DOCSLIB.ORG

Phd Thesis: University of Glasgow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phd Thesis: University of Glasgow Growing through Gangs: Young People, Identity and Social Change in Glasgow Alistair David Fraser Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Glasgow for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Applied Social Sciences. University of Glasgow, September 2010 ii Abstract This thesis explores the social meanings and lived realities attached to the phenomenon of youth gangs for children and young people growing up in Langview, a community in the east end of Glasgow, during the early part of the twenty-first century. Drawing on a two- year period of participant-observation, the thesis situates young people’s understandings, experiences, and definitions of gangs in the context of broader social, cultural, and spatial dynamics within the area. In this way, the thesis analyses the complex and differentiated ways in which gang identities are enacted, and explores their intersection with developing age, gender, and group identities. In so doing, the thesis seeks to challenge pathologising stereotypes of youth gangs, drawing on nuanced accounts of gang identities that demonstrate the role of social development and youth transitions in the meanings and motivations of gang involvement. Against representations that construct the gang as an alien other, this thesis argues for an understanding of gangs that is sensitive to the fluidity of, and contradictions in, the formation of all youth identities – of which the gang identity is one. In sum, the thesis argues for the need to move ‘beyond the gang’ in understanding youth violence and territorial identities. iii Contents Abstract..................................................................................................................................................ii Contents ................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................vi Author’s declaration................................................................................................................ viii Chapter One: Introduction: Confronting the ‘Glasgow Gang’ Complex........................................1 Methodology and research questions.....................................................................................4 Structure of thesis ..................................................................................................................8 A word on narrative: Fragments from the field ...................................................................11 Chapter Two: Entering the Gang Complex: A Critical Review of Literature..............................13 Introduction..........................................................................................................................14 Gangs in Glasgow................................................................................................................16 Gangs in the United Kingdom .............................................................................................27 Gangs in the United States...................................................................................................35 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................43 Chapter Three: The best laid schemes: Methods, orientations and reflections ............................44 Introduction..........................................................................................................................45 Methodological orientations ................................................................................................46 Reflections on methodological orientations.........................................................................50 Methods ...............................................................................................................................53 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................68 Chapter Four: Thinking beyond the gang complex: .......................................................................69 Introduction..........................................................................................................................70 Gangs and Social Theory.....................................................................................................71 Thinking ‘beyond the gang’: habitus, development, and social change ..............................77 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................92 Chapter Five: The Langview Boys: Group Dynamics, Status, and Masculinities ........................93 Introduction..........................................................................................................................94 Introducing the Langview Boys...........................................................................................96 Group Dynamics, Status, and Masculinities ......................................................................100 Regulating Masculinities: Learning, identity, and the ‘tormented habitus’.......................108 Masculinities and Social Change in Langview..................................................................118 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................121 iv Chapter Six: Growing up in Langview: Space, territory and identity.........................................122 Introduction........................................................................................................................123 Introducing Langview........................................................................................................125 The Langview Boys: Space, territory, and identity ...........................................................131 Langview as lens: globalisation, gentrification, and exclusion..........................................146 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................151 Chapter Seven: Jist fir the buzz: Leisure, edgework, and social change.....................................152 Introduction........................................................................................................................153 Leisure, edgework and social change ................................................................................155 Learning, Leisure, and Langview Youth Project ...............................................................162 ‘Weird ideas’, violence and the Langview Boys ...............................................................167 Leisure and social change in Langview .............................................................................172 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................181 Chapter Eight: Growing through Gangs: Learning, Development, and Identity.......................182 Introduction........................................................................................................................183 Growing into Gang Identities: A Theory...........................................................................185 Gang identity and street habitus.........................................................................................186 Playing ‘gangs’: learning the script ...................................................................................192 Doing ‘gangs’: performing the script.................................................................................196 Talking ‘gangs’: Editing the script ....................................................................................201 Growing through gangs: desistance and persistence..........................................................204 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................209 Chapter Nine: Conclusion: Growing through Gangs....................................................................210 Appendix: Information and Consent Material ..............................................................................222 A1: Fact-sheet: Participant-Observation at Langview Youth Project................................222 A2: Information Poster: Participant-Observation at Langview Youth Project ..................224 A3: Information Letter: Participant-Observation at Langview Youth Project...................225 B1: Glossary ......................................................................................................................241 References..........................................................................................................................................244 v List of tables Table 6.1: Age demographics of Langview, Glasgow and Scotland (2002)……………………..128 Table 6.2: Ethnicity of Population of Langview, Glasgow and Scotland (2002)………………...128 Table 6.3: Social Grade of Working Age Population in Langview, Glasgow and Scotland..…....129 Table 7.1: Participation in leisure activities in 15-19 year-olds, by gender (1967)………………160 Table 7.2: Weekly leisure activities among
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer
    Edinburgh Research Explorer The field of play Citation for published version: McDowell, M 2014, 'The field of play: Phases and themes in the historiography of pre-1914 Scottish football', The International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 31, no. 17, pp. 2121-2140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2014.900489 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1080/09523367.2014.900489 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: The International Journal of the History of Sport Publisher Rights Statement: © McDowell (2014). The Field of Play: Phases and Themes in the Historiography of Pre-1914 Scottish Football. The International Journal of the History of Sport. 10.1080/09523367.2014.900489 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 The field of play: phases and themes in the historiography of pre-1914 Scottish football Matthew L. McDowell University of Edinburgh Pre-publication print of: Matthew L. McDowell, ‘The field of play: phases and themes in the historiography of pre-1914 Scottish football’, The International Journal of the History of Sport (issue not yet assigned).
    [Show full text]
  • Orange Alba: the Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland Since 1798
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2010 Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798 Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Booker, Ronnie Michael Jr., "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. entitled "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. John Bohstedt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Vejas Liulevicius, Lynn Sacco, Daniel Magilow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction of Scottish and English Evangelicals
    THE INTERACTION OF SCOTTISH AND ENGLISH EVANGELICALS 1790 - 1810 Dudley Reeves M. Litt. University of Glasgov 1973 ProQuest Number: 11017971 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11017971 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the following: The Rev. Ian A. Muirhead, M.A., B.D. and the Rev. Garin D. White, B.A., B.D., Ph.D. for their most valuable guidance and criticism; My wife and daughters for their persevering patience and tolerance The staff of several libraries for their helpful efficiency: James Watt, Greenock; Public Central, Greenock; Bridge of Weir Public; Trinity College, Glasgow; Baptist Theological College, Glasgow; University of Glasgow; Mitchell, Glasgow; New College, Edinburgh; National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; General Register House, Edinburgh; British Museum, London; Sion College, London; Dr Williams's, London. Abbreviations British and Foreign Bible Society Baptist Missionary Society Church Missionary Society London Missionary Society Ii§I I Ii§I Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home SSPCK Scottish Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenging Sectarianism Across Generations
    Challenging Sectarianism Across Generations This book showcases work created through the youth initiative section of a wider Scottish Government funded WSREC project: Challenging Sectarianism Across Generations. In partnership with Open Aye Participatory Photography, a diverse youth team recruited in Maryhill has produced an outstanding, thought provoking piece of work collated in this book. This work highlights the complexity of sectarianism, contextualising it historically whilst simultaneously highlighting its contemporary relevance within wider issues of prejudice locally and globally. Through the youth team’s young eyes, we are able to see the reality of sectarianism and prejudice clearly. It brings home the message that we all need to do more to challenge it effectively; something that WSREC is committed to in all its work. Challenging sectarianism and prejudice has a key role to play in fostering good relations and a more equal Scotland. This book contributes to this goal, underlining the multi-layered nature of sectarianism and its relevance to our diverse society today. Hanzala Malik WSREC Chair 1st February 2016 Sectarianism: will you take up the challenge? We are a group of 12 young people living in and around Maryhill. Over the course of eight photo and journalism workshops with Open Aye – commissioned by the West of Scotland Regional Equality Council (WSREC) – we worked together to create images and text looking at sectarianism though the lens of our local area. Coming from different cultural and religious backgrounds, we didn’t all know each other before. Some of us go to Catholic schools, others to non-denominational; some of us are Protestant, some Catholic, others Muslim and some have no faith.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE APOSTOLATE OF THE LAITY: A RE-DISCOVERY OF HOLISTIC POST-WAR MISSIOLOGY IN SCOTLAND, WITH REFERENCE TO THE MINISTRY OF TOM ALLAN ALEXANDER C. FORSYTH Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of Edinburgh in 2014 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my academic supervisors, Professor David A.S. Fergusson and Professor Stewart J. Brown, for all of their support, insight and encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. My thanks to Maggie Boulter for donating the papers of her father (Tom Allan) to New College, University of Edinburgh; to Maggie, John Harvey, Bill & Betsy Shannon, Andrew MacGowan and Allan Clark for kindly providing access to papers and recordings in their private possession and for their encouragement; to Frank Bardgett for additional extracts from D.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Études Écossaises, 11 | 2008 « It’S a Dutch Invention, but We Started It in Scotland » 2
    Études écossaises 11 | 2008 L’Utopie « It’s a Dutch invention, but we started it in Scotland » The Strange Case of Scottish Football Bill Findlay Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/100 ISSN: 1969-6337 Publisher UGA Éditions/Université Grenoble Alpes Printed version Date of publication: 30 January 2008 Number of pages: 261-273 ISBN: 978-2-84310-110-6 ISSN: 1240-1439 Electronic reference Bill Findlay, « « It’s a Dutch invention, but we started it in Scotland » », Études écossaises [Online], 11 | 2008, Online since 30 January 2009, connection on 07 September 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/100 This text was automatically generated on 7 September 2020. © Études écossaises « It’s a Dutch invention, but we started it in Scotland » 1 « It’s a Dutch invention, but we started it in Scotland1 » The Strange Case of Scottish Football Bill Findlay The intimate connection between sport, leisure and national identity has been recognised and stressed by commentators and historians alike for some considerable time. As early as the 1830s Joseph Strutt, in his groundbreaking study of popular recreation, stressed the fact that: In order to form a just estimation of the character of any particular people, it is absolutely necessary to investigate the sports and pastimes most generally prevalent among them2. 1 Participatory sports, and football arguably more than any other, seem to confirm this precept and, over the years, have given rise to a variety of “insights” and clichés about national identity traits which can be drawn from them, some of which even lay claim to “universal” meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report of the Advisory Group on Tackling Sectarianism in Scotland – April 2015 Index
    Tackling Sectarianism and its Consequences in Scotland Final Report of The Advisory Group on Tackling Sectarianism in Scotland – April 2015 Index Foreword Executive summary Introduction Annexes: Annex A: Advisory Group remit and membership Annex B: List of meetings of the Advisory Group Annex C: List of links to the documents referred to in the report Annex D: Funded Projects 2015-16 FOREWORD I am pleased to present this, the final report of the Advisory Group on Tackling Sectarianism in Scotland. For over two years now the Advisory Group has been looking at this issue and trying to establish how sectarianism manifests itself today, what can be done to move forward from the rivalries and prejudices that have been associated with sectarianism for generations and why this remains such a persistent problem in Scotland. This journey has highlighted many negative feelings including misunderstanding, mistrust and irrationality, however, it has also highlighted that communities across Scotland are good places to live, with people from all areas desperate for change and hungry to move away from the real and perceived prejudices and stereotypes that have held back progress. The responses to the Advisory Group’s work have ranged from out-and-out denial that any problem exists to claims that sectarianism is the worst social issue that Scotland has to address. We do not believe that either is true, but they do highlight the strong, deep and often extreme feelings that people bring to the issue based on their personal experience or received assumption. If the work of the Advisory Group moves the debate on sectarianism in Scotland from the polarising positions of denial and sensationalism to a positive position where it can be acknowledged, challenged, discussed and debated on a less emotional basis which favours facts and evidence over assumption and myth, it will have contributed to progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Experiences of Sectarianism
    Community Experiences of Sectarianism Crime and Justice COMMUNITY EXPERIENCES OF SECTARIANISM Kay Goodall (University of Stirling) Peter Hopkins (Newcastle University) Simon McKerrell (Newcastle University) John Markey (University of Glasgow) Stephen Millar (Queen‟s University, Belfast) John Richardson (Loughborough University) Michael Richardson (Newcastle University) Scottish Government Social Research 2015 1 This report is available on the Scottish Government Publications Website (http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/Recent). The views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and do not necessarily represent those of the Scottish Government or Scottish Ministers. © Crown copyright 2015 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or e-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgments The research team would like to thank all the members of the public who participated in the research for contributing their time to speak to us. We would also like to thank the people in each case study area who helped us set up the interviews and focus groups and who, to protect anonymity, cannot be named here. Thanks are also due to Betsy Olson, Rose Barbour, Linda Woodhead, Colin Macilwain, our Scottish Government research colleagues, the Independent Advisory Group on Tackling Sectarianism, the Demography Division of the National Records of Scotland and our transcribers and administrative colleagues. Wherever names of participants appear in quotes, these have been changed, to prevent identification.
    [Show full text]
  • June 1987 Department of Theology and Church History Q Kenneth G
    HOLY COMMUNION IN THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Thesis submitted to the University of Glasgow for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy KENNETH GRANT HUGHES IFaculty of Divinity, June 1987 Department of Theology and Church History Q Kenneth G. Hughes 1987 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to record my indebtedness to the late Rev. Ian A. Muirhead, M. A., B. D., formerly lecturer in the Department of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Glasgow, who guided my initial studies relating to the subject of this thesis. I am particularly conscious, also, of my special debt to his successor, Dr. Gavin White, who accepted me as one of his research students without demur and willingly gave time and consideration in guiding the direction of my writing and advising me in the most fruitful deployment of the in- formation at my disposal. The staff of the University Library, Glasgow, have been unfailingly helpful as have the staff of the Library of New College, Edinburgh. Mr. Ian Hope and Miss Joyce Barrie of that Library have particularly gone out of their way to assist in my search for elusive material. I spent a brief period in Germany searching for docu- mentary evidence of Scottish-students of divinity who matric- ulated at the universities of Germany and, again, I wish to acknowledge the help given to me by the Librarians and their staffs at the University Libraries of Heidelberg and Ttbingen. My written enquiries to Halle, Erlangen, Marburg, Giessen, G6ttingen and Rostock met with a most courteous response, though only a small amount of the interesting material they provided was of use in this present study.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (14MB)
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Politics, Pleasures and the Popular Imagination: Aspects of Scottish Political Theatre, 1979-1990. Thomas J. Maguire Thesis sumitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, Glasgow University. © Thomas J. Maguire ProQuest Number: 10992141 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10992141 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Ladies of the Lodge: a History of Scottish Orangewomen, C. 1909-2013
    Ladies of the Lodge: a history of Scottish Orangewomen, c. 1909-2013 Deborah Butcher PhD thesis Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities London Metropolitan University Submission date: June 2014 1 ‘Here’s to the men who will never give in And here’s to the ladies who’ll help them win With God on our side we can ne’er fear or fall We’ll defend the old faith with our backs to the wall’1 1 ‘Gather round’, The Vigilant, 8, no.2 (December 1962), p.2 2 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that the content of this thesis is fully my own work and that all preparatory assistance, and sources consulted, has been fully acknowledged. I hereby declare that, to the best of my knowledge, this treatise contains no academic content, or previously published materials, unless expressly cited. Any conceptual or textual contribution made to the research by others is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare the arguments presented herein to be entirely my own intellectual property. Signed ……………………………………………............. Date ……………………………………………................ 3 CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………..5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………….….6 ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………..7 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………….....9 CHAPTERS 1. THE CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS OF SCOTTISH WOMEN’S ORANGEISM…..………………………………………………………………………..….44 2. RETHINKING RESPECTABILITY: ORANGEWOMEN, INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIFTING IDENTITIES………………………......….66 3. BEADS, BAUBLES AND ‘SECOND CLASS CITIZENS’: THE CONTESTED STATUS OF ORANGEWOMEN……………….………………..…..89 4. EQUAL RITES?: THE GENDERED ICONOGRAPHIES OF ORANGEISM…………………………………………………………………….…..….....113 5. ‘THE HEART OF RITUAL CHARITY’: ORANGEWOMEN, BENEVOLENCE AND ACTIVISM…………………………………………………………………………..131 6. ‘GIRL POWER’?: MEDIATED REPRESENTATIONS OF SCOTTISH ORANGEWOMEN…………………………………………………………………………160 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………….180 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………….193 APPENDICES A. STATISTICS………………………………………………………………………………..208 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Derek Boyd Murray Phd Thesis
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n, ABSTRACT This Thesis sets out to examine in its eighteenth century context a Scottish Calvinist sectarian group of churches deriving the main features of their faith and practice from the writings of John Glas and Robert Sandeman. kt proceeds by way of a description of the milieu out of !výjch they came to describe the birth and spread in Scotland of these groups, the Glassites, the Scotch Baptists and the Old Scots Independents, and a similar group, the Bereans. Using some manuscript evidence and other sources, it looltf; at the social origin of the churches, and the composition of the groups. Some main theological distinctives are outlined, and the social and religious life of the groups illustrated, from contemporary sources. With this material as the evidence, an attempt is made to place the group in a wider settinge by comparison with other sectarian movements, and the conclusion drawn that the eighteenth century Independent movement in Scotland can be classified as a variety of the Revolutionary type of Sect, although other characteristics occur.
    [Show full text]