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Cormorants and Shags Genus Text extracted from Gill B.J.; Bell, B.D.; Chambers, G.K.; Medway, D.G.; Palma, R.L.; Scofield, R.P.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Worthy, T.H. 2010. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. 4th edition. Wellington, Te Papa Press and Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Pages 138, 142-145. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies The close relationship between the families Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae and Anhingidae has been supported by most recent work, however, the monophyly of the traditional larger grouping of Pelecaniformes is the subject of ongoing debate (e.g. Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Johnsgard 1993, Christidis & Boles 1994, Kennedy et al. 2000, Livezey & Zusi 2001, van Tuinen et al. 2001, Fain & Houde 2004, Kennedy & Spencer 2004, Nelson 2005, Christidis & Boles 2008). For this reason we have separated Phaethontidae to its own order. We are aware that Pelecanus may be related to Ciconiiformes (see Christidis & Boles 2008), but we retain the traditional grouping in the absence of a resolution of these higher-level relationships. Given the uncertainty, the suborders and superfamilies followed by Checklist Committee (1990) have not been used here. Otherwise, a traditional approach to the families is retained, pending resolution of the issues. The sequence of pelecaniform families follows Checklist Committee (1990) for consistency, and agrees with del Hoyo et al. (1992). The sequence of species within families follows Checklist Committee (1990) unless noted. Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Reichenbach: Cormorants and Shags Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849: Avium Syst. Nat.: 6 – Type genus Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760. Generic placement and relationships of cormorants and shags is much debated (e.g. Voisin 1973, van Tets 1976, Siegel-Causey 1988, Marchant & Higgins 1990, del Hoyo et al. 1992, Christidis & Boles 1994, Kennedy et al. 2000), so we have retained the arrangement followed by Checklist Committee (1990) and Holdaway et al. (2001), pending resolution of these issues. The separation of the little shag into the reputedly primitive genus Microcarbo is one of the more commonly suggested taxonomic changes (e.g. Matthews & Fordham 1986, Siegel-Causey 1988, del Hoyo et al. 1992, Bourne & Casement 1996, Kennedy et al. 2000) and that ancestral position is recognised here with its placement at the beginning of the Phalacrocoracidae. Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760: Ornithologie 1: 60; 6: 511 – Type species (by tautonymy) Phalacrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus = Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus). Carbo Lacépède, 1799: Tableaux Method. Mamm. Oiseaux: 15 – Type species (by tautonymy) Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Halieus Illiger, 1811: Prodromus Syst. Mamm. Avium: 279. Unnecessary nomen novum for Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760. Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1816: Analyse Nouv. Ornith. Elem.: 63 – Type species (by subsequent designation) Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Junior homonym of Hydrocorax Brisson, 1760. Haliaeus Schinz, 1825: in Cuvier’s Thierreich 4: 570. Unjustified emendation. Graucalus G.R. Gray, 1841: List Gen. Birds (2nd edition): 101 – Type species (by original designation) Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758. Junior homonym of Graucalus Cuvier, 1816. Gracalus G.R. Gray, 1845: in Richardson & J.E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror’, Birds 1(8): 19. Unjustified emendation. Ecmeles Gistel, 1848: Naturg. Thierreichs: 9. Unnecessary nomen novum for Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1816. Graculus Reichenbach, 1850: Novit. Synop. Avium: no 2304, pl. 278 – Type species (by original designation) Carbo javanicus Horsfield = Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot). Hypoleucus Reichenbach, 1853: Avium Syst. Nat. 2(1): 7 – Type species (by original designation) Pelecanus varius Gmelin = Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin). Microcarbo Bonaparte, 1856: Compt. Rend. Séa. Acad. Sci., Paris 43: 577 – Type species (by original designation) Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas = Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas). Haliëtor Heine, 1860: Journ. für Ornith. 8: 202 – Type species (by original designation) Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas = Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas). Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus Great Cormorant Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758: Syst. Nat., 10th edition 1: 133 – Europe, restricted to the “rock nesting form of the north Atlantic Ocean” (fide Hartert 1920, Vögel Pal. Fauna: 1387). Widespread. Six subspecies widely accepted: Europe and North America, Ph. c. carbo; Europe and Asia, Ph. c. sinensis (Blumenbach, 1798); Japan, Ph. c. hanedae Kuroda, 1925; north-west Africa, Ph. c. maroccanus Hartert, 1906; Africa, Ph. c. lucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823); and Australasia, Ph. c. novaehollandiae (Dorst & Mougin 1979, del Hoyo et al. 1992, Dickinson 2003). A race Ph. c. lugubris Rüppell, 1845 in north-east Africa is sometimes accepted (Dickinson 2003). The form in Australasia (Ph. c. novaehollandiae) is sometimes considered to be a full species (e.g. Buller 1905–06, Siegel-Causey 1988, del Hoyo et al. 1992) with one subspecies in Australia, Ph. n. novaehollandiae—not Ph. n. carboides Gould, 1838 contra Marchant & Higgins (1990: 810) and del Hoyo et al. (1992)—and another in New Zealand, Ph. n. steadi (Mathews & Iredale, 1913) (Dorst & Mougin 1979). However, Pelecanus major Ellman, 1861 is a senior synonym for the New Zealand form. The African race Ph. c. lucidus is also sometimes considered to be a full species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The six widely used races are accepted here, pending a full taxonomic review of the group. Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Stephens Black Shag Phalacrocorax Novae Hollandiae Stephens, 1826: in Shaw, General Zool. 13(1): 93 – New South Wales, Australia. Phalacrocorax carboides Gould, 1838: Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1837 (5): 156 – Tasmania, Australia. Graucalus carboides (Gould); G.R. Gray 1843, in E. Dieffenbach, Travels in N.Z. 2: 201. Gracalus carboides (Gould); G.R. Gray 1845, in Richardson & J.E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror’, Birds 1(8): 20. Pelecanus flavirostris? Forster; Ellman 1861, Zoologist 19: 7472. Not Phalacrocorax flavirostris G.R. Gray, 1843. Pelecanus major Ellman, 1861: Zoologist 19: 7472 – New Zealand. Graculus carboïdes (Gould); G.R. Gray 1862, Ibis 4: 251. Graculus carbo; Finsch 1870, Journ. für Ornith. 18: 375. Not Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758. Gaculus [sic] novaehollandiae (Stephens); G.R. Gray 1871, Hand-list Birds 3: 127. Phalacrocorax carbo; Sharpe 1875, in Richardson & J.E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror’, Birds –1 (Appendix): 34. Not Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758. Phalacrocorax novae-zealandiae var. major Forbes, 1892: Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 24: 189 – no locality = Te Aute Swamp, Hawke’s Bay (fide Worthy 2000, Journ. Royal Soc. N.Z. 30: 10). Junior secondary homonym of Pelecanus major Ellman, 1861. Phalacrocorax major (Ellman); Rothschild 1905, Proc. IVth International Ornith. Congress: 195. Carbo carbo steadi Mathews & Iredale, 1913: Ibis 1 (10th ser.): 411 – New Zealand. Phalacrocorax carbo steadi (Mathews & Iredale); Oliver 1930, New Zealand Birds, 1st edition: 176. Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Stephens; Checklist Committee 1953, Checklist N.Z. Birds: 29. Breeds throughout the main islands of New Zealand and on the Chatham Islands; straggling to Norfolk, Kermadec, Snares / Tini Heke, Campbell / Motu Ihupuku and Macquarie Islands; also resident in Australia and recently found breeding in the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia (Marchant & Higgins 1990, Barré & Géraux 2004, Veitch et al. 2004). Common in Holocene fossil and midden deposits, North and South Islands; a few fossil records from Stewart Island / Rakiura and Chatham Islands (Millener 1991, Worthy 1998c). 2 .
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