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Ecological and Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Road Dust of Isfahan Metropolis, Iran

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Ecological and Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Road Dust of Isfahan Metropolis, Iran Science of the Total Environment 505 (2015) 712–723 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran Naghmeh Soltani a,⁎, Behnam Keshavarzi a, Farid Moore a, Tahereh Tavakol a, Ahmad Reza Lahijanzadeh b, Nemat Jaafarzadeh c,d,MaryamKermanie a Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran b Khuzestan Environmental Protection Office, Khuzestan, Iran c Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran d School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran e Isfahan Environmental Protection Office, Isfahan, Iran HIGHLIGHTS • This study assesses a comprehensive environmental risk of trace metals and PAHs pollution in road dust. • As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contamination were found to be significantly elevated in Isfahan road dust. • Traffic is the major contributing source of road dust pollution. • Exposure to PAHs in road dust poses high cancer risk for Isfahan residents. article info abstract Article history: This study investigates trace elements and PAHs content in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, central Iran. The Received 29 June 2014 mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn are 22.15, 2.14, 182.26, 66.63, 393.33, 6.95 and Received in revised form 27 September 2014 707.19 mg kg−1, respectively. When compared with upper continental crust, the samples generally display ele- Accepted 27 September 2014 vated trace element concentrations, except for Co and Cr. The decreasing trend of calculated enrichment factors Available online xxxx (EFs) is Cd N Pb N Sb N Zn N Cu N As N Ni N Cr N Co. Calculated potential ecological risk reveals that among the an- fi Editor: Xuexi Tie alyzed metals, Cd and Pb, have a higher potential ecological risk. Statistically, two identi ed main sources of trace elements include road traffic emissions and resuspension of soil particles. As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn in Isfahan road Keywords: dust are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, mainly traffic emissions, while Co, Cr and Ni originate Road dust from resuspension of soil natural parent particles. The sum of 13 major PAHs (∑13PAHs) mass concentration Heavy metal ranges from 184.64 to 3221.72 μgkg−1 with the mean being 1074.58 μgkg−1. PAHs sources are identified PAHs using PCA analysis. It is demonstrated that the PAHs in Isfahan road dust are mainly derived from traffic emission, Isfahan coal combustion and petroleum. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of PAHs in the road dust ranges between 25.021 μgkg−1 and 230.893 μgkg−1. High correlation coefficients (r2 = 0.909 and 0.822, p b 0.01) between Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b + k]fluoranthene and toxicity equivalent concentrations of road dust indicate that Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[b + k]fluoranthenes are major TEQ contributors. The total incremental life time can- cer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Isfahan metropolis urban dust is 4.85 × 10−4 for adult and 5.02 × 10−4 for children. Estimated results of ILCR indicate that Isfahan residents are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via both dust ingestion and dermal contact. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction urban environment (Ball et al., 1998; Ordonez et al., 2003; Brown and Peake, 2006). Road dust, an accumulation of solid particles in the form Rapid urbanization and continuous demand of land for infrastruc- of organic and inorganic pollutants on outdoor ground surfaces, is a tural development in urban areas have placed great stress on the local valuable medium for characterizing urban environmental quality environment. As a consequence, there is a decline in the quality of (Godish, 2005; Liu et al., 2014). It may act as a temporary sink of contaminants from a variety of sources and may also act as a source of ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +98 711 2284572. materials contributing to atmospheric pollution through resuspension E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Soltani). (Amato et al., 2010; Moreno et al., 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.097 0048-9697/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. N. Soltani et al. / Science of the Total Environment 505 (2015) 712–723 713 Heavy metals in road dust can remain in urban environments for a In developing countries like Iran, anthropogenic problems associated long time or be resuspended into the atmosphere and thus pose a with metal and organic pollution of surface dust is more felt due to lack potential threat to local ecosystems and public health (Li et al., 2001; of adequate pollution management, poor emission standards and Cook et al., 2005). obsolete vehicles and industrial plants. However, not many studies are Trace metals in urban road dust may originate from various mobile devoted to the sources and toxicities of trace metals and PAHs in road and stationary sources in urbanized areas, including industrial pollution, dust from metropolitans. traffic emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust), weathering of building Isfahan, metropolis in Central Iran, with a population of over and pavement, municipal activities, atmospheric deposition and natural 1.6 million inhabitants (Karimi et al., 2011), has experienced a rapid ur- geochemical processes (Manasreh, 2010; Gunawardana et al., 2012). banization and industrialization in the last decades (Esmaeili et al., Another group of contaminants in road dusts are polycyclic aromatic 2014). Industrial growth along with expanding population and increas- hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are a group of organic compounds with ing number of vehicles in Isfahan has increased heavy metals accumula- multiple aromatic rings and are ubiquitous in the environment. Sixteen tion in airborne particles (Hojati, 2010) and urban soils (Amini et al., PAHs are classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environ- 2005). According to the Isfahan meteorological office internal reports, mental Protection Agency (US EPA) and are extensively studied by the study area has desert climate with cold winters and hot summers, environmental scientists in various environmental compartments such low rainfall and a wind direction predominantly from west to east. as soil, dust, natural waters and sediments because of their mutagenic The average annual rainfall and wind speed of the region are 70 mm, and carcinogenic properties (US EPA, 1984; Ren et al., 2006). In particu- and 27 ms−1 in April and 6 ms−1 in the August, respectively. The annual lar, benzo(a) pyrene (BaP) or dibenzo (a,h) anthracene (DBA) shows mean temperature is 16.7 °C, ranging from minimum 10.6 °C in winter strong inhalation and dermal carcinogenic risk (Lee and Dong, 2011). to maximum 40.6 °C in summer (Esmaeili and Moore, 2012). It has been reported that vehicle exhausts, lubricating oils, materials The main objective of this preliminary study is to determine the con- weathered from road surfaces, tire particles, asphalt pavement, con- centration and source of trace metal/metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, struction materials and atmospherically deposited materials are re- Pb, Sb and Zn) and PAHs in road dust samples collected from Isfahan sponsible for PAHs concentration in the surface of road dust within city and to assess their contamination level. Also, to evaluate cancer urban areas (Aryal et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2007). Characterizing the dom- risk assessment of PAHs exposure via inhalation and dust intake. The re- inant anthropogenic sources of metals and PAHs in road dust is impor- sults of this research will provide an important insight into trace metal/ tant and helpful in implementing suitable management strategies, as metalloids and PAHs in Isfahan urban environment and is conducive to well as quantifying levels of pollution (Shi et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2010). the scientific society, the local enterprises and the policy makers of the During the past several decades, exposure to road dust, enriched municipality. with toxic metals and PAHs, has been extensively investigated for their pollution status and associated health problems (Kennedy and 2. Materials and methods Hinds, 2002; Dahle et al., 2003; Zheng et al., 2010). Moreover, metals and PAHs in road dust may be dispersed into road runoff, or mobilized 2.1. Sampling, sample preparation and analytical procedures by storm water runoff, affecting the quality of receiving water bodies (Birch and McCready, 2009; Zhao et al., 2010). Due to the strong effects Twenty-four road dust samples (each weighting approximately of trace metals and PAHs in air and water environments, road dust has 500 g) were collected from different locations in the highly urbanized become a great concern in recent years. region of Isfahan during August 2012. Samples were collected close to Table 1 Traffic loads and land use characteristics of the sampling sites over the urban area of Isfahan. UTM zone 40N Sampling code Traffic load Land use Sampling site XY HM PAHs 567900 3617934 HM1 P4 Heavy CA-RA Chamran Expressway 581485 3622949 HM2 P19 Medium CA-RA Shahid Beheshti airport 565842 3619602 HM3 P18 Medium RA-AA Besat-Asheghe Isfahani Street 565620 3622120 HM4 P17 Medium RA Farzanegan Street 559466 3625209 HM5 P16 Medium AA Moalem Expressway 550277 3630051 HM6 P14 Heavy IA Isfahan refinery 552935 3622567 HM7 P1 Heavy TA-CA Esteghlal square 559919 3616345 HM8 P15 Heavy AA-RA Imam Khomeyni Street 557666 3612971
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