DOCSLIB.ORG

Species Tree Estimation of Diploid Helianthus • Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species Tree Estimation of Diploid Helianthus • Vol AJB Advance Article published on June 18, 2015, as 10.3732/ajb.1500031. The latest version is at http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/doi/10.3732/ajb.1500031 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY RESEARCH ARTICLE S PECIES TREE ESTIMATION OF DIPLOID H ELIANTHUS (ASTERACEAE) USING TARGET ENRICHMENT 1 J ESSICA D. STEPHENS 2 , W ILLIE L. ROGERS , C HASE M. MASON , L ISA A . D ONOVAN , AND R USSELL L. MALMBERG Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States • Premise of the study: The sunfl ower genus Helianthus has long been recognized as economically signifi cant, containing species of agricultural and horticultural importance. Additionally, this genus displays a large range of phenotypic and genetic variation, making Helianthus a useful system for studying evolutionary and ecological processes. Here we present the most robust Helianthus phylogeny to date, laying the foundation for future studies of this genus. • Methods: We used a target enrichment approach across 37 diploid Helianthus species/subspecies with a total of 103 accessions. This technique garnered 170 genes used for both coalescent and concatenation analyses. The resulting phylogeny was addition- ally used to examine the evolution of life history and growth form across the genus. • Key results: Coalescent and concatenation approaches were largely congruent, resolving a large annual clade and two large perennial clades. However, several relationships deeper within the phylogeny were more weakly supported and incongruent among analyses including the placement of H. agrestis , H. cusickii , H. gracilentus , H. mollis , and H. occidentalis . • Conclusions: The current phylogeny supports three major clades including a large annual clade, a southeastern perennial clade, and another clade of primarily large-statured perennials. Relationships among taxa are more consistent with early phylogenies of the genus using morphological and crossing data than recent efforts using single genes, which highlight the diffi culties of phylogenetic estimation in genera known for reticulate evolution. Additionally, confl ict and low support at the base of the pe- rennial clades may suggest a rapid radiation and/or ancient introgression within the genus. Key words: coalescent; gene capture; phylogeny; phylogenomics; sunfl ower. Sunfl owers are among the most charismatic fl owering plants, The genus Helianthus is a diverse assemblage of approxi- instantly recognizable the world over, and the subject of art for mately 50 species, with a much larger number of subspecies centuries. The cultivated sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus L.) is of and varieties ( Heiser et al., 1969 ; Schilling and Heiser, 1981 ). agricultural importance as a major oilseed and confectionery The genus includes both diploids and polyploids, both annuals crop, and additionally is of horticultural importance to the cut and perennials, as well as wide variation in size and growth fl ower industry and as a widespread favorite of gardeners. Both form ( Schilling and Heiser, 1981 ). All Helianthus are native to wild species and crop-wild hybrids are also noxious weeds North America, with the majority of species occurring primar- across a number of regions worldwide ( Rehorek, 1997 ; Seiler ily within the continental United States ( Heiser et al., 1969 ). et al., 2008 ; Cantamutto et al., 2010 ; Muller et al., 2011 ). As Members of Helianthus occupy a broad range of habitats, in- a result of these economic interests, sunfl owers have long cluding deserts, wetlands, prairies, forests, rock outcrops, coastal been studied in the contexts of genetic research and breeding dunes, and a variety of disturbed environments ( Heiser et al., efforts, and in recent decades have emerged as a key system for 1969 ). The genus is placed within the subtribe Helianthineae the study of ecological and evolutionary processes thanks in within tribe Heliantheae of the subfamily Asteroideae in the part to their enormous genetic and phenotypic variation ( Kane family Asteraceae ( Robinson, 1981 ; Panero and Funk, 2002 ), et al., 2013 ). with the most likely sister genus being Phoebanthus ( Schilling, 2001 ; Schilling and Panero, 2002 ; Mandel et al., 2014 ). A large and varied number of efforts have been made to understand 1 Manuscript received 27 January 2015; revision accepted 8 May 2015. the phylogenetic relationships within the genus over the past The authors thank J. Mandel and J. Burke for advice on species selection four decades, using morphology and crossing data ( Schilling and initial transcriptomics; T. C. Glenn for advice on library preparation, and Heiser, 1981 ), phytochemistry ( Schilling, 1983 ; Spring hybridization, and sequencing; Zhang laboratory for the use of their and Schilling, 1990a ; Spring and Schilling, 1990b ; Spring and Bioruptor; and A. Bowsher, E. Goolsby, K. Heyduk, C. Ishibashi, J. Leebens-Mack, A. Pilote, A. Rea, the associate editor, and two anonymous Schilling, 1991 ), isozyme data ( Rieseberg et al., 1991 ), chloroplast reviewers for comments that greatly improved this manuscript. This research restriction sites ( Rieseberg et al., 1991 ; Schilling, 1997 ), was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF-IOS 1122842). nuclear restriction sites ( Rieseberg, 1991 ; Gentzbittel et al., 2 Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] ) 1992 ; Schilling et al., 1998 ), and more recently, sequence data ( Schilling, 2001 ; Timme et al., 2007a ). Results of these efforts doi:10.3732/ajb.1500031 are discordant and are characterized by low sequence divergence, American Journal of Botany 102 ( 6 ): 1 – 11 , 2015 ; http://www.amjbot.org/ © 2015 Botanical Society of America 1 Copyright 2015 by the Botanical Society of America 2 • VOL. 102 , NO. 6 JUNE 2015 • AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY widespread polytomies, poor branch support, lack of species multiple subspecies were included. For 28 taxa under ongoing study in the resolution, and repeated swapping of taxa placement among Donovan laboratory, 2–4 populations of each species were included and sam- studies. Timme et al. (2007a) is the most well-resolved large- pled from across the geographic range of each species. For the other 13 taxa, one population was included. Populations for all taxa were selected to avoid scale phylogeny thus far in terms of the placement of the spe- known contemporary hybrid zones as much as possible. Excluding polyploids, cies into reasonably well-supported clades. However, a large hybrid species, and known hybrid zones improves the power to untangle the proportion of accessions within species were unresolved, and diploid backbone of the genus. low bootstrap support was prevalent toward the tips. Timme Seeds for all taxa were obtained through either direct collections from wild et al. (2007a) also wrestled with the diffi culties of phylogenetic populations, or from existing population accessions with the USDA Germplasm reconstruction under the extensive reticulate evolution within Resources Information Network (GRIN). Seeds from wild-collected populations were subsequently submitted to GRIN to establish population accessions (Ap- the genus, and showed that polyploidization, hybrid specia- pendix S1, see Supplemental Data with the online version of this article). Sam- tion, and horizontal gene transfer are likely common within pled plants were either grown from seed in the summers of 2012 and 2013 as part Helianthus . These diffi culties highlight the limitations of sin- of a large multiyear common garden experiment, or grown from seed in a growth gle-gene sequence data for phylogenetic inference in groups of chamber in the fall of 2013. Leaf tissue was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and species with complex histories, and the need for more data to stored at −80 ° C until DNA extraction. Because sampling for a large proportion of enhance our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships taxa occurred as part of a physiological experiment, herbarium vouchers were not able to be initially collected for all taxa, but are currently being produced. This is within this genus. an exception to standard American Journal of Botany policy. However, seeds for Recent studies of small groups of species have made prog- all populations except two are available through USDA GRIN (Appendix S1). ress by explicitly considering the processes of hybridization and polyploidy. In one study of the annual clade (sect. Helian- Probe design — RNA from four Helianthus species (H. annuus, H. argo- thus ), 11 nuclear loci achieved good resolution of species when phyllus, H. porteri, H. verticillatus ) was extracted using a Spectrum Plant Total known homoploid hybrids were excluded, but not when they RNA kit (Sigma-Aldrich #STRN50-1KT, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). These were included ( Moody and Rieseberg, 2012 ). Another study four species were selected based on previous taxonomic placements to examine variation between closely related species (i.e., H. annuus and H. argophyllus ) successfully used genome skimming to tease apart the effects of and more distantly related species (i.e., H. porteri and H. verticillatus ). RNA polyploidy and hybridization in the origins of the Jerusalem ar- extracted from these species was submitted to the Georgia Genomic Facility tichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus ) within a complex of eastern (Athens, Georgia, USA) for cDNA construction and normalization; sequencing perennial sunfl owers ( Bock et al., 2014a ). These two studies was on an Illumina HiSeq PE150. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis was as underscore the diffi culties
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RESPONSE to DROUGHT of SOME WILD SPECIES of Helianthus at SEEDLING GROWTH STAGE
    HELIA, 33, Nr. 53, p.p. 45-54, (2010) UDC 633.854.78:632.112(58.032.3) DOI: 10.2298/HEL1053045O RESPONSE TO DROUGHT OF SOME WILD SPECIES OF Helianthus AT SEEDLING GROWTH STAGE Onemli, F. *1, Gucer, T.2 1 University of Namik Kemal, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey 2 Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey Received: April 10, 2010 Accepted: August 10, 2010 SUMMARY Response of six wild sunflower genotypes including Helianthus petiolaris spp. petiolaris (E-142), Helianthus neglectus (E-017) and Helianthus annuus (E-060, E-173, E-174 and E-175) to drought stress imposed at the seedling growth stage was investigated in vivo. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were determined. Results indicated that the E-175 genotype belonging to Heli- anthus annuus was less affected by water stress conditions as compared to the other genotypes. Helianthus petiolaris spp. petiolaris (E-142) showed the highest sensitivity and had the lowest fresh and dry masses under drought conditions. In addition, this study showed that the number of leaves and root weight were the best selection criteria to determine drought resistance at the early vegetative stage. Water losses of the resistant genotypes in their roots and shoots in drought stress conditions were more than those of the sensitive geno- types. Key words: Helianthus, H. petiolaris, H. neglectus, H. anuus, drought INTRODUCTION Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. It is grown in a number of countries on marginal soils, generally in semi-arid conditions acting as a limiting factor in crop production.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Flow, and Species Status in a Narrow Endemic Sunflower, Helianthus Neglectus, Compared to Its Widespread Sister Species, H
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 492-506; doi:10.3390/ijms11020492 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article Effective Population Size, Gene Flow, and Species Status in a Narrow Endemic Sunflower, Helianthus neglectus, Compared to Its Widespread Sister Species, H. petiolaris Andrew R. Raduski 1,†, Loren H. Rieseberg 2 and Jared L. Strasburg 1,* 1 Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected] † Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-812-855-9018; Fax: +1-812-855-6705. Received: 25 November 2009; in revised form: 17 January 2010 / Accepted: 21 January 2010 / Published: 2 February 2010 Abstract: Species delimitation has long been a difficult and controversial process, and different operational criteria often lead to different results. In particular, investigators using phenotypic vs. molecular data to delineate species may recognize different boundaries, especially if morphologically or ecologically differentiated populations have only recently diverged. Here we examine the genetic relationship between the widespread sunflower species Helianthus petiolaris and its narrowly distributed sand dune endemic sister species H. neglectus using sequence data from nine nuclear loci. The two species were initially described as distinct based on a number of minor morphological differences, somewhat different ecological tolerances, and at least one chromosomal rearrangement distinguishing them; but detailed molecular data has not been available until now.
    [Show full text]
  • Roles of Interspecific Hybridization and Cytogenetic Studies in Sunflower Breeding
    A review paper HELIA, 27, Nr. 41, p.p. 1-24, (2004) UDC 633.854.78:527.222.7 ROLES OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION AND CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN SUNFLOWER BREEDING Atlagić Jovanka* Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Oilcrops Department, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro Received: May 20, 2004 Accepted: October 15, 2004 SUMMARY The abundance and diversity of species within the genus Helianthus offer numerous and rewarding possibilities to sunflower breeders. All annual spe- cies and a large number of perennial species may be crossed to the cultivated sunflower by the conventional hybridization method. On the other side, the divergence and heterogeneity of the genus cause considerable difficulties, such as cross-incompatibility, embryo abortiveness, sterility and reduced fertility in interspecific hybrids. Because of that, methods of somatic hybridization, “in vitro” embryo culture, chromosome doubling, etc. are frequently used for interspecific crossing. Cytogenetic studies are used for determinations of chro- mosome number and structure and analyses of meiosis (microsporogenesis) and pollen viability, making it possible to establish phylogenetic relations between wild sunflower species and the cultivated sunflower and enabling the use of the former in sunflower breeding. Cytogenetic studies of the sunflower have evolved from cytology, through cytotaxonomy and classic cytogenetic to cytogenetic-molecular studies. Most intensive progress of cytogenetic studies has been associated with the use of interspecific hybridization in sunflower breeding. Key words: Helianthus sp., sunflower, interspecific hybridization, cytogenetic studies INTRODUCTION Sunflower breeding has reached a plateau for a number of important agro- nomic traits. The major limiting factor for further improvements of the genetic potentials for seed yield and oil quality is the susceptibility of the sunflower to a large number of pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Selected Natural Resources in Parts of Loving,Pecos
    Area Study: Parts of the Trans-Pecos, Texas Evaluation of Selected Natural Resources in Parts of Loving, Pecos, Reeves, Ward, and Winkler Counties, Texas Pecos River near Girvin, Texas RESOURCE PROTECTION DIVISION: WATER RESOURCES TEAM EVALUATION OF SELECTED NATURAL RESOURCES IN PARTS OF LOVING, PECOS, REEVES, WARD, AND WINKLER COUNTIES, TEXAS By: Albert El-Hage Daniel W. Moulton October 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Tables .........................................................................................................................ii Figures ........................................................................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................2 Purpose ......................................................................................................................2 Location and Extent....................................................................................................2 Geography and Ecology..............................................................................................2 Demographics ............................................................................................................5 Economy and Land Use..............................................................................................5 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Native Crop Wild Relatives of the United States Related to Food Crops Crop Taxon Comments Sugar Maple Acer Saccharum Subsp
    1/12/2015 Native Crop Wild Relatives of the United States Related to Food Crops Crop Taxon Comments Sugar Maple Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum (Chapm.) Desmarais Sugar Maple Acer saccharum subsp. leucoderme (Small) Desmarais Sugar Maple Acer saccharum subsp. nigrum (F. Michx.) Desmarais Sugar Maple Acer saccharum subsp. ozarkense A. E. Murray Sugar Maple Acer saccharum subsp. saccharum Onion Allium schoenoprasum subsp. schoenoprasum Onion Allium tricoccum Aiton Amaranth Amaranthus ×tucsonensis Henrickson Amaranth Amaranthus acanthochiton J. D. Sauer Amaranth Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. Amaranth Amaranthus australis (A. Gray) J. D. Sauer Amaranth Amaranthus brownii Christoph. & Caum Amaranth Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) S. Watson Amaranth Amaranthus cannabinus (L.) J. D. Sauer Amaranth Amaranthus crassipes Schltdl. Amaranth Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Watson Amaranth Amaranthus floridanus (S. Watson) J. D. Sauer Amaranth Amaranthus greggii S. Watson Amaranth Amaranthus polygonoides L. Amaranth Amaranthus powellii subsp. powellii Amaranth Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Amaranth Amaranthus tamaulipensis Henrickson Amaranth Amaranthus torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. ex S. Watson Amaranth Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer Amaranth Amaranthus watsonii Standl. Amaranth Amaranthus wrightii S. Watson Potato bean Apios americana Medik. Potato bean Apios priceana B. L. Rob. Pawpaw Asimina ×nashii Kral Pawpaw Asimina incana (W. Bartram) Exell Pawpaw Asimina longifolia Kral Pawpaw Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash Pawpaw Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal Pawpaw Asimina pygmaea (W. Bartram) Dunal Pawpaw Asimina reticulata Shuttlew. ex Chapm. Pawpaw Asimina tetramera Small Pawpaw Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pepper Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill Pecan/Hickory Carya ×brownii Sarg. Pecan/Hickory Carya ×lecontei Little Pecan/Hickory Carya ×ludoviciana (Ashe) Little Page | 1 1/12/2015 Crop Taxon Comments Pecan/Hickory Carya aquatica (F.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Layout 1
    118373_Vol_2.qxp 8/16/04 10:08 AM Page 699 Wild Species and Genetic Resources HYBRIDIZATION OF CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER HELIANTHUS ANNUUS WITH WILD ANNUAL SPECIES HELIANTHUS BOLANDERI, HELIANTHUS NEGLECTUS, AND HELIANTHUS PETIOLARIS Miroslava M. Hristova-Cherbadzi, Department of Cytogenetics, Institute of Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The species H. bolanderi Gray, H. neglectus Heiser and H. petiolaris ssp. petiolaris Nuttall were hybridized with the cultivated sunflower H. annuus L. The crossability rate was comparatively high. Seeds and hybrid plants were obtained from both directions of crossing. The F1 plants had an intermediate type of heritability, but they strongly resembled the wild parent for the most important biomorphological characters. The hybrid nature of individual F1 plants was confirmed through cytological and RAPD investigations. As a result of self-pollination, sib-pollination of the F1 plants and backcrossing to cultivated sunflower, F2, BC1, third and fourth hybrid progenies were obtained. It was established that the three species carried Rf genes for CMS PET1. Some of the obtained hybrid forms were included in a program for developing lines for heterosis breeding in sunflower. Introduction There are numerous and various investigations on the participation of annual species in hybridization with cultivated sunflower and the transfer of useful characters to cultivated sunflower (Satsyperov, 1916; Heiser, 1949; Putt and Sackston, 1957, 1963; Pustovoit, 1960; Leclercq, 1969; Pustovoit, 1975; Morized et al., 1984; Jan and Chandler, 1985; Chandler et al., 1986; Jan et al., 1989; Vannozzi et al., 1990; Atlagic et al., 1995; Christov et al., 1996). A large part of the results obtained have theoretical and applied significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Texto Completo (Pdf)
    118: 65-96 Enero 2017 Artículo de investigación El elemento endémico de la flora vascular del Desierto Chihuahuense The endemic element of the Chihuahuan Desert vascular flora José A. Villarreal-Quintanilla1,4 , Jenry A. Bartolomé-Hernández1 , Eduardo Estrada-Castillón3, Homero Ramírez-Rodríguez2 y Silvia J. Martínez-Amador1 RESUMEN: 1 Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antecedentes y Objetivos: El endemismo es un fenómeno común de los organismos en las regiones áridas. Antonio Narro, Departamento de En el presente trabajo se revisó la distribución de las plantas endémicas del Desierto Chihuahuense (DCH), Botánica, Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, 25315 Saltillo, cuya superficie abarca parte de los estados de Arizona, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Nuevo Coahuila, México. México, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Texas y Zacatecas. 2 Universidad Autónoma Agraria Métodos: A través de la recopilación de información se elaboró una base de datos de especies con distri- Antonio Narro, Departamento de bución restringida al DCH. Se consideraron los siguientes tipos de endemismo: 1) endémicos estrictos: Horticultura, Calzada Antonio Na- aquellos elementos con localización conocida solo para el área de estudio, 2) cuasi-endémicos: aquellos rro 1923, Buenavista, 25315 Saltillo, presentes principalmente en el DCH y algunas poblaciones en localidades vecinas, 3) micro-endémicos: Coahuila, México. los que tienen una distribución restringida a una sola localidad y 4) endémicos a la región, pero de eco- 3 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Fores- sistemas no áridos. tales, Apdo. postal 41, 67700 Lina- Resultados clave: Se identificaron 826 taxa (incluye especies, taxa infraespecíficos adicionales e híbridos) res, Nuevo León, México. que representan 24.87% de la flora total, 560 elementos de distribución endémica, 165 cuasi-endémicos, 4 Autor para la correspondencia: 176 micro-endémicos y 116 de ecosistemas no áridos.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2016/092376 Al 16 June 2016 (16.06.2016) W P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/092376 Al 16 June 2016 (16.06.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, A61K 36/18 (2006.01) A61K 31/465 (2006.01) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, A23L 33/105 (2016.01) A61K 36/81 (2006.01) MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, A61K 31/05 (2006.01) BO 11/02 (2006.01) PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, A61K 31/352 (2006.01) SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number: PCT/IB20 15/002491 (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (22) International Filing Date: GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, 14 December 2015 (14. 12.2015) TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (25) Filing Language: English TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (26) Publication Language: English LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, (30) Priority Data: SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, 62/09 1,452 12 December 201 4 ( 12.12.20 14) US GW, KM, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
    [Show full text]
  • James H. Locklear Lauritzen Gardens 100 Bancroft Street Omaha, Nebraska 68108, U.S.A
    ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE CENTRAL GRASSLAND OF NORTH AMERICA: DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION STATUS James H. Locklear Lauritzen Gardens 100 Bancroft Street Omaha, Nebraska 68108, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper enumerates the endemic plants of the Central Grassland of North America. The Central Grassland encompasses the full extent of the tallgrass, mixed-grass, and shortgrass prairie ecological systems of North America plus floristically related plant communities that adjoin and/or interdigitate with the midcontinental grasslands including savanna-open woodland systems, shrub-steppe, and rock outcrop communities. There are 382 plant taxa endemic to the Central Grassland, 300 endemic species (eight of which have multiple subspecific taxa endemic to the region) and 72 endemic subspecies/varieties of more widely distributed species. Nine regional concentrations of en- demic taxa were identified and are described as centers of endemism for the Central Grassland: Arkansas Valley Barrens, Edwards Plateau, Llano Estacado Escarpments, Llano Uplift, Mescalero-Monahans Dunes, Niobrara-Platte Tablelands, Raton Tablelands, Red Bed Plains, and Reverchon Rocklands. In addition to hosting localized endemics, these areas are typically enriched with more widely-distributed Central Grassland endemics as well as peripheral or disjunct occurrences of locally-rare taxa, making them regions of high floristic diversity for the Central Grassland. Most of the endemics (299 or 78%) are habitat specialists, associated with rock outcrop, sand, hydric, or riparian habi- tats. There is a strong correlation between geology and endemism in the Central Grassland, with 59% of the endemics (225 taxa) associated with rock outcrop habitat. Of the 382 Central Grassland endemics, 124 or 33% are of conservation concern (NatureServe ranking of G1/T1 to G3/T3).
    [Show full text]
  • SELF-FERTILIZATION and RESTORATION to CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY of SOME WILD SPECIES of Helianthus
    HELIA, 33, Nr. 53, p.p. 31-36, (2010) UDC 633.854.78:631.527.53 DOI: 10.2298/HEL1053031O SELF-FERTILIZATION AND RESTORATION TO CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY OF SOME WILD SPECIES OF Helianthus Onemli, F.*1, Gucer, T.2 1 University of Namik Kemal, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey 2 Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey Received: April 10, 2010 Accepted: August 10, 2010 SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to determine self-fertility and restoration capability of cytoplasmic male fertility of some wild sunflower genotypes. The evaluated genotypes were Helianthus petiolaris spp. petiolaris (E-142), Heli- anthus neglectus (E-017) and Helianthus annuus (E-060, E-173, E-174 and E-175). For hybridization, the female inbred line 2453-A was used. Results showed that self fertility ratios of wild sunflower genotypes varied between 22.4 and 66.1%. The highest level of self fertility was observed in Helianthus petio- laris spp. petiolaris (E-142), while Helianthus neglectus had the lowest val- ues. The E-060 and E-174 genotypes did not restore cytoplasmic male sterility in the hybrids tested. Key words: Helianthus, H. petiolaris, H. neglectus, H. annuus, self-fertility, sterility, restoration INTRODUCTION Sunflower is a globally important oilseed crop and also a major source of con- fectionery seeds and ornamental flowers (Putt, 1997). Derived from wild H. annuus, the cultivated sunflower was domesticated more than 4,000 years ago in what is now the central United States (Heiser et al., 1969; Harter et al., 2004). The genetic basis of modern hybrids is comparatively narrow.
    [Show full text]
  • Incongruence in Plant Hybrid and Phylogenetic Trees
    Acta Bot. Neerl. 45(3), September 1996, p. 243-262 Review Molecular marker incongruence in plant hybrid zones and phylogenetic trees Loren+H. Rieseberg Jeannette Whitton and C.+Randal Linder Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47404, USA CONTENTS Introduction 243 Patterns of marker incongruence 246 Potential explanations for these patterns 248 Differential introgression in Helianthus 250 Conclusions 258 References 258 Key-words: molecular markers, hybridization, introgression, molecular cytoplasmic gene flow, phylogeny. INTRODUCTION One of the striking observations from the young field of molecular evolutionary biology has been the high frequency of cases where taxon-specific markers are found differ in both and distribution. to widely phylogenetic geographic This pattern has been observed most frequently when cytoplasmic markers are compared with those of nuclear origin (Rieseberg & Soltis 1991), but similar observations are often made for comparisons among markers of nuclear origin only (Rieseberg & Ellstrand 1993). These observations are important to phylogenists because they provide ‘footprints’ of past evolutionary events, information that may be critical to elucidating true organismal phylogeny. Marker incongruence also is significant to the evolutionist because it into differences in may provide insights the the evolutionary biology of organellar versus nuclear genes (as well as differences among nuclear genes), the role of selection, linkage and recombination in controlling the frequency and spatial distribution of effects introgressed genes, and the of introgression on the maintenance of species differences. this we list of the best of molecular marker In paper, some examples incongruence from both hybrid zones and phylogenetic trees in plants. General patterns emerging from this tabulation are discussed, and possible explanations are briefly summarized.
    [Show full text]
  • Moore-Et-Al.-2014-The-Ecology-Assembly-And-Evolution-Of-Gypsophile.Pdf
    Chapter THE ECOLOGY, ASSEMBLY AND EVOLUTION OF GYPSOPHILE FLORAS Michael J. Moore1*, Juan F. Mota2, Norman A. Douglas1, Hilda Flores Olvera3 and Helga Ochoterena3 1Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA 2Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, Almería, España 3Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México ABSTRACT Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) exposures and gypseous soils occupy over 100 million ha worldwide, primarily in arid and semiarid regions, with particularly large areas of surface gypsum in southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean region, the Horn of Africa and southwestern North America. Each of these areas hosts a diverse assemblage of gypsum endemic plant taxa, known as gypsophiles. Although plant biologists have been interested in the causes of gypsophily for well over a century, it has only been over the past few decades that gypsophile floras have received sustained ecological and evolutionary study. Recent work, principally in Spain, has revealed that both physical (e.g., gypsum crusts, soil porosity) and chemical (e.g., high Ca and S, low cation exchange capacity) factors may control community structure on highly gypseous substrates. Plant-fungal interactions may also play a key role in plant establishment on gypsum, although few studies have examined this subject. Molecular systematic and population genetic studies over the past two decades have revealed several key similarities in the assembly and evolution of gypsophile floras and taxa. These studies imply that gypsophile lineages have frequently appeared multiple times within clades that are ancestrally tolerant of gypsum, that speciation has been common in the most widespread lineages of gypsophiles, and that most gypsophile lineages first appeared no earlier than the latest Miocene.
    [Show full text]