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Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Bakalářská práce Brno 2016 Simona Kuboušková MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Chemické a petrografické složení uhlí Faerských ostrovů Bakalářská práce Simona Kuboušková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Geršlová, Ph.D. Konzultant: doc. RNDr. Lukáš Krmíček, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Simona Kuboušková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav geologických věd Název práce: Chemické a petrografické složení uhlí Faerských ostrovů Studijní program: PřF B-GE Geologie Studijní obor: PřF GEOL Geologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Geršlová, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 20 + 10 Klíčová slova: Faerské ostrovy; Složení uhlí; Macerálová analýza; Světelná odraznost; XRF analýza; Obsah rtuti; Těžba uhlí; Depoziční prostředí MDT: ‑032.35; 292.413; 628.2 Bibliographic Entry Author Simona Kuboušková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Geological Sciences Title of Thesis: Chemical and petrographical composition of the Faroe Islands coals Degree programme: PřF B-GE Geologie Field of Study: PřF GEOL Geologie Supervisor: Mgr. Eva Geršlová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 20 + 10 Keywords: Faroe Islands; Coal composition; Maceral analysis; Reflectance; XRF analysis; Mercury content; Coal mining; Depositional environment UDC: ‑032.35; 292.413; 628.2 Abstrakt První kombinovaná petrografická a geochemická studie paleogenního uhlí z Faerských ostrovů zahrnuje jednak určení stupně prouhelnění, jednak stanovení macerálového a prvkového složení. Pro účely bakalářské práce bylo studováno 17 vzorků z mladšího souvrství prestfjall a 1 vzorek ze staršího souvrství beinisvørð. Pro studium prouhelnění byly provedeny chemicko-technologické analýzy a změření světelné odraznosti ulminitu. Všechny vzorky byly dále podrobeny macerálové a prvkové analýze. Ve vybraných reprezentativních vzorcích byly rovněž stanoveny přesné obsahy rtuti. Uhlí je tvořeno převážně huminitovou skupinou s převládajícím macerálem ulminitem. Na základě světelné odraznosti ulminitu (v průměru 0,44 %) a chemicko- technologických parametrů byly studované vzorky vyhodnoceny jako hnědé uhlí. Macerálové složení vykazuje převahu gelifikovaných dřevních pletiv a indikuje vývoj uhlí v prostředí lesních mokřadů občasně zaplavovaných řekou či jezerem. Vzorek uhlí ze staršího souvrství je ve srovnání s mladším uhlím méně prouhelněný a jeho chemismus je ovlivněn mineralizací, která se projevuje ve zvýšení obsahu fosforu a některých stopových prvků (Sr, Rb, W, Ni, Se) a naopak v úbytku rtuti. Abstract The first combined petrographic and geochemical study was carried out to determine the coal rank, maceral and elemental compositions of the Palaeogene coal from the Faroe Islands. For the bachelor thesis, 17 samples from the younger Prestfjall Formation and 1 sample from the older Beinisvørð Formation were studied. For the determination of the coal rank, ultimate and proximate analyses and measurement of the ulminite reflectance as well as the maceral and chemical analyses were carried out. Additionally, the precise mercury contents were determined in representative samples. The coal consists primarily of huminite group dominated by ulminite. According to the mean ulminite reflectance (0.44 % in average) in combination with ultimate and proximate analyses, the coal reached the subbituminous stage. Organic facies obtained from maceral composition indicate a predominance of gelified wood-derived tissues and show that the coal evolved in wet forest swamps under limno-telmatic to telmatic conditions. The coal from the older formation is less coalified than the younger coal and its geochemistry is affected by the mineralization that is reflcted by the increase of the phosphorus and some trace elements contents (Sr, Rb, W, Ni, Se) and by the decrease of the mercury content. Poděkování Ráda bych poděkovala své školitelce Mgr. Evě Geršlové, Ph.D. za trpělivé vedení a užitečné rady při psaní bakalářské práce a svému konzultantovi doc. RNDr. Lukáši Krmíčkovi, Ph.D. za ochotnou pomoc při terénním výzkumu a při zpracovávání chemických analýz. Poděkování patří rovněž Ing. Ivaně Sýkorové, DrSc. za proškolení v oblasti uhelné petrografie, vyhotovení nábrusů a provedení chemicko-technologických analýz. Děkuji též RNDr. Pavlu Coufalíkovi, Ph.D. za nezištnou pomoc s analýzou rtuti. Terénní výzkum na Faerských ostrovech byl hrazen z projektu OPVK EnviMod (CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0205) Univerzity Jana Evangelisty Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem a chemicko-technologické analýzy byly financovány výzkumným projektem č. 13-18482S Grantové agentury České republiky. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci řádně citovány. Souhlasím s půjčováním bakalářské práce v knihovně Přírodovědecké fakulty Masarykovy univerzity. Brno 10. května 2016 ……………………………… Jméno Příjmení Obsah 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 2 Geologie Faerských ostrovů ............................................................................................................ 10 3 Historie těžby uhlí na Faerských ostrovech ............................................................................. 12 4 Metodika ................................................................................................................................................. 14 4.1 Petrografické analýzy ................................................................................................................ 15 4.2 Chemické analýzy ....................................................................................................................... 16 5 Výsledky ................................................................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Terénní a makroskopická charakteristika ........................................................................ 17 5.2 Chemicko-technologické analýzy ......................................................................................... 18 5.3 Petrografické složení ................................................................................................................. 18 5.3.1 Macerálové složení ............................................................................................................. 19 5.3.2 Stupeň prouhelnění ........................................................................................................... 20 5.4 Geochemické složení.................................................................................................................. 20 5.4.1 Hlavní oxidy .......................................................................................................................... 20 5.4.2 Stopové prvky ...................................................................................................................... 20 5.4.3 Obsah rtuti ............................................................................................................................. 21 6 Diskuse .................................................................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Prouhelnění a vliv mineralizace ............................................................................................ 22 6.2 Kvalita těženého uhlí ................................................................................................................. 23 6.3 Geochemie uhlí ............................................................................................................................. 24 6.4 Speciace, chování a environmentální význam rtuti ....................................................... 24 6.5 Depoziční prostředí vzniku uhlí ............................................................................................ 25 7 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 8 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................... 29 9 Seznam příloh ....................................................................................................................................... 36 8 1 Úvod Uhlí je sedimentární hornina organického původu, která má nezastupitelnou hodnotu zejména v energetickém průmyslu. Na Faerských ostrovech mělo uhlí obrovský význam především v minulém století, a to kvůli jejich izolované geografické poloze a limitovanému dovozu. Ačkoliv je zde rozšíření uhelných slojí značně omezené, zejména na nejjižnějším ostrově Suðuroy probíhala intenzivní těžba ve štolách již od 18. století (Øster-Mortensen, 2002). Faerské ostrovy (Føroyar) je dánské souostroví vulkanického původu o rozloze 1400 km2. Leží v subpolární oblasti, 4° jižně od severního polárního kruhu a rozprostírá se v Atlantském oceánu přibližně 500 km jihovýchodně od Islandu, 350 km severozápadně od Skotska a 600 km západně od Norska. Geologicky náleží do severoatlantické vulkanické provincie (Saunders et al. 1997) a je tvořeno masivními bazaltovými výlevy paleogenního stáří (Storey et al. 2007). Bazalty se střídají s polohami vulkanoklastických sedimentů, které mohou obsahovat uhelné sloje či čočky. Uhlí Faerských
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