SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND COOPERATION 14

South Africa’s growth in stature in international will lead to greater unity and solidarity between relations resulted in increased demands on the African countries and people. country to play a significant role in contributing South Africa was instrumental in establishing towards efforts aimed at the creation of a more the AU and its organs, namely the: democratic, peaceful, prosperous continent and a • Assembly better world. • Executive Council The name change of the Department of Foreign • specialised technical committees Affairs to the Department of International Rela- • financial institutions tions and Cooperation in May 2009, was in line • Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC) with international trends and informed by the • Peace and Security Council (PSC) need to give greater clarity on the mandate of the • Pan-African Parliament (PAP) department. •  Economic, Social and Cultural Council In this regard, over and above its normal func- (Ecosocc) tions, the department will also engage in dynamic • Court of Justice partnerships for development and cooperation. • African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights Accordingly, the foreign-policy features still •  African Commission on Human and People’s remain: Rights. • pushing back the frontiers of poverty and The financial institutions, namely the African underdevelopment in South Africa and Africa, Monetary Fund, African Central Bank and African based on the continental economic and devel- Court of Justice, still have to be operationalised. opmental plan, the New Partnership for Africa’s The 53-member AU was officially launched in Development (Nepad) Durban in July 2002, following its inaugural sum- • creating peace and pursuing the peaceful reso- mit. lution of conflicts It replaced the Organisation of African Unity • contributing to peace efforts in Africa and the (OAU), which was established on 25 May 1963 in world Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. • building and consolidating strategic partner- The AU’s objectives include: ships to advance the country’s developmental • achieving greater unity and solidarity between agenda African countries and the peoples of Africa • building and reforming African continental • defending the sovereignty, territorial integrity institutions and independence of its member states • the continued exertion of influence on global • accelerating the political and socio-economic political and economic issues. integration of the continent As South Africa seeks to attain its foreign-policy • encouraging international cooperation objectives, it simultaneously pursues a devel- • promoting peace, security and stability on the opmental agenda on the continent and in the continent developing world.

South Africa and Africa Guarantees that are binding on the Department South Africa recognises that its destiny is inex- of International Relations and Cooperation (for- i tricably linked to that of the developing world in merly Foreign Affairs) for the FIFA 2010 World general and the African continent in particular. Cup TM are: Africa faces the challenge of positioning itself • no country will be excluded from participating in the to address the marginalisation of the continent by 2010 World Cup engaging global role players on socio-economic • national anthems of all participating countries will be development and facilitating a fair and just global played order. • national foreign flags of all participating countries will African Union (AU) be flown The AU is Africa’s premier institution and principal • any violation of the above would constitute an offence organisation for the promotion of the continent’s • the provision of protocol services at official government accelerated socio-economic integration, which and FIFA 2010-related events.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 322 • promoting democratic principles and institu- In May 2009, the Deputy Minister of Defence, tions, popular participation and good govern- Mr Thabang Makwetla, attended the third Ordi- i ance nary Meeting of Ministers of Defence and Safety • promoting and protecting people’s rights and Security at the African Union (AU) Headquarters in Ad- • establishing the necessary conditions to enable dis Ababa. the continent to play its rightful role in the glo- The purpose of the meeting was to consider the progress bal economy and in international negotiations made in the operationalisation of the African Standby Force, • promoting sustainable development at eco- and consider proposals for further implementation. The nomic, social and cultural level, and integrating meeting was also attended by African chiefs of defence and African economies heads of security. • promoting cooperation in all fields of human The African Standby Force was established by the AU activity to raise living standards to support and keep peace in Africa. To this end, the AU • promoting research in all fields has recommended the development of a common secu- • eradicating preventable diseases and promo- rity policy and, by 2010, the establishment of the African ting good health on the continent. Standby Force capable of rapid deployment to keep or en- The AU has made notable progress towards the force peace. political and economic integration of the conti- Once fully operational, the African Standby Force will nent: comprise standby brigades in each of the five regions, and • the permanent home of the PAP will be com- incorporate a police and civilian expert capacity. pleted in 2010 • the AU has developed the PSC, which is responsible for the resolution of conflicts, determine time lines to achieve free trade agree- peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction ments and customs unions. in conjunction with the United Nations (UN) • a common defence policy has been adopted, Promoting peace, security and stability which includes the Standby Force, with a on the continent nucleus of five brigades, one from each region The AU is responsible for the peaceful resolution • the Human and Peoples’ Rights Court has been of conflict among member states, through such established with Judge Bernard Ngoepe as one appropriate means as may be decided upon by of the first judges the AU Assembly. • the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa The PSC Protocol took effect in December 2003 and the Declaration on Gender Equality is being and comprises 15 member states. The PSC was implemented launched in Addis Ababa in May 2004. • the Protocol on the Court of Justice is under- As a collective security and early warning way arrangement, the PSC allows for a timely and The eight existing regional economic communities effective response to conflict and crises in Africa. (RECs), which include the Southern African Devel- In terms of PSC statutes, all African countries opment Community (SADC) and the Economic should establish their own early warning centres. Community of West African States, have begun to The AU PSC Protocol provides for the creation of the African Standby Force, to be operationalised In February 2009, Dr Salim Ahmed Salim, former over 10 years. Secretary-General of the African Union (AU) and i The second extraordinary session of the AU AU special envoy for the inter-Sudanese political Assembly, held in Libya in February 2004, adopted talks on Darfur, paid a visit to South Africa in his ca- the Common African Defence and Security Policy. pacity as a member of the Panel of the Wise. The panel was South Africa is sparing no effort in conflict established by the AU in 2007 to support the efforts of its resolution and/or peacekeeping missions in Peace and Security Council and those of the chairperson of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Côte the commission, mainly in the areas of conflict prevention d’Ivoire, Sudan, Comoros, Ethiopia and Eritrea. on the continent of Africa. Members of the panel were appointed in Janu- Socio-economic development and inte- ary 2007 for a period of three years and inaugurated on gration of the continent 18 December 2007. The members are: Salim Ahmed Salim, The AU is the principal institution responsible for Ahmed Ben Bella, Elisabeth Pognon, Miguel Travota and promoting sustainable development at economic, Brigalia Bam. social and cultural level, as well as integrating African economies.

323 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 RECs are recognised as the building blocks The underlying principles of Nepad are: of the AU, necessitating the need for their close • Accountability: Nepad recognises the impor- involvement in formulating and implementing all tance of good political, economic and corporate AU programmes. governance in creating the conditions for devel- To this end, the AU must coordinate and take opment, with African governments embracing decisions on policies in areas of common inter- greater accountability to their constituents. est to member states, as well as coordinate and Nepad also seeks to base Africa’s partnership harmonise policies between existing and future with the North on mutual accountability. RECs, for the gradual attainment of the AU’s • Ownership: Nepad is a long-term vision that is objectives. African-led and -owned. Ownership should be Seven specialised technical committees are promoted through broad and deep participa- responsible for the actual implementation of the tion by all sectors of society, and by tapping continental socio-economic integration process, into indigenous knowledge/expertise to define together with the PRC. needs and solutions. • Partnership: While Nepad is a partnership New Partnership for Africa’s Devel- between and among Africans, it seeks to opment accelerate sustainable development in Africa South Africa played a role in the establishment of through partnerships with the South, and to Nepad and the African Peer Review Mechanism forge a new partnership with the developed (APRM), and hosted the secretariats of these two North that changes the unequal relationship bodies. Nepad, as a blueprint for Africa’s socio- with Africa. economic development, represents the incarna- Resources for Nepad are mobilised by way of tion of the objectives of the AU at a practical increasing savings and capital inflows via debt level to intensify the struggle against poverty and relief, increased targeted official development underdevelopment. aid (ODA) and private capital investment, as well Nepad remains the main frame of reference for as through better management of public revenue intra-African relations and Africa’s partnerships and expenditure. with international partners such as the European Over the past few years, Nepad’s activities Union (EU)-AU Strategic Partnership, Forum for evolved from the conceptualisation of frame- Africa-China Partnership, the Group of Seven works for the actualisation of the new vision and Most Industrialised Nations plus Russia (G8), New onwards to implementation strategies and action Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) and plans in the identified priority areas. Consequently, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and sectoral frameworks and mechanisms have been Development. developed and are being implemented in the The primary objective of Nepad is to eradicate programmes and projects in those priority areas. poverty, halt the marginalisation of Africa in the Such areas include: globalisation process, promote the empowerment • the comprehensive African agriculture devel- and economic integration of women and achieve opment programme the millennium development goals (MDGs). • the short-term action plan for infrastructure development

Mission operations

2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Africa 27 28 32 37 38 39 43 46

Latin America 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11

Asia/Australasia 22 26 27 27 28 30 31 32

North America 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7

Europe 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 28

All missions 91 96 101 107 109 114 119 124

Source: Development Indicators, 2009

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 324 Peacekeeping operations

Personnel 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

MONUC (DRC) 1 113 161 1 430 1 430 1 230 1 242 1 248 1 958 1 198

IEMF (DRC) 22

TPVM (DRC) 3 3

UNMEE (Eritrea and Ethiopia) 3 6 6 6 10 6 6 6 1

OLMEE (Eritrea and Ethiopia) 2 2 5 5 4 1 1 1 1

SAPSD (Burundi) 701 750

AMIB (Burundi) 1 500

ONUB (Burundi) 1 100 930 865

BINUB (Burundi) 1

AUPF (Burundi) - AUSTF (Burundi) 337 337 337 750 950 1 042

UNMIL (Liberia) 3 3

UNMIS (Southern Sudan) 4 4

AMIS (Southern Sudan) 10 339 620 620

UNAMID (Southern Sudan) 651 614

Southern Sudan - Uganda 2 2

Total number of personal deployed 118 870 925 7 966 2 894 2 846 3 071 2 632 3 054 2 242

Central African Rep (CAR) 66

Nepal 5 1

Other peace operations 2 2 3

Source: Development Indicators, 2009 The data provided reflects the maximum number of personnel that were deployed in the specific peacekeeping operations during the specific year. Other peace operations include special envoys in Burundi, Sudan and Uganda.

• the science and technology (S&T) consolidated practices, and is important to the sustainability action plan of Nepad. • the environment plan In June 2009, Cape Verde acceded to the APRM • the AU/Nepad health strategy as the 29th member. • the education action plan • the tourism action plan Structures • standards and guidelines for the APRM Heads of State and Government • the Africa productive capacity initiative. Implementation Committee (HSGIC) Nepad introduced the APRM, accepted by mem- The Nepad HSGIC reports annually to the summit ber states of the AU as an African self-monitoring of the AU. The chairperson of the AU Commission mechanism. is an ex-officio member of the Implementation The peer review process is aimed at address- Committee, and the AU Commission is expected ing corruption, poor governance and inefficient to participate in steering committee meetings. delivery of public goods and services to the The HSGIC comprises 20 states (four per AU citizens of African countries. It encourages the geographic region), including the five initia­ting adoption of policies, standards and practices states: South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Senegal and that lead to political stability, high economic Egypt. growth, sustainable development and acceler- The main function of the HSGIC is to set poli- ated regional and continental economic integra- cies, priorities and Nepad’s programme of action. tion through the sharing of experiences and best

325 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Steering Committee ziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and The Steering Committee comprises representa- Zimbabwe. tives of the 20 HSGIC members. It is tasked with South Africa assumed the chair of the SADC in developing the terms of reference for identified August 2008 against the milieu of a number of programmes and projects, and overseeing the important political developments. Secretariat. As a community of nations, the SADC had to work together in confronting various challenges Secretariat of political and socio-economic nature. The Nepad Secretariat coordinates implementa- The year 2009 saw elections in, among other tion of projects and programmes approved by the countries, Namibia, South Africa, Malawi, Angola, HSGIC. Botswana, Mozambique and Mauritius. The full-time core staff of the Secretariat, loc- The launch of the Free Trade Area (FTA) in 2008 ated at the Development Bank of Southern Africa will lay a firm foundation for regional economic in Midrand, provides liaison, coordination, and integration. administrative and logistical functions for Nepad. The FTA Agreement is part of the SADC’s ongo- The AU’s mechanisms for peer review and ing efforts to create strong relations with southern conflict resolution reflect commitment to human African countries through trade. The SADC also rights, democratisation, good governance and aims to create a regional customs union. peace and security. In 2009, the DRC took over the chair of the SADC from South Africa. Southern African Development Community Relations with southern Africa The SADC has been in existence since 1980, Angola when it was formed as a loose alliance of nine Relations between the people of South Africa and majority-ruled states in southern Africa known as Angola were cemented during the anti-colonial the Southern African Development Coordination and anti-apartheid struggles, which saw South Conference, with the main aim of coordinating Africa and Angola’s liberation movements, the development projects to lessen economic depen­ African National Congress (ANC) and the Move- dence on the then apartheid South Africa. ment for the Liberation of Angola, forging an alli- The founding member states are: Angola, ance leading to the independence of their respec- Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swa- tive countries. These relations were transformed into state-to-state relations following the dawn of South Africa ratified the African Youth Charter in peace, democracy and justice in South Africa in May 2009, and deposited the instrument of rati- i 1994. Many South Africans regard Angola as their fication with the Commission of the African Union second home. (AU) on 8 July 2009. South Africa was the 14th country to South Africa committed itself to assisting ratify the charter, which entered into force in August 2009. Angola with its post-conflict reconstruction The African Youth Charter is a legal instrument for youth projects and programmes. The first session of empowerment and provides a framework for youth-devel- the Joint Commission of Cooperation (JCC) was opment programmes across the AU member states. This held in Pretoria in February 2003. Subsequently, charter prioritises youth development on the AU’s agenda significant progress has been made in identifying, and ensures that challenges relating to youth development negotiating and finalising numerous agreements. are adequately addressed. These include unemployment, South Africa formed part of a SADC team, which HIV and AIDS, illiteracy, restricted access to information and monitored the elections in Angola in September gender violence. 2008. In South Africa, the Department of Women, Youth, Chil- Bilateral relations between the two countries dren and People with Disabilities; the National Youth Devel- were further strengthened by the visit of the opment Agency; and the Youth Desk in The Presidency will Minister of International Relations and Co- monitor the implementation process through the National operation, Ms Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, to Youth Policy 2009 to 2014. Angola in May 2009. She held discussions with Countries that have ratified the charter include: Rwanda, her Angolan counterpart and paid a courtesy call Mali, Gabon, Mauritius, The Gambia, Niger, Libya, Uganda, on President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos. Namibia, Mozambique, South Africa, Togo, Djibouti, Guinea In August 2009, President Jacob Zuma paid Bissau and Burkina Faso. his first state visit to Angola – accompanied by 11 ministers and more than 150 businesspeople

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 326 – the biggest business delegation ever taken on In October 2009, President Zuma hosted Presi- a state visit by a president since 1994. During dent Kabila during the South Africa-DRC BNC. this visit, various cooperation agreements were signed, such as in the fields of regular political Lesotho consultations, infrastructure, industry, trade, sport The most significant and visible beacon reflecting­ and recreation, air services and human settle- South Africa’s bilateral relations with Lesotho is ments. the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), which was started in 1986 and qualifies as a Botswana Nepad project. South Africa and Botswana signed the Joint The LHWP is a joint venture between the two Permanent Commission for Cooperation (JPCC) in countries to supply water to South Africa (Gauteng 2003. The JPCC provides a legal and institutional in particular) and to meet Lesotho’s electricity framework for further cooperation in identified needs. The project delivers 780 million cubic strategic areas. The last South Africa-Botswana metres of water to South Africa a year. The imple- JPCC meeting was held in November 2007, and mentation of the LHWP Phase Two is underway. took stock of progress regarding JPCC projects. South Africa and Lesotho signed a Joint Bilateral Commission of Cooperation (JBCC) Agreement in Democratic Republic of Congo 2001 to assist Lesotho to progress from least The DRC has made remarkable progress and developed status to a developing country and to presents real opportunities for intraregional eco- promote the consolidation of relations between nomic cooperation, foreign direct investment (FDI) the two countries. and sustained growth and development. However, Current projects are: cycles of conflict have severely undermined both • spatial development initiatives (SDIs) African and foreign-investor confidence, further • Metolong Dam (African Renaissance Fund weakened indigenous economic development [ARF] funds approved in June 2008) and increased dependence on foreign loans and • Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Park assistance. • Sani Top-Mokhotlong Road (ARF funds approved South Africa is fully committed to continued in June 2008). engagement with the DRC, and to assisting the The former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, democratically elected Government with its con- Ms Fatima Hajaig, attended the launch of the JBCC solidation of democracy, in line with its foreign- Economic Projects in April 2009, as identified policy objectives. by an SDI scoping exercise that was conducted South Africa has also committed to providing under the auspices of the Department of Trade ongoing assistance to the DRC in reforming the and Industry, the Development Bank of Southern country’s economy and is supporting measures Africa and the South African High Commission to encourage a predictable and stable economic in Maseru, Lesotho. The economic projects are environment to unlock investment and trade intended to promote cross-border cooperation opportunities between the two countries. and stimulate local economic development. South Africa’s assistance to the DRC is broadly The South Africa-Lesotho Bilateral Task Team based on the following priority areas: health, edu- on the Facilitation of Movement of Citizens met cation, water and sanitation, infrastructure, with in Mohale, Lesotho, in February 2009. The pur- security-sector reform being an all encompassing pose of the meeting was to report on progress on priority. preparations towards the implementation of the The Presidential Binational Commission (BNC) agreement signed by the two states. between South Africa and the DRC, which has been The Facilitation of Movement of Citizens in existence since 2004, provides a legal frame- Agreement reduced the administrative burden on work to manage the post-conflict reconstruction Lesotho and South African visitors crossing the and development projects in that country. common border and reduced opportunities for In April 2008, former President Thabo Mbeki corruption and criminal activity. hosted his counterpart from the DRC, President It recognises the uniqueness of Lesotho’s Joseph Kabila, for the fifth BNC Summit. geographical situation: being the only country in Bilateral relations between the two countries the world that is entirely surrounded by a single were further strengthened by the visit of former other country. President Kgalema Motlanthe to the DRC in Octo- ber 2008, during which the implementation of Malawi bilateral projects formed part of the discussions. The inaugural meeting of the JCC between South

327 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 While on a three-day State visit to Zambia in The fifth Annual General Meeting of the Maputo December 2009, President Jacob Zuma was i Corridor Logistics Initiative (MCLI) was held in conferred with the Order of the Eagle of Zambia August 2009. First Division, one of Zambia’s highest and distinguished The MCLI aims to grow national economies recognition awards, by President Rupiah Banda at the Mu- and contribute to the overall growth of the region. lungushi International Conference Centre in Lusaka. Under the MCLI, the corridor links Maputo with President Zuma was accompanied by various ministers, Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and other land- senior officials and a business delegation representing 60 locked countries within the SADC region and the companies in the sectors of energy and petroleum, informa- continent. The key elements of this corridor are tion and communications technology, infrastructure, finan- the N4 toll road, the rail corridor, the Lebombo/ cial services, healthcare, mining as well as agroprocessing. Ressano-Gracia border post and the Maputo port Agreements were signed in the fields of cooperation in en- and terminal facilities. ergy, geology, mining and mineral beneficiation. In addition, bilateral agreements and memoranda of un- Namibia derstanding were signed in the areas of regular diplomatic South Africa and Namibia enjoy close cooperation consultations, trade and industrial cooperation, mineral re- in a number of areas, which is further enhanced sources, agriculture and livestock and health. by high-level engagements such as the heads of state economic bilateral meeting, the last of which was held in August 2008. Africa and Malawi took place in Blantyre, Malawi, The meetings focus on joint economic co- in June 2008. In May 2009, President Zuma con- operation projects such as SDIs, tourism, energy veyed South Africa’s congratulations to President matters and matters related to the Southern Bingu Wa Mutharika on his re-election as the African Customs Union (Sacu) and the SADC. President of the Republic of Malawi. The annual meetings of the Joint Commis- sion on Defence and Security between the two Mozambique countries aim to identify, discuss and promote South Africa and Mozambique enjoy warm politi- bilateral and regional cooperation in the security cal relations both in a bilateral and multilateral area. context. To this end, the respective heads of state South Africa is one of Namibia’s most important play a leading role in the promotion of the SADC economic partners. Bilateral trade between South and AU policies and the effective implementation Africa and Namibia accounts for two thirds of of Nepad programmes. Namibia’s total foreign trade. A successful Heads of State Economic Bilateral The two countries are also part of the SADC Forum meeting was held in April 2008 in Mozam- and the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) bique. configuration that is negotiating with the Euro- The JPCC was held in Mozambique in August pean Commission. 2008. Both South Africa and Namibia share a common The emphasis was placed on the need for both interest in ensuring that the EPA fosters regional countries to play their part to ensure stability and integration and development. development in the SADC and throughout the In July 2009, the Minister of Agriculture, For- continent. Both countries affirmed their commit- estry and Fisheries, Ms Tina Joemat-Pettersson, ment to regional integration and advancement of signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) the SADC. with her counterpart, Minister John Mutorwa. The inaugural meeting of the JPCC on Defence Areas covered in the memorandum include: and Security was held in November 2008. • South Africa/Namibia agricultural agreements • training of Namibian veterinary students • protection of Karakul genetic material. In November 2009, President Zuma co-chaired Work towards the establishment of the South the South Africa-Namibia Bilateral Economic African Developmental Partnership Agency is i Forum with President Hifikepunye Pohamba. underway. This agency will be tasked with the management of South Africa’s developmental assistance to contribute to capacity- and institution-building, as well Swaziland Relations between South Africa and Swaziland as support socio-economic and human-resource develop- are cordial. ment.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 328 Former President Mbeki undertook a working South Africa’s bilateral engagement with ​ visit to Swaziland in April 2008 to strengthen bilat- Zimbabwe took place in the form of the third ses- eral relations between the two countries. During sion of the JPC in March 2009 at Victoria Falls. the visit, both parties reaffirmed the importance of South Africa negotiated an assistance pack- the JBCC as a strategic platform for strengthen- age in support of the Zimbabwean Government’s ing bilateral relations between South Africa and Short-Term Emergency Recovery Programme. Swaziland. In August 2009, President Zuma paid a two- day official visit to Zimbabwe. During this time, Tanzania he opened the Harare Agricultural Society Show. Strong relations between South Africa and Tan- He also met key political partners of the inclusive zania began when the ruling party, Chama Cha government as part of his efforts aimed at assist- Mapinduzi, supported the ANC during the South ing to implement the Global Political Agreement. African liberation struggle. This was cemented by formalising bilateral relations in 1994. The Presi- Uganda dential Economic Commission (PEC) was enacted Official diplomatic relations between South Africa in 2005 with the most recent meeting held in April and Uganda were established in 1994. 2007 in South Africa. The Department of Science and Technology The PEC provides the required cooperative hosted the Ugandan Minister of Science and framework to manage the development and Technology and a high-profile delegation to South implementation of bilateral projects and the SDI Africa in April 2009. The visit culminated in the programmes, in particular the Mtwara and central signing of the bilateral agreement on scientific development corridors, which have been identi- and technological cooperation between the two fied as regional Nepad priorities. countries. The signing of the agreement signals the com- Zambia mitment by both parties to work together in the Presidential elections were held in Zambia in advancement of S&T and innovation and will pave October 2008, following the death of President the way for the development of a plan of action, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa. which will facilitate the identification of priority In November 2008, the former South African areas and the consolidation of resources to imple- President and SADC Chairperson, Mr Kgalema ment the agreement. Motlanthe, led a South African delegation to Zam- bia to attend the inauguration of President Rupia Kenya Banda. In December 2008, the former KwaZulu-Natal Former President Motlanthe also led a South Premier, Mr Sibusiso Ndebele, led a delegation on African delegation to Lusaka to attend the North- a two-day official visit to Kenya to share experi- South Corridor Conference in April 2009. ences and strengthen relationships between Kenya and KwaZulu-Natal, particularly in the Zimbabwe area of cooperative movement. The cooperative South Africa played a constructive role in support movement in Kenya is ranked first in Africa, and of the SADC-mandated mediation process on seventh in the world by the International Co- Zimbabwe. This led to the historic power-sharing operative Alliance. agreement that was signed in September 2008 The delegation held meetings with the Deputy between the Zimbabwean African National Prime Minister and Minister for Local Government Union-Patriotic Front and the two Movement for of Kenya, Mr Musalia Mudavadi, as well as with Democratic Change formations, as well as the the Minister of Cooperatives, Mr Joseph Nyaga. establishment of the inclusive government in In partnership with the Cooperative College of February 2009. Kenya, the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government South Africa, working with the SADC and other is working towards developing, promoting, co- relevant authorities in Zimbabwe, initiated the ordinating and facilitating a cooperative training establishment of the Zimbabwe Humanitarian and programme for the province, which will culminate Development Assistance Framework, a transpar- in the establishment of the KwaZulu-Natal Co- ent, non-partisan and all-inclusive coordinating operative College. mechanism, which was set up to manage the SADC’s humanitarian assistance to the people of Ethiopia Zimbabwe. Bilateral economic relations with Ethiopia were

329 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 revived in 1995 when South Africa opened an The embassies in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo and embassy in Addis Ababa. Equatorial Guinea are fully staffed and officials The former Minister of Defence, Mr Charles represent South Africa in Chad and São Tomé and Nqakula, paid a two-day official visit to Ethiopia Principe. in February 2009. During the visit, he signed an An honorary consul has been appointed in the agreement on defence cooperation between Central African Republic (CAR) to assist with South South Africa and that country. Africa’s programmes in that country.

Indian Ocean islands Gabon South Africa’s political, economic and diplomatic Diplomatic relations between South Africa and relations with countries in the Indian Ocean Gabon were established in 1992. A legal frame- islands remain strong. work was created through the signing of a co- Bilateral relations have been strengthened operation agreement, and further agreements since 1994, especially in trade and investments, were since signed. culture, sport and recreation. There was also In June 2009, President Zuma extended progress towards the finalisation of the General South Africa’s condolences to the Government Cooperation Agreement as well as agreements and people of Gabon following the passing of in other areas such as education, scientific and the Gabonese President, El Hadj Omar Bongo technical cooperation, shipping and maritime, Ondimba, on 7 June 2009. environment and tourism as well as social devel- opment. São Tomé and Principe Diplomatic relations between São Tomé and Comoros Principe and South Africa were established in May South Africa and the Comoros have had official 1994. South Africa operates a satellite office in relations since 1993. Following the signing of São Tomé and Principe under the accreditation the Fomboni All-Party Framework Agreement of of the embassy in Libreville, Gabon. A general 17 February 2001, presidential elections for the cooperation agreement between São Tomé and three sister islands and for the Union of Comoros Principe and South Africa was signed in 2005. were held in March and April 2002. South Africa, as the AU-mandated coordinator Congo of the Countries of the Region on the Comoros, Diplomatic relations between South Africa and is facilitating and closely monitoring the transition the Republic of Congo were established in process. March 1993. South Africa opened an embassy in Brazzaville in Congo in 2005. An MoU on defence Development cooperation between South Africa and Congo was signed in South Africa is not a donor country, but devel- April 2008 in Pretoria. opment cooperation with countries in Africa is In August 2009, Deputy President Kgalema integral to the country’s foreign policy. Motlanthe attended the inauguration of President- Assis­tance is wide-ranging and includes edu- elect, Mr Denis Sassou Nguesso, in Congo Braz- cational visits by agriculturists, establishing viable zaville. training centres, conserving the environment, and rendering medical assistance and technology- Equatorial Guinea exchange programmes. Diplomatic relations between Equatorial Guinea Technical and financial assistance aimed at and South Africa were established in May capacity-building, especially to SADC countries, 1993. The two countries have signed bilateral is a major instrument for promoting economic agreements in the following areas: general co- development, peace and stability, democracy and operation, defence and regular diplomatic con- the African Renaissance on a regional basis. sultation. South African oil company Petro-SA is involved in oil-exploration activities in that Relations with central Africa country. South Africa continued to strengthen its bilateral relations with the countries in the central African Cameroon region during 2009/10. During 2006, South Africa and Cameroon signed

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 330 a general cooperation agreement, a trade agree- to African peacekeeping missions in the Comoros ment and an MoU on economic cooperation. and Darfur, respectively. These agreements set the framework for the strengthening of relations and business activity Burundi between the two countries. South Africa’s good relations with Burundi are demonstrated by the leading role the Government Central African Republic played in the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation South Africa has enjoyed full diplomatic relations Agreement signed by representatives of the main with the CAR since August 1993. Hutu and Tutsi political parties, the Government of In May 2008, Cabinet approved the deploy- Burundi, and the National Assembly on 28 August ment of 15 South African National Defence Force 2000. South Africa’s contribution towards the (SANDF) members to the CAR. In March 2009, establishment of peace and stability in Burundi Cabinet approved the extension of deployment included the deployment of SANDF troops, with of SANDF personnel to the CAR to assist with an African peace mission in Burundi, known as capacity-building of the local defence force. the UN Operation in Burundi. South Africa has committed itself to working Chad with the regional leadership, the Government and The South African Embassy in Chad became fully the people of Burundi, including the leadership functional in 2007. The Chadian Government is of the Palepehutu-FNL, in finding a long-lasting planning to open an embassy in Pretoria in the solution to their current challenges. near future. Interaction between the two govern- An agreement between South Africa and Burundi ments on bilateral issues continues to take place. was signed in September 2008 in Bujumbura to facilitate the implementation of a cooperation Rwanda agreement between the two countries in the field Full diplomatic relations were established between of health, including strengthening interventions South Africa and Rwanda in May 1995. The two for safe motherhood, hospital services, reducing countries maintain good political relations. Their malaria morbidity and mortality and the referral cooperation focuses on the post-conflict recon- of Burundian patients to the South African public struction of Rwanda and has extended to the health sector. coordination of Nepad on the continent. On 8 August 2009, the South African flag was To further strengthen this bilateral structure, the lowered in Burundi, marking the end of one of the Implementation Monitoring Committee has been most successful deployments in Africa. established at director-general level to provide the South Africa’s role as facilitator in the Burundi necessary coordinating, planning and monitoring process was mandated by the regional initiative framework to manage effective implementation of and came to an end on 31 December 2009. As approved programmes, and to ensure the delivery a result of South Africa’s engagement in Burundi, of cross-cutting training and human-resource the FNL, the last armed rebel group in Burundi (HR) capacity-building programmes. has returned home. Over 21 000 FNL combatants In March 2009, the former Minister of Foreign have been disarmed, demobilised and reintegrat- Affairs, Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, and her ed into Burundi society. They include more than Rwandan counterpart, Ms Rosemary Museminali, 1 000 women combatants and over 500 child sol- co-chaired the South Africa-Rwanda JCC at diers who have been reunited with their families. Groote Schuur, Rondebosch, Cape Town. Another 4 000 FNL combatants have been inte- The two ministers met to consolidate structured grated into the Burundi security services. The FNL political relations between the two countries and has registered as a political party and is partici- to take stock of the progress made since the last pating in the election scheduled for 2010. session of the South Africa-Rwanda JCC, held in August 2006 in Kigali. Relations with North and West Africa Bilateral relations between the two countries and the Horn of Africa have been characterised by close contact at a During 2009/10, South Africa expanded and con- high political level. Rwanda has been a partner solidated its bilateral relations with the region. The in championing the consolidation of the African following key performance areas were achieved Agenda by being among the first countries to in the region: volunteer for the APRM and by contributing troops • promoting the African Agenda in North Africa

331 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 • strengthening AU structures in the region the exploitation of natural resources in the occu- • contributing towards peace, stability, security pied territories, the responsibilities of occupying and democracy in North Africa powers and multilateral efforts towards finding a • consolidating and enhancing strategic and solution to the question of Africa’s last colony. structured bilateral relationships with the During 2008/09, high-level political consulta- countries of North Africa tion regularly took place between the SADR and • promoting economic diplomacy and tourism senior government officials, while the Parliamen- • enhancing public diplomacy tary Portfolio Committee on Foreign Affairs visited • promoting South-South and North-South the refugee camps in Tindouf during August 2008. agendas. South Africa, in this respect, continued its humani- tarian assistance programme to the SADR. Algeria In addition, two bilateral development assist- South Africa and Algeria have maintained a ance projects were approved during 2008 by the strategic relationship since the establishment of ARF to render bilateral support to the SADR with the Presidential BNC in 2000. Bilaterally, South humanitarian landmine removal and assistance Africa and Algeria have developed close relations towards the establishment of a youth sports in the field of defence and military technological complex. and industrial cooperation. In this regard, the JCC in the Field of Defence has agreed to expand the Egypt range of bilateral interactions, including training South Africa and Egypt continue to enjoy cordial programmes, joint exercises, technology transfer relations and the State Visit by Egyptian President, and exploring production capabilities and partner- Mr Hosni Mubarak, in July 2008 further strength- ships. ened bilateral relations and political dialogue. During 2008/09, South Africa also maintained A substantive legal framework of more than close contact with two AU institutions headquar- 30 bilateral agreements exists between the tered in Algeria, namely the Africa Centre for the two countries and a number of new proposals Study and Research on Terrorism and the African were tabled during 2008/09. An agreement on Energy Commission. cooperation in the Civil Service was concluded in South Africa and Algeria also continued their October 2008. cooperation over the long-standing international It is envisaged that the conclusion of an MoU dispute over Western Sahara, including collective on economic cooperation will provide a basis to support for the AU and UN multilateral efforts resolve outstanding trade issues between the to find an equitable, peaceful and lasting solu- two countries. The department also facilitated tion to the conflict between the Saharawi Arab the provision of humanitarian assistance to the Democratic Republic (SADR) and the Kingdom of Gaza Strip through Egypt by the Gift of the Givers Morocco. Organisation. To strengthen relations with the people of Algeria, the Minister of Arts and Culture, Ms Lulu Tunisia Xingwana, signed a cultural agreement and a Political relations between South Africa and programme of cooperation with her Algerian Tunisia remain strong. Tunisia views South Africa counterpart in July 2009. Subsequently, a MoU as a strategic partner on the continent and anti­ was signed between the National Film and Video cipates that the two countries should form closer Foundation and its Algerian counterpart. economic, trade and cultural ties. In this regard, a successful ministerial meeting of the South Western Sahara Africa-Tunisia Joint Bilateral Committee (JBC) With regard to the issue of the illegal occupa- was held in September 2008 in Tunis. tion of Western Sahara, the Africa Branch of the The constructive medical exchange programme former Department of Foreign Affairs presented a between South Africa and Tunisia also succeeded successful international conference in conjunc- in a substantive manner in providing health ser­ tion with the University of Pretoria in December vices to rural communities in South Africa. A solid 2008, entitled The Conference on Multilateralism framework for cooperation between the SANDF and International Law with Western Sahara as a and the Tunisian Defence Force was established Case Study. The conference, attended by inter- during 2008, with the commencement of joint national experts and scholars, focused on critical training for continental peacekeeping purposes. issues of self-determination and decolonisation,

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 332 Libya South Africa has demanded a return to con- High-level political dialogue regularly took place stitutional order in the country and subsequently during 2008/09, particularly on the AU and other recalled its ambassador. multilateral issues. Former President Motlanthe visited Tripoli in December 2008 to discuss Afri- Côte d’Ivoire can unity, including peace and security issues South Africa established full diplomatic relations pertaining to the African Agenda. Although a with Côte d’Ivoire in May 1992. South Africa South Africa-Libya JBC is functioning at minis- continues to promote the restoration of peace and terial level, the JBC has not convened since its stability in that country. inception in 2002. In this regard, South Africa’s mediation efforts, The two sides agreed during 2008 to reinvi­ under the auspices of the AU, culminated in the gorate the strategic focus of bilateral relations signing of the Pretoria Agreement in April 2005. in terms of the conclusion and implementation South Africa continues to support peace efforts of outstanding bilateral agreements, cooperation in Côte d’Ivoire. and synergy on matters relating to the peace and security agenda of the AU and the resolution of Sudan conflicts in Africa, as well as the socio-economic South Africa and Sudan enjoy good bilateral rela- reconstruction and development programme of tions and South Africa is the chair of the AU Minis- the continent. terial Committee on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development of the Sudan. The opening of Morocco the South African Consulate in Juba, in April Relations between Morocco and South Africa 2009, will consolidate South Africa’s presence in remained strained during 2008 as a result of the Sudan and strengthen the support for peace South Africa’s principled position on the issue of efforts and the implementation of the post-conflict the illegal occupation of Western Sahara. The con- reconstruction and development-related projects flict around Africa’s last colony remains a priority in Southern Sudan, including the implementation and South Africa bases its policy objectives on of the comprehensive peace agreement, which the following principles in support of stabilisation was signed in 2005, marking an end to the civil efforts in Western Sahara: war in that country. • promote the right to self-determination of The Minister of International Relations and the Saharawi people as enshrined in the UN Cooperation, Ms Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, Charter accompanied by the Minister for Monitoring and • support for the principle of decolonisation and Evaluation in The Presidency, Mr Collins Chabane, the sanctity of colonial borders and senior government officials, visited Khartoum • respect for international humanitarian law and and Juba in Sudan during September 2009. the promotion of universal human rights During the visit, the minister held discussions • support for international legality and multi­ with her Sudanese counterpart on post-conflict lateralism in the resolution of conflict reconstruction and development, the conflict • oppose exploitation of natural resources of the in Darfur, the 2010 election and other matters occupied territory related to the implementation of the Sudan Com- • support for sustainable humanitarian and deve­ prehensive Peace Agreement. Minister Nkoana- lopment assistance to the Saharawi people Mashabane participated in the High-Level Confer- • promote the integration and security and stabi­ ence on the role of the international community in lity of the Maghreb region. the implementation of the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement Conference organised by the Mauritania United States of America (USA) in June 2009. The establishment of a South African diplomatic The Darfur conflict was the main focus of the mission in Nouakchott was consolidated during Special Session of the Assembly of the AU in Libya 2008 with the deployment of a resident ambas- on 31 August 2009, with the theme Consideration sador. and Resolution of Conflicts in Africa. South Africa Following the military coup in August 2008, has also deployed troops and civilian police to relations between South Africa and Mauritania Darfur as part of the UN-AU Mission in Darfur. took a strain due to the suspension of the latter The AU High-Level Panel on Darfur was held from the AU and the imposition of targeted sanc- in consultation with various stakeholders from all tions by the AU PSC. sections of the Darfurian society to find a compre-

333 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 hensive and lasting solution to the conflict in that Deputy President Motlanthe also attended the country. The panel was expected to hand over its 10th anniversary celebrations of the BNC in Abujo, report to the AU in September 2009. Nigeria, in November 2009. In October 2009, Deputy President Motlanthe, supported by Minister Chabane and senior gov- Ghana ernment officials, undertook a working visit to the Diplomatic relations were established between Sudan. Ghana and South Africa in 1994. The visit took place within the context of the South Africa and Ghana have agreements in advancement of the African Agenda and South the areas of mining, defence, taxation, investment Africa’s commitment to assist the Sudanese and aviation. people in efforts to restore peace and contribute In January 2009, the former South African to the post-conflict reconstruction of Sudan. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, President Salva Kiir Mayadirt of the Govern- represented South Africa during the inaugura- ment of Southern Sudan also paid a working visit tion ceremony of President-elect, Prof. John Atta to South Africa. Mills. At the same time, South Africa reaffirmed its commitment to work together with Ghana for the Liberia political unity and integration of the African conti- In March 2009, the former Minister of Minerals nent within the framework of the AU and through and Energy, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, led a South support for Nepad. African delegation to the International Colloquium on Women’s Empowerment, Leadership Develop- Burkina Faso ment, International Peace and Security 2009, South Africa and Burkina Faso established non- which took place in Monrovia, Liberia. resident diplomatic relations in May 1995. In The colloquium, conceptualised in 2006 during 2006, South Africa established a diplomatic mis- the inauguration of Africa’s first female Presi- sion in Burkina Faso. dent, Ms Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, brought together Although Burkina Faso has limited exploitable 400 international participants and 400 Liberian resources, opportunities exist for South African national participants. mining companies to mine gold, zinc and manga- nese. Since agriculture is the dominant industry, Nigeria opportunities exist for the trade of various agricul- In 2009, South Africa and Nigeria celebrated 10 tural products. Trade between the two countries years of formal and good diplomatic relations. is limited. Nigeria is one of South Africa’s largest trading partners on the African continent. Benin Former South African Deputy President, Diplomatic relations were established between Ms Baleka Mbete, co-chaired the second Review Benin and South Africa in May 1994. South Africa Council Meeting of the South Africa-Nigeria BNC and Benin maintain good bilateral relations. The with her Nigerian counterpart, Vice-President two countries signed a general cooperation agree- Dr Goodluck Jonathan, in February 2009. ment in October 2003. They have, among other The second Review Council Meeting followed a things, identified agriculture, arts and culture, and meeting of senior officials, which focused on: justice as areas of corporation. • the status of bilateral political, economic and An embassy was opened in Cotonou in trade relations between the two countries February 2007. Benin opened an embassy in • strengthening the structures of the BNC • activities for the commemoration of the 10-year The evolution of South African foreign policy anniversary of the BNC ushered in an era of trilateral cooperation whose i • political, socio-economic and continental and practical expression is found in the developmen- regional developments tal projects that South Africa is undertaking in various • issues of global interest. parts of the continent. These range from the electricity-gen- In October 2009, Deputy President Motlanthe eration project in Guinea-Conakry, the rice and vegetable hosted the 10th anniversary celebrations of the production project conducted jointly with the Government South Africa-Nigeria BNC. Vice-President Jonathan of Vietnam in Guinea-Conakry, the India-Brazil-South Africa was part of the activities, which promoted trade livestock development and agricultural project in Guinea- and investment and aimed at building cooperation Bissau, to the Cuban Medical Brigade in Mali. between South Africa and Nigeria.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 334 Pretoria in 1999. An agreement to develop and group, South Africa strives to mobilise the inter- formulate procedures for military cooperation national community to contribute to the rebuilding between South Africa and Benin, was signed in of that country, in both political and economic June 2008. terms. The agreement also includes promoting In September 2008, a framework cooperation the training of military personnel through the agreement was signed between South Africa and exchange of trainees, instructors and observers. Guinea-Bissau.

Republic of Togo Mali Diplomatic relations between South Africa and Full diplomatic relations between South Africa Togo were established in 1997. South Africa and and Mali were established in 1994. The latter Togo maintain good bilateral relations. established an embassy in Pretoria in December The South African Ambassador to Abidjan, Côte 1995. A South African embassy was established d’Ivoire, is accredited on a non-residential basis in Bamako in November 2002, and the first South to Togo. African ambassador to Mali was appointed in November 2003. Cape Verde The two countries are committed to promoting­ South Africa and Cape Verde established diplo- democracy and good governance, and there is matic relations in 1994. South Africa’s ambassa- substantial South African involvement in the Mal- dor to Senegal is also accredited as South Africa’s ian gold-mining sector. non-resident ambassador to Cape Verde, while the Mali is a strong supporter of the African Renais- Cape Verdean ambassador to Angola is accredited sance initiative and Nepad. In August 2002, the to South Africa as non-resident ambassador. Agreement on the Preservation of the Ancient In line with expanding South Africa’s effort Manuscripts in the Ahmed Baba Institute of Higher to expand its diplomatic reach on the African Learning and Islamic Research in Timbuktu was continent, regular interaction with Cape Verde is concluded between the two countries. South envisaged in the coming years, including explor- Africa is supporting a project aimed at improving ing mutually beneficial business opportunities. the preservation of these ancient manuscripts. They vary in content from religious treatises The Gambia and poems to documentary letters dealing with Full diplomatic relations between South Africa legal and commercial matters, while others relate and The Gambia were established in August to slavery, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and 1998. While South Africa’s ambassador to Sen- history – all of them subjects of immense interest egal is accredited to The Gambia as non-resident to scholars and the African population at large. ambassador, the Gambian ambassador to the AU Three major objectives of the project are to: in Addis Ababa is accredited to South Africa as • implement a conservation programme to that country’s non-resident ambassador. South protect and improve environmental storage Africa maintains an honorary consul office in The conditions for the manuscripts Gambia to look after South African interests. • rebuild the Ahmed Baba Centre to one of inter- national stature while ensuring its architectural Guinea harmony with ancient Timbuktu Diplomatic relations were established with the • promote academic study and public awareness Republic of Guinea in 1995. South Africa opened of the magnificent and ancient African and a diplomatic mission in Conakry in November Islamic heritage at Timbuktu. 2005. In January 2009, former President Motlanthe attended the official opening of a new facility that Guinea-Bissau was built in Mali to preserve the manuscripts. South Africa opened a diplomatic mission in Guinea-Bissau in February 2008. The opening Senegal of the diplomatic mission will contribute to the Bilateral relations between South Africa and Sen- strengthening of bilateral relations between South egal are based mainly on the Senegalese Govern- Africa and Guinea-Bissau. ment’s strong support for the African Renaissance South Africa is also a member of the Country- initiative and Nepad, and its strong commitment Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau with the to promoting democracy and good governance. UN Peace-Building Commission. As part of this

335 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 In September 2009, the Deputy Minister of Relations with Asia and International Relations and Cooperation, i the Middle East Mr Ebrahim Ebrahim, co-chaired the South Af- The People’s Republic of China rica-China Strategic Dialogue Forum with his coun- The South Africa-China bilateral relationship con- terpart from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Assistant tinues to be one of the most dynamic partnerships Minister Zhai Jun. of its kind. During 2008, South Africa and China The South Africa-China Strategic Dialogue Forum is an celebrated 10 years of diplomatic relations, which annual consultation between South Africa and the PRC. were observed through a series of high-level Accordingly, the 2009/10 session of the forum exam- political and economic exchanges; journalistic ined ways to further build on strong relations by focusing, exchanges; think-tank seminars and academic among other things, on: engagements; as well as trade expos; cultural • reviewing bilateral relations shows; and a hospitality suite in China. • African issues and China’s policy towards Africa In 2009, South Africa started its prepara- • multilateral cooperation and international develop- tions for participating in the Shanghai World ments. Expo 2010, under the theme Better Cities, Bet- ter Life where it will have a national pavilion of 2 000 m2 that will allow the country to be show- Full diplomatic relations between South Africa cased as a modern, vibrant economy. Regarded as and Senegal were established in May 1994 and the Olympics of economy and S&T, the expo will the two countries’ representative offices were also afford South Africa the platform to promote upgraded to embassy level. the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ and leverage further The former Minister of Foreign Affairs, opportunities for trade and FDI. Dr Dlamini Zuma, co-chaired the inaugural session During 2008/09, the countries also continued to of the South Africa-Senegal Joint Commission for work on common positions through coordinated Bilateral Cooperation, with her Senegalese coun- high-level meetings between President Hu Jintao terpart, Dr Cheikh Tidiane Gadio, on 30 April 2008. and former President Motlanthe to address the During the session, the two countries agreed to global financial crisis. The two countries shared cooperate in various areas. ideas on how to deal with peace, security and The session also enabled the signing of developmental challenges on the African conti- the bilateral Defence Cooperation Agreement. nent. In this regard, the Forum for China-Africa Agreements on sports cooperation, agriculture, Cooperation Senior Officials meeting in Egypt livestock development and minerals and energy and the launch of the offices of the China-Africa were signed in 2008. Development Fund (CADF) were among some of the significant developments. Sierra Leone More opportunities for Chinese investment South Africa and Sierra Leone established into Africa opened up with the announcement diplomatic relations in 1998. The South African that China was to bolster the CADF by an addi- ambassador in Côte d’Ivoire was accredited to tional R19,8 billion. The state-run equity fund Sierra Leone in December 2002. had already invested in 20 projects, totalling Although the country remains poor, various R3,9 billion in Africa since it was established in accomplishments towards promoting democracy June 2007. The CADF opened its first South Afri- and development have been achieved. can office in Johannesburg in March 2009. The CADF set up offices in more African countries to Niger accelerate the level of mutual cooperation. This Diplomatic relations were established between was a major step for Sino-African cooperation Niger and South Africa in May 1994. South Africa and a positive sign for economic development in and Niger maintain good bilateral relations. Africa. South Africa is represented in Niger on a The fund, which is the first of its kind, was non-residential basis by its ambassador in Côte launched after Chinese President Jintao made a d’Ivoire. Niger is represented in South Africa by its pledge in 2006 to increase Chinese aid to Africa. ambassador in Ethiopia. The president was speaking at the China-Africa Cooperation Summit held in Beijing.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 336 China planned to double its assistance to OD and to formulate a common message to the Africa by 2009. This encompassed an amount of G20 London Summit on the impact of the global R29,8 million in preferential loans, R19,9 million economic crisis on Africa. in preferential buyers’ credits to Africa, In spite of the global economic crisis, Japan the establishment of the R49,7-billion CADF and has continued with financial support for African the waiving of debts owed to China by a number development and committed itself to doubling of poor African countries. ODA to and private investment in Africa by 2012. In 2008, the Industrial and Commercial Bank South Africa is not eligible for Japanese of China acquired a 20% stake in Standard Bank. grant-aid but benefited through capacity-building The deal, valued at R54 billion was the largest training of officials through the Accelerated and single investment into South Africa, and was also Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA) China’s biggest financial investment ever. China and Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition had also invested in the mining, construction and (Jipsa) focused activities of the Japan Interna- motoring sectors, as well as the electronic goods tional Cooperation Agency in South Africa. industry in South Africa, its major trading partner Volunteers also provide educational training, on the continent. South Africa, in turn, has several especially in Mathematics and Science. major investments in China. The Republic of Korea (Rok) Central and East Asia Relations between South Africa and the Rok Japan continue to be enhanced through regular interac- In 2008/09, South Africa’s bilateral relation- tion under the auspices of the Policy Consultative ship with Japan continued to expand across a Forum. wide spectrum and is strengthened with regular The Rok hosted South Africa at the fourth Policy interaction under the auspices of the Partnership Consultative Forum in Seoul in December 2008. Forum. The forum provides a framework for con- Trade relations between the two countries remain tinued discussions on various areas of coopera- strong with the Rok becoming South Africa’s tion to strengthen, develop and broaden bilateral fourth-largest trading partner in Asia. relations. As part of Korea’s contribution to Jipsa, the Rok Japan hosted South Africa at the ninth Partner- has offered a number of skills-training opportuni- ship Forum meeting in Tokyo in January 2009. ties to the South African youth. South Africa continued to place high priority on The Rok demonstrated a growing commitment economic diplomacy in its relations with Japan, to Africa, and hosted the Korea-Africa Economic which is an important source of FDI and tourism. Conference in October 2008, during which devel- In 2008, Japan remained South Africa’s largest opment assistance agreements were concluded trading partner worldwide. with nine African states. These include: infrastruc- On the multilateral front, the Tokyo International ture development, sustainable natural-resources Conference on African Development (TICAD) is development, agriculture and rural development aimed at promoting high-level policy dialogue and capacity-building for information and com- between African leaders and development part- munications technology excellence. ners. The TICAD also seeks to mobilise support for Democratic People’s Republic of Korea African-owned development initiatives. As such, (DPRK) Japan promoted African socio-economic develop- Relations between South Africa and the DPRK are ment in line with AU and Nepad priority projects, cordial. In 2008, the two countries celebrated six through ODA and financing provided in terms of years of diplomatic relations. the TICAD programme of action. At TICAD IV in May 2008, “Africa’s Voice” was Central Asia reflected in the Yokohama Declaration and an out- The economies of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, comes document (OD) was adopted for the first Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are all at time in the 15-year history of the TICAD process. various stages of change and development. A follow-up mechanism to monitor the imple- Diplomatic representation has been established mentation of the OD was also adopted. with that country and a senior delegation from the In March 2009, the TICAD IV ministerial fol- then Department of Foreign Affairs paid a working low-up meeting was held in Gaborone, Botswana, visit to that country in December 2008. to report on the implementation of the TICAD IV

337 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Discussions with the ministry included mecha- • exchange information, expertise, technologies nisms to strengthen the bilateral relationship in and skills both political and economic fields. • promote intragovernmental cooperation in a broad range of areas, including agriculture, New Asian-African Strategic Partnership climate change/environment, culture, defence, South Africa and Indonesia were instrumental in education, energy, health, human settlements, the launch of the NAASP in Bandung in 2005 on information society, public administration, rev- the 50th anniversary of the Asia-Africa (Bandung) enue administration, S&T, social development, Conference, which cemented Afro-Asian solidar- trade and investment, tourism and transport. ity. NAASP represents a commitment to help build The first IBSA Summit took place in Brasilia in closer economic and development cooperation 2006, the second in South Africa in 2007 and the between Africa and Asia. third in New Delhi in 2008. In May 2008, the first A conference on capacity-building for Palestine joint IBSA naval exercises took place in South (a joint initiative by the NAASP and co-chaired by African waters. The next summit took place in Indonesia and South Africa) took place in 2008 Brazil in October 2009, where the emphasis was in Indonesia. Almost 220 participants from 56 on finding ways to enhance implementation of the countries participated in the conference. 20 bilateral agreements already signed by this The first NAASP Summit is due to be held in tripartite initiative. South Africa during 2010. Apart from strengthening trilateral cooperation, IBSA countries are committed to collective efforts Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Re- to reform the UN Security Council (UNSC), as well gional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) as the international financial architecture and The IOR-ARC is a multilateral organisation com- to take joint steps to mitigate the effects of the prising countries that share a shoreline along the global financial crisis. Indian Ocean. It was launched in March 1997 The three countries have also agreed to in Mauritius to focus mainly on trade-related redouble their efforts to promote transport inter- issues. The IOR-ARC plays an important role as connectivity through the adoption of cooperative building block for the promotion of South-South maritime and aviation frameworks that will assist cooperation and for complementing African-Asian in facilitating the new intra-IBSA trade target of regional integration. US$25 billion by 2015. South Africa has given its full weight to the The IBSA Facility Fund for Hunger and Pov- economic and strategic significance of the Indian erty Alleviation focuses on poverty-alleviation Ocean Rim, and to the importance of regional initiatives to benefit developing countries most cooperation in fulfilling the region’s substantial in need. In 2006, IBSA received the South-South economic potential. Alliance Award at the South-South Partnership South Africa’s total trade with IOR countries Awards ceremony in New York for “spearheading stands at more than R140 billion. The ninth annual the transformation of South-South concepts of Council of Ministers Meeting took place in Yemen development into action through strategic public- in June 2009. private partnership alliances”. In addition to the already implemented and operational projects South Africa, India and Brazil (IBSA) in Haiti (solid waste management) and Guinea- In 1999/00, the idea of South-South cooperation Bissau (agricultural development), projects in as a counterpoint to the G8 was conceptualised Cape Verde (safe drinking water and rehabilitation among a number of heads of state and govern- of a community centre); Palestine (sports facility); ment from developing countries. Following this, Lao People’s Republic (watershed management); trilateral consultations between South Africa, and Burundi (HIV and AIDS capacity-building) India and Brazil were formally launched in Brasilia were approved during 2008. on 6 June 2003. Minister Nkoana-Mashabane, the Minister of The main objectives of the IBSA Dialogue External Affairs of India, Mr SM Krishna, and the Forum are to: Minister of External Relations of Brazil, Ambas- • promote South-South dialogue and co- sador Celso Amorim, met in Brasilia on 31 August operation on global political and multilateral and 1 September 2009 for the sixth IBSA Trilateral issues of importance Ministerial Commission. • promote trade and investment opportunities In October 2009, President Zuma undertook a between the three regions state visit to Brazil, supported by several ministers and senior government officials.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 338 South Asia Its important components are to engage Key countries in the region are India, Pakistan, through revolving lines of credit, capacity-building Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, all with programmes and supporting Africa in attaining which South Africa has cordial and growing rela- the MDGs. tions. The escalation of terrorist activities in the Following the Mumbai terrorist attacks and the region, apart from the conflict in Afghanistan and March 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka cricket team its spill-over into Pakistan, has become a major in Pakistan, the Indian Premier League cricket concern as it threatens regional stability and eco- tournament was moved to South Africa, confirm- nomic growth, as well as international security. ing the strong bilateral relations, and especially The civil war in Sri Lanka has ended. However, a substantial two-way tourism growth between lasting political solution still needs to be secured. South Africa and India. In line with strengthening South Africa’s bilat- eral political and economic ties with Sri Lanka, a South-East Asia full high commission with a resident high com- The regional grouping, the Association of South- missioner was established in January 2008. East Asian Nations (Asean), has emerged as one The opening of a fully fledged South African of the most important groupings within the Asia high commission in Colombo was based on grow- Pacific region. South Africa maintains resident ing bilateral trade links, historic links with the missions in six of the 10 member states of Tamil community in South Africa and a desire to Asean, namely in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, contribute to the peaceful resolution of conflict in Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. These six Sri Lanka, as well as the importance of the island Asean states, as well as Myanmar (Burma), also state in multilateral affairs and within the South maintain resident missions in South Africa. Asian region. There has been an exchange of state visits With the opening of South Africa’s high com- between South Africa and countries of the region mission in Sri Lanka, diplomatic relations with since the normalisation of relations post-1994. Bangladesh were no longer covered by the South During 2008/09, bilateral relations with South- African high commission in India, but by the South East Asia remained steady and cordial and were African mission in Colombo. further strengthened through numerous ministe- Bilateral trade between South Africa and India rial visits to the region for either bilateral purposes has continued to grow since the establishment of or to attend international meetings. diplomatic relations between the two countries There are many long-term trade and invest- after South Africa’s democratisation. India is one ment opportunities for South African companies in of South Africa’s top 10 trading partners globally. the region. Trade with South-East Asia continues India is South Africa’s dominant political and to grow, totalling around R18 billion annually in economic partner in the South Asian region – both 2007. within bilateral and multilateral contexts. Bilateral Thailand has emerged as the most important trade relations continue to strengthen, as the trading partner. Indonesia, with its population ever-increasing trade volumes between the two of almost 250 million, offers interesting market countries suggest (up from R22 billion in 2007 to opportunities. Singapore has important invest- R47 billion in 2008). ments in the Coega project in the Eastern Cape, The seventh session of the Joint Ministerial and in the ship-building project at Richards Bay Commission (JMC) took place in Pretoria in Febru- in KwaZulu-Natal. ary 2008 and demonstrated India’s commitment The trilateral project between South Africa, to cooperation with South Africa in many areas of Vietnam and the Republic of Guinea relating to mutual interest, especially in the area of support the production of rice and vegetables in Guinea to HR development. was implemented during 2008. It is progressing The inaugural Africa-India Summit in April 2008 well, contributing to food security in Africa and is was witness to the possible advent of a welcome receiving international interest. opening of Indian markets for African products. The ruling party in South Africa has long-stand- The forum aims to develop a sustainable partner- ing solidarity links with the present Government of ship based on the joint acceptance of globalisation Timor Leste and is eager to assist that country in and the establishment of a strong commitment to its reconstruction. While South Africa served as a the development and industrialisation of Africa. non-permanent member of the UNSC from 2007 to 2008, it was appointed as Lead Nation on Timor

339 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Leste. At the UN General Assembly (UNGA) 63, and five fellowships to South Africans in terms of South Africa signed the Framework Agreement for Jipsa. Australia’s Federal Parliamentary Secretary Technical Cooperation with Timor Leste, paving for International Development Assistance visited the way to assist the country in its development. South Africa in September 2008. The Minister of International Relations and Senior officials meetings (SOMs) have been Cooperation hosted her counterpart from Timor held on a regular basis since 2004. The politi- Leste, Dr Zacarias da Costa, during an official visit cal relationship has been further strengthened in August 2009. through visits by numerous high-level delegations South Africa deals with Myanmar mostly to Australia to gain expertise in their different through multilateral organisations. Following the fields and to exchange knowledge to enhance devastating cyclone that struck Myanmar in May capacity-building in central, provincial and local- 2008, South Africa made a donation to the UN’s government structures. humanitarian system to alleviate the plight of the South Africa and Australia enjoy wide-ranging people of Myanmar. multilateral relations. Both – together with New Zealand, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay – are mem- Australasia and the Pacific islands bers of the Valdivia Group (Group of Temperate Relations with Australia and New Zealand have Southern Hemisphere Countries on Environment), shown sound development over the years, with which aims to promote southern-hemisphere strong growth trends in terms of trade and tour- views in international environmental meetings ism. Total bilateral trade with Australasia and the and enhance scientific cooperation. They enjoy Pacific Islands increased by 47% from R16 billion a close working relationship within the context to R23 billion between 2004 and 2007. of the Antarctic Treaty and Indian Ocean fisher- Similarly, tourism showed an increase of more ies, and also interact regularly within the context than 10% annually and visitors from Australasia of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the constitute nearly half the total number of tourists Cairns Group. from Asia and the Middle East. South Africa and Australia also work closely on Australia and New Zealand have been signifi- Commonwealth issues, particularly those affect- cant recipients of South African emigrants over the ing Africa. past 16 years. These two countries have become On 26 February 2009, South Africa and Aus- home to an estimated 130 000 and 60 000 South tralia issued a joint communiqué, committing to African emigrants, respectively. enhance collaboration in the development of a From an economic point of view, Australia is coordinated scientific and technical programme South Africa’s most significant partner in the for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) pathfinder region. In 2007, Australia was South Africa’s telescopes, the South African pathfinder MeerKAT 12th-largest export and 16th-largest import and the Australian SKA pathfinder. market. South Africa and Australia continue their high South Africa and Australia established dip- level of cooperation in sport matters after the lomatic relations in 1947 and enjoy cordial signing in May 2009 of an agreement of co- political and economic ties. As campaigns for the operation that will benefit both countries. international isolation of South Africa intensified Australia assists with several successful in the 1970s and 1980s, successive Austral- sport-development programmes, particularly in ian governments placed Australia firmly in the the Eastern Cape and the agreement will see the anti-apartheid camp, supporting UN resolutions aligning of those programmes with the policies against apartheid and implementing the oil, trade and programmes of Sport and Recreation South and arms embargo as well as a sports boycott Africa. against South Africa. The agreement focuses on the exchange of Since 1994, political, economic and social links information, particularly in the fields of coaching, between the two countries have improved signifi- technical sport matters and Australia’s expertise cantly. A South Africa-Australian JMC came into in stadium and sport-facility management. being with the signing of a joint communiqué by New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria. the respective ministers of trade in July 1997. The South African high commission in Wellington In 2006, former Deputy President Phumzile was opened in April 2009. Mlambo-Ngcuka led a delegation to Australia and Since 1994, political, economic and social links New Zealand to reinvigorate the relationship. As between the two countries have improved sig- a result, Australia offers 10 annual scholarships nificantly. In 1996, the Cape Town Communiqué

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 340 was signed, seeking to strengthen cooperation In July 2008, former Minister Dlamini Zuma between South Africa and New Zealand. New attended the 10th session of the South Africa- Zealand’s former Prime Minister, Ms Helen Clark, Iran JC in Tehran. The JC serves as a vehicle to visited South Africa in 2006 to attend the Progres- promote and advance bilateral cooperation in the sive Summit. areas of drug trafficking, disaster management, In February 2008, the former Minister of For- health, housing, arts and culture, tourism, sport, eign Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, held bilateral dis- investment, mining, S&T, agriculture, labour, cussions with her counterpart from New Zealand, transport and energy. Mr Winston Peters. The fourth SOMs between The fourth South Africa-Iran Deputy Ministerial South Africa and New Zealand were hosted by Working Group was held in September 2009 in South Africa in October 2008. Teheran. The two countries also work closely on Com- South Africa and the Sultanate of Oman estab- monwealth issues, particularly those affecting lished diplomatic relations in 1995 and, with Africa. a view to strengthening relations, a number of The South African Government has strength- bilateral agreements have been signed, which ened relations with the Pacific Islands region, include an S&T cooperation agreement, an MoU opening a resident high commission in Suva, Fiji, in the field of law, as well an agreement on double in 2006. taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion. The high commissioner in Canberra, Aus- The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and South tralia, has been accredited to the Cook Islands, Africa have enjoyed good bilateral relations since Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the formal establishment of diplomatic relations Marshall Islands, the Republic of Vanuatu and the in 1994. This bilateral relationship has been char- Independent State of Samoa. acterised by several high-level visits and a high degree of trade and economic interaction, with Relations with the Middle East thrice daily flights between Dubai and Johan- South Africa and Qatar enjoy good bilateral rela- nesburg and a large South African expatriate tions dating back to 1994. Qatar contains oil community in the UAE. reserves of 15,21 billion barrels, while its natural With regard to the Middle East Peace Process, gas reserves exceed 25 trillion cubic meters. South Africa supports just, equitable and compre- The first round of bilateral consultations were hensive peace between Israel and Palestine and held in February 2009 with the Assistant Foreign an end to the illegal occupation of land that has Minister for Follow-Up Affairs of the State of Qatar, led to conflict and violence between the peoples Mr Mohammed Al-Rumaihi. of the region. Kuwait has become an increasingly important Peace and security for the Israelis and the market for South African exports and several Palestinians cannot be achieved without the Kuwaiti companies have made major multimil- fulfilment of the inalienable right of the Palestin- lion-rand investments in the construction and ian people to self-determination within their own development of hotels and real estate in South sovereign state. Africa, as well as on the JSE Limited. South Africa has continued to call on all par- The third session of the South Africa-Saudi Ara- ties to the conflict in Israel and Palestine to avoid bia Joint Commission (JC) was held in February actions that could add to an already volatile situa- 2009 in Johannesburg. The JC, which promotes tion. The country has been consistent in calling for multilayered relations between the two countries, the immediate implementation of the Road Map, had a special focus on trade and investment without preconditions, to achieve comprehensive initiatives. and lasting peace between Israel and Palestine. During the JC, a joint business council was South Africa has been supporting all interna- established to promote commercial relations tional efforts to help the people of Palestine and between South Africa and Saudi Arabia. To Israel in their endeavour to find lasting peace. In enhance scientific and technological cooperation, this regard, South Africa has supported resolutions an agreement on cooperation in the field of S&T in the UNSC and in the UNGA, calling for parties was also signed. to take certain steps to normalise the situation Since the re-establishment of diplomatic rela- and for an end to Israeli settlement activity in the tions with the Islamic Republic of Iran in May occupied Palestinian Territory. 1994, South Africa and that country have shared South Africa has also voiced its concern with mutually beneficial trade and political relations. respect to the continued blockade of Gaza and

341 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 has urged all parties within Gaza and the occu- African Contingency Operations Training Assist- pied West Bank and Israel, to find a solution to ance Programme, which is aimed at enhancing the insurmountable suffering being experienced peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance. by ordinary people on the ground. South Africa Another important pillar of South Africa’s rela- strongly condemned the Israeli war against Gaza. tions with the USA is “people-to-people” interac- tion where a wide range of individuals and institu- Relations with the Americas tions continue to interact on a regular basis. United States of America The overall bilateral relationship with the USA Canada remains strong with cooperation expanding on In May 2008, the fifth bilateral annual consulta- matters of common interest and mutual benefit. tions (ACs) between South Africa and Canada The election of President Barack Obama in took place in Pretoria. The AC is the primary August 2008 presents new opportunities for the forum in which issues of mutual interest and bilateral relationship and global interactions in concern receive specific focus. It also serves to coordinating a response to serious challenges. direct and focus all areas of cooperation between Efforts within the bilateral relationship to South Africa and Canada for the year. The agenda enhance cooperation on issues of mutual impor- continued to increase in terms of scope, includ- tance were underscored by various high-level ing issues such as Africa, peace and security visits and included the visit of US Secretary of cooperation, trade and investment, mining and State, Ms Hillary Clinton, to South Africa in 2009. nuclear cooperation, S&T, arts and culture, polic- Minister Nkoana-Mashabane participated in ing and capacity-building in the context of Jipsa the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) delib- and AsgiSA. There was progress on the draft erations, which took place in Kenya during August mutual customs cooperation and bilateral nuclear 2009. Under the AGOA: cooperation agreements and a sports-exchange • South Africa is one of the three beneficiaries, programme, including cooperation on the hosting the others being Nigeria and Angola of sport events such as the 2010 World Cup, was • South Africa’s exports to the USA are the most signed. diversified when compared to other sub- A steady growth in regular high-level visits Saharan African countries’ exports in both directions further serves to cement and • bilateral trade between the USA and South expand the mutually beneficial interaction in all Africa is boosted and it is estimated that about spheres. 98% of South African and other sub-Saharan Canada’s ODA to South Africa is aimed at foster- African countries’ exports to the USA receive ing social upliftment, policy development, welfare preferential treatment. transformation, training programmes, capacity- In May 2008, the South Africa-USA Annual Bilateral building, education and skills exchange. For the Forum was held to assess the progress made on period 2008 to 2013, the amount of Canadian bilateral cooperation activities, to identify areas for ODA to South Africa amounts to R250 million. further cooperation enhancement and to address Canada is one of the largest foreign direct the challenges of the bilateral relationship. investors in South Africa to the amount of about Through the global economic slowdown, South R30 billion. South Africa is Canada’s major trading Africa remained one of the USA’s leading trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa. partners in Africa with trade amounting to about The implementation of a trade and investment R100 billion, and South Africa enjoying a trade round-table consultative process was recognised surplus of about R20 billion. In addition, the Trade as a significant step in creating a dedicated and and Investment Development Cooperation Agree- hands-on approach to address the trade and ment was signed on 14 July 2008. investment relationship between South Africa and The USA has further played a supportive role Canada. It was also agreed that a similar approach in South Africa’s efforts in its fight against com- be adopted with mining issues and the first min- municable and infectious diseases, especially in ing round-table was held in November 2008. the context of the President’s Emergency Plan At the time, Canada was one of the largest for- for AIDS relief, which received a commitment of eign investors in the South African mining sector, R4,3 billion in 2008. with 17 Canadian exploration and mining compa- South Africa and the USA have also had nies active in this country. Of the total Canadian continued interaction regarding military medical FDI in South Africa, an estimated R14,5 billion research within the Phidisa Programme, and the represented capital assets in the mining sector.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 342 Canada is particularly involved in Africa in areas The European Union is South Africa’s largest such as the Great Lakes and Sudan. Canada was development partner, representing about 70% of i expected to invest up to R2 billion in Sudan during all overseas development assistance, with South 2008/09 in security, diplomacy and aid. Africa earmarked to receive €980 million between The first South Africa-Canada bilateral co- 2007 and 2013. The European Investment Bank has also operation projects in the region were also identi- approved a loan mandate of €900 million for South Africa. fied and implemented. South Africa and Canada also cooperated on preparations for the Ghana Conference on Aid Effectiveness. Latin America The South American community of nations covers The Caribbean 17 million square kilometres, with 361 million South Africa enjoys cordial relations with the inhabitants, a gross domestic product of more countries of the Caribbean (Caricom). The South than US$973 billion and exports of more than African embassy in Cuba is accredited to the US$180 billion. Dominican Republic, while the South African high The developing countries in Central America and commission in Kingston, Jamaica, is accredited to the Andean Community are playing an increasingly 15 Caricom countries. A high commission, headed important role in international political bodies and by a chargé d’affaires, was established in Trinidad formations such as the Non-Aligned Movement and Tobago in 2006. (NAM) and the UN. The majority of the people of the Caribbean are Bilateral relations with Latin America and the of African descent and thus have strong histori- Caribbean will continue advancing the develop- cal and cultural links with the continent of Africa. ment agenda of the South and the strengthening South Africa’s endeavour, in conjunction with the of cooperation among developing countries AU, to strengthen cooperation between Africa and through active participation in groupings of the the African Diaspora in the Caribbean, has given South at regional, interregional and multilateral added impetus to bilateral and multilateral rela- levels. Of particular importance is the need to tions. build stronger and balanced relationships with Trinidad and Tobago has vast resources of Latin American countries. natural gas and is a manufacturing and transport Bilateral relations with Latin America will be hub in the region. In formulating South Africa’s used to enhance economic, scientific, techni- policy in relation to the emerging markets of the cal and business opportunities through bilateral Caribbean, it is important to strengthen relations mechanisms such JBCs. Opportunities for inter- and develop common positions on global issues actions with the G5 will be monitored continually. such as access to the markets of the industrial There is also significant potential for co- North, reform of international institutions and the operation with the Mercosur (Southern Common promotion of the development agenda. Market) trading bloc, which consists of Argentina, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, the Dominican Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela as full Republic and Suriname have established resident members (Venezuela still to be ratified by Brazil missions in South Africa. and Paraguay), and a steadily increasing number The Deputy Minister of International Relations of associate members in the Latin American and Cooperation, Mr Ebrahim Ebrahim, co-chaired region. A partial preferential trade agreement the seventh South Africa-Cuba Joint Consultative with the Mercosur was completed in mid-2008. Mechanism meeting in June 2009, in Havana, Negotiations are expected to continue towards a Cuba. full FTA. Brazil remains a significant player in the multi- In September 2009, President Jacob Zuma, sup- lateral context, particularly regarding the interests of the South. With its like-minded approach to a ported by a number of top government officials, i visited Isla Margarita in Venezuela for the second number of significant issues affecting the devel- Africa-South America Summit. oping world, it remains a strategic partner for While in Venezuela, President Zuma also used the op- South Africa. portunity to hold bilateral meetings with his Latin American In the bilateral sphere, a broad range of con- counterparts, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez, Chilean tacts and exchanges are ongoing between Brazil President, Dr Michelle Bachelet, and Uruguay’s President, and South Africa in a variety of fields. Mr Tabare Vazquesz. President Zuma undertook a state visit to Brazil in October 2009, supported by several ministers and senior government officials. The visit took

343 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 place within the context of consolida­ting South- The summit was preceded by the ninth South South cooperation, strengthening the existing Africa-EU Ministerial Troika meeting to discuss bilateral ties and regional partnership and deep- the implementation of the South Africa-EU strate- ening cooperation on the trilateral and multilateral gic partnership joint action plan and future areas levels between South Africa and Brazil. of cooperation, as well as EU-Africa relations and The JC with Brazil was held in Pretoria in 2009, issues of peace and security in Africa. as was the JMC. A range of technical and commercial agree- African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) ments are either in place or being negotiated with States-European Union relations several of the countries in the region. South Africa assumed full membership of the ACP The second meeting of the South Africa-Argen- group of countries in 1996. It became a qualified tine JC took place in Buenos Aires in December member of the Lomé Convention in 1997 and of 2008, co-chaired by former Minister of Foreign its successor, the Cotonou Partnership Agreement Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, and her Argentine coun- (CPA), signed in Cotonou in June 2000. terpart, Mr Jorge Taiana. The CPA is a framework for cooperation Official and study visits to countries of the between the 78 countries of the ACP group and Southern Cone by ministers and officials are the EU. The new EU members that acceded in May ongoing. 2004 adopted the agreement as part of the EU’s legislative infrastructure. Relations with Europe Qualified membership means that South Africa European Union is excluded from the trade regime provided in President Zuma co-chaired the second South the agreement and from the provisions on ODA. Africa-EU Summit with his Swedish counterpart, South Africa can, however, tender for projects in Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, in September all ACP countries and participate fully in all politi- 2009 in Kleinmond, outside Cape Town. cal instruments of the agreement. South Africa’s The EU delegation was led by Mr Reinfeldt and economic relations with the EU are governed by included Mr José Manuel Barroso, President of the TDCA. the European Commission (EC), Dr Javier Solana, The CPA differs significantly from its predeces- Secretary General of the Council of the EU and sor in that its duration will be 20 years, with a High Representative for Common Foreign and revision clause every five years and a financial Security Policy, and other senior EU officials. protocol for each five-year period. The agreement The primary objectives of these joint discus- underscores the importance of regional economic sions were to further deepen South Africa-EU cooperation. relations and to address issues of mutual interest The most far-reaching changes are to be and concern, including many of the key national introduced in the area of trade, through regional priorities, namely health, education, rural devel- economic partnership agreements, where non- opment, job creation and combating crime. reciprocal preferences will be gradually abolished The summit assessed progress on the and regional integration processes encouraged. implementation of the South Africa-EU strategic One of the key aspects of South Africa’s mem- partnership. Other issues on the agenda of dis- bership of the ACP is its active participation­ in cussions included: the three ACP-EU joint political organs, namely • the ongoing negotiations on the SADC-EU eco- the Council of Ministers, the Joint Parliamentary nomic partnership agreements Assembly and the Committee of Ambassadors. • the global financial crisis South Africa takes part in dialogue on important • climate change issues such as peace-building, conflict resolution, • peace and security in Africa respect for human rights, democratic principles • the Middle East and the rule of law. South Africa regularly par- • preparations for the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. ticipates in ACP summits, Council of Ministers’ A key outcome during the summit was the signing meetings, trade ministers’ meetings and the ACP of the amending agreement to the South Africa-EU Forum on S&T. Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement The interest and commitment shown by (TDCA). The amending agreement included 35 the EU regarding the African continent and its new and revised non-trade chapter articles, which development is encouraging. Within that context, were negotiated following the mid-term review of the EC and the Nepad Secretariat are closely the TDCA. cooperating through established structures and

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 344 regular dialogue and information-sharing. They German-speaking countries have also agreed to increase coherence between Since 1994, the relationship between South EU member states and the EC in support of Africa and Germany has developed into a strong Nepad projects, the AU and its institutions, and socio-economic and political partnership that has the RECs. shown considerable growth in many areas. In March 2009, the former South African Min- Benelux countries ister of Foreign Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, visited The Benelux countries remain important trade Berlin for bilateral discussions with German For- and investment partners of South Africa, and eign Minister, Mr Frank-Walter Steinmeier. major tourist-providers. The four-nation European visit was aimed at South Africa enjoys close political relations with consolidating bilateral political, economic and the Netherlands and Belgium, and engages in trade relations with European countries while substantial and fruitful cooperation partnerships advancing North-South relations and consolidat- with these countries. ing the African Agenda. In this context, former The focus on establishing trilateral cooperation Minister Dlamini Zuma visited Switzerland, the to promote peace, security and economic diplo- United Kingdom (UK), Germany and Denmark. macy are continuing, with special emphasis on Discussions between Dr Dlamini Zuma and initiatives in support of Jipsa and AsgiSA. Minister Steinmeier focused on, among other The Belgian Government continues to take a things: keen interest in South and southern Africa, and • a review of bilateral political, economic and the Great Lakes Region, particularly the DRC. trade relations between the two countries There is a regular exchange of views between • the forthcoming G20 meeting South Africa and Belgium on the issues and the • reform of the global financial architecture complicated processes necessary to find durable • consolidation of the African Agenda solutions to the conflicts in the region. • preparations for the Confederations Cup and In October 2007, the second session of the the 2010 World Cup. Belgium-South Africa JC was held in Pretoria, Bilateral relations between South Africa and Ger- with the focus on bilateral political and economic many remain sound, dynamic and wide-ranging. relations, promotion of the African Agenda, devel- Relations cover a wide variety of issues, including opment cooperation and collaboration within the investment and trade, S&T, defence, culture, envi- context of the UNSC. ronment, tourism, sport, development cooperation Cooperation with Flanders is very strong. A sub- and energy. stantial portion of the total Flemish ODA budget Relations between South Africa and Switzerland is devoted to South Africa and the programme is have continued to grow since 1994. As a result of in line with AsgiSA and Jipsa, especially in the democratic changes in South Africa, Switzerland areas of skills development and the development decided to grant South Africa special status on the of small, medium and micro-enterprises. Swiss foreign-policy agenda as one of the focus The Dutch Government has consistently sup- areas for Swiss interests outside Europe. ported South Africa in terms of bilateral and Bilateral relations with the Republic of Austria multilateral relations. A large number of bilateral are sound. Besides engaging the Austrian Govern- agreements have been signed and high-level ment at national level in support of development bila­teral ministerial meetings are held frequently. programmes, increased economic involvement, In April 2008, former Deputy President Mlam- and support for the African Agenda, provincial bo-Ngcuka led a government delegation on an partnerships with key Austrian provinces have official visit to the Netherlands. The visit served also resulted in increased business ties and to strengthen bilateral relations and emphasised commitments to support training programmes human development support from that country. for South African students. Closer cooperation Luxembourg and South Africa enjoy good in the field of renewable energies is expected to bilateral relations. High-level visits between the intensify in the future. two countries take place regularly. The Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Mr Jean Assel- Nordic countries born, visited South Africa in November 2008. The South Africa enjoys good relations with all the visit served to strengthen bilateral and economic Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, relations, especially in the financial services and Norway and Sweden). Flowing from the strong funds sectors. grassroots support in these countries for demo-

345 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 cratisation in South Africa, relations have been Denmark hosted the UNFCCC in Copenhagen established in virtually every field at both public in December 2009. and official levels. The scope of Nordic develop- At the end of November 2009, King Harald V ment cooperation is broad and has benefited and Queen Sonja of Norway paid a state visit civil society and government. to South Africa. They were accompanied by a Relations in the international arena have seen delegation of more that 100 business leaders. close cooperation on multilateral issues. The A number of bilateral agreements were signed Nordic countries are strong supporters of Nepad that will improve cooperation between South and are directly involved in conflict resolution Africa and Norway. and reconstruction projects in Africa. This was reinforced through the signing of the Declara- United Kingdom and Ireland tion of Intent on Partnerships in Africa in June The UK is one of the largest foreign direct 2008, which laid a framework for future trilateral investors into South Africa and consistently cooperation. occupies the third position in terms of South In March 2009, the former Minister of Foreign African exports. With the number of tourists per Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, joined Nordic and year approaching half a million, the UK is also African foreign ministers at the eighth session of South Africa’s most important overseas tourism the Nordic-African Informal Foreign Ministerial market. Meeting in Copenhagen. They discussed, among The UK, through its Department for Interna- other things, climate change and its effects on tional Development as implementing arm, seeks Africa, peace and security challenges in Africa to promote development and reduce poverty in and UN issues. Africa and spends on average £20 million a year South Africa and Denmark signed a Declara- in South Africa. The UK took the lead initiatives tion on Bilateral Relations during the visit to in putting the plight of Africa on the agenda South Africa in January 2009 by the Danish of the G8 discussions held in the UK in 2005, Foreign Minister, Ms Ulla Toernaes. advocating for additional resource requirements Minister Nkoana-Mashabane held a meeting to tackle poverty and vulnerability in Africa. with Ms Toernaes on the margins of the World This was continued through the UK Govern- Economic Forum on Africa, in Cape Town in June ment’s hosting of the “London Summit” in April 2009. 2009, which focused on the alleviation of the Issues for discussion, among other things, effects of the global financial crisis on develop- included: ing nations. • bilateral cooperation between the two coun- South Africa’s relationship with the UK cov- tries ers a wide spectrum and remains sound. The • South Africa’s candidature for the position main areas of cooperation are political, trade of the Director-General of the International and investment, security, defence, finance, tour- Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ism and other technical sectors. The defence • the situation in Zimbabwe relationship remains important for the strategic • Conference of the Parties (CoP15) of the UN interest of both countries. The UK contributed Framework Convention on Climate Change R2,3 million to the establishment of the South (UNFCCC) and climate change. African National Peace Mission Training Centre Denmark was a very strong supporter of the in Pretoria. anti-apartheid struggle and a major force in The eighth meeting of the South Africa-UK sanctions and disinvestment. In addition, Den- Bilateral Forum was held in Pretoria in July mark has always had a very active development 2008. The MoU on the Reciprocal Exchange of cooperation programme with South Africa, Healthcare Concepts and Personnel was signed which was transformed into official assistance on this occasion. from 1995. Former Irish Prime Minister, Mr Bertie Ahern, In the 2009 to 2013 programme, over paid a working visit to South Africa in January R7 billion is being disbursed to projects ranging 2008, accompanied by 50 Irish business lead- from water, energy, education, governance, the ers investigating investment and joint venture South African Police Service (SAPS), and support opportunities in South Africa. to business and HIV and AIDS. Denmark remains In February 2008, former Deputy President a strong supporter of Nepad and African devel- Mlambo-Ngcuka launched the Irish and South opment. African Heritage Project at the Nelson Mandela

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 346 Gateway to Robben Island in Cape Town. The The Deputy Minister of International Relations project is based on historical research of bilat- and Cooperation, Ms Sue van der Merwe, paid eral relations that both Ireland and South Africa an official visit to Spain in February 2009. have shared since 1994. The project will extend South Africa and Greece have strong cultural relations between the two countries, through ties through the Hellenic community in South potential exchange programmes on e-schools. Africa, which plays a positive and constructive The second session of the Ireland-South role in the reconstruction and development of Africa Partnership Forum was held in Dublin in this country. The Hellenic community in South April 2009. Africa is estimated at 60 000. Greece is the oldest and largest market for Mediterranean Europe South Africa in the Balkan Region. While Greece South Africa and the countries of Mediterranean is not a major donor country, it has contributed to Europe maintain excellent relations through education and health programmes in South Africa. several institutionalised mechanisms such as These include a US$200 000-donation to a health the South Africa-France Political Dialogue, South clinic in Sebokeng and a US$40 000-donation to Africa-Spain annual consultations and various sports facilities in Soweto and Alexandra. commissions on trade and industry; health; education; arts, culture, and S&T; and sport. Central Europe These countries are among South Africa’s top South Africa enjoys excellent relations with all the trading partners and remain large investors in countries of Central Europe. Subsequent to the the South African economy, providing not only official visit by former Deputy President Mlambo- capital inflow but also thousands of jobs. Ngcuka to the Czech Republic and the Republic of Mediterranean Europe has excelled in provid- Slovakia in May 2008, 17 South African students ing several opportunities for training in terms of got scholarships for a master’s programme in Tex- Jipsa through government and business inter- tiles Engineering and a degree in Road-Transport ventions. Management, as part of bilateral cooperation to In addition to this area of work, relations support South Africa’s Jipsa priorities. between the two countries are growing and hold The accession of seven Central European coun- much promise for the future. tries to the EU not only influenced South Africa’s South Africa and France enjoy excellent political and economic relations with these coun- political relations characterised by regular high- tries but has impacted on South Africa’s strategic level dialogue, diverse bilateral cooperation and multifaceted relations with the EU. The new programmes and growing bilateral trade. South EU member countries have opened greater scope Africa acknowledges France’s strong influence for mutually beneficial cooperation. Since most of on the continent, especially in Francophone Africa the countries in Central Europe play an important and seeks to cooperate with France wherever role in the field of S&T, emphasis on developing possible in promoting the African Agenda. more programmes of cooperation in this area France is the largest donor to and trading part- and skills development projects will continue to ner with Africa, a major investor on the continent receive priority attention. and is a traditional champion of Africa and the During the 2008/09 financial year, successful developing world on issues such as debt relief, bilateral political and economic engagements sustainable development and mitigating the were held with Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Lithua- negative effects of globalisation. nia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia. Italy and South Africa have agreed to deepen The department’s focus in the 2009/10 finan- the level of exchanges on a number of issues cial year was to facilitate the implementation of critical to development on the African continent, decisions taken at bilateral meetings, including especially regarding peace and stability in the the integration of the Government’s key priorities Horn of Africa and post-conflict reconstruction in in bilateral programmes. the DRC and the Great Lakes Region. In February 2009, Dr Dlamini Zuma hosted Economic relations between South Africa and the Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Spain have grown at a very rapid pace, with total Minister, Mr Ivailo Kalfin, for bilateral political, trade between the two countries amounting to economic and trade discussions. R19 billion, having doubled over the past four years. Eastern Europe The Eastern Europe region is of crucial impor-

347 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 tance to South Africa’s strategic objectives, which was preceded by a workshop on nuclear- straddling across a wide spectrum of political and safety regulations and nuclear power reactors. economic interests. The region is well endowed The eighth session of Itec was held in October with strategic commodities/minerals that are of 2009. Ministers committed to exploit new trade vital importance to South Africa’s economic liveli- and investment opportunities and resolve poten- hood. Cooperation in gas and oil and peaceful use tial obstacles to bilateral cooperation. of nuclear energy can go a long way in alleviating South Africa and the Russian Federation control South Africa’s energy shortcomings. vast reserves of the word’s platinum-group met- Cooperation with Eastern European countries als and there exists a massive opportunity for is, given their advancements in the field of S&T, mutually beneficial cooperation in this area. likely to contribute effectively to South Africa and Further, Russia’s natural energy endowment in Africa’s development priorities. oil and gas, coupled by technological advance- South Africa continues to use structured bilateral ment in nuclear energy, offers South Africa oppor- mechanisms and other high-level engagements to tunities of addressing energy challenges. strengthen political and economic relations with Eastern European countries. Thus, relations with Republic of Belarus Eastern European countries, properly nurtured in The relations between South Africa and the the next three years, will contribute effectively to Republic of Belarus are progressing well. The the achievement of South Africa’s strategic objec- annual political consultations between the minis- tives and the African Agenda at large. ters of international relations of the two countries have been a foundation to explore areas for Russian Federation mutual beneficial cooperation. The Russian Federation is by far the most impor- Following the September 2008 political con- tant strategic partner in Eastern Europe. The sultations between the former Minister of Foreign Russian Federation’s membership of the G8 and Affairs, Dr Dlamini Zuma, and her counterpart, the UNSC offers South Africa an influential stra- Mr Sergei Martynov, a South African consul- tegic partner in global governance. South Africa’s general office was opened in Belarus. relations with Russia were significantly consoli- These burgeoning relations were greatly dated over the past few years through continued enhanced by the establishment of the Itec. In high-level political dialogue. Bilateral relations the main, the endeavour has identified S&T co- also expanded strongly under the umbrella of operation (especially in the areas of laser technol- the Intergovernmental Committee on Trade and ogy), the automotive sector and the consumer Economic Cooperation (Itec), a mechanism which goods sector as areas that offered good potential is likely to enhance mutual beneficial trade and for mutual benefit. The second Itec meeting was economic ties between the two countries. held in 2009 in South Africa. The Subcommittee The seven Itec subcommittees cover the follow- on S&T meets annually to map out areas for ing sectors: agriculture, education, health, S&T, future cooperation. minerals and energy, trade and industry, justice The former Minister of Arts and Culture, and the South Africa-Russia Business Council. Dr Pallo Jordan, visited Belarus in July 2008 to They facilitate strategic interactions in these sign the Programme of Action that activated the fields and hold a great promise for economic Agreement on Arts and Culture Cooperation. growth and investment opportunities. The seventh Itec Intersessional Meeting, held in Turkey November 2008, registered significant progress in Turkey is South Africa’s largest trading partner the Subcommittee on Water Resources and For- in Eastern and Central Europe. Bilateral relations estry, especially the signing of the Action Plan that between the two countries are growing and concretises and sets timelines in the work of the senior officials held political consultations in subcommittee for the coming year. It also made March 2009, which set the platform for the noteworthy headway in the area of the peaceful enhancement of political relations in the next five uses of outer space, especially the launch of the years. Sumbandila satellite in September 2009. Co- The Joint Economic Commission was estab- operation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy was lished in April 2008 and agreed to facilitate also progressing well. The JCC on Nuclear Energy cooperation in clothing and textiles, the automo- Cooperation was hosted by South Africa in 2009, tive sector, jewellery manufacturing, energy and

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 348 construction services. Furthermore, South Africa • advancing South-South cooperation through continues to strengthen cooperation to facilitate active participation in the NAM and other the implementation of the Africa-Turkey Summit South-South cooperation arrangements Declaration (i.e. the Istanbul Declaration) and • promoting the reform of the UNSC General enhance multilateral cooperation in the UN. Assembly, Ecosocc and regional organisations, and generally revitalising the UN system Multilateral diplomacy • promoting the Common Africa Position on the The adoption of the UN World Summit Outcome reform of the UN, including the equitable repre- document in New York in 2005 by more than 150 sentation of Africa on the UNSC heads of state and government marked one of the • disarmament, arms control and non-prolifera- most prominent efforts to protect and strengthen tion of both weapons of mass destruction and multilateralism. conventional arms Expectations of wholesale change and reform • implementing the Johannesburg Plan of Action of the UN, however, proved not to be realistically of the World Summit on Sustainable Develop- attainable. The Review Summit nonetheless ment (WSSD) agreed on a number of reforms to address events • humanitarian assistance and issues that continue to undermine global • promoting the AU and Nepad in the UN context peace and security and the multilateral system • promoting gender mainstreaming of governance. South Africa remains an active • supporting the global campaign against terror- participant in these ongoing efforts to implement ism. the 2005 World Summit Outcome document to In September 2009, President Zuma addressed reform the UN. It also believes that the multilateral the 64th UNGA debate in New York. system should be fully engaged in human devel- opment and poverty eradication, starting with the United Nations reform achievement of the MDGs; the common struggle The adoption of the 2005 World Summit Outcome to address environmental degradation; the pur- by more than 150 heads of state and government, suit of an overarching human-rights agenda; the set in motion a number of reforms in the UN sys- promotion of democracy and good governance; tem that include: and all efforts to combat terrorism and the prolif- • establishing a peace-building commission eration of weapons, both of mass destruction and • establishing a human-rights council small arms. South Africa maintains that issues • implementing management reforms in the UN such as these pose major threats to world peace Secretariat and security. • reviewing the mandates of UN activities and Through participation in organisations and programmes groups such as the UN, the AU, the NAM, the • finalising the comprehensive Convention G77 and the Commonwealth, South Africa seeks against Terrorism and developing a broader to ensure that national interests and objectives, counter-terrorism strategy as well as those of the continent and developing • maintaining and strengthening political countries generally, are taken on board in discus- momentum for development. sions in multilateral forums and reports. South Africa supports and actively participates in all negotiations. United Nations General Assembly South Africa’s priorities for participation in the United Nations Security Council UNGA, its main committees and organs, include: The UNSC has primary responsibility for the main- • pursuing an overarching human-rights agenda, tenance of international peace and security. It is including the right to development organised so as to be able to function continu- • promoting global peace and security ously, and a representative of each of its members • protecting and promoting multilateralism, must be present at all times at the UN. international law and the centrality of the UN The comprehensive reform of the UNSC Charter remains work in progress. The Deputy Minister • addressing human development, poverty of International Relations and Cooperation, eradication and environmental degradation Mr Ebrahim Ebrahim, participated in the UNSC on • advancing the active follow-up and implemen- Post-Conflict Peace-Building in July 2009. tation of the MDGs, international development goals and the outcomes of major UN confer- ences

349 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Science and technology on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its The South African Government has recognised optional protocol, becoming a state party to the the importance of harnessing S&T as an integral convention in November 2007. part of a wider political and economic strategy to address national and regional development Humanitarian issues priorities. As a signatory to the 1951 Geneva Convention A major vehicle to achieve this objective is Relating to the Status of Refugees, its 1967 Pro- South Africa’s bid to host the proposed SKA tocol and the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the as an extraordinary opportunity for advancing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, South Africa and its people through scientific South Africa has committed itself to protecting and industrial development, developing regional refugees. These international treaties have been scientific capacity, human capacity-development domesticated through the Refugee Act, 1998 in the region, creating business opportunities and (Act 130 of 1998). providing state-of-the-art infrastructure for South South Africa’s foreign-policy interventions African scientists and engineers as well as those on migration are guided by its adherence to the in the region. major international human-rights instruments, In ensuring the implementation of the Tunis including the Universal Declaration on Human Commitment and Tunis Agenda for Information Rights, and the various refugee conventions and Society, as the outcome of the second phase of conventions related to, among other things, the the World Summit on the Information Society, rights of women and children. This includes the South Africa will remain involved in the ongoing understanding that migration, if properly man- discussions on Internet governance as well as aged, could contribute significantly to enhancing bridging the digital divide between developed and sustainable development in African countries. develo­ping countries. South Africa’s participation in humanitarian assistance is strongly embedded in the princi- Human rights ples of UNGA Resolution 46/182 and its guiding A commitment to promoting human rights is one principles of providing humanitarian assistance of the central considerations in the implementa- on the basis of neutrality, impartiality and human- tion of South Africa’s foreign policy. South Africa is ity. South Africa plays an active role in providing a major player in the development of international humanitarian assistance globally, with a particular human-rights law at the UN, continually evaluat- focus on the African continent in conjunction with ing the effectiveness of existing human-rights the UN and other international organisations, to treaties, proposing additional instruments and alleviate the plight of thousands of victims of striving to advance the progressive realisation of natural sudden-onset disasters and complex all human rights, both globally and nationally. humanitarian emergencies. South Africa played an active role in the esta­ During recent times, the world has witnessed blishment of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) a serious disregard for international humanitarian in Geneva, which replaced the former Commission law (IHL) and its fundamental principles during on Human Rights. South Africa is a member of conflicts, especially where civilians are indis- the UNHRC, where it has strongly advocated for criminately targeted. South Africa will continue a treaty on the right to development. It also spon- to coordinate the country’s internalisation and sored an HRC resolution on the rectification of the compliance with relevant instruments of IHL. Fol- legal status of the Committee on Economic, Social lowing its commitment to the development and and Cultural Rights, which will elevate the commit- implementation of IHL, South Africa will continue tee to be on par with all other treaty-monitoring to co-host, support and participate in initiatives bodies. aimed at disseminating relevant instruments of For the same reason, South Africa has sup- IHL. ported the elaboration of an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social Environment and Cultural Rights to create an individual com- South Africa is committed to maintaining the plaints mechanism for the covenant, thereby political momentum gained in the sphere of strengthe­ning economic, social and cultural rights sustainable development, through the outcomes globally. of the WSSD and the Johannesburg Plan of Imple- South Africa was one of the first countries to mentation. sign and ratify both the International Convention

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 350 Through the implementation of various UN made it difficult to progress with key challenges environmental conventions, such as the UN Con- facing the nuclear disarmament and non-prolifer- vention to Combat Desertification, the UNFCCC ation regime. and the Convention on Biological Diversity, South Together with other role players in the nuclear Africa supports the sustainable use of natural field, South Africa actively participated in the resources while striving to reach the interna- meetings of the policy-making organs of the IAEA. tionally agreed to MDGs to, among other things, Important issues considered by the IAEA Board of reduce poverty, promote gender equality and Governors included the implementation of NPT ensure environmental sustainability safeguards in Iran and Korea. Climate change is regarded as one of the major South Africa actively participates in the struc- stumbling blocks to achieving sustainable devel- tures of the Chemicals Weapons Convention, the opment. International efforts are aimed at both the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC) mitigation of climate changes by stabilising the and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemi- concentration of greenhouse-gases (GHGs) in the cal Weapons. atmosphere and measures to enable countries to South Africa continues to emphasise the impor- adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. tance of the BWC and the need to strengthen it South Africa participated in the CoP14 of the to adequately address the threat posed by the UNFCCC and the fourth Meeting of the Parties possible use of biological and toxic weapons by of the Kyoto Protocol, held in December 2008 in terrorists and other non-state actors. Poznan, Poland. South Africa was admitted as the first African In Poznan, there was slow progress. However, state to join the Wassenaar Arrangement (con- discussions succeeded in moving the process ventional arms and dual-use technology-control towards full negotiation-mode in 2009. A clear regime) in December 2005, and became a full process and milestones for both negotiating tracks participating state on 28 February 2006. under the Bali Road Map had been agreed on. On In the context of South Africa’s participation in substantive issues, most of the negotiations have various international arms-control bodies, such been referred to the 2009 work programmes. as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Zangger These negotiations were concluded in 2009 for Committee and the Missile Technology Control the governments to ratify them before 2012 and Regime, South Africa continues to promote the to avoid any gap between the first and second principle of access to advanced technologies for commitment periods on the reduction of GHG peaceful purposes, thereby ensuring that non- emissions. proliferation controls do not become a means South Africa is firmly committed to the protec- whereby developing countries are denied access tion of the oceans and the sustainable manage- to technologies required for their development. ment of its marine resources. It has ratified all the major treaties dealing with marine, maritime, Crime and crime prevention fisheries and Antarctic matters, such as the UN Following its ratification of the UN Convention Convention on the Law of the Sea and its related against Transnational Organised Crime and its instruments, the International Maritime Conven- three supplementary protocols, the Protocol tions, the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation Against Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Compliance Agreement, and the Antarctic Treaty. Sea; the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Pun- ish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Disarmament Children; and the Protocol Against the Illicit Manu- South Africa continues to reinforce its position as facturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts an active and substantive role player on disarma- and Components and Ammunition, South Africa ment, non-proliferation and arms-control issues participated in the CoP of the Convention Against at regional, national and international levels. Transnational Organised Crime in October 2005. It actively participated in the various nuclear Following its ratification of the UN Convention disarmament and non-proliferation forums, against Corruption, South Africa participated in including the 2005 Nuclear Non-Proliferation the first CoP of the Convention against Corruption Treaty (NPT) Review Conference. in 2006. The failure by some states to implement their obligations under the NPT (particularly on nuclear Kimberley Process Certification Scheme disarmament) and to roll back agreements made (KPCS) at previous conferences created a climate that The KPCS is a voluntary tripartite international

351 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 forum, intent on preventing the use of diamonds adopted by the General Assembly in September in the promotion of conflict, while encouraging the 2008. Through active participation in other coop- contribution of diamonds to prosperity. eration arrangements such as IBSA, South Africa The KPCS forum comprises all major diamond- seeks to contribute to strengthening South-South producing, -trading and -processing countries, as cooperation and the development of innovative well as the diamond industry and civil society. cooperation programmes. The department participates actively in the Since its inception in 2004, the IBSA Trust standing bodies of the KPCS. Fund has financed IBSA projects in Burundi, Cape One of the department’s primary objectives Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lao People’s Demo- in monitoring the KPCS and participating in the cratic Republic and Palestine. business of KPCS standing and ad-hoc bodies is to support government’s efforts to ensure that the Global finance collective interests of African diamond-producing The Department of International Relations and countries are protected. Cooperation has in its engagements solicited the international community to fulfil its Monter- North-South cooperation rey commitments. It recognises the need for The Department of International Relations and increased and more predictable resources for Cooperation serves as the focal point for North- development. South dialogue, engaging key global economic As such, it supports initiatives such as Action institutions such as the WTO, the Organisation for Against Hunger and Poverty to implement innova- Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tive financing mechanisms for development on and the World Intellectual Property Organisation. a public, private, domestic or external basis, to To achieve this objective, South Africa ensures complement ODA. that the development agenda remains part of the As one of the G20 countries within the Bret- focus of key economic forums, particularly the ton Woods Institutions (BWIs), the department annual G8 Summit and World Economic Forum contributes to developing the global partnership meetings. between developed and developing countries pragmatically. Within this context, South Africa is South-South cooperation committed to the continuous review of the rep- In advancing the development agenda of the resentivity, operations and strategies of the BWIs South and within the overall context of promoting and more effective participation by developing multilateralism, South Africa is an active member countries in these bodies. of groups and movements such as the G77 and With the advent of the global financial and eco- China and the NAM. nomic crisis in 2008, the G20 met at summit-level Progressively, the importance of South-South to discuss a global response to the crisis. cooperation is being acknowledged, especially in terms of global, regional and country-level efforts Social development to achieve the MDGs. Rather than being a substi- The Department of International Relations and tute for North-South cooperation, the modalities Cooperation aims to promote and advocate of South-South cooperation are complementary. social development issues to remain high on the In September 2008, Minister Dlamini Zuma international agenda. This is achieved through participated in the ministerial meetings of the G77 consolidation of the African Agenda relating to and China and the NAM, held in New York on the social development as well as promoting and margins of the 63rd session of the UNGA. South mainstreaming social- and population-, global Africa ensured that the G77 Ministerial Declaration health- and UN Educational, Scientific and Cul- adopted principles for South-South cooperation to tural Organisation (Unesco)-related issues. avoid it being defined by developed countries. In pursuit of the country’s foreign-policy objec- South African foreign policy seeks to, among tives on social development matters, the Depart- other things, persuade the international commu- ment of International Relations and Cooperation nity to support the efforts of developing countries interacts with the following multilateral structures to expand such cooperation, with a special focus and organisations: the UN Commission for Social on the needs of Africa. Development, the UN Commission on Population In this regard, South Africa led the negotiations and Development, UN Population Fund, Unesco, of the African Group on the landmark political UN Joint Programme on HIV and AIDS and the declaration on Africa’s development, which was WHO.

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 352 Participation in United Nations budgetary • Commission on Sustainable Development and programmatic issues (2007 to 2010) South Africa continues to play a prominent role • Commission on Population and Development in the context of UN budgetary and programmatic (2007 to 2010) issues. • Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal The former Minister of Public Service and Justice (2007 to 2010). Administration, Ms Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi, was elected vice-president of the second UN United Nations Country Team (UNCT) in Committee of Experts on Public Administration South Africa and Finance for the period 2006 to 2009. The United Nations Development Programme Another South African, Judge Mervyn King, (UNDP) seeks to implement programmes that who chaired the King Commission on Corporate are relevant to government’s transformation Governance in South Africa, was elected chair- and development imperatives. The UNDP has a person of a high-level steering panel to evaluate country office in Pretoria, which is headed by the governance in the UN. resident representative, who is also the UN resi- Active participation in administrative and dent coordinator for all UN operational activities budgetary issues is aimed at ensuring, to the in South Africa. fullest extent possible, that UN programmes as The UN Development Assistance Framework well as budgetary and administrative priorities (UNDAF) is a mechanism to establish an integrated adequately cater for development and poverty framework for cooperation for development eradication. In this regard, priority areas for South assistance between the UN system, represented Africa include the funding of UN structures and through 16 UN funds, programmes and agencies programmes that focus on Africa and Nepad, and present in South Africa and government. sufficient funding for peacekeeping operations on The UNDAF reflects the priorities conveyed to the continent. South Africa believes that active the UN by government and is based on the Com- participation in the administrative and budgetary mon Country Assessment (CCA). The previous activities of the UN contributes to the strengthen- UNDAF ended in December 2006. The department ing of multilateralism and a system that is more worked with the UNCT in South Africa and numer- responsive to the needs of all member states. ous other departments to prepare the new UNDAF, which will guide UN support in South Africa from South African representation on United 2007 to 2010. In this process, a CCA has been Nations bodies and organs drafted by government and accepted by the UN South Africa strives to be active in all bodies and and the new UNDAF. functional committees of the UN dealing with its In 2008, the government and the UN Evaluation foreign-policy priorities or objectives, and thus Group undertook a joint evaluation of the impact serves/served on the following: of the presence of the UN in South Africa. This was • International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia the first time that an evaluation was conducted at (2005 to 2009): Judge J Moloto country level on a system-wide basis. The overall • UNHRC, successor to the Commission on objective of South Africa’s foreign policy, namely Human Rights (2006) to work towards “a better South Africa” within “a • International Criminal Court (2003 to 2009): better Africa” and “a better world”, was used as Judge M Pillay the conceptual framework for the evaluation. The • International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea joint evaluation was concluded in December 2008 (2005 to 2014): Judge A Hoffmann and the findings were submitted to government • Board of Auditors (until 30 June 2012): Auditor- and the UN in early 2009. General of South Africa • International Law Commission (1 January 2007 International law to 31 December 2011): Prof. CJR Dugard The importance of international law as a mecha- • UN Commission on International Trade Law: nism for enhancing a rule-based international (2007 to 2013). order, particularly in areas such as law of the sea, South Africa serves/served on the following sub- climate change, resolution of disputes and terror- sidiary bodies of the Ecosocc: ism, remains important. In exercising its rights • Commission for Social Development (2006 to under international law, South Africa launched 2009) its claim for Extended Continental Shelf in May • Statistical Commission (2006 to 2009) 2009.

353 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Through this claim, South Africa has the oppor- both uniting and serving its member countries tunity to exercise its jurisdiction to a very large and providing a lobby on global issues. area of maritime territory around its mainland and Its programmes of action, such as the Com- sub-Antarctic Prince Edward islands. monwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation, the International law continues to play a role in Commonwealth Youth Programme and the Com- support of the African Agenda, enhancing Africa’s monwealth Foundation, are focused on capacity- own initiatives in developing architecture to ensure building, economic and social development, the peace, security and stability on the continent and removal of disparities in living standards across to address the challenges of underdeve­lopment, the world, and the alleviation of poverty and illit- poverty alleviation, democratisation and good eracy. These programmes are committed to the governance. In this regard, the establishment and UN MDGs, Nepad and the plight of small and less- integration of the African Court on Human and developed countries. People’s Rights and the African Court of Justice South Africa actively participates in the various and the strengthening AU structures through ministerial meetings and governing bodies of the international law will be important. Commonwealth. Legal advice in respect of South African law concerning all departmental issues will be pro- Non-Aligned Movement vided in support of the department. The NAM with its 114 member states is the largest With Cabinet’s endorsement of the department political grouping of countries outside of the UN, as the official treaty custodian of South Africa, the making it an important lobby group of developing maintenance and administration of a complete and countries in global affairs. up-to-date record of the treaty collection of South South Africa formally joined the movement in Africa remains a priority and the department will 1994 and has played a leading role ever since. continue to render an information service spe- A major contribution under the South African cialising in international law. The electronic South chairship was a comprehensive review of the African Treaty Register was officially launched in decisions taken by the movement since 1992. April 2009 on the department’s intranet. The review aimed at revitalising the movement and focusing it on the new challenges of the Commonwealth 21st century. Popularly referred to as the Zimbali The Commonwealth comprises 53 member Process, the outcome was taken up in the Kuala countries on every continent and with a combined Lumpur Declaration of the XIII NAM Summit in population of 1,8 billion (one quarter of world Malaysia on the revitalisation of the movement in population), making up one fifth of world trade. the 21st century. It is an important multilateral institution uniting After Malaysia, Cuba chaired the movement, countries with common historical backgrounds. which in turn handed over the chairship to Egypt The Commonwealth is united by its shared in July 2009. ideals and common traditions manifested in simi- In July 2009, President Zuma, addressed the lar structures of governance, public administra- XV Summit of the Heads of State and Government tion and law, a common working language, and of the NAM, in Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt. commercial and business practices and under- standing. It is an important multilateral institution,

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 354 Bilateral agreements signed between 1 January 2008 and 31 March 2009

Date signed Country/organisation Title Entry into force date: 25 January 2008 United States Agency for Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Government 25 January 2008 International Development of the Republic of South Africa through the Department of Educa- tion and the Government of the United States through the United States Agency for International Development on Cooperation in the Development of Textbooks and Learning Materials 6 February 2008 Netherlands Arrangement on Bilateral Police Cooperation (not a treaty) 6 February 2008 22 February 2008 India Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in Customs 22 February 2008 Matters 22 February 2008 India Programme of Cooperation in Science and Technology 25 February 2008 25 February 2008 Malawi MoU on Defence Cooperation 28 February 2008 28 Ferbruary 2008 Egypt Executive Programme of Cooperation for the Implementation of the 28 February 2008 Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Arts and Culture 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Energy 28 February 2008 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Agreement on Cooperation pertaining to Tourism 28 February 2008 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation 28 February 2008 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Agreement on Transport-Related Matters 28 February 2008 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Declaration on South Africa-French Cooperation on the Joint Initia- 28 February 2008 tive for Priority Skills Acquisition 28 Ferbruary 2008 France Statement of Intent on the Extension of the Continental Shelf, the 28 February 2008 Surveillance of Fisheries and Scientific Research Cooperation in the Waters Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territo- ries and Marion and Prince Edward Islands 29 Ferbruary 2008 European Molecular Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic 29 February 2008 Biology Conference of South Africa and the European Molecular Biology Conference 8 March 2008 Switzerland MoU on Strengthening Mutual Cooperation 8 March 2008 17 March 2008 Indonesia Joint Declaration on a Strategic Partnership for a Peaceful and Prosperous Future 17 March 2008 Indonesia MoU on Cooperative Activities in the Field of Defence 17 March 2008 17 March 2008 Indonesia MoU on Cultural Cooperation 17 March 2008 17 March 2008 Indonesia Statement on the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership 18 March 2008 Ethiopia Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Invest- ments 18 March 2008 Ethiopia Agreement on the Establishment of a Joint Ministerial Commis- 18 March 2008 sion (JMC) 18 March 2008 Ethiopia Agreement on the Establishment of a JMC 18 March 2008 18 March 2008 Ethiopia MoU regarding Industrial and Technical Cooperation 28 March 2008 African Union MoU Contributing Military Resources to the African Union Mission 28 March 2008 in the Sudan 31 March 2008 Australia Protocol Amending the Agreement for the Avoidance of Double 12 November 2008 Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income 7 April 2008 International Atomic Energy Agreement concerning the Hosting of IAEA Meetings 7 April 2008 Agency (IAEA) 10 April 2008 International Bank for Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund Grant Agreement Reconstruction and Devel- (Renewable Energy Market Transformation Project) between South opment (IBRD) Africa and IBRD Acting as an Implementing Agency of the GEF

355 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Bilateral agreements signed between 1 January 2008 and 31 March 2009

Date signed Country/organisation Title Entry into force date: 14 April 2008 Congo Agreement on Defence Cooperation 14 April 2008 17 April 2008 Norway Joint Declaration on Climate Change and Energy Issues 30 April 2008 Senegal MoU on Defence Cooperation 30 April 2008 11 May 2008 Brazil Agreement regarding Mutual Assistance between their Customs Ad- ministrations 8 June 2008 Oman MoU on Cooperation in the Legal Field 8 June 2008 24 June 2008 Benin Defence Cooperation 24 June 2008 26 June 2008 Germany Exchange of Notes Constituting an Agreement between the Gov- 26 June 2008 ernment of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Republic of South Africa on Capacity and Institution-Building for Southern Sudan: Legal Affairs and Correctional Services Training Programmes 1 July 2008 Food and Agriculture Agreement on Sustainable Food Production and Nutrition Education in 1 July 2008 Organisation Schools in Support of the National Schools Nutrition Programme 3 July 2008 United Kingdom General Security Arrangement concerning the Protection of Classified Information Exchanged for the Purpose of Defence Cooperation, Pro- duction, Research and Procurement between the Two Countries 8 July 2008 Netherlands Protocol Amending the Convention between the Republic of South Af- 28 December 2008 rica and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital with Protocol 17 July 2008 Botswana Agreement on Water Supply across the Border 17 July 2008 17 July 2008 International Telecommu- Agreement regarding the Holding, Organisation and Financing of the 17 July 2008 nications Union (ITU) World Telecommunications Standardisation Assembly of the ITU 29 July 2008 Egypt Declaration of Intent on Cooperation 29 July 2008 31 July 2008 Ireland Agreement regarding Funding for a Water Supply and Sanitation Sec- 31 July 2008 tor Support Programme 5 August 2008 Namibia Cooperation in the Field of Health 5 August 2008 14 August 2008 Germany Exchange of Notes concerning the Project FIFA World Cup 2010™ - Modernisation and Development of Urban Infrastructures in Johan- nesburg 15 August 2008 India Programme of Cooperation on Cooperation in the Fields of Arts and 15 August 2008 Culture 1 September 2008 Sudan (Southern) Statement of Intent on the Establishment of a Liaison Office in South Africa 2 September 2008 Venezuela Cooperation in the Field of Energy 2 September 2008 Venezuela Framework Agreement on Cooperation 3 September 2008 Cameroon Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Health 3 September 2008 9 September 2008 Germany Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital plus Protocol 16 September 2008 Republic of Korea Cooperation in the Field of Health 16 September 2008 22 September 2008 Burundi MoU on the Establishment of a South Africa-Korea Information and 22 September 2008 Communications Technologies Cooperation Centre in South Africa 25 September 2008 Guinea-Bissau Agreement on a Framework for Cooperation 25 September 2008 26 September 2008 Germany Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Veterinary Affairs 26 September 2008 26 September 2008 Timor Leste Framework Agreement on Technical Cooperation 26 September 2008 9 October 2008 African Union (AU) Host Agreement on an Interim AU Office for the African Peer Review 9 October 2008 Mechanism (APRM) operating outside the AU Headquarters 9 October 2008 AU Host Agreement on an Interim AU Office for the New Partnership for 9 October 2008 Africa’s Development (Nepad) operating outside the AU Headquarters

SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 356 Bilateral agreements signed between 1 January 2008 and 31 March 2009

Date signed Country/organisation Title Entry into force date: 15 October 2008 Multilateral MoU on Cooperation in the Field of Women’s Development and 15 October 2008 Gender Equality Programmes India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) 6 November 2008 Nigeria Agreed Minutes of the Fourth Session of the Special Implementa- tion Committee of the Binational Commission (BNC), between the Republic of South Africa and the Federal Republic of Nigeria held from 4 to 6 November 2008 in Tshwane, South Africa (not an agreement) 10 November 2008 China, People’s Republic Letter of Intent on Cooperation in the Field of Geology and Minerals 10 November 2008 of 14 November 2008 United Nations Population Agreement on Establishing a Regional and Subregional Team Office 14 November 2008 Fund (UNFPA) of the UNFPA in South Africa 26 November 2008 Lithuania MoU on the Establishment of a Bilateral Consultation Mechanism 26 November 2008 1 December 2008 Lesotho MoU in respect of the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conserva- tion and Development Area 3 December 2008 Argentine Republic Agreed Outcome and Minutes of the Second Meeting of the BNC (not an agreement) 3 December 2008 Argentine Republic Agreement on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy 4 December 2008 Mozambique Agreement on Cooperation in respect of Fisheries and Integrated 4 December 2008 Marine and Coastal Management and Development 10 December 2008 Finland Agreement between the Government of the Republic of South Africa 10 December 2008 and the Government of the Republic of Finland concerning the Finnish-South African Partnership Programme to Strengthen the Nepad/South African Network for Biosciences (SANBIO) Network

23 January 2009 Denmark Declaration of Intent on Bilateral Consultations 23 January 2009 5 February 2009 Mauritius MoU on Economic Cooperation 5 February 2009 12 February 2009 Malawi Agreement in the Field of Health 12 February 2009 19 February 2009 Mexico MoU for the Establishment of a BNC 19 February 2009 20 February 2009 Hong Kong Agreement concerning Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

20 February 2009 Hong Kong Agreement concerning Surrender of Fugitive Offenders (Extradition) 25 February 2009 Saudi Arabia Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation 2 March 2009 Burkina Faso Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Arts and Culture 2 March 2009 2 March 2009 Finland Declaration of Intent concerning the Deepening of Bilateral Rela- 2 March 2009 tions and Strengthening of Partnerships 9 March 2009 France Priority-Solidarity-Funds Funding-Agreement for the Implementa- 9 March 2009 tion of Project No 2006-81: Fight against Transnational Crime and Terrorism in South Africa-Enhlangano Project 10 March 2009 China, People’s Republic Exchange of Notes on the Construction of an Aquaculture Technical 10 March 2009 of Demonstration Centre 25 March 2009 Rwanda Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Arts and Culture 25 March 2009 25 March 2009 Rwanda Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation 25 March 2009

357 SA YEARBOOK 2009/10 Acknowledgements BuaNews Estimates of National Expenditure 2009, published by National Treasury Department of International Relations and Cooperation www.dfa.gov.za www.gov.za www.iol.co.za www.tshwane.gov.za www.thepresidency.gov.za

Suggested reading Adebajo, A, Adedeji, A and Landsberg, C (eds). 2007. South Africa in Africa: The Post-Apartheid Era. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Abegunrin, O. 2009. Africa in Global Politics in the Twenty-First Century: A Pan-African Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Akokpari, J (eds). 2008. The African Union and its Institutions. Johannesburg: Fanele. Davies, JE. 2007. Constructive Engagement? Chester Crocker & American Policy in South Africa, Namibia & Angola, 1981 – 8. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. Erwee, R and De Lange, R. 2007. Global Business: Environments and Strategies: Managing for Global Competitive Advantage. Editors J Hough and R de Lange. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Kagwanja, P and Kondlo, K (eds). 2009. State of the Nation: South Africa 2008. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Press. Le Pere, G and Shelton, G. 2007. China, Africa and South Africa: South-South Cooperation in a Global Era. Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue. Research and Information System for Developing Countries. 2008. Trinity of the South: Potential of India-Brazil- South Africa (IBSA) Partnership. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. Thomas, A. 2008. US Foreign Policy Towards Apartheid South Africa, 1948 – 1994: Conflict and Interests. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, V and Tsanco, T. 2007. Prospects for Migration Data Harmonisation in the SADC. Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in Africa.

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