DOCSLIB.ORG

The Disappearance of Coal Seams Recorded in Associated Gangue Rocks in the SW Part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Disappearance of Coal Seams Recorded in Associated Gangue Rocks in the SW Part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland minerals Article The Disappearance of Coal Seams Recorded in Associated Gangue Rocks in the SW Part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland Justyna Ciesielczuk * , Monika J. Fabia ´nska , Magdalena Misz-Kennan, Dominik Jura, Paweł Filipiak and Aniela Matuszewska Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 B˛edzi´nskaStr., PL-41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] (M.J.F.); [email protected] (M.M.-K.); [email protected] (D.J.); pawel.fi[email protected] (P.F.); [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-323689336 Abstract: Coal seams in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin vanish within the Carboniferous Upper Silesian Sandstone Series and below an unconformity marking the Carboniferous top surface. Changes in the geochemical, mineralogical, petrological and palynological characteristics of gangue rocks associated with the vanished seams record what happened. The observed changes could have been caused by (1) coal-seam paleofire, (2) peat combustion, (3) igneous intrusion, (4) metasomatism and/or (5) weathering. Multifaceted research on samples collected at the Jas-Mos mining area, a part of the operating Jastrz˛ebie-BzieCoal Mine that are representative of different geological settings in the northern and southern parts of the mining area, point to intra-deposit paleofire as the most plausible reason for the disappearance. Biomarkers enabled recognition of differences in heating Citation: Ciesielczuk, J.; Fabia´nska, duration and oxygen access. Coal seams in the south burned quickly with abundant oxygen supply. M.J.; Misz-Kennan, M.; Jura, D.; Seams in the north pyrolyzed for an extended time under conditions of limited oxygen. Though Filipiak, P.; Matuszewska, A. The other methods used proved less sensitive, all confirmed low (100–150 ◦C) paleotemperature heating. Disappearance of Coal Seams Overall, the reason for the local disappearance of the coal seams, making their exploitation difficult Recorded in Associated Gangue and unprofitable, can be assigned to a variety of different processes in a complex overlapping history Rocks in the SW Part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. Minerals of variable weathering, heating due to local endogenic fires and, probably, earlier peat combustion. 2021, 11, 735. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/min11070735 Keywords: disappearing coal seam; thermal alteration of gangue rocks; paleofire; Upper Silesian Coal Basin Academic Editor: Shifeng Dai Received: 20 May 2021 Accepted: 3 July 2021 1. Introduction Published: 7 July 2021 Coal and coal-bearing rocks in the south-western part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) of Early Pennsylvanian (Namurian BC) age underwent changes resulting Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral in the partial/complete disappearance of coal seams over an area of ca 500 km2. This with regard to jurisdictional claims in disappearance is associated with gangue rocks of various colors, typically located above published maps and institutional affil- the seams. Maximum noticed thickness reduction up to disappearing was observed in coal iations. seam No. 505, which, with a regular thickness of ca 5 m, shows this most clearly—though the problem concerns coal seams Nos. 415/1 and 510 [1], 504, 505 and 506 [2–4] and 406/4 [5], exploited in both the Polish and Czech parts of the USCB. The coal there, if any, is grey-black, dull, heavily cracked, brittle and without a banded structure. The altered, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. variably colored coal-bearing rocks are characterized by increased fracturing, porosity Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and reduction of physical and mechanical properties [6,7], all a reflection of oxidation This article is an open access article and heating. distributed under the terms and Changes in the gangue rocks accompanying the vanishing coal seams may have been conditions of the Creative Commons caused by weathering and thermal alteration of coal-bearing sediments locally preserved Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// below a regional unconformity marking the Carboniferous top surface and within intra- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Pennsylvanian disconformities [8]. General (geological) and detailed (petrographical, 4.0/). Minerals 2021, 11, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070735 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, x 2 of 31 Minerals 2021, 11, 735 2 of 30 below a regional unconformity marking the Carboniferous top surface and within intra- Pennsylvanian disconformities [8]. General (geological) and detailed (petrographical, ge- ochemical, palynological) descriptions of these variably colored beds indicate weathering geochemical,effects and/or palynological) thermal transformations, descriptions the of theseorigin variably of which colored is not clear, beds indicateas subsurface weathering map- effectsping and and/or sample thermal collection transformations, is possible only the from origin boreholes of which and issingle not clear,outcrops as subsurface in operat- mappinging coal mines. and sample As exploitation collection avoids is possible regions only possibly from boreholeslacking coal, and these single parts outcrops of mines in operatingare abandoned coal mines.and inaccessible. As exploitation avoids regions possibly lacking coal, these parts of minesSeveral are abandoned underground and inaccessible. outcrops with vanishing coal seams and weathered and/or thermallySeveral altered underground gangue rocks outcrops of various with vanishing types and coal irregular seams geometries and weathered occur and/or in the thermallymining areas altered between gangue Jastrz rocksębie ofin Poland various and types Karviná and irregular in the Czech geometries Republic occur (Figure in the1). miningAnomalies areas favoring between reduced Jastrz˛ebiein coal-seam Poland thickness and Karvin andá in incr theeasing Czech Republiccoalification (Figure occur1). Anomaliesmainly in the favoring coalfield reduced of the coal-seam Jas-Mos, thicknessa part of the and Jastrz increasingębie-Bzie coalification Coal Mine occur (Figures mainly 2 inand the 3). coalfield of the Jas-Mos, a part of the Jastrz˛ebie-BzieCoal Mine (Figures2 and3). FigureFigure 1.1.Subsurface Subsurface structuralstructural mapmap ofof thethe CarboniferousCarboniferous coal-bearingcoal-bearing Paralic,Paralic, Upper SilesianSilesian Sandstone and Mudstone SeriesSeries in in the the western western part part of of the the Upper Upper Silesian Silesian Coal Coal Basin Basin (USCB) (USCB) (after (after [9,10 [9,10]]; simplified).; simplified). Areas Areas with vanishingwith vanishing coal seams coal seams and associated altered gangue rocks at the top of the Carboniferous units are shown in pink. 1: Jas-Mos mining and associated altered gangue rocks at the top of the Carboniferous units are shown in pink. 1: Jas-Mos mining area, a area, a part of the Jastrzębie-Bzie Coal Mine; 2: Mudstone Series, Westphalian AB (CwAB), with bottom isolines (coal seam part of the Jastrz˛ebie-BzieCoal Mine; 2: Mudstone Series, Westphalian AB (CwAB), with bottom isolines (coal seam 405); 405); 3: Upper Silesian Sandstone Series, Namurian BC (CnBC), with bottom isolines (coal seam 510); 4: Paralic Series, Na- BC 3:murian Upper A Silesian (CnA), Sandstonewith bottom Series, isolines; Namurian 5: bottom BC isolines (Cn ), in with km bottom a.s.l.; 6: isolines isolines (coal of average seam 510); random 4: Paralic vitrinite Series, reflectance Namurian Rr A A(%); (Cn 7: ),isolines withbottom of average isolines; vitrinit 5:e bottomcontent isolines(%); 8: fault; in km 9: a.s.l.;thrust. 6: isolines of average random vitrinite reflectance Rr (%); 7: isolines of average vitrinite content (%); 8: fault; 9: thrust. Minerals 2021, 11, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, x 3 of 31 Minerals 2021, 11, 735 3 of 30 405); 3: Upper Silesian Sandstone Series, Namurian BC (CnBC), with bottom isolines (coal seam 510); 4: Paralic Series, Na‐ murian A (CnA), with bottom isolines; 5: bottom isolines in km a.s.l.; 6: isolines of average random vitrinite reflectance Rr (%); 7: isolines of average vitrinite content (%); 8: fault; 9: thrust. Figure 2. Structural sketch map of the coal seam No. 505 in the Jas‐Mos mining area, a part of the Jastrzębie‐Bzie Coal Figure 2. Structural sketch map of the coal seam No. 505 in the Jas-Mos mining area, a part of the Jastrz˛ebie-BzieCoal Mine, Mine, and its disappearance (based on geological documentation of Jastrzębie‐Bzie Coal Mine, simplified). 1: isoline of the andbottom its disappearance of coal seam (basedNo 505 on in geological m a.s.l.; 2: documentation subcrop of 505 ofcoal Jastrz˛ebie-BzieCoal seam below Miocene Mine, claystone; simplified). 3: coal 1: isoline rank and of the quality— bottom ofisolines coal seam of the No average 505 in m volatile a.s.l.; 2: matter subcrop content of 505 (V coaldaf %), seam vitrinite below reflectance Miocene claystone;Rr % and coal 3: coal types; rank 4: unexploited and quality—isolines coalfield, 5: of daf theexploited average coal; volatile 6: altered matter associated content (V gangue%), vitrinite rocks and reflectance vanishing Rr coal% and seam coal 505; types; 7: fault 4: unexploited and thrust; coalfield, 8: geological 5: exploited cross‐ coal;section 6: altered lines; 9: associated outcrops gangueof coal seam rocks 505 and in vanishing testing gallery coal seam47 (samples 505; 7: N1–8 fault andin blue) thrust; and 8: in geological south corridor cross-section II below lines;coal 9:seam outcrops
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela
    Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela Open-File Report 2008-1230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk A. Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hackley, P.C., Kolak, J.J., 2008, Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1230, 36 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1230. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ..............................................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Middle School - Round 14A
    MIDDLE SCHOOL - ROUND 14A TOSS-UP 1) Earth and Space – Short Answer What is the term for sediment with a particle size less than 2 microns? ANSWER: CLAY BONUS 1) Earth and Space – Multiple Choice Which of the following correctly describes the typical progression from dead organic matter to coal? W) Peat, lignite, bituminous [bih-TOOM-in-us], anthracite [AN-thrah-site] X) Lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite Y) Lignite, bituminous, peat, anthracite Z) Peat, bituminous, anthracite, lignite ANSWER: W) PEAT, LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, AND ANTHRACITE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 2) Physical Science – Short Answer Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45. Given that chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, then, to the nearest whole number, what percentage of chlorine atoms have a mass number of 35.45? ANSWER: ZERO BONUS 2) Physical Science – Short Answer To the nearest gram, what is the mass of two moles of carbon dioxide? ANSWER: 88 Middle School - Round 14A Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) Math – Short Answer What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line with equation 7x – 4y = –28? ANSWER: –4/7 BONUS 3) Math – Short Answer A fence is built along the perimeter of a 200-foot-by-300-foot rectangular field. Posts are placed at the four corners and every 5 feet thereafter. How many posts are required? ANSWER: 200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 4) Life Science – Short Answer In eukaryotes [YOO-care-ee-oats], DNA and histones are organized into what structures? ANSWER: CHROMOSOMES BONUS 4) Life Science – Short Answer What type of microscopy [my-CRAW-scah-pee] involves the use of a laser, photomultiplier detector, and a pinhole that ensures elimination of out-of-plane light emitted by the sample? ANSWER: CONFOCAL Middle School - Round 14A Page 2 TOSS-UP 5) Energy – Short Answer Researchers at the Joint BioEnergy Institute are studying ionic liquids as a solvent to break down cellulose before biofuel production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contact of the Upper Neoproterozoic with the Lower
    Ugidos, J.M., Barba, P., Valladares, M.I., Suarez, M., and Ellam, R.M. (2016) The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Cantabrian Zone 1 (North Spain): sub-Cambrian weathering, K-metasomatism and provenance of detrital series. Journal of the Geological Society, 173(4), pp. 603-615. (doi:10.1144/jgs2016-004) This is the author’s final accepted version. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/115950/ Deposited on: 1 February 2016 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk 1 1 The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Cantabrian Zone (North Spain): sub- 2 Cambrian weathering, K-metasomatism and provenance of detrital series 3 4 J.M. Ugidos,a* P. Barba,a M.I. Valladares,a M. Suárez,a R.M. Ellam, b 5 a Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 6 Salamanca, Spain b Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 OQF, UK 7 8 9 Abstract: The Upper Ediacaran detrital succession in the Cantabrian Zone shows 10 geochemical and mineralogical changes resulting from sub-Cambrian weathering during 11 the Late Ediacaran worldwide sea-level fall. Relative to the unaltered rocks the altered 12 ones show crosscutting rubefaction of varying thickness a remarkable increase in illite, 13 K2O, Rb and Cs indicating K-metasomatism, and also depletion in MgO, CaO, Na2O, 14 Be and Sr, but not in Zr, Nb, Y, Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fan Delta Complex of Dinantian/Namurian Age
    The Orustdalen Formation of Braggerhalvaya, Svalbard: A fan delta complex of Dinantian/Namurian age By Ian J. Fairchildl Abstract The Orustdalen Formation of Broggerhalvnya is well exposed on two coastal sections and is 200-250 m thick. It consists dominantly of siliceous conglomerates anid sandstones with subordinate shales and impure coal. One horizoin low in the sequence yielded spores of upper- most Dinantian/lowermost Namurian agc. Three sedimentary facies have been recognised The fluvial channel facies (interbedded conglomerates and cross-stratified sandstones) are interpreted as braided sitream deposits with flow directions to south and west A shale facies, sometimes with dri\fted plant remains, is interpreted as ovrrbank ia origin. Highly quartzose, medium-to-coarse-grained, cross-stratified sandstones make up the reworked facies wheie palaeocurrents are bimodal or indicate movement to the NE The Formation is thought to represent semdiments shed from an early Carboniferuus fault scarp erod,ing a siliceous Lower Palaeozoic source terramin The proximity of a nearby coastline led to the construction of fan deltas where fluvial deposits were reworked by waves and/or tides Early diagenetic events include the local development of pyrite, kaoIinite and calcite cements Reddening probably occurred during Middle Carboniferous times beneath an exposed land surface. Following burial, pressure solution and quartz cementation eliminated porosity at depths greater than 1000 m. Introduction The association of conglomerates with coal is unusual (Heward 1978), but is found in a number of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous sequences in Svalbard (Dineley 1958; Birkenmajer 1964; Worsley and Edwards 1976; Gjelberg 1978; Gjelberg and Steel 1979). A discussion of the Br~ggerhalveya Lower Carboniferous, conglomerates and sandstones with subordinate shales and coals, is thus of interest in contributing to an understanding of this facies association.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthracite Coal 13
    Rock and Mineral 10-Specimen Kit Companion Book Presented by This mineral kit was also made possible through the generosity of the mining companies who supplied the minerals. If you have any questions or comments about this kit please contact the SME Pittsburgh Section Chair at www.smepittsburgh.org. For more information about mining, visit the following web site: www.smepittsburgh.org BSA’s www.scouting.org - search “Mining in Society” SME’s www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/ Updated July 2016 © SME Pittsburgh Section The SME Pittsburgh Section thanks the companies, mines, and individuals who provided mineral samples and donated time or services that made these mineral kits possible. Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. CONSOL Energy, Inc. Coolspring Stone Supply John T. Boyd Company Morton Salt Murray Energy Corporation Newmont Mining Corporation Reed Gold Mine (State of North Carolina) Steelhead Specialty Minerals United States Gypsum Company US Steel Corporation United Taconite (Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc.) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 5 FUELS 10 Bituminous Coal 12 Anthracite Coal 13 BASE METAL ORES 14 Iron Ore 15 Copper Ore 16 PRECIOUS METALS 17 Gold Ore 18 ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 Gypsum 21 Limestone 22 Marble 23 Salt 24 Zeolite 25 Note: many of the images reproduced here are from Wikipedia which allows non commercial use or from the Minerals Education Coalition web site http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals. INTRODUCTION The effect rocks and minerals have on our daily lives is not always obvious, but this book will help explain how essential they really are. If you don’t think you come in contact with minerals every day, think about these facts below and see if you change your mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitrinite Recycling: Diagnostic Criteria and Reflectance Changes During Weathering and Reburial
    Vitrinite recycling: diagnostic criteria and reflectance changes during weathering and reburial. Pierre Nzoussi - Mbassani, Yoann Copard, Jean-Robert Disnar To cite this version: Pierre Nzoussi - Mbassani, Yoann Copard, Jean-Robert Disnar. Vitrinite recycling: diagnostic criteria and reflectance changes during weathering and reburial.. International Journal of Coal Geology, Elsevier, 2005, 61, pp.223-239. 10.1016/j.coal.2004.08.002. hal-00023485 HAL Id: hal-00023485 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00023485 Submitted on 23 May 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vitrinite recycling: diagnostic criteria and reflectance changes during weathering and reburial P. Nzoussi-Mbassani, Y. Copard and J.R. Disnar Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO- UMR 6113 du CNRS, Université d'Orléans, Bâtiment de Géosciences, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France Keywords: Recycled vitrinite; Autochthonous vitrinite; Vitrinite reflectance; Senegalese basin; Ardèche margin; Weathering Abstract The aim of this study was first to review or even identify reliable diagnostic criteria to distinguish recycled and autochthonous vitrinite particles and, second, to examine and try to explain the impact of weathering and reburial on optical changes (reflectance) of recycled material.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Characteristics
    CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glenshaw Formation
    Martino, R. L., 2004, Sequence stratigraphy of the Glenshaw Formation (middle–late Pennsylvanian) in the central Appalachian basin, in J. C. Pashin and R. A. Gastaldo, eds., Sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and tectonics of coal-bearing strata: AAPG Studies 1 in Geology 51, p. 1–28. Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glenshaw Formation (Middle–Late Pennsylvanian) in the Central Appalachian Basin Ronald L. Martino Department of Geology, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, U.S.A. ABSTRACT he Glenshaw Formation consists predominantly of sandstones and mud- rocks with thin limestones and coals, which are thought to have accumu- T lated in alluvial, deltaic, and shallow-marine environments. Analysis of 87 Glenshaw outcrops from southern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and southern West Vir- ginia has revealed widespread, well-developed paleosols. These paleosols are used, along with marine units and erosional disconformities, to develop a high-resolution sequence-statigraphic framework. The tops of the paleosols constitute boundaries for nine allocycles, which are interpreted as fifth-order depositional sequences. Allocycles in this framework correlate with similar allocycles described from the northern Appalachian basin. A sequence-stratigraphic model is proposed that provides a framework for in- terpreting facies architecture in terms of base-level dynamics linked to relative sea level changes. Lowered base level caused valley incision along drainage lines and sediment bypassing of interfluves, which led to development of well-drained paleo- sols. Rising base level produced valley filling by fluvioestuarine systems (lowstand systems tract/transgressive systems tract), whereas pedogenesis continued on inter- fluves. As drainage systems aggraded, the coastal plain water table rose, and in- terfluvial paleosols were onlapped by paludal and lacustrine deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Viewing Archiving 300
    Bull. Soc. belge Géologie T. 83 fasc. 4 pp. 235- 253 Bruxelles 1974 THE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS IN EUROPE R.H. WAGNER * ABSTRACT: The history is traced of the various chronostratigraphic units recognised in the Upper Carboniferous of western Europe, and their stratotypes are discussed. A correlation is given for the chronostratigraphic units in the Middle and Upper Carboniferou& series of Russia, in the light of pre­ dominantly marine successions in N.W. Spain, and suggestions are made for an integrated scheme of major units. Introduction In western Europe the classification of Carboniferous strata was further taken in The main chronostratigraphic divisions of hand by the Congrès pour !'Avancement des the Carboniferous in Europe were established Etudes de Stratigraphie Carbonifère which by MUNIER CHALMAS & DE LAPPARENT(1893), met in Heerlen in 1927, 1935, 1951 and who distinguished three marine stages charac­ 1958. The 1927 congress sanctioned the use terised by different faunas, viz. Dinantienl, of Namurian, a stage introduced by PURVES Moscovien2 and Ouralienl, and two stages, in 1883 and which corresponds to the West­ Westphalien1 and Stéphanien, characterised phalien inférieur of MUNIER CHALMAS & by coal-measures facies. Most of the names DE LAPPARENT. It also introduced the A, had been used before (see footnotes), but B and C divisions for the remaining West­ the 'Note sur la Nomenclature des Terrains phalian (i.e. the Westphalien supérieur of sédimentaires' provided the first formai MUNIER CHALMAS & DE LAPPARENT). The framework for a subdivision into stages of the 1935 congress expanded the Westphalian Carboniferous System. MuNIER CHALMAS & upwards by recognising the presence of a DE LAPPARENT gave precedence to the marine Westphalian D division, and subdivided the stages, Moscovian and Uralian, and regarded Namurian into A, B and C.
    [Show full text]
  • Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana
    Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 348 Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana By W. H. EASTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 348 A study of the stratigraphic and ecologic associa­ tions and significance offossils from the Big Snowy group of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows : Eastern, William Heyden, 1916- Carboniferous formations and faunas of central Montana. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. iv, 126 p. illus., diagrs., tables. 29 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 348) Part of illustrative matter folded in pocket. Bibliography: p. 101-108. 1. Paleontology Montana. 2. Paleontology Carboniferous. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic Carboniferous. I. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, B.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract-__________________________________________ 1 Faunal analysis Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 1 Faunal relations ______________________________ 22 Purposes of the study_ __________________________ 1 Long-ranging elements...__________________ 22 Organization of present work___ __________________ 3 Elements of Mississippian affinity.._________ 22 Acknowledgments--.-------.- ___________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Pre-Pleistocene Phanerozoic Time-Scale- a Review
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021 The pre-Pleistocene Phanerozoic time-scale- a review RICHARD ST JOHN LAMBERT CONTENTS x Introduction IO 2 The Cenozoic era II 3 The Mesozoic era . I4 (A) The Cretaceous period I4 (B) The Jurassic period 16 (c) The Triassic period x8 4 The Palaeozoic era I9 (A) The Permian period I9 (B) The Carboniferous period 20 (c) The Devonian period . 22 (D) The Lower Palaeozoic era 23 5 Conclusions 24 6 References 26 Appendix I : The half-life'of S~Rb 27 Appendix 2: List of critical points 29 (A) Most reliable (pre-Tertiary) determinatxons 29 (B) Most reliable (pre-Tertiary) determinations without duplicate or sup- porting analyses . 3 ~ SUMMARY The data in The Phanerozoic Time-scale (Geo- knowledge of the decay rate of STRb. The cur- logical Society, I964) are reviewed, together rent six per cent range in commonly-used with data relevant to the Phanerozoic time- values of this constant is now of over-riding scale published up to mid-I968. Quaternary importance in causing uncertainty throughout problems are not considered, while the Tertiary the Palaeozoic scale; Rb-Sr determinations is considered to be on a comparatively well- now provide the majority of critical Palaeozoic established basis. The use of glauconite ages to ages. Even without this uncertainty, increases establish any part of the time-scale prior to the in the age of the Westphalian, the base of the Oligocene is not to be recommended, as early Carboniferous (to 36o m.y.) and the base of the glauconites can provide anomalously high Devonian (to ?4o5 m.y.) seem to be indicated apparent ages in addition to the occurrence of by new data (using the 4"7 • xol~ half-life low ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern England Serpukhovian (Early Namurian)
    1 Northern England Serpukhovian (early Namurian) 2 farfield responses to southern hemisphere glaciation 3 M.H. STEPHENSON1, L. ANGIOLINI2, P. CÓZAR3, F. JADOUL2, M.J. LENG4, D. 4 MILLWARD5, S. CHENERY1 5 1British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom 6 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "A. Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via 7 Mangiagalli 34, Milano, 20133, Italy 8 3Instituto de Geología Económica CSIC-UCM; Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas; 9 Departamento de Paleontología; C./ José Antonio Novais 228040-Madrid; Spain 10 4NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, 11 Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom 12 5British Geological Survey, Murchison House, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 13 14 15 Word count 7967 16 7 figs 17 1 table 18 67 references 19 RUNNING HEADER: NAMURIAN FARFIELD GLACIATION REPONSE 1 20 Abstract: During the Serpukhovian (early Namurian) icehouse conditions were initiated 21 in the southern hemisphere; however nearfield evidence is inconsistent: glaciation 22 appears to have started in limited areas of eastern Australia in the earliest Serpukhovian, 23 followed by a long interglacial, whereas data from South America and Tibet suggest 24 glaciation throughout the Serpukhovian. New farfield data from the Woodland, 25 Throckley and Rowlands Gill boreholes in northern England allow this inconsistency to 26 be addressed. δ18O from well-preserved late Serpukhovian (late Pendleian to early 27 Arnsbergian) Woodland brachiopods vary between –3.4 and –6.3‰, and δ13C varies 28 between –2.0 and +3.2‰, suggesting a δ18O seawater (w) value of around –1.8‰ 29 VSMOW, and therefore an absence of widespread ice-caps. The organic carbon δ13C 30 upward increasing trend in the Throckley Borehole (Serpukhovian to Bashkirian; c.
    [Show full text]