physical infrastructure provision and destination brand marketing play an important role in the success of both polities. However, most of the available works tend to have a superficial nature and are dated. This study endeavors to offer a more profound and detailed analysis of the government policy factors that explain a successful tourism cluster outcome in both cases with new data collected by the author. An answer to this question is relevant to policy-makers in states with
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